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EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

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 fy;tp cstpay;
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
 Ehy; tpgug; gl;bay;

E}ypd; ngah; : fy;tp cstpay;

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

Mrphpah; : Dr. AR. rutzFkhh;

ISBN : 978-93-89146-84-4

nkhop : jkpo;

gjpg;G : Kjy; gjpg;G> 2019

E}y; msT : B5

gf;fq;fs; : 115

ntspaPL : rhd;yhf;]; gjpg;gfk;

gjpg;gfk; : rhd;yhf;]; gjpg;gfk;

61> T.P.K nkapd; NuhL>
tre;j efh;> kJiu – 3.

tpiy : 225
 Dedicated
to
VALLAL DR.ALAGAPPAR

Acknowledgment

This Book has been written with the financial support of RUSA- Phase 2.0 grant
sanctioned vide Letter No.F.24-51/ 2014-U, Policy (TNMulti-Gen), Dept. of. Edn.
Govt. of India, Dt. 9.10.2018
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY
(A State University Established in 1985)
KARAIKUDI - 630 003,
Tamil Nadu, India
www.alagappauniversity.ac.in
2017 2018 2018 2018 2019

Graded as Category-1 SwachhCampus India Rank : 20

Accredited with & Rank : 28 Rank : 4 BRICS Rank: 104
A+ Grade by NAAC Granted Autonomy Asia Rank : 216
(CGPA : 3.64)

Prof. P. Sivakumar Date : 23.09.2019

Professor & Head

mzpeJ
; iu
,d;iwa fhy fl;lk; xU ,ae;jpu fhykhf ,aq;fpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fhyq;fSk;
Neuq;fSk; Ntfkhf efu;e;J nfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wJ. xt;nthU nehbg;nghOJk; gy
gpur;ridfis re;jpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. me;j rpf;fy;fSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz kdk;
mq;fyha;;f;fpd;WJ> Nrhu;e;J Nghfpd;wJ. kdijr; nrk;ikg;gLj;j jd;dk;gpf;ifiaAk;>
tplhKaw;rpiaAk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;ba R+o;epiy jw;NghJs;s fhyfl;lj;jpy; kpfTk;
mtrpakhfpwJ.

kdpj elj;ijiag; gw;wp tptupf;Fk; mwptpaNy cstpay;. me;j elj;ijapd;

cs;shu;e;j gz;Gfis mwpaTk;> mijr; rupahd topapy; ,af;f fw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;>
Ntfkhf tsu;e;J tUk; R+o;epiyf;Nfw;g khztu;fs; jq;fisj; jahu; nra;J
nfhs;sNtz;ba epiyapy; ce;jg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,ij fUj;jpy; nfhz;Ljhd; “cstpay;”
vd;Dk; ,e;E}y; rpwg;ghf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jw;Nghija gue;J tpupe;j R+oypy; MrpupauJ flik ntWk; ghlq;fisg; Nghjpg;gJld;

kl;Lk; epd;Wtplhky;> khztu;fspd; cs;shu;e;j Njitfis mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g
nray;glNtz;bAs;sJ. ,jid mwpe;Jjhd; „fy;tp cstpay;‟ vd;Dk; E}ypy; gjpdhd;F
ghlg;gFjpfis mikj;J rpwg;ghd> njspthd fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhLj;Js;sdu;.

„tsu;r;rpapd; gupkhzk;‟ vd;Dk; ghlg;gFjpapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tsu;r;rp epiyfs; kw;Wk;

khzt> khztpfs; re;jpf;fpd;w gy gpur;ridfisAk;> mij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd
topKiwfisAk; mofhfr; rpj;jupj;J fhl;bAs;sJ ,d;iwa ,sk; jiyKiwapdUf;Fk;>
mij fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; mjpf ,d;wpaikahjjhf tpsq;FtJ rpwg;ghd
xd;whFk;.

jdf;Fk; gpwUf;Fk; kfpo;r;rpAk>; gaDWfpd;w tifapy; tho;f;ifapd; vy;yh epiyfspYk;

nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; nray;gLtijf; Fwpg;gNj kdeyk; vd;gijAk;> tho;f;ifapy; vjpu;g;gLk;
gpur;ridfisf; fz;L Xb xspahky; jd; jpwikf;Fj; jFe;j Kiwapy; mtw;wpw;Fj;
jPu;Tfhz KaYk; kdg;Nghf;Fk; kdeyKs;stdpd; gz;ghLk; vd;gJ Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fis
kdeyk; vd;Dk; ghlg;gFjpapy; gapw;rp khztu;fSf;F cfe;j fUj;Jf;fis Mokhf
czu;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau; gapw;rp khztu;fs; rpwe;j MSik gz;Gilatuhfj; jpfoTk;> gpw

fy;tpahsu;fSk; rpwe;j Mrpupau;fshf cUthtjw;Fk; ,e;E}y; ngupJk; cjTnkd
ek;GfpNwd;.

ed;wp!

(Nguh.P.rptFkhh;)

E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (+91) 4565- 223 455 Mobile: (+91) 9442151171
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE
EDUCATION
ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY
(A State University Established in 1985)
KARAIKUDI - 630 003,
Tamil Nadu, India
www.alagappauniversity.ac.in
2017 2018 2018 2018 2019

Graded as Category-1
& Swachh Campus
Accredited with India Rank : 20
Granted Autonomy Rank : 28 Rank : 4
A+ Grade by NAAC BRICS Rank: 104 Asia
(CGPA : 3.64) Rank : 216

Dr. AR. Saravanakumar

M.Sc., (Psy)., M.Sc.,(Zoo)., M.A. (Eng.), M.A., (His.), M.Ed, M.Phil., Ph.D., PGDPM & IR.,UGC –NET.,
Asst. Professor in Education

vd;Diu
,e;jpahtpy; ,d;iwa jiyKiwapdu; ehl;il epiyepWj;Jk; tUq;fhyj; J}z;fshf
tpsq;Ffpd;wdu;. mj;jifa khztu;fspd; kdepiyia kdjpy; nfhz;Ljhd; “fy;tp
cstpay;” vd;w ,e;E}y; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}ypy; gjpdhd;F ghlg;gFjpfs; cs;sd.
xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fk; fPo; Vuhskhd jiyg;Gfspy; ghlf;fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

cstpay; mwpQu;fs;> kw;Wk; mtu;fs; nra;j Nrhjidfspd; Gifg;glq;fis

khztu;fs; fz;Nzhf;Fk;nghOJ cstpay; fUj;Jf;fs; khztu;fspd; kdjpy; epiyj;J
epw;Fk; gbahfTk;> nghUj;jkhd glq;fSld; cstpay; ghlf;fUj;Jf;fis khztu;fSf;F
vspjpy; Gupe;J fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; rPupa eilapy; mikj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

„fy;tp cstpay;‟ vd;Dk; ,e;E}iyg; gilj;jjd; Kjd;ikahd Nehf;fNk khztu;fspd;

kdg;ghd;ik> nra;jpwd;fs;> Mu;tq;fs>; ehl;lq;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhz;L mjw;F Vw;whu;Nghy;
fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfis khw;wpaikj;J khztu;fisr; rpwe;j MSikg;gz;Gilath;fshf
khw;WtNj ,e;E}ypd; rpwg;ghdnjhd;whff; fUJfpNwd;.

,d;iwa fhyr; R+o;epiyapy; gapw;rp khztu;fs; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; nghONj

njspthfTk;> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fUj;Jf;fis mjpfkhff; fw;Wf; nfhz;L mtu;fsJ
jdpg;gl;l rKjha tho;f;ifapy; xU jpUg;G Kidia my;yJ xU khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd vz;zp ,e;j Gj;jfk; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

midj;J Mrpupag;; gapw;rp khztu;fSk; mtrpak; fw;wwpa Ntz;ba ghlq;fSs;

Kjd;ikahdjhfTk;> fw;Fk; R+o;epiyapy; MrpupaUk; xU Kf;fpaf; fhuzpahf
tpsq;Ftjhy; mth;fSf;Fk; ,e;E}y; ngupJk; JizGupAk; vd ek;Gfpd;Nwd;;.

vkJ fy;tprhh; gzpapy; vg;nghOJk; cWJizahf ,Uf;Fk; vq;fs; mofg;gh

gy;fiyf;fof khz;gik JizNte;jh;> kjpg;GW fh;dy; Nguhrphpah; eh.,uhN[e;jpud;
mth;fSf;Fk;> vkJ gjpthsh; Nguhrphpah; H.FUky;Ny\;gpuG mth;fSf;Fk; vdJ cskhh;e;j
ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

,e;j Gj;jfj;jpw;F mzpe;Jiu toq;fpa vkJ fy;tpapay; Jiwj;jiyth;

Nguh.P.rptFkhh; mth;fSf;Fk;> vkJ Jiwapd; ,izg;Nguhrphpah;fs; Dr.S.ypNah];lhd;yp>
Dr.M.thrpkiyuh[h mth;fSf;Fk;> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;fs; Dr.G.P.uh[h> Dr.S.khyjp>
Dr.K.fpU\;z%h;j;jp> Dr.D.gh];fud; MfpNahh;f;Fk; vdJ cskhh;e;j ed;wpia njhptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwd;.

,e;j Gj;jfk; cUthtjw;F cjtpahf ,Ue;j Kidth; gl;lg;gbg;G Ma;thsh;fs;

jpUkjp K..ghtpop> jpUkjp S.GNshuy; n[ah mth;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpia njhptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwd;.

,e;j Gj;jfj;ij jl;lr;R nra;j fhiuf;Fb K.V.S. fk;A+l;lh;]; kw;Wk; ,e;j Gj;jfj;ij
chpaNeuj;jpy; mofhf jahhpj;Jf;nfhLj;j kJiu Shanlax gjpg;gfj;jhUf;Fk; vdJ
ghuhl;LfisAk;> ed;wpiaAk; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. ,Wjpahf ,e;jg; Gj;jfk; cUthf
Kjw; fhuzkhdth;fshd vq;fsJ B.Ed.> Mrphpa rNfhju> rNfhjhpfSf;F vdJ kdkhh;e;j
ed;wpia chpj;jhf;FfpNwd;.

vd;Wk; ed;wpAld;!

vd;Wk; md;Gld;

AR. rutzFkhh;
cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;
fy;tpapay; Jiw(D.D.E)
&
Jiwj;jiyth;(ngh)
tuyhw;Wj; Jiw
mofg;gh gy;fiyfofk;>
fhiuf;Fb
 EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
fy;tp cstpay;
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
Definition of Psychology - Schools of Psychology - Behavioral. Cognitive Psychoanalysts,
Methods of Psychology -Branches of Psychology - Educational Psychology -Concepts, Nature and
Scope - Importance of Educational Psychology for the Teacher.
myF I cstpay; Xu; mwpKfk;
cstpay; tiuaiw – cstpay; Nfhl;ghLfs; elj;ijapay;> mwpTrhu;> csg;gFg;gha;T
– cstpay; Kiwfs; - cstpay; gpupTfs; - fy;tp cstpay; - fUj;jhf;fk;>; ,ay;Gk;>
msTk; - MrpupaUf;F fy;tp cstpaypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

UNIT II - HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Concept of Growth and Development-Distinction between Growth and Development-
Maturation and Development - Nature versus Nurture;> general principles of Growth and
Development.
myF 2 kdpj tsu;rr
; pAk; Kd;Ndw;wKk;
tsu;r;rp> kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; fUj;jhf;fk; - tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd;
NtWghLfs; - Kjpu;r;rpAk;> Kd;Ndw;wKk; - kuGk; #o;epiyAk; - tsh;r;rp kw;Wk;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; mbg;gil Nfhl;ghLfs;

UNIT III - DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT

Dimensions of' development: Physical. cognitive, emotional, and moral-Stages of Development-
Childhood to adolescence problems and Education of Adolescents-Developmental tasks and its
Educational implications.
myF 3 tsu;r;rpapd; gupkhzk;
tsu;r;rpapd; gupkhzk;: cly;rhu;;> mwpTrhu;;> czu;Trhu; kw;Wk; xOf;frhu; - tsu;r;rpapd;
epiyfs; - Foe;ijg; gUtk; Kjy; Fkug;gUtk; tiu cs;s gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; Fkug;
gUtj;jpw;fhd fy;tp – tsu;r;rp rhu; nray;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tpapay; jhf;fq;fs;.

UNIT IV- COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT – I

Cognitive process - Attention Factors relating to Attention-Span of Attention-Inattention and
Distraction - Sensation and Perception -Factors relating to perception-Imagery.
; p – 1
myF 4 mwpjpwd; tsu;rr
mwpjpwd; nray;Kiw – ftdk; kw;Wk; ftdk; rhu;e;j fhuzpfs; - ftd tPr;R –
ftdkpd;ikAk;> ftdr; rpjwYk;; - GyDzu;TfSk;> Gyd; fhl;rpAk; – Gyd; fhl;rpAld;
njhlu;Gila fhuzpfs; - fw;gid (my;yJ) rhay;fs;

UNIT V - CONGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT – II

Concept Maps - Piaget‟s Stages of Cognitive Development- Reasoning and problem Solving-
Meta cognition-Implications for the teacher.
; p – 11
myF 5 mwpjpwd; tsu;rr
fUj;JU tiuglk; - gpahN[tpd; mwpjpwd; tsu;r;rp epiyfs; - fhuzkwpjy; kw;Wk;
gpur;ridfis jPu;j;jy; - Ra mwpjywpT – Mrpupau;f;fhd fy;tpj; jhf;fq;fs;.
UNIT VI – LEARNING
Nature and Importance of Learning-Types of Learning- Theories of Learning: Thorndike,
Pavlov, Skinner, Kohler and Gagne- Learning Curve- Transfer of Learning Facilitating Transfer -
Remembering and Forgetting -Improving memory.
myF 6 fw;wy;
fw;wypd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; - fw;wypd; tiffs; - fw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfs;:
jhu;z;ilf>; ght;Nyht;> ];fpd;du;> Nfh`;yu;> kw;Wk fhf;Nd – fw;wy; tisT – fw;wy;
khw;wk; kw;Wk; mjd; Njitfs; - epidT kw;Wk; kwjp – epidT Nkk;ghL.

UNIT VII - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Nature and causes of Individual differences- Educational programme to suit individual
differences- Classroom instruction- Concept of exceptional children: gifted, backward, physically,
mentally and socially challenged and Educational provisions.
myF 7 jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfs;
jdpahs; Ntw;Wikapd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; fhuzpfs; - jdpahs; Ntw;Wikf;Nfw;w fy;tpapay;
epfo;Tfs; - tFg;giw fw;gpj;jy; - kPj;jpwd; Foe;ijf;fhd fUj;jhf;fk; - kPj;jpwd;>
gpd;jq;fpa> cly; kdk;> kw;Wk; r%fk; rhu;e;j Foe;ijfSf;fhd miw$ty;fs; -
fy;tpapay; Vw;ghLfs;.

UNIT VIII - MOTIVATION – I

Motivation: Functions of Motives-Kinds of Motives-Theories of Motivation-Maslow's
Hierarchy of Needs-Achievement motivation-Components- Fear of Failure and Hope of Success.
myF 8 Cf;Ftpj;jy; - I
Cf;Ftpj;jy; : gzpfs;> tiffs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs; - kh];Nyhtpd; gbepiyj;
Njitfs; Nfhl;ghL – milTj; Njit – fhuzpfs; - Cf;Ftpj;jy; ntw;wp – Njhy;tpfspd;
gq;F.

UNIT IX - MOTIVATION II
Motivation in the classroom context motivational functions of teacher - Praise and Blame.
Rewards and Punishments-Feedback / Knowledge of results-Level of Aspiration Characteristics of a
motivated learner.
myF 9 Cf;Ftpj;jy; -II
tFg;giw Cf;Ftpj;jy; kw;Wk; Mrpupaupd; gq;fspg;G – ntFkjp kw;Wk; jz;lid –
Gfo;jYk;> ,fo;jYk; - gpd;D}l;lk; mwptpd; tpisT – mthT epiy - Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl;l
fw;gtupd; gz;Geyd;fs;.

UNIT X - INTELLIGENCE
Theories of Intelligence - Single, Two Factor and Multi Factor theories -Multiple Intelligence,
Guilford's Structure of the Intellect -- Emotional Intelligence- Individual differences in distribution
of Intelligence- Test and their uses.
myF 10 Ez;zwpT:
Ez;zwpTf; Nfhl;ghLfs;: xw;iw> ,ul;il kw;Wk; gy;fhuzp Ez;zwpT – fpy;Nghu;bd;
Ez;zwpT fl;likg;G Nfhl;ghL – kdntOr;rp Ez;zwpT – Ez;zwpTg; gutYk;>
khe;ju;fspd; tifghLk;– Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidfspd; gad;fs;.
UNIT XI – CREATIVITY
Creativity - Relationship and differences between intelligence and creativity -Convergent and
Divergent Thinking - The Process of Creativity - Guiding for Creativity - Measuring Creativity.
myF 11 Mf;fj;jpwd;:
Mf;fj;jpwd; - Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; Mf;fj;jpwDf;F ,ilNaahd NtWghL kw;Wk; njhlu;G
– Ftprpe;jid kw;Wk; tpuprpe;jid – Mf;fj;jpwd; nray;Kiw – Mf;fj;jpwid
tsu;j;jpLk; topKiwfs;; - Mf;fj;jpwid mstpLjy;.

UNIT XII – PERSONALITY

Meaning and Definitions of Personality- Determinants of Personality- Theories of personality
Psychoanalytic, humanistic
myF 12 MSik
MSikapd; nghUs; kw;Wk; tiuaiw- MSikia jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; -
MSikapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;: csg;gFg;gha;T> kdpjtpay;.

UNIT XIII - ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY

Assessment of Personality- Important Tools and techniques- Integrated Personality
myF 13 MSikia mstpLjy;
MSikia mstpLjy; - MSikia mstPLtjw;fhd fUtpfs;; kw;Wk;
cj;jpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; - xUq;fpize;j MSik.

UNIT XIV - MENTAL HEALTH

Conflict and Frustration-Concept of Adjustment-Adjustment Barriers- Adjustment mechanisms-
Causes of maladjustment-Symptoms of Maladjustment-Defense Mechanisms- Problem children,
Juvenile Delinquency-Concepts of Mental Health.
myF 14 kdeyk;
kdg;Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk; kdKwpT – nghUj;jg;ghL fUj;jhf;fk; - nghUj;jg;ghl;bd;
jilfs; - nghUj;jg;ghl;bd;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;- jw;fhg;G elj;ijfs; -
nghUj;jg;ghl;bd;ikapd;; mwpFwpfs; - jw;fhg;G elj;ijfs; - gpur;ridf;Fupa Foe;ijfs;>
newp gpwo; elj;ij khztu;fs; - kdeyk; fUj;jhf;fk;.
 Educational Pshycology

myF 1; cstpay;-Xu; mwpKfk;

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

cstpay; (Psychology) vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F Vuhskhd tiuaiwfs; cs;sd.

goq;fhyj;jpy;> cstpay; vd;gJ Md;khitg; gw;wpg; gapYk; mwptpay; vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ.
gpd;du;> jj;Jt ,ayhdJ cstpay; vd;gJ kdk;gw;wp Kiwahf Muha;jy; vd
tiuaWj;jJ. ,r;nrhy;yhdJ> kdpj elj;ij gw;wpa mwptpay; (The Science Of Human
Behaivour) vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nghud; (Baron 2003) vd;gtu; cstpay; vd;Dk;
nrhy;iy elj;ijiaAk;> mwpTg;Gyr; nray;ghLfisAk; tpsf;Fk; mwptpay; vd
tiuaWf;fpwhu;. cstpay; vd;Dk; nrhy;yhdJ irf;fP (Psyche) Nyhf]; vd;Dk; ,U
fpNuf;fr;nrhw;fspy; ,Ue;J te;jjhFk;. irf;fP (Psyche) vd;why; Md;kh> kdk; my;yJ Rak;
(Soul Mind or Self) vd;Wk;> Nyhf]; (Logos) vd;why; Muha;jy; vd;Wk; nghUs; $wg;gLfpwJ.
kdpj elj;ijiag; gw;wp tptupf;Fk; mwptpaNy cstpay;. kdpj elj;ijapd; cs;shu;e;j
gz;GfisAk; vspjpy; Gyg;glf;$ba ntspg;Gwg; gz;GfisAk;> cstpay; Muha;fpwJ.

1.1 cstpay; tiuaiu

tpy;ypak; nkf;^fy;(William Mc Dougal) - 'cstpay; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; elj;ij>
elj;ijapd; fhuzq;fs;> epge;jidfs; Mfpatw;iw gw;wpg; gbg;gjhFk;".
Fu;j; Nfhg;fh(Kutkofka) - “Xu; capup Rw;Wg;Gwj;Jld; njhlu;G nfhz;L ntspapLk;
elj;ijfisg; gw;wpa mwpNt cstpayhFk;”;.
vy;.vg;.Nghupq; (L.F. Boring) - 'kdpjdpd; ,aw;ifg; gw;wp Muha;tNj cstpay;'
vd;fpwhu;.
cl;nthu;j;(R.S Woodworth) – “cstpay; vd;gJ Xu;; R+o;epiyapy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
jdpegupd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wpaNjhu; mwptpay;”;.
ny];lu; FNuh kw;Wk; Myp]; FNuh (Lester D. Crow and Alice Crow) –“cstpay;
vd;gJ kdpjdpd; elj;ij> kdpj cwTKiwfisg; gw;wpg; gbg;gjhFk;."

