EMBEDDED SYSTEMS- 2 MARKS

UNIT III

1. Define embedded systems?

An embedded system is a system that has embedded software and computer
hardware, which makes it a system dedicated for an application or specific
part of an application.

Examples:
Washing machine
Time display system

2. What are the classifications of embedded system?

The embedded system is classify as
• Small scale embedded systems
• Medium scale embedded systems
• Sophisticated scale embedded systems

3. What are the characteristics of embedded systems

CHARACTERISTICS
• Real time and multirate operations
• Complex Algorithms
• Complex graphic user interfaces
• Dedicated functions

4 What are the constraints of embedded systems

CONSTRAINTS:

An embedded system is designed keeping in view three constraints.

• Available system memory
• Available processor speed
• The need to limit power dissipation.
 5.Mention the types of processor.

• General purpose processor(GPP)

• Application specific instructionset processor(ASIP)
• Single purpose processor
• GPP or ASIP cores integrated into either an ASIC or VLSI.
• Multicore processor.

6.Define ROM image.

the software is also called as ROM image because, just an image is a
unique sequence and arrangement of Pixels, embedded software is also a
unique placement and arrangement of bytes for instruction and data. The
instruction codes and data in the final phase are placed in the ROM image.

7.Define complier

The job of a compiler is mainly to translate programs written in some

human-readable Language into an equivalent set of opcodes for a particular
processor.
An assembler is also a compiler but one that Performs a much simpler
one-to-one translation from one line of human-readable mnemonics to the
equivalent opcode.

8. Define Watch dog timer

The watchdog timer is a 16 bit counter, which, once started is
incremented every state time. If not cleared before it overflows, the
RESET pin will be pulled down for two state times, causing the
system to reinitialized

9.Define RTOS
An operating system designed specifically for use in real time.
The RTOS provides the OS functions for coding the system, provides
interprocess communication functions and controls the passing of messages
and signals to a task. Since the running of the tasks and ISRs may have real
time constraints and deadlines for finishing the tasks, an RTOS is required in
an embedded system.
10Mention the types of Memory

UNIT-II

1.How I/O devices are classified in I/O type?

The I/O devices can be classified into following I/O type:
• Synchronous serial input
• Synchronous serial output
• Asynchronous serial input
• Asynchronous serial output
• Parallel port one bit input
• Parallel port one bit output
• Parallel port eight or more bit input
• Parallel port eight or more bit output
 2. Differentiate Synchronous & Asynchronous
communication?

S.No. Synchronous Asynchronous communication

communication

1 byte or frame of data is received byte or frame of data is received

or transmitted at constant time or transmitted at variable time
intervals intervals

2 byte or frame maintain a constant byte or frame need not maintain a

phase difference constant phase difference

3 Example :Frame sent over LAN Example :voice data over

telephone line

3. Define Serial and parallel communication.

A serial port is port for serial communication. serial communication
means that over a given line or channel one bit can communicate and the
bit transmit at periodic intervals generated by a clock..
A parallel port is port for parallel communication. parallel
communication means that multiple bit can communicate over a set of
parallel lines at any given instance.
 4.Mention any five ways by witch the synchronous signal with the
clocking information transmit from a master to slave device.
The five ways transmit the synchronous signal with the clocking
information from a master to slave device.

• Frequency modulation
• Mid Frequency modulation
• Manchester coding
• Quadrature amplitude modulation
• Bi-phase coding

5.What is HDLC?

High-Level Data Link Control, also know as HDLC, is a bit oriented,

switched and non-switched protocol. It is a data link control protocol, and
falls within layer 2, the Data Link Layer, of the Open Systems
Interface(OSI) model.

HDLC is a bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol eveloped by

the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
 6.Describe the frame format of HDLC.

HDLC Frame Structure

HDLC uses the term "frame" to indicate an entity of data (or a protocol data
unit) transmitted from one station to another. Figure 3 below is a graphical
representation of a HDLC frame with an information field.

Figure shows an HDLC frame with an information field.

Field Name Size(in bits)

Flag Field( F ) 8 bits
Address Field( A ) 8 bits
Control Field( C ) 8 or 16 bits
Information Field( I ) Variable; Not used in some frames
Frame Check Sequence( FCS ) 16 or 32 bits
Closing Flag Field( F ) 8 bits

7. What is UART?
A Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter receives serial data and
stores it as parallel data, usually one byte. It also takes parallel data
and transmits it as serial data.
UART is used for long distance communication,
8.What are the handshaking signals?
The handshaking signals used by the IO ports are
• Strobe request
• Port ready
• Buffer full
• Acknowledge

9.Define CAN
Controller area network was designed for automotive electronics. The
CAN bus uses bit-serial transmission. CAN runs at rates of 1MB/s
over a twisted pair or optical line.
CAN bus has its own electrical drivers and receivers that connect the
node to the bus in wired-AND fashion.

10 Define I2C
• I2C is a bus commonly used to link microcontrollers into systems.
• It uses two lines to i) serial data line and (ii) serial clock line.
• I2C bus is designed as a multimaster bus.
 UNIT - V

1. Define multirate?

The embedded computing systems have several real-time activities

going on at the same time. They may simultaneously control some
operations that run at slow rates and others than run at high rate which
is known as multirate.

2. Explain multitasking system.

The way of running several programs simultaneously on a processor

creates a multitasking system. the task interact with each other in the
way assign to them.

3. What are the major levels of abstraction in the design process?

The major levels of abstraction in the design process are
Requirements
Specification
Architecture
Components
System integration

4. Mention the characteristics of embedded computing applications

• Real time and Multirate operations
• Complex Algorithms
• Complex graphic user interfaces
• Dedicated functions
 5. What is the difference between CISC & RISC CPU?

S.No CISC CPU RISC CPU

1 Large, complex and slower simpler and faster instructions

instructions.
2 easier to design and cheaper to Complex to design
produce
3 RISC architecture is not widely At least 75% of the processor use
used CISC architecture

4 RISC puts a greater burden on In CISC, software developers no

the software. Software need to write more lines for the
developers need to write more same tasks
lines for the same tasks.

6. How do we meet deadlines in embedded system?

The ways to meet deadlines are

• to speed up the hardware so that the programs run faster
• To increase the CPU clock rate.

7. When is an RTOS needed in embedded system?

The RTOS provides the OS functions for coding the system, provides inter
process communication functions and controls the passing of messages and
signals to a task. Since the running of the tasks and ISRs may have real time
constraints and deadlines for finishing the tasks, an RTOS is required in an
embedded system.

8. Differentiate real time operating system & typical operating system?

S.No operating system real time operating system

1 time operating systems is the real-time operating systems is the

need for "non- deterministic " need for " deterministic " timing
timing behavior behavior

2 Operation system is process Time based scheduling.. A

based scheduling. No need of process scheduling be completed
time specific... in specific time
3 OS is designed for general RTOS is design speical for
purpose system embedded system

9. What is embedded computing system?

 Embedded computing system can be any device that includes a
programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general-purpose
computer.
Example:
• microprocessor
• microcontroller