1.2 cstpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;

Muk;gj;jpy;> cstpay; vd;gJ Md;khitg; gw;wp mjd; ,Ug;gplk;> mjd; jd;ikfs;>
,wg;Gf;Fg; gpd; mjd; epiy Nghd;wtw;iw Muha;tjhf mike;J> jj;Jt ,aypd; Xu;
cl;gpupthf ,aq;fpaJ. cstpay; vd;gJ Md;khitg; gw;wpa Ma;T vd;w fUj;J
iftplg;gl;L> kdk; vd;gNjhL njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;lJ. kdk; %d;W epiyfspy; ,aq;FfpwJ
rpe;jpj;jy;> czu;jy; kw;Wk; Gwr;nray;fisj; J}z;Ljy;. kd ,af;fr; nray;> clypaf;fr;
nraypypUe;J NtWgl;lJ. bl;r;dupd; (Titchner) tbtikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLg;gb kdk;> mwpTrhu;
,af;fKilaJ. ,jd; $Wfshf Gyd; czu;r;rp> czu;Tfs;> kdgpk;gq;fs; mikfpd;wd.
kd ,af;fj;jpd; tbtikg;igAk;> jd;ikiaAk; mwpa mf Nehf;F KiwNa Vw;GilaJ.
cstpay; vd;gJ kdpjd; czu;e;J nray;gLk; elj;ijfis (Conscious Behaviour) kl;LNk
Muha;tjhFk;.
1.2.1 elj;ijapay;
cstpay; mwpQu;fshd J. B. thl;rd;> Nlhy;kd;> `g;> ];fpd;du; Nghd;Nwhu; cstpaiy
elj;ijapay; vd;Nw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. fz;zhy; fhz Kbahj cs;sj;ijg; gw;wp
mwptijtp;l fz;zhy; ghu;f;ff; $ba elj;ijia cstpaypd; nghUshff; nfhs;tNj
mwpTilikahFk; vd;W czu;j;jpdu;. rpe;jid vd;gJ cs;sj;jpd; nray; vd;gij thl;rd;
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 Educational Pshycology

kWf;fpwhu;. kuGf; nfhs;ifia thl;rd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. R+o;epiyNa> kdpjid

cUthf;FfpwJ vd;whu;. elj;ijthjpfs; kf;Lfypd; ,ay;G+f;ff; nfhs;ifiaAk; kWj;jdu;.
R+o;epiy thjpahd gu;dhu;l; (Bernard); gak;> ghYzu;T> $b tho;jy; Mfpa
,ay;G+f;fq;fis ehk; mtw;wpd; topNa nray;gltpLtjpy;iy vd;Wk;> mtw;iwf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jp newpg;gLj;JfpNwhk; vd;Wk; $Wfpwhu;. R+o;epiyNa xUtDila elj;ij
khw;wj;jpw;Fg; ngUk; fhuzkhfpwnjd;whu;. elj;ijf; Nfhl;ghbdu; kdpjupd; elj;ijia
kWtpid thapyhf njspTWj;jpdu;. xt;nthU J}z;LjYf;Fk; xt;nthU Jyq;fs; cz;L
vd;Wk;; J}z;ly;> Jyq;fs; ,izg;Ng elj;ij vd;Wk; thjpl;ldu;.
1.2.2 mwpjy;
1912-k; Mz;L> elj;ijf; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F vjpu;g;G njuptpf;Fk; tifapy;> KOikf; fhl;rpf;
Nfhl;ghL (Gestalt) vd;w Gjpa nfhs;if cstpaypy; cjakhapw;W. KOikf; fhl;rpf;
Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ vjidAk; jdpj;jdpg; ghfq;fshfg; ghu;f;fhJ KOikahfg; ghu;f;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij typAWj;JtjhFk;. xU irf;fpisg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ rf;fuk;> kzp>
`hz;by; ghu; vd;W gpupj;J> gy ghfq;fspd; njhFg;ghfg; ghu;f;fhJ> xU KO tbtkhf>
,aq;Fk; nghUshf ghu;f;fpNwhk;. ,JNt KOikf; fhl;rpf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. nf];lhy;l;
(Gestalt) vd;w n[u;kdpa nrhy;Yf;F cUtk;> tbtk; vd;W nghUs; nfhz;L> fhl;rpg;
nghUl;fis KO cUt mikg;NghL fhZjy; vd;W tpsf;fkspf;fg;gLfpwJ. KOik
fhl;rpia kze;jhy; czu;tjw;Fg; Gyd; czu;r;rpNahL Vw;fdNt ehk; ngw;w
mDgtq;fSk; Jiz Gupfpd;wd. KOikf; fhl;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;bdu; kdpj elj;ij Gyd;fhl;rp
mbg;gilapy; mikfpwnjd;Wk;> Gyd;fhl;rp ngw;w rpe;jidAk;> mwpTj; jpwDk; mtrpak;
vd;Wk; thjpLfpd;wdu;. xNu J}z;ly; vy;NyhuplKk; xNu tifahd Jyq;fis
Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. mtutu; mDgtj;jpw;Nfw;g Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
1.2.3 csg;gFg;G
rpf;kz;l; gpuha;L csg;gFg;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;il epWtpdhu;. kdpjDila elj;ijia
epu;zapg;gjpy; mtDila mbkd Moj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; edtpyp;; kdj;jpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,t;Tsg;gFg;gha;T Nfhl;ghL typAWj;JfpwJ. Ml;yu; jdpegu;
cstpaiyAk;> Aq; gFg;G cstpaiyAk; Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;. ,tu;fisj; njhlu;e;J fhu;y;>
kh];Nfh MfpNahu; kdpjNea cstpaiy (Humanistic psychology) Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpdu;.

1.3 cstpay; Kiwfs;

xUtupd; elj;ijia mse;jwpag; gy cstpay; Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
cstpay; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp> Mrpupau; jkJ khztu;fspd; elj;ijiag; Gupe;J
nfhs;s KbAk;. ,q;Nf VO cstpay; Kiwfs; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1.3.1 RagupNrhjid - tpsf;fk;
xUtu; jd;Dila kdepiyiaj; jhNd RagupNrhjid nra;J $Wk; Kiwf;F
RagupNrhjid (Introspection) vdg;ngau;. RagupNrhjidapy; xUtupd; nrhe;j mDgtq;fspd;
Ra ntspg;ghL epfo;fpwJ.
epiwfs; cs;Nehf;fpawpjypy; cw;WNehf;FgtUk;> cw;W Nehf;fg;gLgtUk; xU Kiw
vd;gjhy; ,k;Kiwia xUtu; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; gad;gLj;jyhk;
xUtupd; kdNk RagupNrhjidf;F cjTk; fUtpahfTk;> fskhfTk; tpsq;Ftjhy;
,k;Kiwiar; nra;J ghu;f;f Nrhjidr; rhiyia ehl Ntz;bajpy;iy> nryTk; FiwT.
,jpy; Neubahd> cz;ikahd mDgt ntspg;ghL fpilf;fpwJ

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 Educational Pshycology

1.3.2 cw;WNehf;fy; Kiw (Observation)

gpwuJ elj;ijapidf; $u;e;J ftdpj;jwpjy; cw;WNehf;fy; vdg;gLk;. rpW Foe;ijfs;>
tpyq;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; elj;ijapy; ,ay;Gfis mwpa ,k;Kiw gaDs;sjhFk;. Foe;ij
cstpaypYk; ,k;Kiw rpwg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. khztu;fsJ ,ay;Gfis
mwptjw;Fk;> jpwd;gjptpw;fhd tpguq;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;f;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; ,k;Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l elj;ij> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; vj;jid
Kiw epfo;fpwJ vd;Wk;> Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; vd;ndd;d elj;ijfs;
ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd vd;Wk; Muha;e;jwpa cw;WNehf;fy; Kiw gad;gLfpwJ. cw;WNehf;fy;
Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjpy; ehd;F tpj nray; epiyfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
 Gyd;fhl;rp
 elj;ijia Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;
 Nrfupf;fg;gl;l elj;ijf;$W tpguq;fis gFj;J Muha;jy;
 nghJ cz;ikfisg; ngWjy;.
gq;Nfw;Fk; - gq;Nfw;fh cw;WNehf;fy;> ,aw;ifahd - nraw;ifahd cw;WNehf;fy;>
jpl;lkplg;gl;l- VNjr;irahf epfo;e;j cw;WNehf;fy; vd;W gytif cw;WNehf;fy;fs; cz;L.

cw;WNehf;fy; Kiwia nrk;ikg;gLj;jy;

 Nehf;FNthu; gyu; xNu fhyj;jpy; xUtdJ elj;ijia cw;W Nehf;fp>
czu;e;jtw;iw clDf;Fld; Fwpj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gy;NtW
Fwpg;Gfisg; gpd;du; xg;GNehf;fp Muha;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 cw;W Nehf;fg;gLNthuJ elj;ijapd; xU $iw kl;Lk; xU rkaj;jpy; ftdpj;jy;
ed;W.
 jhk; gpwuhy; ftdpf;fg;gLfpNwhk; vd cw;W Nehf;fg;gLNthu; jhNd czu;e;jhy; vOk;
$r;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf mtuJ elj;ij ,aw;ifahf mikahJ Ngha;tpLk;. MfNt>
cw;W Nehf;fg;gLNthu;f;Fj; njupahkNyNa mtupd; elj;ij Muhag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 cw;W Nehf;fyhy; ngwg;gLk; fUj;Jfs; cz;ikahditahf mika Ntz;Lkhapd;>
ekJ mDgtq;fisAk;> Cf;fq;fisAk; ftdpj;jwpe;j tpguq;fSld;; fyf;ff;
$lhJ.
 cw;WNehf;fypy; Kiwahd gapw;rp ngw;wtiu kl;LNk cw;W Nehf;f mDkjpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Gwtaj;jd;ikia mjpfupf;f cw;WNehf;fypy; kpd; fUtpfshd fhkpuh>
Nlg;upf;fhu;lu;> fz;zhbj; jLg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
 vij cw;W Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;> vt;tsT fhyk; ,jpy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;> cw;W
Nehf;fypd; Nehf;fk; Kjypatw;iw Kd;$l;bNa cw;WNehf;FNthu;f;F czu;j;jpl
Ntz;Lk;.
1.3.3 cw;WNehf;fypd; gad;ghL
tFg;Gr; nray;fspy; khztd; ve;j msTf;Fg; gq;F ngWfpwhd; vd;gijAk;> mtdJ
gbf;Fk; gof;fq;fs;> xg;gilg;Gfis Kbf;Fk; jpwd;> Rafl;Lg;ghl;bd; (Self control) msT>
r%fg; gz;Gfs;> nkhopj;jpwd;fs;> nkhopf; FiwghLfs;> cly;; FiwghLfs;> tFg;gpy;
ftdk;> jz;lidfisg; gw;wpa mtdJ kdg;ghd;ik Nghd;wdTk; Mrpupuhy; cw;W
Nehf;fg;gl;L> jpws;;gjpNtl;by; Fwpg;gp;glNtz;Lk;.
1.3.4 tho;f;ifj; JZf;F Kiw
xt;nthUtuJ tho;f;ifapYk; Kf;fpakhf ,sikg;gUtj;jpy;> rpy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
epfo;r;rpfs; eilngWfpd;wd. ,e;epfo;rr ; pfs; mtuJ kd ,ay;GfisAk;> Mw;wy;fisAk;

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 Educational Pshycology

njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;LtdthFk;. ,j;jifa tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfisj; njhFj;J itj;jy;

tho;f;ifj; JZf;FKiw vdg;gLk;. ngw;Nwhu;fSk; jq;fs; Foe;ijfs; gw;wpa tho;f;ifj;
JZf;Ffisf; Fwpj;J itj;jpUg;gu;. Mdhy; ,j;jifa Fwpg;Gfs; ngUk;ghYk;
mftag;gl;ldthFk;. cz;ikia jpupj;Jf; $Wtdthf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. tho;f;if
epfo;r;rpfisf; Fwpj;J itf;Fk; NghJ Njitg;gLtJ Njjp> epiyik> epfo;r;rp gw;wpa
cz;ik tpguk;> mjDld; njhlu;Gila NtW epfo;r;rpfs;> Nghjpa vz;zpf;ifapYk;>
tupirf;fpukj;jpYk; epfo;rr ; pf;Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpatdthk;. MrpupaUk; jkJ khzhf;fuJ gs;sp
tho;f;ifapy; Njhd;Wk; Kf;fpa epfo;r;rpfisf; Fwpj;J itj;jpUg;ghu;fs;;. mJ
mk;khzf;fuJ ,ay;Gfis ed;fwpa Jiz nra;Ak;.
1.3.5 tho;f;ifj; JZf;F Kiwapd; FiwghLfs;
 cw;WNehf;fypy; ngwg;gl;l tpguq;fNshL jkJ fUj;JfisAk;> Cf;fq;fisAk; gyu;
Nrhjpf;ff;$Lk;
 tptupf;fg;gLk; elj;ij> mJ epfOk; r%fg; gpd;dzpapdpd;Wk; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;Lf;
Fwpf;fg;gl;lhy;> mjd; cz;ikj; jd;ik njupahJ . ngUk;ghYk;> mrhjuz elj;ij
kl;Lk; Fwpf;fg;gl;L> mJNt rhjhuz elj;ijahff; fUjg;gLtJz;L
1.3.6 fs Ma;T Kiw
xU epfo;r;rpia> mJ epfOk; ,aw;ifahd R+o;epiyapy; cw;W Nehf;fp Muha;jy; fs
Muha;r;rp Kiwnadg;gLk;. r%f cstpaypYk;> fy;tp cstpaypYk; ,k;Kiw ngUksT
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. fs Muha;r;rpapy; tpdh tupirfs;> ju msT Nfhy;fs;> FwpaPL
gl;bay;fs; Nghd;witAk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
1.3.7 gupNrhjid Kiw - tpsf;fk;
gupNrhjid vd;gJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fl;gl;l cw;WNehf;fy; (Controlled Observation) vdf;
$wyhk;. xU Nfhl;ghL my;yJ fUJNfhspid rupghu;jj ; Yf;fhf Xu; Muha;r;rpahsdhy;
Kad;W jpl;lkpl;L cUthf;fg;gLk; epfo;r;rp gupNrhjidahFk;. ,f;Nfhl;ghL my;yJ
fUJNfhs;> fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;ig Fwpg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Muha;r;rpf;F cl;gl;l
epfo;r;rpAld; njhlu;Gila gy;NtW fhuzpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> Nrhjidapd;
tpisTfis El;gkhf mstpLtjw;Fk; Ma;Tf; $lq;fspy; gy;NtW fUtpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Kjd;Kjypy;> 1879-k; Mz;L> n[u;kdpapy; cstpay; Ma;Tf;$lk;;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
1.3.8 gupNrhjid Kiwapd; epiw Fiwfs;
epiwfs; Fiwfs;
vy;yh mwptpaw; fiyfSf;Fk; ,J nghJthd
cstpaypd; vy;yhg; gFjpfisAk;> ,k;Kiw
Kf;fpa KiwahFk;
nfhz;L Muha;tJ vd;gJ ,ayhJ
,k;Kiwahy; ngwg;gLk; Kiwfs;> KbTfs; Nrhjidahsupd; jdpg;gz;Gfs; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs;>
KOtJk; ek;gfkhdit. ,tw;iw rhu;ngz;zq;fs; Nghd;wdTk; Nrhjidfspd;
vt;tplj;jpYk; rupghu;f;fyhk; KbTfisg; ghjpf;Fk;
Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk; cz;ik gupNrhjid elj;j mjpf fhyk;> nryT gpbf;Fk;.
vd;W ep&gpg;gjw;F Jy;ypakhd KiwahFk; Nrhjid Ma;T Kiwfis gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
1.3.9 tsu;r;rp Ma;T Kiw
Foe;ijg;gUtk; njhlq;fp> xUtd; Kjpu;r;rpailAk; tiu gz;GfSk;> elj;ijfSk;
vg;gb tsu;r;rpailfpd;wd> vt;tpjq;fspy; khWghL milfpd;wd vd;gtw;iw mwpa tsu;r;rp
Kiw cjTfpwJ.

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 Educational Pshycology

tsu;r;rp Kiw ,Utifg;gLk;:

 ePs Ma;T Kiw
 FWf;F Ma;T Kiw
tsu;r;rpg;gb epiyapYs;s gy Foe;ijfis njhlu;eJ ; gy Mz;Lfs; cw;W Nehf;FtJ
ePs Ma;T KiwahFk;. gy tsu;r;rp epiyfspYk; gyuJ elj;ijiaf; ftdpj;J
cw;WNehf;fy; FWf;F Ma;thFk;. rpW Foe;ijfsJ tpisahl;Lfs; mtu;fsJ
jdpj;jd;ikiag; gpujpgypg;gdthf mikfpd;wd.
1.3.10 epfo;Tf;$W Ma;T Kiw (Case Study Method)
jdpegu; xUtuplk; fhzg;gLk; gpur;ridf;Fupa elj;ijf;fhd fhuzq;fis mwptpay;
Kiwg;gb fz;lwpe;J> mtw;iw ePf;fpl tpupthd tifapy; me;egu; njhlu;ghd tpguq;fis
Nrfupj;J> mtw;iw Kiwahf Ma;T nra;J> Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy; jFe;j jPu;tpidg;
ghpe;Jiuj;J nraw;gLj;jplNy epfo;Tf;$W Ma;T vdg;gLk;. nghJthf ,k;Kiw> jdpegu;
my;yJ epWtdj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;ridia Ma;T nra;J> Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;iffis
gupe;Jiug;gjw;F mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; ,ij kUj;JtMa;T Kiw vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpLtu;. gs;sp khzhf;fu; rpyuplk; fhzg;gLk; newpg;gpwo;T> fy;tpapy; gpd;jq;fpapUj;jy;>
gs;spf;Ff; fhye;jho;e;J tUjy;> gpw khztu;fis rPzb ; f; nfhz;bUj;jy;> tFg;giwapy;
ftdkpd;ik> gpw khztu;fNshL $bg; gofhky; xJq;fpapUj;jy;> ngha; NgRjy;>
Mrpupau;fsplk; gzpTld; ele;J nfhs;shik Nghd;w gpur;ridf;Fupa elj;ijf;fhd
mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fis Ma;T %yk; fz;lwpe;J> ,j;jifa epiyfisg; Nghf;f ,k;Kiw
cjTfpd;wJ. jw;NghJ ,k;Kiw tpupTgLj;jg;gl;L> jpwikahf nray;gLk; epWtdj;ijAk;>
kPj;jpwk; ngw;W tpsq;FgtiuAk; tpupthf Muha;e;J mtw;wpypUe;J fz;lwpe;jtw;iw kw;w
epWtdq;fSf;Fk;> egu;fSf;Fk; topfhl;b MNyhridfs; toq;fpl gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
vdNt jw;fhyj;jpy; ,k;Kiw jdpayF Ma;T Kiw vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. Ma;Tf;F
vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; myF> jdpeguhfNth> epWtdkhfNth my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fg;
gpuptpduhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. jdpayF Ma;tpy;> tpguq;fis Nrfupg;gjw;F cw;W Nehf;fy;>
Ngl;b> ju msTNfhy;fs;> Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjid> ehl;lr; Nrhjid> tpdhtupir>;>
kdg;ghd;ik msTNfhy;fs;> MSikr; Nrhjidfs; Nghd;wit jdpahfNth> ,izj;Njh
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Nrfupj;j tpguq;fspypUe;J Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhz;l myfpd; jw;Nghija
epiy> Ke;ijafhy tuyhW> vjpu;fhyj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; epiyikfs; Mfpatw;iw
njspTgLj;Jk; tifapy; gFj;jhag;gl;L gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk;.
1.3.11 jdpahs; Ma;tpy; ,lk;ngWk; gbepiyfs;
gpur;ridf;Fupa myif Nju;T nra;jy;;
Kjypy; tpupthd Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; myifj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzkhf> gs;sp eltbf;iffs; vjpYk; <LghL fhz;gpf;fhj khztu;> Nju;r;rp tpfpjk;
kpfTk; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk; gs;sp> eypTw;w njhopw;rhiy Nghd;w Ma;Tf;Fupa myfpidj;
Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nju;e;njLj;j myF Fwpj;j jfty;fisg; gy;NtW topfspYk; jpul;b
cw;WNehf;fy;> Neu;fhzy;> tpdhepuy; Njitahd cstpay; Nrhjidfs;> kdg;ghd;ik
msTNfhy;fs;> ju msT Nfhy;fs; Mfpatw;iw jdpahfNth> ,ize;Njh gad;gLj;jp
Ma;Tf;Fupa egu;/epWtdj;ijg; gw;wpa midj;J tifj; jfty;fisAk; KOikahfg; ngw
Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpur;ridf;fhd fhuzq;fis Cfpj;jy;;
Nrfupj;j jfty;fis KOikahf> Muha;e;J> gpur;ridf;fhd fhuzq;fis Cfpj;jwpa
Ntz;Lk;. gpur;ridiag;gw;wp ehk; Vw;fdNt ngw;wpUf;Fk; mwpTk;> mDgtq;fSk;>
gpur;rpidf;Fupa egupd; elj;ijf;fhd fhuzq;fisj; jPu;khdpf;f ngupJk; cjTk;.
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 Educational Pshycology

gpur;rpidia rPun ; ra;Ak; Kiwfis tFj;jy;;

gpur;rpidf;Fupa fhuzq;fis Cfpj;jwpe;j gpd;> mtw;iw ePf;fpLk; topKiwfis
tFj;J> mtw;iw Fwpg;gpl;l fhy msT nraw;gLj;jpg;ghu;j;jNy mLj;j gbepiyahFk;.
cjhuzkhf> khztu;fis cstpay; MNyhridf;F cl;gLj;Jjy;> ngw;NwhUld;
tpthjpj;jy;> gbg;gjw;F gz cjtp nra;jy;> jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsu;j;jpLk; E}y;fisg;
gbf;fr; nra;jy;> ez;gu;fspd; njhlu;Gfisf; fz;fhzpj;jy; Nghd;w gy;tif
mZFKiwfisAk; xU Nru gad;gLj;jpg; ghu;f;fyhk;.

njhlh;zp;
,JNt ,t;tif Ma;tpd; ,Wjpg;gb epiyahFk;. khztupd; gpur;rpidf;Fupa
elj;ijapd; msit> njhlu;r;rpahf mt;tg;NghJ fz;fhzpj;J tUtjd; %yk;>
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;Jk; Kiwfs; ve;j msT gaDs;sitahf mike;Js;sd
vd;gijf; fhz KbAk;. 10 epfo;Tf;$W Ma;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gs;spfspy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; epfo;Tf;$W Ma;Tfs; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fis epiwT nra;fpwJ. mit :
 ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shd khztuplk; jdpf;ftdk; nrYj;jp mtuJ gpur;ridf;fhd
fhuzj;ij mwptpay; uPjpahf Muha;e;J> mjw;fhd jPu;itAk; gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ.
 Nrfupf;fg;gl;l tpguq;fs; nghUj;jkhdjhfTk;> ek;gfj;jd;ik kpf;fjhfTk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;
 Ma;T njhlu;r;rpahf elj;jg;ngwy; Ntz;Lk;
 Nrfupf;fg;gl;l tpguq;fspd; ,ufrpaj;jd;ik ghJfhf;fg;gl;L Ma;Tf;F kl;LNk
gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;
 Xt;nthU epfo;Tf;$W Ma;T KbTfSk; njhlu; fz;fhzpg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
1.3.12 tpdh tupir Kiw
,k;KiwAk;> ,d;W cstpaypYk;> r%ftpaypYk; ngUkstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Ma;Tf;Fl;gl;l epfo;r;rp gw;wpa gy rpW tpdhf;fs; tpdhtupirapy; nfhLf;fg; gl;bUf;Fk;.
,tw;wpw;fhd tpilfisf; Fwpg;gpl - Mk;> ,y;iy> epr;rakhf nrhy;y ,ayhJ vd;W rpW
mikg;G nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,t;tpdhf;fSf;F gyu; mspf;Fk; tpilfis Muha;tjd;
%yk;> ,e;epfo;r;rp gw;wpa tpsf;fk; ngw KbAk;. ,k;Kiwia cstpay; Muha;r;rpf;F
Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatu; fhy;ld; vd;gtuhthu;.
nghJthf tpdhtupir epu;thf Kiwiag; gpd;tUk; jUzq;fspy; gad;gLj;jyhk;:
 FWfpa fhyj;Jf;Fs; gy tpdhf;fSf;F tpil ngw Ntz;ba jUzk;.
 Muha;r;rpf;F cjtf; $batu;fis Neubahf mZf ,ayhj jUzk;.
 jdp egNuhL neUq;fpa njhlu;gw;w> nghJg;gilahd tpguq;fs; Njitg;gLk; jUzk;.
 jdp kdpju;fis xU mzpapuZld; xg;gpl Ntz;ba jUzk;.
 FOf;fis xg;gpl;L KbntLf;f Ntz;ba jUzk;.

1.4 cstpaypd; gpupTfs;

cstpaypy; gy gpupTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cstpaypy; ,d;W Vw;gl;Ls;s
Kd;Ndw;wj;ijg; gw;wp ,g;gpupTfspd; vz;zpf;ifia itj;Nj ehk; XusT mwpaf;$Lk;.
,g;gpupTfspy; Kf;fpakhd rpytw;iwg; gw;wp fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

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1.4.1 nghJ cstpay;;

,J vy;yh cstpay; gpupTfSf;Fk; mbg;gilahd> nghJthd fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wpaJ.
Kjpu;r;rpaile;j kdpjdpd; rhjuzkhd kdpju;fspd; elj;ijia nghJ cstpay;
tptupf;fpwJ. ,g;gpuptpy; Gyd;fhl;rp> kdTzu;r;rpfSk;> vOr;rpfSk;> Cf;Ftpj;jy;> fw;wy;
rpe;jpj;jy; Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;. jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfspd; jd;ik> mtw;wpd; msT> mit
Njhd;wf; fhuzq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ,g;gpupT Muha;fpwJ.
1.4.2 Foe;ij cstpay;;
Foe;ijapd; tsu;r;rp> ,t;tsu;r;rpapy; mjd; kuGepiy> R+o;epiy Mfpatw;wpd; gq;F>
Foe;ijfsplk; fhzg;gLk; jpwd;fs;> ,tw;iw mstpLk; Kiwfs;> Foe;ij jdJ
R+o;epiyAld; nghUj;jg;ghl;il milAk; tiffs; Nghd;wtw;iw MuhAk; kdtpay; gpupT>
Foe;ij cstpay; MFk;. ,J Nghd;Nw Foe;ij cstpay;> Fkug;gUt cstpay;
Mfpait ,d;W vOe;Js;sd.
1.4.3 newpgpwo; cstpay;;
euk;G Neha;fs;> cs;sj; jLkhw;wq;fs; Nghd;w NfhshWfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpju;fspd;
mrhjhuz elj;ijfis tptupf;Fk; gpupT> newpgpwo; kdtpayhFk;. ,g;gpupT kd kUj;Jt
,aYld; ,ize;jjhFk;. gpuha;bd; csg;gFg;gha;T> ,jd; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ngupJk;
cjtpAs;sJ.
1.4.4 clw;$W cstpay;;
,g;gpuptpy; kdr;nrayhdJ Kiwahd clypay; mbg;gilapy; Muhag;gLfpd;wd. euk;G
kz;lyk;> Gyd;fs;> Rug;gpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; mikg;G> nray;ghL Mfpad ,g;gpuptpy; ,lk;
ngWk;.
1.4.5 xg;gPl;L cstpay;;
kdpjdpd; elj;ijAld;> gpw tpyq;fpdq;fspd; elj;ijfis xg;gpl;L ,tw;wpDs;
fhzg;gLk; njhlu;GfisAk;> NtWghLfisAk; mwpAk; gpupNt xg;gPl;L cstpayhFk;.
kdpju;fisf; nfhz;L elj;j Kbahj my;yJ elj;jf; $lhj Nrhjidfis tpyq;Ffisf;
nfhz;L elj;j KbAk;.
1.4.6 r%f cstpay;;
xU FO cWg;gpduhf cs;s jdp kdpjdpd; elj;ij gw;wpAk;> FOf;fSf;Fs;
fhzg;gLk; njhlu;Gfs; gw;wpAk; ,g;gpupT tpthjpf;fpwJ.
1.4.7 eil Kiw cstpay;;
,g;gpuptpy; njhopy; gw;wpa cstpay;> tpsk;guk; gw;wpa cstpay;> fy;tp cstpay;
Nghd;wit mlq;fpAs;sd. cstpay; cz;ikfspd; tpisthfg; gytho;f;ifj; Jiwfs;
ngUk; gad; ngw;Ws;sd. cjhuzkhf> kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy;> cly; kd kUj;Jtg; gpuptpd;
tsu;r;rpapd; gadhf cliyr; rhu;e;j gy Neha;fisj; jPu;g;gjpy; cstpay; Kiwfs;
ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; tpisthf kUj;Jt cstpay; (Clinical Psychology) vd;w
GJg;gpupT Njhd;wpAs;sJ. ngha; NgRjiyf; fz;Lgpbf;Fk; Kiwfs;> Fw;wthspfisr;
rPu;jpUj;Jk; Gjpa Kiwfs; Nghd;wd ePjpj;Jiwapy; cstpaypd; nry;thf;if mjpfupj;J
Fw;wtpay;> cstpay; vd;w GJg;gpupT Njhd;wpAs;sJ. njhopy;Jiwapy;> gy;NtW
njhopy;fspd; jFjpf;fhd El;gr; Nrhjidfs;> rpwg;ghfj; njhopyhw;w cjtf;$ba
R+o;epiyapid cUthf;Fjy;> Kjyhsp - njhopyhsp cwtpid nrk;ikg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w
gytw;wpy; cstpay; cjtpAs;sJ. ,g;gpupit njhopy;Jiw cstpay; vd;fpNwhk;. fw;wy; -
fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghl;bid cstpay; uPjpahf Muha;e;J> khztu;fsJ fw;wiy Nkk;gLj;j
cjTk; topKiwfisf; fz;lwpAk; cstpay; gpupT fy;tp cstpay; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

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 Educational Pshycology

,g;gpupT eilKiw cstpaypd; fPo; te;jhYk;> ,d;W ,g;gpupthdJ tpupe;J jdpj;Jiwahf

cUg;ngw;W tUfpwJ.

1.5 fy;tp cstpaypd; tiuaiw

cstpaypd; xu; cl;gpupthd fy;tp cstpay; vd;gJ> fy;tpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
nray;KiwfspYk;> gpd;gw;wg;gLk; topKiwfspYk;> cstpay; Nfhl;ghLfisAk;>
tpjpfisAk; GFj;jp> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;JjNy MFk; vd;W Nfhny];dpf; vd;w
,u\;a mwpQu; $Wfpwhu;. gs;sp tFg;giw> fy;tp cstpayhsu;fspd; Ma;Tf;$lk;> fw;wy;>
fw;gpj;jy;> gapw;rpaspj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; vjpu;gLk; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz Kw;gLtNj
fy;tp cstpay;.
1.5.1 fy;tp cstpaypd; jd;ik
fy;tp cstpay;> Jupjkhf tsu;r;rpaile;J jdpj;Jiwahf jd;id epiygLj;jpf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. fy;tp gpur;ridfs; ahTk; ,j;Jiwapd; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLfpd;wd.
Foe;ijf;fy;tp> Fiwawpe;J jPu;f;Fk; Kiwfs;> kPj;jpwd; kpf;ftu;fspd; fy;tp>
CdKw;Nwhu;f;fhd fy;tp> fw;wiyg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;> fy;tp kjpg;gpLjy;> Nfhl;ghLfs;
Nghd;wtw;iw jd; Ma;Tf;fskhf nfhz;Ls;sjd; %yk;> fy;tp cstpay; vd;gJ
jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j xU rpwg;Gj;Jiw vd;gJ tpsq;Fk;. tFg;giw R+oy;> elj;ij khw;w
cj;jpfs;> jpl;lkpl;L fw;wy; topKiwfs;> Ez;jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;> fy;tp El;gtpaypd; nkd;>
jsthl mZFKiwfis gad;gLj;Jjy;> fzpzp nfhz;L fw;gpj;jy; Nghd;w gpupTfis
cUthf;fp tFg;giwf; fw;wypy; fw;gtu; - fw;gpg;gtu; ,ilNaahd ,ilntspia Nkk;gLj;j
fy;tp cstpay; ngupJk; Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. cau; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; ahTk; KOf;f KOf;f
cstpay; mbg;gilahdit.
1.5.2 fy;tp cstpaypd; tuk;G
,g;gpupT> khzf;fuJ tsu;r;rpg; gbepiyfs;> mit xt;nthd;wpYk; khztu;fsplk;
fhzg;gLk; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk;> tsu;r;rprhu; nray;fs;> MSikf; $Wfis
ntspg;gLj;jpLk; khzf;fuJ ntspg;gilahd elj;ijfs;> Mo;kdj;jpdhy; ,af;fg;gLk;
gy;NtW elj;ijfs; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;FfpwJ.
fw;wy; mDgtq;fs;;
khzf;fuJ gy;NtW tsu;r;rpg; gbepiyfspy; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; Vw;w fw;wy; mDgtq;fs;
vit vd;gijj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; fy;tp cstpay; cjTfpwJ. ,g;gpuptpy; khztu;fSf;F
mspj;jpLtjw;Fupa nghUj;jkhd fw;wy; mDgtq;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;f cjtpLk; cstpay;
Nfhl;ghLfs;> nfhs;iffs; Mfpait ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
fw;Fk; Kiwfs;
fw;Nghupd; ,ay;Gfisj; njupe;J nfhz;L mtw;wpw;F Vw;wthW mspj;jpl Ntz;ba
fw;wy; mDgtq;fisj; jPu;khdpj;j gpd;> mt;tDgtq;fis khztu;fs; vspjpy;
mile;jpLtjw;fhd topKiwfisj; Nju;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gzpapy; fw;wy; vt;thW
epfo;fpwJ> fw;wiyg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; vit> fw;wy; njhlu;ghd nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;
Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;ndd;d cs;sd vd;;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gpuptpy; ,lk;
ngWk; ghlg;nghUl;fspy; kwj;jy;> epidtpypUe;jy; (Remembering) fw;wy; - khw;wk;>
nghJikf; fUj;Jfs; cUthFk; Kiw> rpe;jpj;jy;> Muha;e;jwpjy;> gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T
fhZjy; Nghd;w mwpT rhu;e;j nray;ghLfs; MfpadTk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. fw;wy; vd;Dk;
nray;ghl;bdpy; ,lk; ngUk; ,U Kf;fpaf; $Wfshd> fw;gtu;> fw;gpg;gtu; ,tu;fSf;fpilNa
tUgit fw;wy; R+o;epiy> fw;Fk; Kiwfs;> fw;Fk; R+o;epiyfs; vd;Dk; gpuptpdpy;
tFg;giwr; R+oy; FO ,af;ftpay;> ftd <u;g;Gf; fhuzpfs;> ftdf; Fiwtpw;fhd

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fhuzq;fs;> fw;wYf;F cjTk; tYT+l;bfs;> fw;wiy kjpg;gpLk; topKiwfs;> topfhl;Ljy;

kw;Wk; mwpTiu gfu;jy; Nghd;w fw;wy; nray;ghl;bdpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
Mrpupau;;
fw;Fk; R+o;epiyapy; MrpupaUk; xU Kf;fpa fhuzpahf tpsq;Ffpwhu;. MrpupauJ Cf;fk;>
kdg;Nghuhl;lq;fs;> nray;jpwd;fs;> kdg;ghd;ik> kdeyk;> njhopy;Kiw tsu;r;rp MfpadTk;
fy;tp cstpaypd; tuk;Gf;Fs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. rpwe;j nray;jpwd; kpf;f Mrpupaupd; MSikg;
gz;Gfs;> Mu;tq;fs;> ehl;lq;fs;> fw;gpf;Fk; jpwd;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp mwptjd; %yk;>
jpwikahd Mrpupau;fs; cUthfpd;wdu;. fPo;f;fz;ltw;iw fy;tp cstpaypd; cl;gpupTfshf
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. mitfs;:
Foe;ijAk; mjd; tsu;r;rpAk;;
Foe;ijapd; cly;> kd> r%f tsu;r;rpfSk;> fw;wypy; mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fSk;> (c-k;)
Foe;ijapd; nkhop tsu;r;rp> rpe;jid tsu;r;rp> r%f newpg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; Mfpait
mf;Foe;ijapd; fw;Fk; jpwid ntFthfg; ghjpf;fpd;wd.
fw;Fk;> fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;;
Cf;fk;> fw;Fk; jpwd;> fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw> MSikia tsu;j;jpLk; topKiw> Ez;zwpit
mse;jpLk; Kiw> khztuJ Ez;zwpT epiyf;Nfw;g - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisj;
Nju;e;njLj;jy;> epidthw;wiyg; ghjpg;git> kWg;gjw;fhd (my;yJ) vjpu;g;gjw;fhd
fhuzq;fs; - Nghd;wit ,g;gpuptpy; mlq;Fk;.
khzhf;fuJ tsu;r;rpia kjpg;gpLjy;;
khzf;fiu kjpg;gpLk; Kiwfs;> jdpnahU khztid Ma;T nra;J gpur;ridfSf;fhd
jPu;itf; fz;lwpjy;> fw;wy; FiwghLfisf; fz;lwpe;J rup nra;jy;> ntt;NtW fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfspd; jpwd;fisAk; gad;fisAk; fzpj;jy; Nghd;wit ,g;gpuptpd; fPo; tUk;.

1.6 fy;tp cstpaypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

 khztu;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW epfo;Tf;$W NtWghLfisAk;> mtw;wpw;Nfw;g
khztuJ Njitia epiwT nra;Ak; tz;zk; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis
Nju;e;njLf;fTk; MrpupaUf;F> fy;tp cstpay; Jiz GupfpwJ.
 khztu; fw;wypy; rpwe;J tpsq;f Mrpupau; fw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> gy;NtW fw;wy;
topKiwfisAk;> mtw;wpd; epiw - FiwfisAk;> fw;wypy; vjpu;gLk; FiwfisAk;>
mtw;iw ePf;Fk; topfisAk; mwpe;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
 khztu;fsJ nghWg;gw;w elj;ijiaf; fz;lwpe;J> mjw;fhd mbg;gilf;
fhuzq;fis> ,dk; fz;L> ePf;fp - Mrpupau; khzhf;fu;fSila MSik
tsu;r;rpiar; nrk;ikg;gLj;j> fy;tp cstpay; cjTfpwJ
 tFg;giw xOq;if epiy ehl;lTk;> khztu;fsJ kdeyj;ij Nkk;gLj;jTk;>
khztu;fs; jq;fsJ gpur;ridf;Fj; jPu;T fhz topfhl;lTk;> mwpTiu gfpuTk;>
fy;tp cstpay; Mrpupau;f;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ
 khztu;fsJ tsu;r;rp epiyfSf;Nfw;gTk;> me;je;j tsu;r;rp epiyapYs;s
khztu;fspd; fw;wy; Nghf;FfSf;Nfw;gTk;> rKfj; Njitfspd;
khWjy;fSf;Nfw;gTk;> ghlg;nghUisj; Nju;e;njLj;J tupirg;gLj;jTk; fy;tp
cstpay; MrpupaUf;F cjTfpwJ
 khztupd; fy;tp milit kjpg;gpl cstpay; mbg;gilapyhd gy;NtW
Nrhjidfis nray;gLj;jp mstPLfisg; ngw;W nghUs; czu MrpupaUf;F fy;tp
cstpay; mwpT ngupJk; Jiz GupfpwJ

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 Educational Pshycology

 khztu;fsJ kdg;ghd;ikfisr; rPu;gLj;jTk;> FO elj;ijapd;; %yk; khztu;fsJ

elj;ijia Nkk;gLj;jp MSik tsu;r;rpf;F jpl;lkpLk; tz;zk;> gy;NtW ghlj;
Jizr; nray;fs; mikj;jplTk; fy;tp cstpay; tFg;giw MrpupaUf;Fg; ngupJk;
Jiz GupfpwJ.
 tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jypy; khztu;fSf;F Cf;fk; mspj;jpLk; topKiwfisAk;>
khztu;fspd; ftdj;ij <u;f;Fk; mf> Gw - fhuzpfis mwpe;J mtw;iw
gad;gLj;jpAk;> ftdf;FiwTf; fhuzpfis mwpe;J mtw;iw mfw;wpAk;
khztu;fsJ ftdj;ij ghlj;jpy; epiyepWj;Jk; topKiwfis Mrpupau;
mwpe;jpUe;jhy; kl;LNk Mrpupau; jdJ tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jypy; jpwd; kpf;f
Mrpupauhfj; jpfo KbAk;
 khztu;fsJ ehl;lq;fis mwpe;J Cf;Ftpf;fTk;> gupR> ghuhl;L> jz;lidfis
Kiwahfr; nray;gLj;jp tpUk;gj; jf;f fw;wiy kl;Lk; tYg;gLj;Jk; topKiwfis
Mrpupau; NkYk; mwpe;jpUg;ghu; vd;why;> mtu; vy;NyhuhYk; ghuhl;lg;gLk; Mrpupauhfj;
jpfo;thu;. vdNt rpwe;j MrpupaUf;Fg; ghlg; nghUspd; Nju;r;rpNahL> mij
khztu;fSf;F KOikahf Nru;g;gpf;f nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisf;
ifahSk; jpwd; ngw;wpUf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Ff; fy;tp cstpay; ngupJk; Jiz
GupfpwJ.

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 Educational Pshycology

myF 2 kdpj tsu;r;rpAk; Kd;Ndw;wKk;:

kdpj tsu;r;rpAk;> Kd;Ndw;wKk;
UNIT II - HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

gpwe;jTld; rpWFoe;ij ghu;g;gjw;F rpwpajhfTk; jdJ Njitfisj;jhNd epiwT

nra;J nfhs;s Kbahj epiyapYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;> jFe;j R+o;epiyapy;
tsu;r;rpaile;J nraypaf;fj;jpwdpYk;> csg;gz;GfspYk; Nkk;ghL mile;J> Kjpu;r;rp
mile;j KO kdpjdhf khWfpwJ. Foe;ijapd; cly; cWg;Gfs; tsu;r;rpaile;J
Kjpu;r;rpaile;j epiyapy;> fw;wy; my;yJ gapw;rpapd; fhuzkhf clYWg;Gfs;
nraw;gLjypYk;> elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fspYk; kpFe;j Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

2.1 tsu;r;rp tiuaW

Xu; capupapd; cUg;ngUf;fk; my;yJ msT mjpfupj;jiy tsu;r;rp (Growth) vd;W
$WfpNwhk;. xU Foe;ij tsu;r;rpailAk; NghJ mjd; cauk;> vil> nkhj;j fz gupkhzk;
Mfpait mjpfupf;fpd;wd. tsu;r;rp vd;gjd; fPo; tUk; khw;wq;fis Gwtaj;jd;ikNahL
cw;WNehf;fTk;> mstplTk; KbAk;. Kd;Ndw;wk; (Development) my;yJ Nkk;ghL vd;gjd;
Xu; cl;$Nw tsu;r;rpahFk;. Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gjd; mstPl;Lf; $W (Quantitative measure)
tsu;r;rpahFk;.

2.2 Kd;Ndw;wk; tiuaW

Xu; capupapd; cUtj;jpNyh my;yJ mikg;gpNyh Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fisAk;> mJ ,aq;Fk;
tpjj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Nkk;ghLfisAk; xl;L nkhj;jkhff; Fwpg;gNj Kd;Ndw;wk; MFk;.
capupapd; nray;ghl;Lj; jd;ikiaf; Fwpg;gNj Kd;Ndw;wk;. tsu;r;rp> Kjpu;r;rp fw;wy;
,tw;wpd; $l;L tpisthy; Vw;gLtJ Kd;Ndw;wk;.

2.3 tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs;

tsu;r;rpf;Fk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs;
tsh;;r;rp Kd;Ndw;wk;
tsu;r;rp cUg;ngUf;fj;jhy; capupapd; mikg;gpYk;> nray;ghl;bYk;> Vw;gLk;
tpistjhy; Jy;ypakhf mij msf;f khw;wq;fshy; mjd; ,aq;Fk; mikg;gpYk;
KbAk;. Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
Kd;Ndw;wk; ,af;fj;NjhL; njhlu;Gilajhy;>
tsu;r;rpia Gwtaj;jd;ikNahL cw;W Jy;ypakhf mstpl KbahjJ. elj;ijf;
Nehf;fp Jy;ypakhf msf;f KbAk;. Nfhyq;fis cw;W Nehf;Ftjd; %yk; mjidf;
fzpf;f KbAk;.
tho;ehs; KOtJk; tsu;r;rp
njhlu;tjpy;iy Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jld; Kd;Ndw;wk; tho;ehs; KOtJk; njhlu;eJ ; Vw;glf;
$baJ.
tsu;r;rp epd;W Nghfpd;wJ.
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; Xu; cl;$W jhd; Kd;Ndw;wk; rpf;fyhd nray;ghlhFk; gd;Kfk;
tsu;r;rp. nfhz;lJ.
clypd; midj;J ghfq;fspYk; capupapd; ,af;fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; xl;L nkhj;j
tsu;r;rp Vw;gLfpwJ. khWghNl Kd;Ndw;wk; MFk;.
tsu;r;rp tpfpjk; tho;f;ifapd; vy;yh Kd;Ndw;w tpfpjk; tho;f;ifapd; vy;yh
gUtq;fspYk; xNu rPuhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. gUtq;fspYk; xNu rPuhf miktjpy;iy
tsu;r;rpapy; epfo;Tf;$W Ntw;Wikfs; gy;tif Kd;Ndw;wq;fspy;> cly;> mwpT> xOf;fk;>

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fhzg;gLfpd;wd. r%f czu;T> kd vOr;rp Nghd;wtw;wpy;

Foe;ijfs; xUtUf;nfhUtu; khWgLfpd;wdu;.
tsu;r;rp kugpdhy; ngupJk; fw;;wy; mDgtq;fSk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jPu;khdpg;gjpy; ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd
xU Fwpg;gpl;l tif Kd;Ndw;wk;> gpw tif
tsu;r;rp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F topNfhyhf
Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Vw;gl Jiz Gupfpd;wJ. mjhtJ
mikayhk;> Jiz GupahkYk;
gy;tif Kd;Ndw;wq;fSk; xUq;fpize;J
Nghfyhk; .
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

2.4 Kjpu;r;rpAk;> Kd;Ndw;wKk;

Kjpu;r;rpailjy; vd;Dk; ,aw;ifahd nray;ghL> capupapd; cs;Ns epfOk;
tsu;r;rpahy; Vw;gLtJ> capupay; kugpdhy; ngwg;gl;l gz;GfSk;> ,ay;GfSk; ,ize;J
kyUtNj Kjpu;r;rpahFk;. ,J gapw;rp> mDgtk;> fw;wy; ,tw;why; tpistJ my;y. (c-k;)
Gspak;gpQ;R xd;W jpde;NjhWk;> cUg;ngUf;fk; ngw;W tsu;r;rpailfpwJ. kPg;ngUk; tsu;r;rp
Vw;gl;l epiyapy; mjd; cUg;ngUf;fk; epd;W NghfpwJ. ,jd; kPg;ngUk; tsu;r;rp epiyf;F
Kjpu;r;rp vd;W ngau;. GspakgpQ;R tsu;r;rpaile;J Gspaq;fhahf khwp Kjpu;fpwJ.
Kjpu;r;rpaile;j gpd; mjd; tsu;r;rp KbtilfpwJ. Mdhy; mjd; jd;ikapy; khw;wk;
(Development) epfoj; njhlq;FfpwJ. mjhtJ> gOf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. Kjpu;e;j gokhf
khwpa gpd;Gk;> khw;wk; my;yJ Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlu;e;J Vw;gl;L cjpu Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. vdNt>
tsu;r;rpapd; ngUk; vy;iyf;Fg; ngau; Kjpu;r;rp. kdpjdpd; gy;tif ,af;fq;fspYk;>
nray;ghLfspYk; Vw;gLk; Kd;Ndw;wk;> Kjpu;r;rp> fw;wy; ,tw;wpd; tpisthy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
MW khjf; Foe;ijf;F vt;tsT gapw;rpNah> fw;wy; mDgtq;fNsh nfhLj;jhYk; $l
mjidg; Ngritf;fNth> elf;f itf;fNth KbahJ. mNjNghd;W xU Foe;ij %d;W
taij mile;j fhuzj;jpdhyNa mJ jd; jha;nkhopiag; Ngr Muk;gpf;fhJ. NgRtjw;F
nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jhy; kl;Lkpd;wp Ngr;R tuhJ. Foe;ij Nfl;Lg; goFk; nkhopiaNa Ngrj;
njhlq;FfpwJ. Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLtjw;Fk;> fw;gpj;jiyj; njhlq;Ftjw;Fk; Kjpu;r;rp vj;jid
mtrpakhdJ vd;gij tpsf;Fk; gy Ma;tfr; Nrhjidfs; elj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

2.5 kuGk; #o;epiyAk;

2.5.1 kuG
kuG vd;gJ xUtuplk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s cld; Njhd;wpa jdpj;j jd;ikfspd;
xl;Lnkhj;jkhd gz;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
2.5.2 R+o;epiy (Environment)
R+oy; vd;gJ kdpjd; ngWk; nkhj;j mDgtq;fs; MFk;. R+oy; vd;gJ tPL> czT>
cil> ,ae;jpuk;> epyk;> kuk;;> ePu;epiy>Mfhak; Kjypatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
2.5.3 jdpkdpj tsu;r;rpapy; kuG kw;Wk; R+o;epiyapd; gq;F

X X X Y
jh
a; je;
X X X X
X ij X
X
X
kf k X
X
X s; X X f X
d;
X X X X

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ngw;NwhuplkpUe;J Foe;ijf;F [Pd;fs; (Genes) %yk; cly; uPjpahfTk;> kd uPjpahfTk;

gz;Gfs; gupkhwg;gLfpd;wd. cl;fUtpDs;Ns 46 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; mjhtJ 23 N[hb
FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; xU ,iz 23 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; jhaplkpUe;Jk;
(XX) kw;nwhU ,iz 23 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; je;ijaplkpUe;Jk; (XY) fUTf;Ff; fpilf;fpwJ.
[Pdf; s; ngw;NwhuplkpUe;J Foe;ijf;Ff; flj;jg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy; kuG vd;gJ capupay;
nray;ghLfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jd; %yk; Kd;Ndhu;fsplkpUe;j ghk;giug; gz;Gfs; ngw;Nwhu;
%ykhff; Foe;ijf;Fr; nrd;wilfpwJ. ,t;thwhf te;j kuGg; gz;Gfs; R+o;epiyf;Fj;
jf;fthWk;> tho;f;iff;F Vw;wthWk; mt;tg;NghJ khWgLfpwJ. R+o;epiyiag; nghWj;Nj
jdpkdpjdpd; gz;Gfs; ntspg;gLfpwJ. kdpjdplk; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; gz;Gfs; R+o;epiyf;Fj;
jf;fthW ntspg;gLk;. jhapd; fUtpy; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ Foe;ij [Pdf ; s; %yk; ngw;w
gz;Gfs; R+o;epiyf;Nfw;wthW ntspg;gLfpd;wd. jha; fUTUk; nghONj Foe;ij
R+o;epiyf;Nfw;wthW tsUk; gz;gpidg; ngWfpwJ. R+o;epiyf;F Vw;wthW fUthdJ
jhaplkpUe;J jd; tsu;r;rpf;F Vw;w czTg; nghUisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ. Foe;ij gpwe;j
gpwF mjDila R+o;epiyia> cly;> kduPjpahf khw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ikiag;
ngWfpd;wJ.

#o;epiy (Physical Environment)

Gwr;R+o;epiy vd;gJ tPl;by; cs;s R+o;epiy> gs;spapy; Vw;gLk; #o;epiyfs;>
E}yfq;fs;> nghOJNghf;F kd;wq;fs;> Ma;tfq;fs; - Nghd;wtw;iwg; nghUj;Nj ,Uf;Fk;.

kuG epiy (Social Heredity)

ek;Kila r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhug; gz;Gfis khw;whky; Gjpa Kiwf;Ff; nfhz;L
nry;tjw;F r%f kuGepiy vd;W ngau;.
jdp kdpjdpd; vy;yhtpjkhd tsu;r;rpf;Fk; r%f kuGepiy xU tPupaKs;s fhuzpahf
cs;sJ. jpUkz cwtpd; %yk; Gila r%f> fyhr;rhu gz;ghLfis kugZf;fspd;
topahf mLj;j jiyKiwf;F mspf;fpd;Nwhk;. fUj;jupj;jypd; NghJ FNuhk;Nrhk;fspy; ,uh
[Pdf
; s; Foe;ijf;Ff; flj;jg;gLtjd; thapyhf ,J epfo;fpwJ. guk;giu guk;giuahf rpy
gz;Gfs; ,t;thWjhd; flj;jg;gLfpd;wd. r%f kuG cupik epiy vd;gJ xU FOr; nray;
vd;gjhy; me;j r%fj;jpdhy; milag;ngw;w r%f ed;kjpg;Gfisg; nghWj;Nj ,e;j
tk;rhtop mikfpd;wJ. r%fj;jpy; jho;e;j epiyapy; cs;s tk;rhtopapdu; cau;
epiyapYs;Nshiug; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdu;.

r%fr; R+o;epiy (Social Environment)

Foe;ijahdJ gpwe;jTlNdNa R+o;epiyf;F Vw;wthW jd;id khw;wpf; nfhs;fpwJ. kuGk;>
R+o;epiyAk; xU jdp kdpjdpd; MSikj; jpwid tsu;g;gjw;Fg; ngupJk; cWJizahf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. kuGk; R+o;epiyAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gila fhuzpfs;. ,f;fhyj;jpy;
Mrpupau;fspd; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jYf;F kuGk;> R+o;epiyAk; cWJizahf cs;sJ.

kuGk;> R+o;epiyAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gila fhuzpfs;

kuGk;> R+o;epiyAk; Ntwy;y. ,it ,uz;Lk; xd;Nw. tpijf;Fk;> kz;zpw;Fk; cs;s
xw;Wik Nghy kuGk;> R+o;epiyAk; xw;WikAilaJ. ,uz;Lk; xNu fUj;jpidf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ. kuG vd;gij fspkz;zhff; nfhz;lhy;> mjdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; cUtk;
R+o;epiyiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

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jdp kdpjd; kugpdhYk;> R+o;epiyahYk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwhd;; kugpd; Kf;fpa Ntiy

MSikj; jpwid tsu;g;gNjahFk;. mNjNghy; R+o;epiyAk; xU kdpjid ey;y kdpjdhf
cUthf;Ftjpy; Kf;fpag; gzpahw;WfpwJ. kuGf;Fk;> R+o;epiyf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;ig
Nrfupg;gJ kl;Lkpy;yhky; ngUf;FtJk; mtrpakhFk;. jdpkdpjd; kuGf;Fr; rkkhf> R+o;epiy
%ykhfj; jd; jpwikia tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd.;;

2.6 tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; mbg;gil Nfhl;ghLfs;

1. tsu;r;rpahdJ kuG> Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+o;epiy ,tw;wpd; tpisthFk;
Foe;ijfs; jd; ngw;Nwhu;fsplkpUe;J mjpfkhd guk;giug; gz;GfisAk;> cly;
mikg;igAk; ngWfpd;wdu;. Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+o;epiyahy; kdpjd; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;whd;.
xU jdpkdpjdpd; midj;Jg; gz;GfSk; kuG epiyahYk;> R+o;epiyahYk; tpistNj
MFk;.
2. Kd;Ndw;wk; xU njhlu;r;rpahd nray;
kdpj tho;f;if gy epiyfshfg; gFf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. mit Foe;ij g;gUtk;>
gps;isg;gUtk;> Fkug;gUtk; Kjypad. Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tp gapw;Wtpg;gjw;fhfNt
,g;gUtkhdJ gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdyhk;. xUtUila tsu;r;rpahdJ xU gUtj;jpypUe;J
kw;nwhU gUtj;jpw;F nry;tij mjhtJ tsu;r;rp miltijj; jLf;f Kbahj
tsu;r;rpahdJ njhlu;e;J nkJthf> rPuhf eilngWfpwJ.
3. Kd;Ndw;wk; nghJthdtw;wpypUe;J Fwpg;gpl;ltw;wpf;F nry;Yk;
nghJthdtw;wpypUe;J Kd;Ndw;wk; nry;Yk;NghJ nray;jpwd; Nkk;ghL Vw;gLfpd;wJ.,e;j
tsu;r;rpahdJ $l;L nraypypUe;J gyjug;gl;l nray;fis nra;Ak; nghOJ Vw;gLk;
mNjNghy; Foe;ij rpwpJ rpwpjhf gy epiyfisf; fle;Jjhd; Kiwahf elf;ff;
fw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.
4. Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ xUq;fpize;j nray;fs;
xU kdpjdpd; nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lr; nray;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l tupirf;fpukkhf
epfo;fpwJ. cjhuzk;: kdpjdpd; tsu;r;rp epiyfs;.
5. clypd; gy;NtW gFjpfs; ntt;NtW tpfpjq;fspy; tsru;r;rpailjy;
kdpj clypd; midj;J ghfq;fSk; xNu tpfpjj;jpy; tsu;r;rp miltjpy;iy. MW
tajpNyNa %is KO tsu;r;rp milfpd;wJ. Mf;fr;nray;> fw;gidj;jpwd; gps;isg;
gUtj;jpy; Rkhuhf tsu;r;rp milfpwJ. ,sikg;gUtj;jpy; mJ kpfTk; Ntfkhff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ ntt;NtW nray; jpwd;fSf;Fk; Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; ,ilNa
fhzg;gLfpd;w cs; njhlu;ghFk;. Foe;ijfspd; kdntOr;rp tsu;r;rpahdJ Foe;ijg;
gUtj;jpy; ruhrupia tpl mjpfk; fhzg;gLk;. r%fj;jpwd;> kdg;ghd;ikfs; mtuplk; ruhrup
msit tpl mjpfk; fhzg;gLk;. mwpT tsu;r;rp ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; ruhrupf;
Foe;ijfis tpl rpwpa cUtk; cilatu;fshfNt ,Ug;ghu;fs;. Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ
xUq;fpize;j nray;jpwdhFk;. nray;jpwd; Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpwd; vd;gJ NkYk; NkYk; nray;
jpwd;fis Nrfupj;Jf; nfhz;Nl nry;tJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;;fpd;wJ. Kd;Ndw;wk; tho;f;ifapy;
njhlu;eJ; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$bajhFk;. nray;jpwd; Nkk;ghl;L KiwahdJ njhlu;e;J
ed;ik gaf;ff; $baJ.

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myF 3 tsu;r;rpapd; gupkhzk;

UNIT III - DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT

3.1 tsu;r;rpapd; gupkhzk;

cly; tsu;r;rp (Physical Development)
cly; tsu;r;rpapy; clw;$W tsu;r;rp (Anatomical Growth), clypay; tsu;r;rp
(Physiological Growth) vd ,U $Wfs; cs;sd. vYk;Gf; $l;bd; tsu;r;rp> vYk;gpd;
jd;ikapy; tsu;r;rp> clypd; cauk;> vil Mfpatw;wpy; khw;wk; Nghd;wit> clw;$W
tsu;r;rpahFk;. cly; vYk;Gfspd; Kjpu;r;rpAk;> epiyahd gw;fs; (Permanent Teeth)
Kisg;gJk; clw;$W tsu;r;rpia fhl;Lk; rpd;dq;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. clypy; gy;NtW
kz;lyq;fshd gFjpfshd ,uj;j xl;lkz;lyk;> euk;G kz;lyk;> Rthr kz;lyk;> jir
kz;lyk; njhFjp Nghd;wtw;wpy; vOk; khw;wq;fs; clypay; tsu;r;rp vdg;gLk;.

mwpjpwd; tsu;r;rp (Cognitive Development)

,J mwpTj;jpwdpd; gy;NtW $Wfshd fw;gid nra;jy;> rpe;jpj;jy;> Muha;e;jwpjy;>
Gyd;fhl;rp> epiytpypUj;jy;> NtWgLj;Jjy;> nghJikg;gLj;Jjy;> njhlu;G gLj;Jjy;
Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;gLk; Nkk;ghLfisAk;> mjdhy; tpisAk; nghUswpTg; ngUf;fj;ijAk;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

kdntOr;rp tsu;r;rp (Emotional Development)

Foe;ij gpwg;gpd;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; kdntOr;rpahdJ gpwg;gpypUe;J gbg;gbahd tsu;r;rp
%yk; gak;> Nfhgk;> kfpo;r;rp> Jf;fk;> md;G> fUiz> mUtWg;G Nghd;w gy;NtW
kdntOr;rpfs; mikag; ngw;w ,tw;iw nghUj;jkhd Neuj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd tifapy;
ntspg;gLj;jf;fw;W> czu;r;rpfis fl;Lf;Fs; itj;jpUf;Fk; kdntOr;rp Kjpu;r;rpepiyia
miljNy kdntOr;rp tsu;r;rp MFk;.

xOf;f tsu;r;rp (Moral Development)

r%f mwnewpfis mwpe;J mjd;gb elj;jy;;> xOf;f tsu;r;rp vdg;gLk;. rup> jtW
vd;W gpupj;jwpAk; jpwidg; ngw;W jdf;nfd xOf;ff; Nfhl;ghl;il mikj;Jf; nfhs;tijNa
xOf;f tsu;r;rp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. r%f tsu;r;rpAk;> xOf;f tsu;r;rpAk; ,ize;jit. r%f
elj;ij mwnewpfspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUe;jhy; mjd; gaid mjpfupf;f ty;yJ. gy
r%fg; gz;Gfs; rpwg;ghd xOf;fg; gz;GfshfTk; cs;sd. KOikahd r%ftpay;G
ngw;wtd; ey;nyhOf;fk; cilatdhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mwg;gz;GfisAk;> xOf;f
kjpg;GfisAk; fy;tp typAWj;j Ntz;Lk;.

3.2 tsu;r;rp epiyfs;

Foe;ij gpwe;jjpypUe;J gy tsu;r;rp epiyfisf; fhz;fpwJ. `u;yhf; (Hurlock)
vd;gtu; jdJ tsu;r;rp rhu; cstpay; (Development Psychology) vd;Dk; E}ypy;> kdpjdpd;
tho;f;iff; fhyj;ij> xd;gJ gUt tsu;r;rp epiyfshfg; gpupj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhu;.
3.2.1 gUt tsu;r;rp epiyfs;
 fUtsu;g;gUtk; (Pre-natal); fUTw;w ehspypUe;J gpwg;G tiu
 rpRg;gUtk; (Infancy) gpwe;jjpypUe;J 2k; khjq;fs; Kba
 jto;eilg; gUtk; (Babyhood); 3-k; khjj;jpypUe;J ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; KbAk; tiu
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 Educational Pshycology

 ,sq;Foe;ijg; gUtk; (Early Childhood): %d;wpypUe;J 6 taJ tiu

 gps;isg;gUtk; (Later Childhood): 7 Kjy; 12 taJ tiu
 Fkug;gUtk; (Adolescence); 12 Kjy; 18 taJ tiu
 taJ te;Njhu; gUtk; (Early Adulthood); 19 Kjy; 40 taJ tiu
 eLtaJg; gUtk; (Middle age); 40 Kjy; 60 taJ tiu
 Kjpu; gUtk; (Old age); 60 Kjy; ,wf;Fk; tiu

,sk; Foe;ijg; gUtk;

,sq;Foe;ijg; gUtk; gpur;rpidf;Fupa taJ vd;Wk;> JUtp MuhAk; taJ vd;Wk;>
Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;Lj; Jisf;Fk; taJ vd;Wk; fy;tpahsu;fshy; tu;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

cly; tsu;r;rp;
,g;gUtj;jpy; epfOk; cly; tsu;r;rpapd; Ntfk;> jto; eilg; gUt tsu;r;rpapd;
Ntfj;ijtpl nkJthf epfo;fpwJ. jto;eilg; gUtj;jpy; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Foe;ijfspd;
gof;f tof;fq;fshd J}q;Fjy;> grpj;J cz;Zjy;> jhfj;jpw;F ePu; mUe;Jjy;> rpWePu;> kyk;
fopj;jy; Mfpad NkYk; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gUtj;jpy; if> fhy;> Ngr;R cWg;Gfs;
Mfpad KOtsu;r;rp miltjhy; ,tw;iwf; Foe;ijfs; KOj; jpwDld; gad;gLj;jj;
njhlq;Ffpd;wdu;. ,sq;Foe;ijfspd; NgRk; jd;ikAk;> Ngr;rpd; msTk;> jd; taijnahj;j
gpwFoe;ijfNshLk;> taJ te;Njhu;fNshLk; ,zf;fkhd elj;ijia tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;Fg; ngupJk; cjTfpd;wd.

kdntOr;rp tsu;r;rp;
jto;eilg; gUtf; Foe;ijfisg; NghyNt ,sq;Foe;ijfSk; czu;r;rpfis
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> jto;eilg; gUtf; Foe;ijfSf;Fj; jhq;fs;
ntspg;gLj;Jk; czu;r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jj; njuptjpy;iy. Mdhy; ,sq;Foe;ijfSk;
tsu tsu jhq;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; czu;r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jj; njupe;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
rpW Foe;ijfs; tsu tsu mtu;fsplk; Gjpa Mu;tq;fSk; (Interests) tsu;fpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Milfs;> tpisahl;Lg;nghUs;fs;> czT tiffs; Mfpatw;wpidg;
ngWtjpy; Foe;ijfs; Mu;tj;Jld; tsu;fpd;wdu;.

r%f tsu;r;rp;
,g;gUtj;jpy; ngupNahu;; nfhz;Ls;s vjpu;ghu;g;GfSf;Fg; Gwk;ghfNt ,sq;Foe;ijfs;
ele;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. MfNt ngupNahupd; fUj;Jg;gb> ,sq;Foe;ijfspd; elj;ijfs;> r%f
,ay;Gilajhff; (Social) fUjg;glhky; r%f ,ay;gw;wjhfNt (unsocial) fUjg;gLfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> vjpu;kiwahd elj;ij> jhf;FjYzu;T> jd;dyk;> khw;Wg; ghypdf;
Foe;ijfis ntWg;Gzu;NthL Nehf;fj; njhlq;Fjy; Nghd;w r%f ,ay;gw;w elj;ijfs;
,g;gUtj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tajpy; nghk;ik tpisahl;L> ebj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;> gy
ghfq;fis itj;J xU nghUis cUthf;Fjy;> Nghl;b itj;J tpisahLjy;> thndhyp>
jpiug;glk;> njhiyf;fhl;rp> fzpg;nghwp> nry;ypilg; Ngrp Mfpatw;wpy; toq;fg;gLk;
tpisahl;L epfo;r;rpfis kpFe;j Mu;tj;NjhL nra;jy;> ghu;f;fTk;> Nfl;fTk; Mfpadtw;iwf;
Foe;ijfs; tpUk;gpr; nra;fpd;wd.

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mwpTj; jpwd; tsu;r;rp

,g;gUtj;jpy; capu; tho;jy;> ,wg;G> cly; ghfq;fspd; nray;fs;> J}uk;> vil> vz;fs;>
fhyk;> ghypdj;jpw;Fupa nray;fs; (Sex roles)> rup> jtW> moF> rpj;jpuf; fijfs; Nghd;w
nghJthd fUj;Jf;fs; Foe;ijfsplk; tsu;fpd;wd.

3.2.2 gps;isg;gUtk;
xU Foe;ijapd; 6 tajpypUe;J ghYWg;Gfs; Kjpu;r;rpailAk; tiuAs;s gUtk;
gps;isg; gUtk; MFk;. ,g;gUtj;ijg; gs;spg; gUtk; vdf; fy;tpapayhsu; $Wtu;. ,ij
tpisahl;Lg; gUtk; my;yJ $l;lhspg; gUtk; vd cstpayhu; $Wtu;. ,ij Kjpu;
Foe;ijg; gUtk; vdTk; $wyhk;.

cly; tsu;r;rp
,g;gUtj;jpy;> gps;isfsplk; nkJthd> rPuhd tsu;jy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,tu;fs; cly;rhu;e;j
gy jpwd;fisg; ngWfpd;wdu;. Ngr;Rj; jpwdpy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,tw;wpd;
tsu;r;rpahy; gps;isfsplk; jd;dpzf;fKk;> r%f ,zf;fKk; tsu;fpd;wd;.

kdntOr;rp tsu;r;rp;
,g;gUtj;jpy;> Mz; gps;isfSk;> ngz; gps;isfSk; ngw;Nwhu;> Mrpupau;> ez;gu;fs;
Nghd;Nwhupd; vjpu;ghu;g;GfSf;F Vw;wthW jq;fspd; kdntOr;rpfis ntspg;gLj;jf; fw;Wf;
nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;. kpFjpahd kdntOr;rp Njhd;Wk; epiyapYk;> mijr; r%f
vjpu;ghu;g;GfSf;F cfe;j tifapy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

r%f tsu;r;rp;
,g;gUtj;jpy;> xU Foe;ijapd; r%f tsu;r;rpapy;> ez;gh;fspd; (Unsocial) gq;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ. xt;nthU Mz; my;yJ ngz; gps;isAk; VjhtJ xU el;Gf;;
FOtpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wdu;. ,g;gUtg; gps;isfspd; r%ftpay;Gfs; el;Gf;; FOthy; ngupJk;
tsu;r;rpailfpd;wd. ,g;gUtj;jpYs;Nshu; jq;fSf;F kd epiwtspf;Fk; tpisahl;LfspYk;>
ngupatu;fsplkpUe;J ghul;Ljy; fpilf;Fk; tpisahl;LfspYk; kl;Lk; Nru;fpd;wdu;. ,g;gUtg;
gps;isfs; gyNuhL goFk; tha;g;Gfs; mjpfupj;jpUg;gjhy;> mtu;fspd; Mu;tq;fSk;
jpwd;fSk; mjpfupf;fpd;wd.

MSik tsu;r;rp;
,g;gUtg; gps;isfs; ey;yJ nfl;lJ vJ? vd;gij ed;F njupe;J nfhz;Nl tPL> gs;sp
,tw;iwnahl;ba R+oy;fspy; jtwhd elj;ijfspy; <LgLfpd;wdu;. ,jw;F Kjy; fhuzk;>
jdJ $l;lhspfSila ey;nyz;zj;ijAk;> gz;GfisAk; ngWtJ MFk;. ,uz;lhtJ>
ngupatu;fs; tpjpj;Js;s mjpfhuKk;> fl;Lg;ghL ,tw;wpypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngWk; Nehf;F
MFk;. ,g;gUtg; gps;isfsplk; Mu;tk; ngUFfpwJ. murpay;> jpiug;glk;> Milfs;> kjk;>
clYWg;Gfs;> ghypdk;> vjpu;fhyj; njhopy;fs;> jFjpf; FwpaPLfs; (Status Symbols)
Nghd;wtw;wpy; kpFe;j Mu;tk; fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. ngupatu;fs; tpjpj;Js;s tpjpfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs;
Nghd;wtw;iw kWf;fj; njhlq;Ffpd;wdu;.

Ra Nkyhz;ik tsu;r;rp;
FLk;gj;jpy; ey;Ywit tsu;f;fhj gps;isfs;> gs;spr; nray;fspYk;> goFtjpYk;
,zf;fkw;w elj;ijia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy;> ,tu;fspd; RaNkyhz;ik (Self-
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Concept) ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gUtj;jpy; mjpfkhf cz;Ztjhy;> cly; vilf;

$bf; (Obesity) fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhy; ,tu;fSf;Fj; jq;fisg; gw;wpa jho;T
kdg;ghd;ik vOtNjhL> mtu;fspd; RafUj;J ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ngz; gps;isfisg; Nghy;
clw;fl;L mike;Jtpl;l igad;fSk;> Mz; gps;isfs; Nghy; clw;fl;L tha;e;J tpl;l
ngz; gps;isfSk;> ez;gu;fspd; Nfypf;Fk; Mshfpd;wdu;. vdNt> ,tu;fsplk; ,zf;fkw;w
elj;ij Njhd;WtNjhL> mtu;fspd; RaNkyhz;ikAk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gs;spg; gUtj;jpy;
xt;nthU. igaDk;> gps;isAk; ngWfpd;w r%f Vw;GilikNa mtu;fspd; kfpo;rr ; p my;yJ
Nrhfj;ij epr;rapg;gjhy;> Mrpupau;fs; gps;isg; gUtj;jpy; FiwghLila khzt>
khztpfisAk; gupNthLk;> md;NghLk; topelj;jpr; nry;Yjy; mtrpak;.

Fkug;gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLk; cly; tsu;r;rp

Fkug;gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLk; cly; tsu;r;rp> clypy; jpBu; tsu;r;rpahfj; (Adolescent Sport)
Njhd;Wtjhy; mg;gUtj;jpYs;s khztu;> khztpfspd; cly; tsu;r;rpapy; %d;W Kf;fpa
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. mit

cly; Njhw;wk;;
Fkug;gUtj;jpy; cly; gUkd;> vil Mfpad tsu;r;rpailfpd;wd. clw;fl;L Foe;ijg;
gUtj;jpypUe;J ,isNahu; gUtj; Njhw;wj;jpw;F khWjyilfpwJ.

Kjdpiyg; ghypdg; gz;Gfs;;

Fkug;gUtj;jpd; njhlf;fNk> Kjdpiyg; ghypdg; gz;Gfs; (Primary Sex Characteristics)
Kjpu;r;rpAld; njhlq;FfpwJ. Mz;fspd; ghypd; cWg;G> tpe;Jfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tsu;r;rp
ngWfpwJ. ngz;fs; G+g;nga;Jfpd;wdu;.

,uz;lhk; epiyg;ghypdg; gz;Gfs;;

Fkug;gUt ngz;fSf;F khu;gfq;fs; tsu;r;rpailfpd;wd. ,Lg;G ngupjhfpwJ> Kfj;jpYk;
gpw ,lq;fspYk; me;juq;fg; gUt Kbfs; (Pubic-hairs) Kisf;fj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. Fuy;
KOikAk;> ,dpikAk; milfpwJ. Fkug;gUt Mz;fSf;F kPir mUk;GfpwJ. mtu;fspd;
Kfj;jpYk; gpw ,lq;fspYk; gUt Kbfs; Kisf;fj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. ,g;gUtj;jpy;
Mz;fspd; ghypd cWg;G gUkdhfj; njhlq;FfpwJ. Fuy; ,ay;ghfpwJ> Kjypy; fuL>
Kulhfpg; gpd;du; rpwpJ> rpwpjhf ,ay;ghfpwJ.
cly; tsu;r;rpahy; tpisAk; gpur;ridfs; Fkug;gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLk; cly; tsu;r;rpahy;
khzt> khztpauplk; ehd;F Kf;fpa csg;gpur;rpidfs; vOfpd;wd. mit :

cly; Njhw;wk; gpur;rpid;

Fkug;gUtj;jpy; khztu;fsplKk;> khztpfsplKk; clw;fl;Lk;> ghypd cWg;GfSk;
ntspg;gilahf tsu;r;rp ngWtjhy;> mtu;fs; jq;fisg; gw;wpa njspthd cly; Njhw;wg;
gpk;gj;ijg; (Body image) ngWfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fspd; cly; Njhw;wg; gpk;gNk ngUq;ftiy
juf;$bajhf mike;JtpLfpwJ. Fkug;gUtj;jpdUs;> gyu; jq;fspd; nghUe;jhj
Njhw;wj;ijf; (Clumsiness and Awkawardness) fz;L kfpo;r;rp nfhs;tjpy;iy. ,jdhy;
tpisAk; kd czu;Tfs;> Fkug;gUt khztu;fspd; fw;wiyAk;> ,zf;fkhd elj;ijiaAk;
ghjpf;fpd;wJ. Fkug;gUt khztu;fs; jq;fspd; Kfj;jpy; Njhd;Wfpd;w gUf;fis epidj;Jk;>
clypy; fhzg;gLk; jOk;Gfs;> fUk;Gs;spfs; ,tw;iw epidj;Jk; kpFe;j ftiy
nfhs;fpd;wdu;.Fkug;gUtg; ngz;fs; kpfTk; tsu;e;Njhu;> kpfTk; Fl;ilahfNth> kpfTk;
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nkype;Njh fhzg;gLk; Njhw;wj;jpw;F tUe;Jfpd;wdu;. jq;fspd; khu;gfk; kpfTk; ngupjhf

tsu;r;rpaile;jjw;fhfNth> jFe;j msT tsu;r;rp ,y;yhjjw;fhfNth ftiy nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
gUtkiljypy; gpur;rpid> gUtkiljypy; rpy khzt> khztpfs; Ke;Jfpd;wdu;.

Ke;jpg; gUtkiljy; (Early Maturing)

jd; tFg;G ez;gu;fistpl Ntfkhfg; gUtkilAk; khzt> khztpfs; rpy
rpf;fy;fisr; re;jpf;fpd;wdu;. mtu;fSld; goFtjw;F kw;w khztu;fs; jaf;fk;
fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. Vnddpy;> ,tu;fs; Mrpupau;fsplk; mt;tg;NghJ vjpu;g;Gfis
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. rPf;fpuNk gUtkilAk; khztpfSk; rpy Kf;fpakhd rpf;fy;fisr;
re;jpf;fpd;wdu;. mjdhy; mtu;fs; ftiyAk; Fog;gKk; milfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa khztpfs;
gak; ePq;fpj; njspTk;> ek;gpf;ifAk; ngWjy; mtrpak;. ,j;jUzj;jpy; cs;shilfs;
mzptjd; mtrpak; gw;wpAk;> ngz;fSf;Fupa cly; J}a;ik (Feminine Hygiene) gw;wpAk;
khztpfSf;F topfhl;Ljy; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.

gpe;jpg; gUtkiljy; (Late Maturing)

gpe;jpg; gUtkilAk; khztu;fSk;> khztpfSk; rpy csepiyr; rpf;fy;fisr;
re;jpf;fpd;wdu;. gpe;jpg; gUtkilAk; khzt khztpau; mtu;fspd; ez;gu;fs; tl;lj;jpy; (Peer
group) Nfyp nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;. rpy rkaq;fspy; mtu;fs; ez;gu;fs; tl;lj;jpypUe;J
xJf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; gpe;jpg; gUtkilAk; khztpfs; jq;fisg; gw;wpf;nfhz;Ls;s
RafUj;J (Self-Concept) kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J mk;khztpfspd; ,ay;ghd r%f
tsu;r;rpf;Fj; jilahf mikfpwJ. ,d;Dk; gUtkilahj khztpfs; rpyu; jd;NdhL
gapYk; kw;wtu;fs; gUtkilfpd;wijf; Nfs;tpg;gLifapy;> jq;fSf;F ,ay;ghd tsu;r;rp
,y;iyNah vd mQ;Rfpd;wdu;. kw;w midtUk; gUtkile;jNghJ> jhd; kl;Lk;
gUtkilahj epiyapypUf;Fk; khztpf;F> jhk; gUtNk milahkNy Ngha;tpLNthNkh vd;w
gak; njhw;wpf; nfhs;fpwJ.

ghypdg; nghUj;jkw;w clw;fl;L;

Mz;fSf;Fupa my;yJ ngz;fSf;Fupa clyikg;Gfisg; ngwhj Fkug;gUt khzt>
khztpfs; kpFe;j ftiy milfpd;wdu;. ngz;fisg; Nghd;w clyikg;G nfhz;l khztu;>
ez;gu;fs; tl;lj;jpy; Nfypf;Fs;shfpwhu;. mNj Nghy; Mz;fisg; Nghd;W clyikg;Gf;
nfhz;l khztpAk; Nfypf;Fs;shfpwhu;.

Mz;> ngz; cwtpy; r%f ,zf;fkw;w elj;ij

Fkug;gUt khztu;fsplKk;> khztpfsplKk;> cly; tsu;r;rpapy; Gjpa khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;L tpl;ljhy;> mtu;fs; neUq;fpg; goFtjw;Ff; $r;rKk;> ntl;fKk; milfpd;wdu;.
,jdhy; khztu;fSk;> khztpfSk; goFtjw;F mQ;rpj; jdpNa xJq;fpAk; nry;fpd;wdu;.
gs;spr;R+oypy; Fkug;gUt khztu;fSk;> khztpfSk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; Ngrpg; goFk; r%fg;
gz;gpidg; ngwj;jtwpdhy;> ,UtuplKk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; r%f ,zf;fkw;w elj;ij
Njhd;wptpLk;. cz;ik tho;f;ifapy; khw;Wg; ghypdj;jhNuhL (Opposite Sex) Ngrp cwthLk;
r%f tsu;r;rpia ,of;f NeupLk;. vdNt> Mrpupau; gs;spapy; Fkug;gUtkhztu;fSk;>
khztpfSk; Nru;e;J goFk; tifapy;> fye;JiuahLjy;> ehlfk; ebj;jy;>gs;sp tpohf;fis
elj;Jjy; Nghd;w tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpj; ju Ntz;Lk;. xU khztUk;> khztpAk;
Ngrpdhy;> mijj; jtwhd fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL ghu;j;J Mrpupau; jz;bj;jy; $lhJ.

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Fkug;gUt gpur;ridfs;;
Fkug;gUtj;jpy; khzt> khztpfSk; gy gpur;rpidfisr; re;jpf;fpd;wdu;.
Fkug;gUtj;jpdupd; gpur;rpidfisr; Nrfupj;J Ie;J gFjpfshfg; gpupj;J je;Js;sdu;.
mit:
 cly; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs;
 jd; vil mjpfupf;f my;yJ Fiwa Ntz;Lk;.
 jdJ cUtj;ij mofhf;fpl Ntz;Lk;.
 jdJ clw;fl;ilAk;> clyikg;igAk; Kd;Ndw;w Ntz;Lk;.
 Kfj;jpYs;s gUf;fisg; Nghf;f Ntz;Lk.;

gs;sprhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs;
 ve;jg; ghlq;fis (Course ) vLj;Jg; gbj;jhy; gad; fpilf;Fk;?
 nra;J fw;wYf;Fupa mDgtq;fs; gs;spapy; ,y;yhkypUj;jy;
 ehk; gbf;Fk; ghlq;fSf;F cs;s kjpg;G.
 gbg;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Kbahj epiy.

gpwu; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;

 kw;wtu;fs; vd;id mjpfk; tpUk;g Ntz;Lk;.
 vdf;F epiwa ez;gu;fs; Ntz;Lk;.
 ehd; mjpfk; gpugykhf (Popular) Ntz;Lk;.
 ftpij> fij vOj Ntz;Lk; my;yJ eldk; gof Ntz;Lk;.

jdJ nrhe;jg; gpur;rpidfs;

 vd; czu;r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jf; f\;lg;gLfpNwd;.
 rpd;d tpraq;fSf;fhff; ftiy milfpNwd;.
 Fw;w czu;thy; thLfpNwd;.
 vd;Nky; vdf;F ek;gpf;ifapy;iy.
 vdf;Fj; Njhop my;yJ Njhod; ,y;iy.

njhopy;rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs;
 ehd; ve;j njhopYf;Fg; nghUj;jk;.
 vdJ cz;ikahd Mu;tq;fs;.
 vd;dplKs;s jpwikfs;.
 fy;Y}upg;gbg;igj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;
Mrpupaupd; nghWg;Gfs; khztu;fsplk; Njhd;Wk; Fkug;gUt rpf;fy;fisf; fistjpy;>
MrpupaUf;Fr; rpy nghWg;Gfs; cs;sd. mit:

Gupe;J nfhs;sy;;
xU tFg;gpy; cly; nkype;j khztu;fSk;> cly; gUkdhd khztu;fSk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
kpff; Fl;ilahdtu;fSk;> kpfTk; tsu;e;jtu;fSk; ,Uf;fyhk;. rPf;fpuNk
gUtkile;jtu;fSk;> ,d;Dk; gUtk; milahjtu;fSk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mrpupau; mtu;fisg;
Gupe;J elj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
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 Educational Pshycology

ey;y kdg;ghd;ikia tsu;j;jy;;

ntt;NtW Ntfj;jpy; khztu;fs; gUtkiltJk;> mtu;fSf;F ntt;NtW
clw;Njhw;wq;fs; ,Ug;gJk; cyf ,ay;Ng vd Mrpupau; mwpTiu $wp ey;y
kdg;ghd;ikia khztuplk; Vw;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;;
Fkug;gUtj;jpy; csg; gpur;rpidfSs;s khztu;fis> Mrpupau; NfypNah> fpz;lNyh
nra;tijj; jtpu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fSf;Fj; Njit Mrpupaupd; Vw;Wf; nfhs;SjNy
(Acceptance) vd;gjhy;> Mrpupau; mtu;fsplk; md;G fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. tFg;gpy; ve;j
khztu;fSk; gpwiuf; NfypNah> fpz;lNyh nra;J ahiuAk;. fhag;gLj;jhky; ghu;j;Jf;
nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

kdepiwT fhzr; nra;jy;;

kpfTk; Fl;ilahd my;yJ Fz;lhd my;yJ mofw;w khztu;fsplk; mtu;fisj;
jq;fspd; cz;ikahd RafUj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;L> mjpy; kdepiwT fhz Mrpupau;
J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.

jiyikg;gz;Gfis tsu;j;jy;;
Ke;jpg; gUtkilAk; khztu;fSf;F tFg;Gj; jiytu; (Leadership) nghWg;gpidj;
je;J> mtu;fsplk; jiyikg; gz;Gfis Mrpupau; tsu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

jdpikapy; mioj;Jf; $Wjy;;

ngUk;ghYk; RafUj;J (Self-Concept) njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis Mrpupau; midtu;
Kd;dpiyapYk; $Wjy; $lhJ. jdpikahf khztu;fis mioj;J mwpTiu $Wjy;
ey;yJ.

3.3 tsu;r;rp rhu; nray;fs;

Xt;nthU rKjhaKk;> jk; cWg;gpdu;fs; ahtUk; jj;jk; taJf;Nfw;wthW Fwpg;gpl;l
jpwd;fspy; Nju;r;rpailjiyAk;> Fwpg;gpl;l elj;ij Kiwfisf; fw;Wj; jpfo;tijAk;
vjpu;ghu;fpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf> Foe;ijg;gUtk; Kbtjw;Fs; jq;fsJ Foe;ijfs;
jha;nkhopapy; gbf;f> Ngr> vOjf; fw;gJ vy;yh rKjhaj;jpYk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
,j;jifa r%f vjpu;ghu;g;GfSld; $ba gy;NtW taJfSf;fhd tsu;r;rpapidf; Fwpf;Fk;
elj;ijfSk; nray;fSk; tsu;r;rprhu; nray;fs; vd;W tu;zpf;fg;gl;lJ. tsu;r;rprhu;
nray;fs;. xUtdJ tho;f;ifapd; Fwpg;gpl;l taJ my;yJ gUtj;jpy; vOfpd;wd. ,tw;iw
ntw;wpAld; nra;J Kbg;gJ kfpo;r;rpiaAk;> gpd;du; tug;NghFk; nray;fspy; ntw;wpiaAk;
mspg;gjhFk;. ,tw;wpy; Njhy;tp Vw;gl;lhy; kfpo;rr; papd;ikAk;> mLj;J vOk; nray;fspy;
Njhy;tpAk; fpilf;Fk;.
3.3.1 tsu;r;rp rhu; nray;fspd; fy;tpg; gad;fs;
xUtd;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l tajpy; jd;dplkpUe;J> jhd; rhu;e;Js;s r%fk; vd;d
vjpu;ghu;f;fpwJ vd;gij mtDf;F czu;j;JfpwJ.
tho;f;ifg; gUtj;jpy;> mLj;j epiyapy; mtd; nra;a Ntz;ba nray;fs; ahit
vd;gij czu;j;jp> mjidr; nra;tjw;F mtid Maj;jg;gLfpwJ. ngw;Nwhu;fSk;>
Mrpupau;fSk; Foe;ijfspd; xt;nthU gUtj;jpYk; r%fj;jhy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; nray;fs;
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vd;d vd;gjid czu;e;J> mtw;iwg; ngWtjw;Fupa gapw;rpapid mspj;jhy;> Foe;ijfs;

r%f vjpu;ghu;g;GfSf;F Vw;g ele;J> r%fg; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; epfo;jj; p tho;f;ifia rPuhf
elj;jpr; nry;tu;. tsu;r;rp nray;fspy; xU Foe;ij Nju;r;rpailahky; fhzg;gl;lhy;
mtu;fSf;F rpwg;Gf; fy;tpAk; gapw;rpAk; mspf;f Vw;ghL nra;jply; Ntz;Lk;.
tsu;r;rpg; gUtj;jpd; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; Vw;gLk; Gjpa R+o;epiyf;Fj; jd;id
jftikj;Jf; nfhs;tJ vd;gJ kpfTk; fbdkhd nrayhfTk;> kdntOr;rp ,Wf;fj;jpw;F
(Emotional-Tension) fhuzkhfTk; mikfpwJ. ,tw;wpidr; rkhspg;gjw;F> xUtd;
tho;f;ifapd; tsu;r;rpf; fl;lq;fSf;Fupa tsu;r;rpepiyr; nray;fis mwpe;jpUf;f
Ntz;baJk;> mjw;Nfw;w tifapy; jd;idj; jahu; nra;tJ kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.

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myF -4 mwpjpwd; tsh;r;rp -1

Unit-IV COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT –I

4.1 mwpjpwdpd; nray;Kiw

mwpjpwd; nray;Kiw (epidTr; nray;Kiw) vd;gJ mwpjpwd; gue;Jgl;l mikg;ghfpa
epidTfs; kw;Wk; gof;f tof;fq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;. Gyd; fhl;rp> jfty;
Nrfhpg;G> jfty;fis ngWjy;> nghJikg;gLj;Jjy;; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa
nray;KwiahFk;;. gioa mwptpy; ,Ue;J Gjpa jfty;fis cUthf;Fk;
nray;KiwahFk.; kdpj mwpjpwd; vd;gJ epidT kw;Wk; epidtpyp Mfpa ,uz;L
nray;KiwfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;. ,r;nray;KiwahdJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk;
ngwg;gl;l ,uz;L KiwfisAk; topelj;JfpwJ. NkYk; nra;jpfshdJ mwpjpwd; kw;Wk;
cs;Szh;T rhh;e;jjhf mikAk;. cjhuzkhf> jdpeguhdJ xU gpur;ridNa ghh;jJ ;
mjw;fhd jPh;Tfis mth;fs; jq;fSila %isr; nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; gioa
mwptpypUe;J jPhk ; hdpf;fpd;wdh;. cw;W Nehf;Fk; Kd;dh; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs;>
jfty;fisg; ngWjy;> jfty;fis ,izj;jy;> Njitaw;w jfty;fis xJf;Fjy; kw;Wk;
Kad;W jtwpf; fw;wy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa KbTfis vLf;Fk; nray;Kiwia
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;ljhFk;.;
4.1.1 mwpTg;Gy nray;fs;
xUtupd; mwpTg;Gy tsu;r;rpf;F (Cognitive Development) fPo;f;fz;l nray;fs;
mbg;gilahdit.
GydwpTr; rpe;jid
xUtupd; mwpTg;Gyj;jpd; (Cognition) Kjy; gbahf tpsq;FtJ GydwpT (Cognition)
MFk;. xUtUf;Fg; GydwpT> Rw;Wr;R+oypy; cs;s nghUl;fspd; cjtpahy; tsUk;.
GydwpTr; rpe;jidapy; xUtuplk; Gydpaf;fq;fspd; rpe;jid mjpfkpUf;Fk;. ghu;itg;
GydwpT kpFe;jpUf;Fk;. Gwr;R+oy; mDgtq;fNs GydwpTr; rpe;jidf;F mbg;gilahFk;.
,r;rpe;jid tsu;e;jpl epiwa Gwr;R+oy; mDgtq;fs; jug;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

fUj;Jikar;; rpe;jid
GydwpTf;F mLj;jgbahd tsu;r;rpNa> fUj;Jikar; rpe;jid MFk;. fUj;Jikar;
rpe;jidapy;> fhl;rpAk;> nkhopAk; Nru;e;J Njhd;Wk;. fUj;Jikar; rpe;jid nra;Ak;
Foe;ijaplk;> FwpaPl;L elj;ij fhzg;gLk;. mjhtJ FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;>
nghUisg; ngaupl;L mioj;jy;> fUj;Jfisf; $Wjy; Nghd;w rpe;jid kpFe;jpUf;Fk;>
nkhopAk; fUj;Jf;fSNk fUj;Jikar; rpe;jidf;F mbg;gilahFk;. fUj;Jikar; rpe;jid
tsu;e;jpl epiwa fw;Fk; tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpj; jUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

4.2 ftdk;
R+oypy; cs;s rpy Fwpg;gpl;l Gwj;J}z;ly;fis kl;Lk; Cd;wpf; ftdpj;jy; ftdk;
(Attention) vdg;gLk;. ftdj;jpy; %d;W nray;fs; eilngWfpd;wd. mit:
xU Gwr;#oy; njspT nra;ag;gLfpwJ
Gwr;R+oypy; rpy gaDs;s Njitahd J}z;ly;fs; kl;Lk; ikag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mit
Gyd;fhl;rpapy; (Perception) njspthfj; njupfpd;wd. mNj rkaj;jpy;> Gwr;R+oypy; Njitaw;w
J}z;ly;fs; Xuj;jpw;f;Fj; js;sg;gLfpd;wd. mitaidj;Jk; Gyd;fhl;rpapy; njsptpd;wpj;
njupfpd;wd. ck; xU khztd; jd; miwapy; cl;fhu;e;J ghlE}iy thrpj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ> mtdJ KOf;ftdKk; me;jg; ghlE}ypy; jhd; ,Uf:Fk; kw;w
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nghUs;fshd Nki[ mtd; cl;fhhe;jpUf;Fk; ehw;fhyp miwapd; fjTfs; rd;dy;f s;>

miwr;Rth;fs; NkNy vhpe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; tpsf;F Mfpad mtdpd; Gyd;fhl;rpapd;
Xuj;jpy; njsptpd;wpj; Njhd;Wk;
4.2.2 ftdj;jpw;Fk;> Mu;tj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s njhlu;G
uh]; (Ross) vd;gtupd; fUj;Jg;gb> ftdKk; Mu;tKk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fs;
Nghd;wjhFk;. Mu;tk; vd;gJ kdjp;y; Njhd;Wk;. tpN\r Fzk;> ftdk; vd;gJ kdjpd;
nray;Kiw MFk;. Mu;tNk ftdj;ij vq;Nf nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd epu;zapf;fpd;wJ.
Mu;tNk ftdj;ij topelj;JfpwJ.
“Mu;tk; vd;gJ kiwe;jpUf;Fk; ftdk;. ftdk; Mu;tj;jpd; nray; tbtk;." nkf;^fy;
(Mc Dougal)
Mu;tk; vd;gJ cs;spUe;J ftdj;ij J}z;Lk;. xU nghUspNyh> nraypNyh mjpf
Mu;tj;Jld; <LgLk; nghOJ ekJ ftdk; mjpy; mjpfkhf epiyf;fpwJ. ,jpypUe;J ftdk;
vd;gJ Mu;tj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ vdyhk;.
4.2.3 ftdj;jpy; <LgLj;Jk; mff;fhuzpfs;
xU ghlj;ij khztu; Cd;wpf; ftdpg;gJk;> my;yJ ftdNk nrYj;j Kbahky;
NghtJk;> khztUf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; Ie;J Kf;fpa mff; fhuzpfisg; nghUj;jjhFk;.mit :

Mu;tk; (Interest)
xU ghlj;jpd; Nky; Vw;gLk; ftdj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;FtJ khztupd; Mu;tk;
MFk.;
Njit (Need)
xU ghlj;jpd; Nky; Vw;gLk; ftdj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ fhuzp
khztupd; Njit MFk;.
Maj;jk; (Mental Readiness)
xU ghlj;jpd; Nky; Vw;gLk; ftdj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;Fk; %d;whtJ fhuzp
khztuplk; tsu;e;jpUf;Fk; kdg;gf;Ftk; my;yJ kdKjpu;r;rp MFk;-
kdepiy (Mood)
xU ghlj;jpd; Nky; Vw;gLk; ftdj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;Fk; ehd;fhtJ fhuzp
khztupd; kdepiy MFk;. kpFe;j Nfhgk;> ftiy> ctif Mfpatw;why; ghjpf;fg;gLk;
kdepiy Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; ghlf;fUj;Jf;fspy; Cd;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;j ,ayhJ.

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cly;epiy (Physical Condition)

ghlj;jpd; Nky; nrYj;Jk; ftdj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; Ie;jhtJ fhuzp. khztupd; cly;
epiy MFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> jiytyp> fha;r;ry;> tapw;Wtyp Nghd;wit tFg;gpy;
ftdj;ijg; ghjpf;fpd;wd.

ftdj;ij ftu;e;jpOf;Fk; Gwf; fhuzpfs;

xU nghUs;> xU epfo;r;rp> xU kdpju;> xU nray; Mfpatw;wpy; ntspg;gilahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;w ftdj;ijf; ftu;e;jpOf;Fk; jd;ikfSf;Fg; Gwf;fhuzp vdg;ngau;. Mrpupau;
Gwf;fhuzpia tFg;gpy; Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jp> khztupd; ftdj;ij ftu;e;jpOf;f KbAk;.
fw;gpj;jypd; NghJ khztupd; ftdj;ij <u;j;jpl Mrpupau; ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba Gwf;fhuzpfs;
cs;sd. mit:

nrwpT (Intensity)
nrwptw;w> tYtw;w> mOj;jkw;w Gwj;J}z;liy tplr; nrwpTkpf;f my;yJ tYthd 'xU
Gwj;J}z;ly; ftdj;ij ,Of;fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> nky;ypa Fuiy tpl cuj;j Fuy;
ftdj;ij ,Of;fpwJ. vdNt Mrpupau;> tFg;gpYs;s khztu; midtUk; Nfl;Fk; tifapy;
Vw;w ,uf;fj;Jld; cuj;j Fuypy; ghlk; elj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
msT (Size)
kpfr;rpwpa nghUis tpl kpfg; ngupa nghUs; ftdj;ij ,Of;fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
ghlE}ypy; rpwpa vOj;Jf;fis tplg; nghpa vOj;Jf;fspd; nrhw;fs; khztupd; ftdj;ij
,Of;fpwJ. vdNt> Mrpupau; fUk;gyifapy; ngupjhf 'vOJjy;> ngupjhfg; glk; tiujy;>
ngupa mstpy; khjpupfs; (Models) nra;J fhl;Ljy; Nghd;w nray;fshy; khztupd;
ftdj;ij ftu;e;jpOf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jpUk;Gf; $Wjy; (Repetition)
xU Kiw fhzg;gLk; Gwj;J}z;liytpl> kPz;Lk; kPzL ; k; Njhd;Wk; xU Gwj;J}z;ly;
ftdj;ij ,Of;fpwJ. vdNt ghlk; elj;Jifapy; Kf;fpakhd nrhw;fs;> fbdkhd
nrhw;nwhlu;fs;> vspjpy; cr;rupf;f ,ayhj nrhw;fs; Mfpatw;iw Mrpupau; xupU Kiw
jpUg;gpf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
khw;wk; (Change)
khwhj epiyapYs;s Gwj;J}z;liytpl jpBu; khw;wkilAk; Gwj;J}z;ly; vspjpy;
ftdj;ij ,Of;fpwJ. ghlk; elj;Jifapy;> Mrpupau; jpBnud kpd;dl;il (Flash Card)
fhl;Ljy;> jpBnud Fuiy cau;jJ ; jy; my;yJ jho;jJ
; jy;> jpBnudf; Nfs;tpfs; vOg;Gjy;
Nghd;witfshy; Mrpupau; khztupd; ftdj;ijf; <u;f;fKbAk;.

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,af;fk; (Movement)
mirahj Gwj;J}z;liytpl mirfpd;w Gwj;J}z;ly; ftdj;ij ,Of;fpwJ. epd;w
,lj;jpNyNa epw;fhky; tFg;gpy; rpwpjsNt ele;J ghlk; elj;Jjy;> iffs;> jiy> clk;G>
Mfpatw;iwg; ghlk; elj;Jk;NghJ nghUs;gl mirj;jy;> epiyahd khjpupfistpl ,aq;Fk;
khjpupfis tFg;gpy; fhl;Ljy; Nghd;wtw;why; Mrpupau; khztu;fspd; ftdj;ijf;
ftu;e;jpOf;f KbAk;.
NtWghL (Contrast)
xNu rPuhd Gwj;J}z;liytpl> rw;W Ntw;Wikahd Gwj;J}z;ly; ftdj;ij ,Of;fpwJ.
vdNt tFg;giwapy; Mrpupau; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisf;
ifahSjy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; fUk;gyifapy; glk; tiuAk; NghJ> Kf;fpakhd ghfq;fis
tz;zr; Rz;zf;Nfhyhy; NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;Ljy;> fUj;JfspYs;s xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfisg;
Gyg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wit khztupd; ftdj;ij ,Of;fpd;wd.
GJik (Novelty)
rhjhuz nghUistpl> mjprakhd> tpNehjkhd> tpj;jpahrkhd> Kw;wpYk; GjpanjhU
nghUs;> nray;> epfo;r;rp Nghd;wit xUtupd; ftdj;ijf; fl;bapOf;fpd;wd. vdNt>
tFg;gpy; GJikahd Nrhjidfs;> GJikahd tpsf;fq;fs;> GJikahd fUj;Jf;fs;
toq;Ftjpd; topNa Mrpupau; khztupd; ftdj;ijj; jd;ghy; <u;f;fyhk;.

4.3 ftd tPr;R

ftd tPr;R vd;gJ xUtUila ftdj;jpd; msT my;yJ
vy;iy vdg;gLk;. xNu xU ghu;itapy; xUtu; epidtpy; nfhs;Sk;
nghUs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa ftd tPr;R vdg;gLk;. xUtupd;
ftdtPr;rpidf; fzf;fpl cjTk; fUtpf;F “Nlfp];lh];Nfhg;”
(Tachistoscope) vd;W ngau;. ,f;fUtpapYs;s xU nrt;tfj;
Jisapd; topNa>
mr;rbf;fg;gl;l ml;ilfs; tpOk;. mjpy; cs;s Gs;spfs;
my;yJ vOj;Jfs; rpy tpehbfs; kl;LNk fhzg;gLk;. mtw;iwf; ftdpj;J> xUtu; $Wk;
Gs;spfspd; my;yJ vOj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa> mtUila ftdtPr;R MFk;. kdpjdpd;
ruhrupf; ftdtPr;R 4 Kjy; 6 tiuapyhd vz;fs; vdf; fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

4.4 ftdkpd;ikAk;> ftdr; rpjwYk;

ftdkpd;ik
Gwr;R+oypy; epfOk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l J}z;liyNah> nraiyNah ftdpf;fhj epiy
ftdkpd;ik vdg;gLk;. Xu; Mrpupau; ghlk; elj;Jfpwhu;. khztu; jd; ftdj;ijg; ghlj;jpy;
nrYj;j tpUk;gkpy;iy. ,J ftdkpd;ik vdg;gLk;. khztupd; ftdkpd;ikf;F> khztuplk;
fhzg;gLk; Fiwthd mff; fhuzpfs; my;yJ Gwf;fhuzpfs; fhuzkhapUf;fyhk;.

ftdr;rpjwy;;
xU nraypy; xUtu; nrYj;j tpioAk; ftdj;ijj; njhlu;e;J> nrYj;j tplhky; jLf;Fk;
fhuzpf;F ftdr; rpjwy; my;yJ ftdf; FiwT vdg;ngau;. Mrpupau; jPtpukhfg; ghlk;
elj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ> njUtpy; nry;Yk; fhu;fs; vOg;Gk; xirfs;> murpay;
Cu;tyj;jpy; vOg;gg;gLk; Kof;fq;fs; Nghd;w jilfs;.

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4.5 GyDzu;TfSk;> Gyd; fhl;rpAk;

GyDzu;Tfs;
Xt;nthUtUf;Fk; Njhy;> tha;> fz;> %f;F> nrtp vd;Dk;
Ik;Gyd;fs; (Sense Organs) cs;sd. ,it KiwNa czu;jy;>
Ritj;jy;> ghu;j;jy;> Efu;jy;> Nfl;ly; Mfpa Ik;ngUk; nray;fisr;
nra;fpd;wd. ,e;j Ik;Gyd;fspd; cjtpahy;jhd;> xUtu; cyif
mwpa KbAk;. ,it ,y;iyNay;> Gw cyF ekf;Fg; NgupUshfNt
Njhd;Wk;. vdNt> Ik;Gyd;fshy; ngwg;gLgit my;yJ
mwpag;gLgit GyDzu;Tfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

GyDzu;Tfs; = Ik;Gyd;fs; + Gwj;J}z;ly;fs;

nrtpahy; xu; xypiaf; Nfl;gJ> %f;fpdhy; nghUspd; kzj;ij Efu;jy;> fz;fshy; xU
nghUs;fisg; ghu;jj
; y;> ehf;fpdhy; Ritj;jy;> clypdhy; czu;jy; Mfpa midj;Jk;
GyDzu;Tfs; MFk;.

Gyd; fhl;rp
Gyd; cWg;Gfs; thapyhfg; ngw;w Gyd> czu;tpw;F ehk; Vw;fdNt jpul;ba
mDgtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; nghUs; mikj;J kw;w nghUs;fspd; jd;ikia mwpjiy
Gyd;fhl;rp vd;fpNwhk;. Gyd;fhl;rp Njhd;Wjypy; ,lk;ngWk; nray;fs;; Rw;Wg;Gwr;
R+o;epiyapYs;s nghUl;fshy; (J}z;ly;fs;) tpise;jit. mit:
 nghUj;jkhd Gyd;fisj; J}z;ly;fs; rf;jp miyfshy; jhf;FtJ
 J}z;lYf;Fupa Gyd; czu;T
 jpul;ba mDgtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> Gyd; cWg;igj; jhf;fpa J}z;lypd;
,ay;Gfis mwpjy;
Gyd;fhl;rpapd; mbg;gil Gyd; czu;Tfs;jhd; vdpDk;> ,e;j ,uz;ilAk; gpupj;Jj;
jdpj;jdpNa mDgtpf;f KbahJ. Gyd; czu;Tfs; ek; kdj;Js; Njhd;Wk;NghNj> mg;Gyd;
czu;Tfs;> nghUs; nfhz;L Gyd;fhl;rpfshfp tpLfpd;wd. Gyd; fhl;rpia Gyd;
czu;TfSk;>; mtw;wpd; nghUswpjYk; ,ize;j xd;whFk;.

4.6 Gyd; fhl;rpAld; njhlu;Gila fhuzpfs;

Gyd; fhl;rpapd; fhuzpfs;/ tpjpfs; (Factors of Perception/ Laws)
cUtg; gpd;ddp (figure Ground) Gyd; fhl;rpf;F cUtg; gpd;dzpAk; Xh; mbg;gil
epajpahFk;. cUtj;ij gpd;ddpapypue;J jdpahfg; gphpj;jy; Gyd; fhl;rpj; nray;Kiwf;F
mbg;gilahf cs;sJ.
Nkw;fz;l glj;jpy; ,ul;ilah;fspd; Kfj;Njhw;wKk; g+[hb
Njhw;wKk; fhzg;gLfpwJ ,J cUtg; gpd;dzp njhlh;gpd;
mbg;gilapy; Gyd; fhl;rp mikfpwJ. Gyd; fhl;rpahdJ gy
tifahd fUj;Jf;fshy; tYt+l;lg;gLfpwJ. Gyd;fhl;rp vd;gJ
czh;r;rp kpFe;jJ MFk;. cl;Gw ntspg;GwfhuzpfshdJ Gyd; fhl;rpia eph;zapf;fpwJ.
4.6.1 ntspg;Gw fhuzpfs;/tpjpfs; (External Factors/laws)
1. mz;ik tpjp (law of Proximity)
mz;ik vd;gJ nghUs;fspilNa cs;s neUf;fj;ijf;
Fwpf;fpwJ.

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A&B xU FO> C & D kw;nwhU FO> ,q;F NfhLfs; mUfpy; mike;Js;sd. mUfhik
vd;gJ fhuzp B C my;yJ
D my;yJ A & E Nghd;wtw;iw xU FOthf mikf;f KbahJ. ,q;F 8 nrq;Fj;Jf; -
NfhLfs; mz;ik tpjpapdhy; ,uz;L ,uz;L NfhLfshfr; Nru;eJ
; ehd;F njhFjpfshfj;
njupfpwJ.

2. xg;Gik tpjp (Law of similarity)

xNu khjpupahd cUt xw;Wik mikg;G nfhz;l mjhtJ xNu khjpupahd
Njhw;wKila nghUs;fs; vy;yhk; xU FOitr; rhu;e;jjhFk;.

njhlu;r;rp tpjp (Law of Continuity)

Gs;spfs; xNu Neu;Nfhl;bNyh (my;yJ) tisNfhl;bNyh ,Ue;jhy; xNu rPuhff;
fhzg;gLk;. ,y;iynadpy; ntt;NtW jpirfspy; rpjwpf; fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; njhlu;r;rp tpjp
gad;gLfpwJ.

G+u;j;jp nra;jy; tpjp (Law of Closure)

NkNy cs;s Kf;Nfhzk;> rJuk;> tl;lk; Nghd;w glq;fspy; ,ilntspfs; ,Ug;gij

ehk; ghu;f;ftpy;iy. ,ilntspfs; ,Ue;jhYk; mitfis KOik ngw;w glq;fisg; Nghy;
fhl;rp mspf;fpwJ. ehk; fhZk; nghUl;fisf; fhZk; jpwid kdpjg;Gyd;fhl;rpf;F mspg;gJ
,izg;G tpjpahFk;.
4.6.2 cl;Gwf; fhuzpfs; tpjpfs; (Internal factors Laws)
1. fle;j fhy mDgtk; (Past experience)
Gyd; fhl;rpapid epu;zapg;gjpy; fle;j fhy mDgtk; xU Kf;fpa fhuzpahf
mikfpwJ. ehk; Gyd; cWg;Gfs; thapyhfg; Gyd; czu;Tj; J}z;ly;fisj; njhFj;J>
,izj;J fle;j fhy mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mtw;wpw;F mu;j;jk; je;J> Cf;fk;
mspj;J mjid mwpe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;. ,JNt> Gyd;; fhl;rpahf kw;Wk; Gydwpthf
mikfpwJ. (ck;) ehk; Mfhaj;jpy; Nkff;$l;lq;fisg; ghu;f;Fk; nghOJ gy

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cUtj;Njhw;wj;ijg; ghu;f;fyhk;. ehk; ghu;f;Fk; cUtq;fSf;F fhuzk; ehk; ,j;jifa

cUtq;fspy; gupr;rak; ngw;wpUg;gjhy;jhd;.

kdg;ghd;ik (Attitude of mental set)

Gyd;fhl;rpia epu;zapf;Fk; kw;nwhU mff;fhuzp kdg;ghd;ik my;yJ kdepiy MFk;.
(c-k;) ghug;gitnay;yhk; ekf;F Njitadjhfj; Njhd;Wk;.

Gyd;fhl;rpapy; Vw;gLk; gpiofs; (Errors in perception)

ekJ Gyd;fhl;rp vg;nghOJk; rupahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. mt;tg;NghJ ekJ Gyd; fhl;rpapy;
jtWfs; Vw;gl tha;g;G cs;sJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l J}z;ly; ekJ Gyd; cWg;gpidj; J}z;b
rupahd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWk; nghOJ (m) J}z;liyr; rupahfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; nghOJ
mJ Gyd;fhl;rp vdg;gLfpwJ. khwhf> xU J}z;ly; jtwhfg; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gLNkahdhy;
mjid jtwhd Gyd;fhl;rp vd;fpNwhk;.
Gyd; fhl;rpapy; Vw;gLk; jtiw ,U gpupthfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
1. jpupGf;fhl;rp 2. ,y;nghUs; fhl;rp
1. jpupGf;fhl;rp (Illusion)
jpupGf;fhl;rp vd;gJ jtwhd Gyd; fhl;rpapidf; Fwpf;Fk;. cz;ik epiyNahL
xj;Jg;Nghfhj Gyd;fhl;rpapidj; jpupGf; fhl;rp vd;gu;.

(v.fh) ,utpy; xU rpwpa fapW> ghk;G Nghd;w Njhw;wkspj;jy; (ghu;itj; jpupGf; fhl;rp).
gf;fj;J miwapy; ahNuh xUtuJ Ngr;Rf;Fuy; Nfl;Fk;NghJ> mij ekJ ez;gupd;
Ngr;Rf;Fuy; vd czu;jy; (Nfl;ly; jpupGf;fhl;rp). m. 1.1 Ky;yu; - yau; jpupGf; fhl;rp
(Muller - Lyer illusion)
Ky;yu; - yau; vd;w ,Utuhy; tpsf;fg;gl;l ghu;itj; jpupGf; fhl;rpapid Ky;yu; - yau;
jpupGf;fhl;rp vd;fpNwhk;. ,jpy; xNu rk msT cila ,U Neu;NfhLfs; rkkw;wjhf
NtWgl;l mstpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jid fPNoAs;s NfhLfs; tpsf;FfpwJ.

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,e;j ,U NfhLfspy; ,wF Kid Nghd;w KidfSld; mike;j NfhL> NkNyAs;s

mk;Gf;Fwp KidfSld; KbAk; Nfhl;iltpl ngupajhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. Mdhy; cz;ikapy;
mit ,uz;Lk; xNu msT cilait. Kidfspd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;J mit khWgl;L
Njhd;WfpwJ.

1.2 gLf;if - Neu;NfhL jpupGf; fhl;rp - (Horizontal - Vertical Ulusion)

,jpy; xNu msTila ,U NfhLfs; xd;W gLf;iff; NfhlhfTk;> kw;nwhd;W nrq;Fj;Jf;
NfhlhTk; mikfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; mstpy; khWgl;L Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

,jpy; nrq;Fj;Jf;NfhL> gLf;iff; Nfhl;bid tpl mstpy; ngupajhff; fhl;rp mspf;fpwJ.

Mdhy;> ,uz;Lk; xNu msT cilaJ.

2.,y;nghUs; fhl;rp (Hallucination)

ehk; ve;jtpjj; J}z;lYk; ,y;yhkYk;> xU J}z;ly; ,Ug;gjhf czu;tJ ,y;nghUs;

fhl;rp MFk;. ,J> ,y;yhj xd;wpid ,Ug;gjhff; fhz;gJ. (v-fh) Nkw;fz;l fhl;rpapy;
fhl;rp efUtijg; Nghy Njhd;Wjy;;.

fy;tpapy; ,jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (Educational importance)

 ftdj;ijg; NghyNt Gyd; fhl;rpAk; kdpjdpd; elj;ijiag; ghjpf;fpd;w Kf;fpa
fhuzpahFk;.
 kdpjdpd; elj;ij Gyd; fhl;rpiar; rhu;e;J ,Uf;fpwJ.
 xU nghUspd; kPJ rupahd Gyd;fhl;rp ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhFk;. ,J jpwikahd
fw;wYf;Fk;> Kiwahd elj;jYf;Fk; topNfhYfpwJ.

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4.7 fw;gid (my;yJ) rhay;fs; (my;yJ) kd gpk;gq;fis cUthf;Fjy;

mwpjy; gyepiyfisf; nfhz;lJ. Gyd; fhl;rpawpjy;> me;epiyfspd; mbg;gilahd
Kjy; epiyahFk;. mwpjypy; Nkk;gl;l epiyfis glq;fs; (m) rhay;fs; (Images) Jiz
nfhz;lwpjy; vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. ,t;tifr; rpe;jpj;jypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhay;fs;>
nrhw;rhay;fshfNth> cs;sPlhd rhay;fshfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. ek; Gyd; czu;r;rpfshy;
Neubahf Vw;glhj kd cUtq;fs; (Mental Forms) mjhtJ rhay;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
mwpjNy> rhay; Jiz nfhz;lwpjy;. vdg;gLk;. Gyd; czu;r;rpfSf;Fg; nghUs;
mikj;jyhy; Vw;gLk; mwpT Gyd;fhl;rpawpthFk;. Mdhy;> mg;nghUs; ek; vjpNu ,y;yhkNy
mijg;gw;wp vz;Zjy;> mjd; rhay; ek; kdjpy; jq;fpapUg;gjdhy; ,aYfpwJ.
Gyd;fhl;rpia Kjypy; Njhw;Wtpj;j xU nghUs; ,d;wpNa mg;nghUs; gw;wp czu;jiyr;
rhay; my;yJ kdgpk;gk; (Image) vd;fpNwhk;.

rhay;fspd; tiffs;
rhay;fs;

fhl;rpr; Nfs;tpf; . Ritr; kdr;rhay;fs; njhL

rhay;fs; rhay;fs; rhay;fs; (Olfactory rhay;fs;
(Visual (Auditory (Gustatory Images) (Tactile
images) Images) Images) Images)

fhl;rpr; rhay;fs; (Visual images) (c-k;) ek;ik tpl;Lg;gpupe;J nrd;w ez;gdpd; Kfj;ij ek;
kdf;fz; Kd; nfhz;L epWj;Jjy;> tFg;ghrpupaupd; Kfj;ij epidT $u;jy; Mfpait.
Nfs;tpf;. rhay;fs; (Auditory Images) (c-k;) Kd;jpdk; fz;l jpiug;glj;jpy; te;j
,irg;ghl;bid> kPzL ; k; kdjpy; Njhd;wr; nra;a KbtJ
Ritr; rhay;fs; (Gustatory Images) (c-k;) New;W tpUe;jpy; cz;l cztpd; Ritia
,d;W epidj;J mDgtpf;f KbAk;
kdr;rhay;fs; (Olfactory Images) (c-k;) ky;ypif kyupd; kdj;ij epidtpy; itj;jpUj;jy;
njhL rhay;fs; (Tactile Images) (c-k;) ge;ij cijf;Fk; czu;r;rp
Xt;nthUtuplKk; vy;yh tifr; rhay;fSk; fhzg;gbDk;> xUtifr; rhay; -
fhl;rpr;rhaNyh> Nfs;tpr;rhaNyh my;yJ njhLrhaNyh- kpFe;J ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt>
Mrpupau;fs; ghlk; fw;gpf;ifapy; khztu;fspd; gy Gyd;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpf; (Multisensory
Approach) fw;gpj;jy; ed;W. tha;nkhop> fUk;gyifapy; vOJjy;> glq;fs;> Nrhjidfs;
Mfpad ahTk; fw;gpj;jypy; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

Foe;ijfspd; rhay; jpwd;

rhay;fs; cUthf;Fk; jpwd; (Imagery) rpW Foe;ijaplKk; cz;L. Foe;ijfs;
ngUk;ghYk; GydPlhd (Concrete) rhay;fisNa rpe;jidapy; (Thinking) gad;gLj;Jtu;.
Mdhy; taJ te;jtu;fs; nrhw;rhay;fisg; (Verbal Images) ngupJk; gad;gLj;Jtu;.
mjhtJ> jkJ Gyd;fshy; czu;e;jpUe;jdu;. Mdhy;> gbj;jwpe;jjd; %yk; ngw;w
rhay;fis> rpe;jidapy; gad;gLj;Jtu;. GydPlhd rhay;fisf; fhl;bYk; nrhw;rhay;> mjpf
rhay;fisj; juty;yJ. nkhopr; nrhw;fspd;wp fUj;jpay; rpe;jid Vw;gl KbahJ.
,ijj;jtpu nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpe;jpj;jy; rpf;fdkhdJ. Ntfkhf rpe;jpf;fTk; ekf;F

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cjTfpwJ. Mifahy;> Foe;ijfspd; nrhy;ywpitg; ngUf;f Mrpupau;fs; Kay Ntz;Lk;.

Foe;ijfs; jkJ kPjhd Mf;fr; rhay;fSld; (Reproductive Images) jq;fsJ fw;gidapy;
vOk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Nru;j;Jf; Fog;gp tpLtJk; cz;L. Foe;ijfs; nrhy;Yk; rpytifg;
ngha;fs; ,f;Fog;gj;jpdhy; Njhd;Wgit. rpW Foe;ijaplk; ntF njspthd> jpUj;jkhd>
Jy;ypa tpguq;fSld; $ba rhay;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; jpwd; fhzg;gLk;. Gyd;fhl;rp
Nghd;Nw Njhd;wf;$ba ,j;jifa rhay;fis kPj;njsprhay;fs; (Eidetic images) vd;W
cstpay; mwpQu;fs; Fwpg;gpLtu;. ,j;jpwd; 12 taJf;Fg;gpd; Fiwe;JtpLk;.

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myF 5 mwpjpwd; tsu;r;rp -11

UNIT V - CONGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT - II

5.1 mwpTg;Gy tiuglk;

mwpTg;Gy tiuglk; my;yJ fUj;JU (Cognitive Map) vd;Dk; fUj;jpid toq;fpatu;
Nlhy;kd; (E.C. Toman) Mthu;. Fwpf;Nfhspid mila cjTk; R+oiyg; gw;wpa mwpthu;e;j
GydwpTf;F mwpTg;Gy tiuglk; vdg; ngau;. fw;wypy; mwptpg;Gy tiuglk; vg;gbg;
gad;gLfpwJ vd;gij Nlhy;kd; toq;fpa Nfhl;ghl;bypUe;J mwpayhk;. ,tupd; fUj;Jg;gb>
xU kdpjdpd; midj;J elj;ijfSf;Fk; Nehf;fKs;sJ
me;elj;ijfs; Fwpf;Nfhis Nehf;fpr; nry;git. xt;nthU kdpjDk;> Fwpf;Nfhis
miltjw;F xU Gwr;R+oiyg; gad;gLj;jpahf Ntz;Lk;. ,r;R+oypy; gy J}z;ly;fs;
cs;sd.
xUtu; Fwpf;Nfhis mila Ntz;Lnkdpy;> Fwpf;Nfhis miltjw;F cjTk; Kf;fpaj;
J}z;ly;fs; vitnad kdj;jpDs; fhl;rpahf fz;lwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW> xU Gwr;R+oypy; Fwpf;NfhSf;Fk;>; mtw;iw mila cjTk; Kf;fpaj;
J}z;ly;fSf;Fk; cs;s cwit kdj;jpw;Fs; fhl;rpahff; fhzf;fw;W nfhs;tJ mwpTg;Gy
tiuglk; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,ij Nlhy;kd;> xU vypahdJ gyghij topr;Nrhjidapy;>
cztpid Kad;W jtwpf; fw;ftpy;iy> khwhf Nrhjidr; R+oypy; czTf;Fk;> czit
mila cjTk; Kf;fpag; ghijfSf;Fk; cs;s cwit> vyp xU tiuglkhff; fw;Wf;
nfhz;lJ vd tpsf;fpdhu;. mwpTg;Gy tiuglk; gw;wpa fUj;J> fy;tpapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
rhd;whf> Xu; Mrpupau;> xU ghlj;jpd; Kf;fpag; ghlf;fUj;Jfis fUk;gyifr; RUf;fkhfj;
jUtjhy; mit khztu;fspd; kdj;jpy; KOikahd kdf;fhl;rpahf epw;fpd;wd.

5.2 gpahN[apd; mwpTg;Gy tsu;r;rp epiyfs;

Rtpl;ru;yhe;J ehl;L cstpaywpQu; gpahN[ (Piaget) Foe;ijg; gUtk;> Fkug;gUtk;
Mfpa ,U gUtq;fspYk; xUtupd; mwpTg;Gyk; vt;thW gy;NtW epiyfspy;
tsu;r;rpailfpwJ vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;J $wpdhu;. ,it gpahN[ toq;fpa mwpTg;Gy tsu;r;rp
epiyfs; vdg;gLfpwJ.
gpahN[apd; Kf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
 xU Foe;ijapd; Kjy; 15 Mz;Lfspy;> mwpT tsu;r;rpapy; ehd;F tsu;r;rp epiyfs;
cs;sd. xt;nthU tsu;r;rp epiyapYk;> Foe;ij rpy Fwpg;gpl;l rpe;jidfis
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.
 vy;yhf; Foe;ijfSk; mwpT tsu;r;rpapd; ehd;F epiyfisAk; fle;Nj tuNtz;Lk;.
xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; cupa Ntfj;jpy; mwpT tsu;r;rpapd; epiyfisf; fle;J
nry;fpd;wJ. vdpDk;> ve;jf; Foe;ijAk; ve;j xU mwpT tsu;r;rpiaAk;
Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl;L ,d;ndhU Nkyhd tsu;r;rpf;F te;Jtpl KbahJ.
 Foe;ijapd; taJ $Lk;NghJ> mf;Foe;ijapd; rpe;jpf;Fk; jd;ik rpwpJ rpwpjhf
El;gkhd cwTfisf; fhZk; mbg;gilf;F (Logic) Vw;Gilajhf tsu;e;J tUfpwJ
 Foe;ij xU nghUisg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy; mf;Foe;ij
mg;nghUisf; ifahSjy; Ntz;Lk;. Foe;ij jdJ Gyd;fspd; cjtpahNyh>
rpe;ijapy; cUtfpj;Njh ifahStJ mtrpak;.

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5.2.1 mwpTg; Gy tsh;r;rp epiyfs;

gpahN[apd; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> xU Foe;ij gpwe;jjpypUe;J 15 taJ tiuapy; ehd;F
rpe;jid epiyfspy; jdJ mwptpid tsu;r;rpailar; nra;J nfhs;fpwJ.

Gydpaf;fr; rpe;jid tsu;r;rp (Sensori-Motor Stage)

Gydpaf;fr; rpe;jid tsu;r;rp> Foe;ijfspd; gpwg;gpypUe;J 2 taJ tiu ePbf;fpwJ.
,e;j taJf; fhyj;jpy;> Foe;ij Gyd; mDgtq;fs; (ghu;j;jy;> njhLjy;> Ritj;jy;)>
clypaf;fr; nray;fs; (jto;jy;> vOjy;> elj;jy; Nghd;wit) Mfpa ,uz;ilAk;
gad;gLj;jpr; Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpYs;s nghUl;fisg; gw;wpa mwpitg; ngWfpwJ. ,t;taJf;
Foe;ijfs; milAk; mwpT tsu;r;rpfs;:
 Rw;Wr;R+oypYs;s nghUs;fspUe;J Foe;ij jd;idj; jdpNa gpupj;Jf; fhZfpwJ.
 ,af;fk;> xyp> xsp Mfpad cs;s nghUs;fshy; Foe;ij <u;ff ; g;gLfpwJ.
 jdf;Fg; gpbj;j nraiy Foe;ij ePzl ; Neuk; nra;fpwJ.
 nghUs;fisf; ifahStjhy; mtw;iwf; Foe;ij milahsk; fhZfpwJ.
 Foe;ijapd; ghu;itapypUe;J xU nghUis kiwj;jhYk;> nghUspd; ,lj;ij khw;wp
itj;jhYk; mg;nghUs; epiyahf cs;sJ vd mwpfpwJ.
5.2.2 Kw;rpe;jid tsu;r;rp (Pre-Operational Stage)
Kw;rpe;jid tsu;r;rp vd;gJ Foe;ijaplk; rpe;jpj;jYf;Fupa mbg;gilapy; tsu;tijf;
Fwpf;Fk;. Kw;rpe;jid tsu;r;rp> 2 tajpypUe;J 7 taJ tiu ePbf;fpwJ. ,e;epiyapy;>
Foe;ij rpe;jpj;jYf;F mtrpakhd nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jpf; fUj;Jz;ikia (Concept)
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. rhd;whf> ,t;taJf; Foe;ijfs; milAk; mwpT tsu;r;rpfs;:
 Foe;ijfs; nghUs;fis xNunahU Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy;
tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
 Foe;ijfs; nghUs;fSf;F nkhopf; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
 Foe;ijfshy; nghUs;fis VW tupirapNyh> ,wq;F tupirapNyh mLf;fpitf;f
KbfpwJ. Mdhy;> mtw;wpypUe;J KbTfs; VJk; ngw Kbahky; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
 vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> ,t;taJf; Foe;ijfshy; vspa fzf;Fg; gapw;rpfisr;
nra;a ,aYk;;.

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gUg;nghUs; rpe;jid tsu;r;rp (Concrete Operations:7 - 11)

gUg;nghUs; rpe;jid tsu;r;rpapy; xU Foe;ij epr;rakhd nghUl;fisg; (Concrete
Objects) gw;wp> Ez;ikawpT mbg;gilapy; (Logical Operations) rpe;jpf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. xU
nghUisg; gw;wpAk;> mjd; cs;sikg;G Fwpj;Jk; Foe;ij tpthjpj;J mwpfpwJ.

Kiwahd rpe;jid tsu;r;rp (Normal (Operations)

Fkug;gUtj;ij neUq;fpAk;> Fkug;gUtj;jpYk; cs;s 11-14 my;yJ 15 taJf;
Foe;ijfs; Kiwahd KOr;rpe;jid tsu;r;rpapy; <LgLfpd;wdu;. ,J tiu gUg;nghUisg;
gad;gLj;jpNa rpe;jidapy; <Lgl;l ,g;gUtj;jpdu;> ,dpNky; fUj;jpay; rpe;jidapy;
(Abstract Thinking) <Lglj; njhlq;Ffpd;wdu;. Kiwahd rpe;jidapy; <LgLk; Foe;ijfs;
milAk; mwpT tsu;r;rpfs;:
 xU nraypd; gpd; tpisTfis Kd;$l;bNa $Wtu;.
 rhj;jpakhff; $ba fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J $Wtu;.
 fUJNfhs; mikj;J KbTfs; vLj;J tpsf;fKk; mspg;gu;.

Kiwahd nray;epiy/fUj;jpay; epiy(Formal Operational Stage) 11 Kjy; 15 taJ tiu

Foe;ij ,t;taJ epiyapy; Fkug;gUtj;jpy; mbnaLj;J itf;fpwJ. fUj;jpay;
rpe;jid ,e;epiyapy; Foe;ijaplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s R+o;epiyapd;
mbg;gilapy; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; vd;d epfo tha;g;Gs;sJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; rpe;jpf;f KbAk;. gpwu;
Nehf;fpypUe;J fUj;Jf;fisAk;> gpur;ridfisAk; ,t;tajpdu; ghu;f;f KbAk;. xU
gpur;ridf;fhd jPu;Tfis fUJNfhs;fshf ,tu;fs; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk; cwTfs;>
newpKiwfs;> murpay; Nghd;wtw;wpd; kPJ jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis Kiwg;gLj;jp
ntspg;gLj;j ,tu;fshy; KbAk;. gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;TfhZk; mwptpay; rpe;jidAk;
,t;taJ epiyapduplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gpahN[ Nkw;fz;l mwpTg;Gy tsu;r;rp epiyfis
,aw;if tsu;r;rpapd; ml;ltiz vd typAWj;Jfpd;whu;. Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fUj;jpay;
vz;zq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;tJ vd;gJ Kbahj xd;whFk;. Foe;ij vg;nghOJ gUg;nghUs;
vz;zq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;fpd;wNjh mg;nghOJ jhd; mwpjpwd; tsu;r;rp epiy
njhlq;Ffpd;wJ.

gpahN[ Nfhl;ghl;bd; fy;tpg;gad;fs;

mwpT tsu;r;rpf;Nfw;g fw;gpj;jy;;
ghlk; fw;gpj;jy; khztDila mwpTj;jpwDf;F Vw;whw;Nghy; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. gpahN[
Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> Gjpa fUj;jpidf; fw;fj; njhlq;FKd;> xU Foe;ij mf;fUj;ijf;
fw;gjw;Fupa Kjpu;r;rpAk;> Maj;jKk; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cupa mwpTk;> tsu;r;rpAk;
Kjpu;r;rpailahj Foe;ijf;Ff; fzpjk;> mwptpay; ghlf;fUj;Jf;fisg; GFj;Jjy;
mu;j;jkw;wjhFk;. khztupd; EioT elj;ijf;F Vw;whw;Nghy;> fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;
nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fw;wy; Njhy;tpf;Ff; fhuzk;;
cz;ikapy;> xU Foe;ij xU ghlj;jpy; Njhy;tp miltjpy;iy. Vnddpy;> Foe;ijapd;
mwpT tsu;r;rpf;Fg; nghUe;jhj ghlf;fUj;Jf;fis Mrpupau; jpzpg;gjhy;jhd; Foe;ijaplk;
fw;wy; Njhy;tpfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
gUkg;nghUs; topNa fw;gpj;jy;;
,sq;Foe;ijfSf;Fg; gUg;nghUs;fis itj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Foe;ijfSf;F
vspjpy; Gyg;glhj El;gkhd fUj;Jf;fisg; GFj;Jjy; $lhJ.
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Ez;ikf; fUj;Jf;fisf; fw;gpj;jy;;

Kjpu; Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpYk;> Fkug;gUtj;jpYk;> Foe;ijfSf;F Kiwahd rpe;jid
tsu;r;rp te;JtpLtjhy;> fzpjk;> mwptpay; ghlq;fspy; El;gkhd fUj;Jf;fis
khztu;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;fyhk;.

tupirg;gLj;jpf; fw;gpj;jy;;
gpahN[apd; fUj;Jg;gb mwpT tsu;r;rpahdJ tupir KiwahfTk;> gbg;gbahfTk;
mZff;$baJ. Xt;nthU gUtj;jpw;Fupa mwpT tsu;r;rpf;fhd fUj;Jf;fis KOikahff;
fw;w gpd;Ng mLj;j mwpT tsu;r;rpf;Fupa ghlf;fUj;JfSf;F khztu;fs; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
gpahN[apd; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> xt;nthU tFg;Gg; ghlj;ijAk; Kiwg;gbAk;> KOikahfTk;
fw;FkhW khztu;fis typAWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
nra;J fw;wy;;
nra;Ak; nray;fspd; topNa mwpT tsu;r;rp Vw;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU khztDk; jhd;
fw;Fk; ghlf; fUj;Jf;fisr; nray; topNa fw;wwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW fw;gjhy;>
khztu;fs; rpf;fy; jPu;Tj; jpwd;fisg; (Problem Solving) ngWfpd;wdu;.
tsu;r;rpf;Nfw;w Mw;wy; mDgtq;fs;
Foe;ijapd; xt;Nthu; mwpT tsu;r;rp epiyf;Fk; Vw;wthW ntt;NtW fw;wy;mDgtq;fs;
jug;glNtd;Lk; mit mwpT tsu;r;rpiaj; J}z;LtjhfTk; mikaNtz;Lk;.

5.6 fhuz - fhupaq;fis Muha;e;jwpjy; (REASONING)

fhuzq;fis Muha;e;J mwpjy; kw;Wk; fhupaq;fis Muha;e;J mwpjy; vd;gd fhuz -
fhupaq;fis Muha;jy; (Reasoning) vdg;gLk;. ,j;jifa Muha;jyhdJ epfo;r;rpfisAk;>
nghUl;fisAk;> cyf cz;ikfisAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;s> mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
Muha;jypd; NghJ vJ cz;ik> vd mwpayhk;. vdNt Muha;jy; vd;gJ cau;epiy
csr;nrayhf mikfpwJ. Muha;r;rp jpwd; xUtDila Ez;zwptpidf; fhl;Ltjhf
mikfpd;wJ.
fhuz - fhupaq;fis Muha;e;jwpjy; jpwd; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. xd;W njhFg;gha;Tj;
jpwd; (Inductive reasoning) kw;nwhd;W gFg;gha;Tj; jpwd; (Deductive reasoning)
vd;gitahFk;. njhFg;gha;Tj;jpwd; vd;gJ gy jdpj;j cz;ikfspypUe;J nghJ
cz;ikiaj; njhFj;Jg; ngWk; Mw;wyhFk;. gFg;gha;Tj;jpwd; vd;gJ nghJ cz;ikfisg;
gFj;J jdpj;jdpahd eilKiw cz;ikfis ngWk; Mw;wyhFk;.

5.6.1 fhuz-fhupaq;fis Muha;e;jwpjy;:-tiuaiw

Vw;fdNt cs;s jPu;Tfisg; gad;gLj;jp> jPu;f;fg;glhj xU gpur;rpidia fle;jfhy
mDgtq;fis xd;wpizj;J jPu;f;Fk; jpwd; fhuz fhupaq;fis Muha;e;jwpAk; jpwdhFk; -
kd; (N.E.Munn)

fhuz-fhupaq;fis Muha;e;jwpjy; : tiffs;

1) njhFj;jwpAk; jpwd; (Inductive Reasoning)
,k;Kiwapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;ridapypUe;J xU nghJ KbTf;F tUtjhFk;.
gpur;ridfis myrp> Muha;eJ ; xU nghJf;fUj;ij cUthf;FtJ.
2) gFj;jwpAk; jpwd; (Deductive Reasoning)
Vw;fdNt fz;Lgpbj;j my;yJ xg;Gf;nfhz;l Kbit xU - Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;ridf;Ff;
ifahStjhFk;.

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5.7 gpur;rid jPu;T fw;wy;

gpur;rid jPu;T fw;wy; : nghUs; (Problem Solving Learning)
fw;wypd; Kjpu;r;rp epiy ,JNt. ,J jdpahSf;Fg; gpur;rpidiaj; jpwikahfj;
jPu;g;gjw;fhd Mw;wiyf; nfhLf;fpwJ. jdpahspd; Gjpa gpur;ridf;fhdj; jPu;Tf;Fg; Gjpa
topKiw (idea) Njitahd xd;whFk;. xd;iwj; jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr; nra;tjw;Fg; gjpyhfg;
Gjpatw;iwf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;Fg; gpur;ridiaj; jPu;j;jy; cjTfpd;wJ.

5.8 gpur;ridiaj; jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;;

Xu; ,yf;if mila KaYk; xUtDf;F> mt;tpyf;if mila Kbahjgb> rpy
jilfs; FWf;fpLkhdhy;> xU gpur;rid mtid vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;sJ vd;fpNwhk;.
,f;FWf;fPLfisf; flf;fNt Ma;T cjTfpwJ. gpur;ridapd;wp Ma;T ,y;iy.
gpur;ridfisj; jPu;j;jypy; GJtopj;Njly;> nghUs; fhzy;> Nju;T> cl;fhl;rp> jpwdha;T>
gilg;G Nghd;w gy csr; nray;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd. gpur;ridfSf;F tpilfhzy; fhl;rp
epiyapYk; epfoyhk;> fUj;J epiyapYk; epfoyhk;. gpur;ridfisj; jPu;g;gjpy;> jPu;T fhz
cjtf;$ba top Kiwfs; vit vdj; Njhd;WfpwNjh mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpg; ghu;g;gJ>
Kad;W -jtwpf;fw;wy; Kiw MFk;. kw;Nwhu; mZF Kiwapy;> xU gpur;ridiaj;
jPu;g;gjw;F vd;ndd;d Kiwfisf; ifahsyhNkh mtw;iw mLj;jjLj;Jf; ifahSjy;
MFk;. [hd;^ap> Ma;Tr; nray; 5 Kf;fpa gbfisf; nfhz;lJ vd;fpwhu;. mitahtd:
 Gjpatw;iw mwpjy;
 nra;jpfisj; Njbj; njhFj;jy;
 GjpUf;F tpilfshf mikaf; $ba fUJNfhs;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;
 fUJNfhisr; rupghu;j;J cz;ikawpjy;
 cz;iknad;W mwpe;j fUJNfhisg; GJepiyfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

5.9 Ra mwpjy; mwpT

mwpjy; vt;thW mikfpd;wJ. mjw;fhf ehk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; topKiwfs; mwpjy;
rupahf mika vt;thW cjTfpd;wd> mit cjTfpd;wthW mtw;iw vt;thW
nray;gLj;JtJ vd;gij Nghd;w mwpjiyg; gw;wpa tpguq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ Ra
mwpjy; mwpT my;yJ mwpjypd; mwpjy; vd;fpNwhk; (Metacognition). mwpjy; (Cognition)
vd;gJ vijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Sfpd;NwhNkh> me;jg; nghUis nray; %yNkh> rpe;jid
%yNkh ifahz;L mJgw;wpa tpguq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy; MFk;. mwpjypd; mwpjy;
vd;gJ mwpjiy rpe;jid %yk; ifahz;L> mJ gw;wpa tpguq;fis mwpe;Jzu;jy; vdyhk;.
mjhtJ rpe;jpj;J mwpjypd; mwpjy; (Thinking of Thinking) vd;gjhFk;.

5.10 Ra mwpjypd; MrpupaUf;fhd jhf;fq;fs;

Ra mwpjy; vd;gJ khztu;fs; jkJ fw;wiy Nkd;ikgLj;jpf;nfhs;sTk;> fw;Fk; NghJ
rpwg;ghd cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jTk; cjTfpd;wJ. fw;wypy; gy;NtW mZF Kiwfs;
,Ue;jhYk; mtw;Ws; kpfTk; jpwd; tha;e;j mZFKiw vt;thW fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
khztu;fs; mwpe;Jzur; nra;tNjhL mij nraw;gLj;jplTk; mtu;fSf;F NghJkhd gapw;rp
mspj;jply; MFk;. vj;jifa fw;wy; cj;jp jdf;F kpfTk; Vw;wJ vd;gij xt;nthU
khztDk; Ra mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; njspT nra;tJld; mij nrk;ikahf eil
Kiwg;gLj;jpLtjw;fhd gapw;rpiaAk; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vj;jifa fw;wy; Kiw
rpwg;ghdJ vd;w mwpT kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; NghJjhJ. mjid nray;gLj;jp> ntw;wpailAk;

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topKiwapy; Neubahd mDgtk; ngWjYk; kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. ,t;tpU $Wfspy;> xd;W

,y;yhky; kw;nwhd;W gad; juhJ. mwpjypd; mwpjy; vd;gJ> fw;wypy; ,lk; ngWk; mwpTrhu;
nray;fisg; gw;wpAk;> ed;F fw;Wj; Nju;r;rp ngWNthu;> gpw khztu;fsplkpUe;J vt;thW
NtWgLfpd;wdu; vd;gijg; gw;wpAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s fy;tpahsu;fSf;F ngupJk;
JizGupfpwJ. vdNt> ,J fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiwia nrk;ikg;gLj;Jk; topKiwahfTk;
mikfpwJ. Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fis fw;wYf;fhd gy;NtW cj;jpfis mwpar;
nra;tJld;> mtw;iw mth;fs; Ra mDgtj;jpd; %yk; gofpg; gapw;rp ngwTk; cjTfpwJ.

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myF 6 - fw;wy;
UNIT-VI- LEARNING

6.1 fw;wy; : nghUs; (Meaning)

fw;wy; vd;gJ gs;spapy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. 'xUtupd; elj;ijapy;; Vw;gLk;
khw;wNk fw;wy;" vdg;gLk;. cstpay; uPjpapy; fw;wy; vd;gJ J}z;lYf;Nfw;w Jyq;fy;
MFk;. Muk;gj; J}z;ly;> Jyq;fspy; rpy khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kdpjdpd; elj;ijapy;
njhlu;r;rpahf khWghL ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt fw;wy; vd;gJ khw;wj;ijAk;> R+o;epiyf;F Vw;g
,zf;fkhf ele;J nfhs;Sk; KiwAkhFk;.

6.2 fw;wy; tiuaiwfs; (Definitions)

fw;wy; vd;gjw;fhd epiyahd tiuaiw fpilahJ. tiuaiwfs; midj;Jk; fw;wypd;
gz;Gfis cs;slf;fpNa cs;sJ. cstpay; mwpQu;fs;> fy;tp mwpQu;fs; mtu;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fSf;Nfw;g khWgLfpd;wJ. fw;wypd; rpy Kf;fpakhd tiuaiwfs; gpd;tUkhW :
Nfl;];]; (Gates) vd;gtu; mDgtk;> gapw;rp Mfpatw;wpd; Kyk; vOk; elj;ij khw;wNk
fw;wy; vdg;gLk; vd;fpwhu;.
[p.b. Ngha]; (G D. Boaz) - “xU jdpkdpjd; nghJthf tho;fi ; fapy; ngwf;$ba
gof;ftof;fq;fs;> mwpT> kdg;ghd;ik Mfpatw;iwj; juf;$ba xU nray; KiwNa fw;wy;
vdg;gLk;”.

6.3 fw;wypd; jd;ikAk;> Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

fw;wypd; jd;ikfs;> fw;wypd; Kf;fpag; gz;Gfs;
• fw;wy; midj;J capupfsplKk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• fw;wy; njhlu;r;rpahdJ.
• fw;wyhy; elj;ij nrk;ikailfpwJ.
• fw;wy; Nehf;fj;NjhL $baJ. xU khztd; gs;spapYk;> gs;spf;F ntspNaAk;
fw;ff;$bait> Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> kdepiwT Mfpatw;NwhL neUq;fpa njhlu;Gilait>
Nehf;fkpy;yhky; ahUk; vijAk; fw;gjpy;iy.
• fw;wy; gd;Kfk; nfhz;lJ. ekJ gy;NtW fw;wy;fs; xUq;fpize;jit. Ma;T
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf cstpayhsu;fs; gy;tif fw;wy;fis-nrhy; rhu;e;j fw;wy;>
Gyd;fhl;rp fw;wy;> clypaf;ff; fw;wy;> fUj;jikTf; fw;wy;> kdntOr;rpf; fw;wy;>
gpur;rpidiaj; jPuf
; ;ff; fw;wy; vd; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. ,t;thW NtWgLj;jpf;
fhl;Ljy; nraw;ifj;jdkhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; fw;wiyg; Gupe;J nfhs;s cjTfpd;wd.
• fw;wy; mDgtq;fshy; tpistJ. vdNt> fw;wy; vd;gJ gpwuhy; mspg;gJ md;W>
Ra mDgtq;fs; thapyhf xt;nthUtUk; Kad;W miltJ.

fw;wypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
kdpj elj;ijf;F mbg;gilahf miktJ fw;wNy. ehk; NgRk; nkhop> ekJ gof;f
tof;fk;> ek;gpf;if> kdg;ghd;ik> ,yl;rpak;> nfhs;if> MSik Fzk;> Gyd;fhl;rp Mfpa
midj;jpYk; fw;wy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. Rthrpj;jy;> fz; rpkpl;Ljy;> jhaplk; ghy;
mUe;Jjy;> fhy; iffis cijj;jy;> xypnaOg;Gjy; Nghd;w kpfr;rpy ,ay;G
Cf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijahdJ> fw;wypd; fhuzkhfNt> jdJ Rw;Wr;
R+oiyf; ifahs;tjpy; Nkk;gl;l elj;ijia ntspg;gLj;j KbfpwJ> ,jd; fhuzkhfNt

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mf;Foe;ij jdpj;J ,aq;FtjpYk;> Rarhu;Gilajhf khWtjpYk; ntw;wp ngWfpwJ. kw;w

capupdq;fisf; fhl;bYk; Foe;ijjhd; mjpf fhyk; ngw;Nwhupd; guhkupg;gpy; tsu;fpd;wJ.
vdNt jdJ fw;wy; Mw;wyhy; kdpjf; Foe;ij gpw capupfis tplrpwg;Gw;W typik
kpf;fjhfj; jpfo KbfpwJ.

6.4 fw;wypd; tiffs;

fw;wypd; tiffs;; fw;Fk; gzpapd;; jd;ikiaAk;> fw;gtupd; fw;Fk; Mw;wiyAk;
nghWj;J gy;NtW tpjkhd fw;wy;fs; Vw;glf; $Lk;> fw;Fk; tiffspy; Kf;fpakhdit:
 nra;jpwd; fw;wy; (Skill Learning)
clypaf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xLjy;> Fjpj;jy;> ePe;Jjy;> xtpak;
tiujy;> eldkhLjy;> tpisahLjy;> thfdk; xl;Ljy; Nghd;w gy;NtW tpjkhd
jpwd;fSk; jhu;z;ilf;fpd; Kad;W jtwpf; fw;wy; Nfhl;ghLgb fw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
 Gyd;fhl;rpf; fw;wy; (Perceptual Learning)
ek; gzpapd;; cl;$Wfs; mike;Js;s tpjj;ijAk;> mit vt;thW xUq;fpize;J
nray;gLfpd;wd vd;gijAk; mwpe;Jzu;tjd; %yk; fw;wy;.
 nghJikf;fUj;Jtopf; fw;wy; (Conceptual Learning)
fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fs; my;yJ fhl;rpfs; ,tw;wpw;F ,ilNa czug;gLk;
nghJg;gz;gpw;fhd ngaNu nghJikf; fUj;J (Concept) vd;W ngau;. kdg;ghd;ik>
kw;Wk; Mu;tk; Mfpatw;iw> Mf;fepiyapUj;jk; %yk; fw;wy;.
 gpd;gw;wpf; fw;wy; (Imitational Learning)
,t;tifapy; mike;jJjhd nkhopf;fw;wy;;. Foe;ijfs;> ngw;Nwhu;fs; NgRtij
cd;dpg;ghf ftdpj;J mNjNghd;W jpUk;g Ngrf; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdH.
 cw;W Nehf;fpf; fw;wy; (observational Learning)
,t;tiff; fw;wYf;Fk;> ghu;j;jtw;iw mNjkhjpup jpUk;gr; nra;af; fw;wYf;Fk; cs;s
Kf;fpa NtWghL> cw;W Nehf;fpf; fw;wypy; jhd; ghu;j;jJ khjpup jpUk;g nra;af;
fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ jdf;nfd;W xU ghzp cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tJjhd;.
r%fj;jpy; ehk; ,aq;ff; fw;Wf; nfhs;tJ cw;W Nehf;fpf; fw;wy; tifiar;
rhu;e;jJ.

6.5 jhu;z;ilf;fpd; Kad;W jtwpf; fw;wy;

jhu;z;ilf;F (Thorandike. 1881-1938) xu; mnkupf;ff; fy;tp cstpayhu; Mthu;. ,tu;
nkhope;j fw;wy; Nfhl;ghL Kad;W jtwpf; fw;wy; vd;gjhFk;. mtu; xU $z;bDs; (Puzzle
Box) grpj;j G+idia itj;Jr; Nrhjid nra;J> jdJ fw;wy; Nfhl;ghl;bid ntspapl;lhu;.
jhu;z;ilf;fpd; fUj;Jg;gb> J}z;lYf;Fk;> Jyq;fYf;Fk; cs;s cwit tYg;gLj;JtNj
fw;wy; vdg;gLk;. Kad;W jtwpf; fw;Fk; NghJjhd; J}z;lYf;Fk;> Jyq;fYf;FKs;s
njhlu;G tYg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> Kad;W jtwpf; fw;Fk;NghJ> rupahd Jyq;fy;
tYg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ kl;Lkpy;yhky;> jtwhd Jyq;fy; ePf;fg;gLfpwJ. jhu;z;ilf;fpd;
fUj;Jg;gb> ve;jnthU elj;ijAk; my;yJ fw;wiyAk; J}z;ly;-Jyq;fy; (S-R Units) vd;w
mbg;gil myFf;Ff; Fiwf;f KbAk;. vdNt> jhu;z;ilf;F fw;wypy; elj;ijf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gjhy;> ,tu; elj;ijf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu; Mfpwhu;.

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6.6 jhu;z;ilf;fpd; fw;wy; tpjpfs;

fw;wypd;NghJ> jtwhd Jyq;fy; ePf;fg;gl;L> rupahd Jyq;fy;fs; tYg;gLj;jg;gLtij
tpsf;fplj; jhu;z;ilf;F %d;W mbg;gilahd fw;wy; tpjpfis ntspapl;lhu;. mit:
 tpisT tpjp (Law of Effect)
jhu;z;ilf;fpd; Kjy; fw;wy; tpjpapd;gb> kfpo;tpf;ff; $ba tpisTfshy;> Gjpa
elj;ijapYs;s J}z;lYk;> Jyq;fYk; tYg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy;>
jpUg;jpaspf;fhj my;yJ kfpo;tspf;fhj tpisTfshy;> elj;ijapYs;s
J}z;lYf;Fk;> Jyq;fYf;FKs;s cwT tYtpof;fpwJ. ,ijNa> ,d;ndhU
tifapYk; $wyhk;> mjhtJ> gupR fpilf;Fk; tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk; elj;ij
tYg;gLfpwJ. jz;lid fpilf;Fk; tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk; elj;ij kiwfpwJ.
 gapw;rp tpjp (Law of Exercise)
jhu;zilf;fpd; ,uz;lhtJ fw;wy; tpjpapd;gb xU nraiyj; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g
nra;Ak;NghJ> J}z;lYf;Fk;> Jyq;fYf;FKs;s cwT tYg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ
gapw;rpahdJ Gjpa elj;ijiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
 Maj;j tpjp (Law of Readiness)
jhu;z;ilf;fpd; %d;whtJ fw;wy; tpjpapd; gb> fw;Nghupd; Maj;j epiy J}z;ly;>
Jyq;fiy tYg;gLj;JfpwJ. fw;Nghupd; Maj;jkw;w epiyapy; J}z;ly;> Jyq;fy;
cwT tYtpof;fpwJ.

jhu;z;ilf;fpd; Nrhjid
jhu;z;ilf;fpd; fw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfis mtu; nra;j $z;Lg; ngl;br; (Puzzle Trial and error
learning) Nrhjidahy; mwpayhk;. jhu;z;ilf;fpd; $z;Lg;ngl;b fz;zhbahyhdJ.
fz;zhbg; ngl;bapy; xU EZf;fkhd jho;g;ghs; cs;sJ. mij ,Oj;jhy;> fz;zhbg;
ngl;bapd; fjT jpwe;JtpLk;> mg;ngl;bf;F ntspNa itf;fg;gLk; czitf; fz;zhbg;
ngl;bf;Fs;spUe;J fhz ,aYk;. ,r;Nrhjidapy;> xU grpAs;s G+id fz;zhbg;
ngl;bf;Fs; itf;fg;gl;lJ. mUfpy;> fpz;zj;jpy; kPd; czT ngl;bf;F ntspNa
itf;fg;gl;lJ. grpnaLj;j G+id> $z;Lf;Fs; mq;Fkpq;Fk; xbaJ. ngl;b jpwf;fg;gltpy;iy.
mt;thW ngl;bf;Fs; G+id miyAk; NghJ jw;nrayhfj; jho;g;ghis G+id jl;btpl>
fz;zhbg; ngl;bapd; fjT jpwf;f> G+id ntspNa te;jJ. czT fpilj;jJ. ,Nj
Nrhjid gy ehl;fs; njhlu;eJ ; nra;ag;gl;lJ. gpd;du; te;j ehl;fspy;> G+id mq;Fkpq;Fk;
xlhky; fjitj; jpwg;gjw;fhd fk;gpia vspjpy; ,Oj;jJ. ,r;Nrhjidapy;> G+id Kad;W
jtwpf; fw;wy; Kiwapy; fz;zhbf; fjitj; jpwf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

vspjhff; fjitj; jpwf;Fk; nrayhdJ> G+idaplk; tYg;glf; fhuzk; G+id grpNahL

,Ue;jjhYk; (Maj;j tpjp) G+idf;F czT fpilj;jjhYk; (tpisT tpjp) gy Kiw G+id
jpUk;gj; jpUk;g Kad;wjhYk; (gapw;rp tpjp) vdf;$wyhk;> vdj; jhu;z;ilf;F KbT
nra;jhu;. fy;tpg; gad;fs; jhu;z;ilf;fpd;> fw;wy; Nfhl;ghl;bdhy;> Mrpupau;> jdJ fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfisf;> fPo;f;fz;lthW khw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mit:

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 khztupd; Maj;j epiyf;Nfw;g fw;gpj;jy;

xt;nthU nraiyj; jpwk;glr; nra;tjw;Fk;> mjw;Fupa cly;rhu;e;j Kjpu;r;rp
mtrpak;. vOj;Jg;gapw;rp> tpisahl;Lg; gapw;rp Mfpa nray;fspy; khztu;fis
<LgLj;Jtjw;F Kd;du;> nray;fisr; nra;tjw;F cupa cly;rhu;e;j Kjpu;r;rp
mtrpak;. xU ghlf;fUj;jpidf; fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;FKd;. mf;fUj;jpidf; fw;Wg;
GupAk; mstpw;F khztu;fsplk; kd Maj;jj;ij Mrpupau;fs; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;
 fw;gpj;jypy; gupRk;> jz;lidAk;;
Mrpupau; khztuplk; vd;d elj;ijia tYg;gLj;j tpUk;Gfpd;whNwh> me;elj;ijia
khztu; ntspg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> mk;khztUf;F Mrpupau; gupRfs;> ghul;Ljy;>
Gfo;jy; Mfpad toq;fpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. khztuplk; vd;d elj;ijia ePf;fpl
tpUk;Gfpd;whNwh> me;elj;ijia khztu; ntspg;gLj;Jk; NghJ Mrpupau; jz;lid>
,fo;jy;> fLQ;nrhy; Mfpatw;iw toq;fpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 mjpfkhd gapw;rpfs; toq;Fjy;;
khztu;fsplk; xU elj;ij nrk;ikGw Ntz;Lnkdpy;> mk;khztu;fs; fw;Fk; Gjpa
nraypy; kpFe;j gapw;rpfis Mrpupau; toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 Cf;Ftpj;jYk;> Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;LjYk;;
xU Gjpa nraiyf; fw;gjw;fhd mtrpaj;ij khztuplk; Mrpupau; tpsf;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;. fw;wypd; kPJ khztu;fSf;Fj; tpUg;igAk;> Mu;tj;ijAk; Mrpupau;
Cl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
 njspthd fw;wy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;;
khztu;fs; mila Ntz;ba fw;wy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; khztupd; jpwikiar;
Nrhjpg;gjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;> rpwg;ghd fw;wy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fshy; khztu;fs;
Cf;fk; ngWtjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

6.8 ght;Nyhtpd; gioa Mf;f epiyapWj;jy;

ght;Nyhtpd;-gioa Mf;f epiyapWj;jy; vd;gJ Xu; mbg;gilahd fw;wy; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
,f;Nfhl;ghl;bid u\;a ehl;L clypay; mwpQuhd ght;Nyht; (Ivan Pavlov - 849-1936). xU
ehapid itj;Jr; Nrhjid elj;jp ntspapl;lhu;. Mf;f epiyapWj;jy;. Fwpj;J> ,d;W gy
Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfs; ntspte;Js;sd. ,d;iwa Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfSf;F ght;Nyhtpd; Nfhl;ghL
Kd;NdhbahfTk;> mbg;gilahfTk; tpsq;Ftjhy;> ,J gioa Mf;fepiyapWj;jy;
vdg;gLfpwJ. xU nraw;ifahd Gwj;J}z;lYf;F> ,aw;ifj; Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
gioa Mf;fepiyapWj;jy; vdg;gLk;.

ght;Nyht; Nrhjid
ght;Nyht; Nrhjid; Mf;f epiyapWj;jy; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis ght;Nyht; ehapid
itj;J elj;jpa Nrhjidahy; ed;F tpsf;fpl KbAk;. eha; xd;wpid $z;bw;Fs; itj;J>
mjd; thapy; Ruf;Fk; ckpo;ePupid msf;Fk; fUtp xd;W ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. $z;bw;Fr; rw;W
njhiytpy; kzpnahd;W fl;lg;gl;L kzpnahyp Nfl;FkhW mbf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. Kjypy;
eha; kzpnahypf;F ckpo;ePupidr; Ruf;ftpy;iy. ,uz;lhk; kzpnahyp VJk; vOg;ghky;
eha;f;F czT mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;nghOJ eha; czitf; fz;lJk; ckpo;ePupidr;
Rue;jJ. %d;whtjhf> kzpnahyp vOg;gpa rpy tpdhbfspy;> eha;f;F czT toq;fg;gl;l
czitf; fz;lJk;> eha; ckpo;euP pidr; Rue;jJ. gy ehl;fSf;F kzpnahyp vOg;gp>

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clNd eha;f;F czT mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;epfo;r;rp> njhlu;r;rpahfg; gy ehl;fs; ele;jJ.

ehd;fhtjhf> kzpnahyp kl;Lk; vOg;gg;gl;lJ> eha;f;F czT VJk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy.
,e;epiyapy; eha; kzpnahyp Nfl;lTld; ckpo;ePupidr; Rue;jJ. mjhtJ> czT juhky;
$l> eha; kzpnahyp Nfl;lTld; ckpo;ePupidr; Ruf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. Kjd; Kjypy;
kzpnahyp Nfl;lhy;> ckpo;ePupidr; Ruf;fj; njupahj eha;> mNj kzpnahypf;F
ckpo;ePupidr; Ruf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. ,r;Nrhjidapy;> czTf;F (,aw;ifg;
Gwj;J}z;ly;) kl;Lk; ckpo;ePupidr; Ruf;ff; fw;wpUe;j eha;> kzpnahypf;Fk; (nraw;ifg;
Gwj;J}z;ly;) ckpo;euP pidr; Ruf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. gioa Mf;fpepiyapWj;jk;
vdg;gLfpwJ> ,jpy; eha; jd; tpUg;Gf;F cl;glhj nraiyf; (kzpnahypf;F ckpo;ePu;
Rug;gJ) fw;Wf; nfhz;Ltpl;lJ. ght;Nyht; Nrhjidapd; nray;Kiwfis fPo;fz;lthW
RUf;fkhf tpsf;fyhk;>

J}z;ly; Jyq;fy;
czT ckpo;ePu; Ruj;jy;
czT kzpnahyp ckpo;ePu; Ruj;jy;
kzpnahyp ckpo;ePu; Ruj;jy;

,jpy; czT vd;gJ ,aw;ifg; Gwj;J}z;ly;> kzpnahyp vd;gJ nraw;ifg; Gwj;

J}z;ly; MFk;.

fy;tpg; gad;fs;
 miog;G kzpf;F vOe;J nrd;W fjitj; jpwj;jy;> rptg;G tpsf;ifg; ghu;j;jTld;
tz;bia epWj;Jjy; Nghd;w elj;ijfis gioa Mf;fepiyapWj;jy; topNa ehk;
fw;Wf; nfhs;fpNwhk;.
 Foe;ijapd; jtwhd kdntOr;rpfisAk;> gaTzu;TfisAk; fz;lwpe;J mtw;iw
ePf;Ftjw;F Mrpupau; KaYjy; Ntz;Lk;

6.8 ];fpd;dupd; nray;ghL Mf;fepiyapWj;jk;

gp. vg;. ];fpd;du; (B. F Skinner) Xu; mnkupf;f cstpayhsu;>
elj;ijapay; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;.
`hu;Ntu;L gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; cstpay; Jiwapy;
Nguhrpupauhf gzpGupe;jhu;> mtu; jd;Dila Kidtu; gl;lj;ij
`hu;Ntu;L gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; ,Ue;J 1939Mk; Mz;L ngw;whu;.
];fpd;du; kpd;dpnrhl;lh kw;Wk; ,z;bahd gy;fiyf;

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fofq;fspYk; Ngurpupauhfg; gzpGupe;jhu;. mtu; jdJ tho;ehspy; filrp ehl;fspy; $l

cstpay; njhlu;ghd nray;ghLfspy; vOtjpYk;> nrhy;tjpYk;> nrhw;nghoptpYk; <Lgl;lhu;.
];fpd;du; jdJ gilg;Gfs; gw;wp ,wg;gjw;F gjpide;J epkplq;fSf;F Kd;G $l
nrhw;nghopT Mw;wpnfhz;bUe;jhu;. ,wg;gjw;F rpy ehl;fSf;F Kd;G mtUf;F mnkupf;f
cstpay; rq;fk; tho;ehs; rhjidahsu; tpUJ toq;fp fTutpj;jJ> tYT+l;liy
nrk;ikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;why; J}z;ly; tYTs;sjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ijg;
giwrhw;wpdhu;. nray;gL Mf;fepiyAWj;jy; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gupNrhjid %yk; ep&gpj;jhu;.
elj;ijapay; njhlu;Gila fUj;Jfis mtu; jhk; vOjpa ,Ugj;njhU Gj;jfq;fspYk; 180
rpW fl;LiufspYk; ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
,t;tiff; fw;wypy;> fw;gtNu ,aq;fpr; nray;gLtjhy; ,J nray;gL
Mf;fepiyapWj;jy; vdg;gLfpwJ> nray;gL Mf;f epiyapWj;jy; vd;Dk; fy;tpf; Nfhl;ghL>
fw;gtu; jd; tpUg;gKld; ,aq;fp ntspg;gLj;Jk; nray;fisg; gw;wp tpsq;FfpwJ. fw;gtupd;
xU nraiyg; ghuhl;bg; gupR - je;jhy;> mtu; mr;nraiy mtu; jpUk;gTk; nra;thu; vd;gJ
];fpd;du; fy;tpf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilahFk;. ];fpd;du;> Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> nray;gL
Mf;fepiyapWj;jy; eilngw %d;W ntspf;fl;Lg;ghLfs; mtrpak;. mit:
 fw;gtupd; nra;iy tYg;gLj;jpl xU J}z;ly; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
 fw;gtu; nraiy ntspg;gLj;jpaTld; mj;J}z;ly; toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;
 nray; ntspg;gLk; xt;nthU KiwAk; mj;J}z;ly; njhlu;e;J gyKiw
toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;
,j;jifa fw;wypy; fw;gtNu xU nraiyr; nra;jy; my;yJ ,af;Fjy; Xu; cs;
fl;Lg;ghlhFk;.

6.9 ];fpd;du; Nrhjidapd; fy;tpg; gad;fs;

];fpd;du; Nrhjidg; ngl;bapy; vypia tpl;lTld;> nfhf;fpia mOj;jp czitg;
ngWtJ vd;gJ njupahky; vyp> mq;Fkpq;Fk; XbaJ mt;thW XLk;NghJ> vjpu;ghuhj
tpjkhff; nfhf;fpia vyp mOj;jpl vypf;F czT fpilj;jJ. czit cz;l vyp NkYk;
ngl;bf;Fs; Xba nghOJ nfhf;fpia mOj;j> vypf;F kPz;Lk; czT fpilj;jJ. ,Jtiu>
nfhf;fpia mOj;jpdhy; czT fpilf;Fk; vd;gijf; fw;Wf; nfhs;shjpUe;j vyp>
mr;nraiyf; fw;fpwJ. gpd;G czT Ntz;Lk;Nghnjy;yhk; mq;Fkpq;Fk; Xlhky; Neubahff;
nfhf;fpia mOj;jp czitg; ngWtijf; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,r;Nrhjidapy;> nfhf;fpia
mOj;Jjy; vd;w nraiyr; (operant) nra;a> czTjhd; J}z;lyhf (Stimulus)
tpsq;FfpwJ. nfhf;fpia mOj;Jk;Nghnjy;yhk; czT vd;w gupR fpilj;J tpLtjhy;
nfhf;fpia mOj;Jk;NghJ vypf;F czT fpilf;fhky; ,Ue;jpUf;FNkahdhy; nfhf;fpia
mOj;Jk; nraiy vyp vspjpy; fw;wpUf;f KbahJ vd;gJ ];fpd;dupd; fUj;J. fy;tpg;
gad;fs; ];fpd;dupd; nray;gL Mf;fepiyapWj;jy;> MrpupaUf;Fg; Gjpa gapw;rpfisAk;
gad;fisAk; je;Js;sJ. mit:
fw;wy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; jahupj;jYk;> fw;gpj;jYk;;
Mrpupau; elj;j Ntz;ba ghlg;nghUisr; rpwpa fUj;Jfshf gpupj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;
Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU fUj;jpidAk;> khztupd; nra;iffspy; ntspg;gLk; elj;ijahf
tiuaWj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. MrpupauJ fhzf;$ba khztupd; elj;ijfNs fw;gpj;jy;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; MFk;. ,f;Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mwpTf;Fj; jFe;j tifapy; tupirg;gLj;jp
Mrpupau; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU fw;gpj;jy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; khztu; tupirahff;
fw;WjNju; Ntz;Lk;.

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gupR my;yJ tYT+l;lk; toq;Fjy;;

gpd;D}l;lk; toq;Fjy; (Feedback)
khztu; rupahd tpil jUk; Nghnjy;yhk;> cldbahf mk;khztUf;Fr; rpwpa gupR
my;yJ Gfo;r;rp; tYT+l;lkhff; (Reinforcement) fpilf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLgth;
Mrpupau; tFg;giwapy; ghlk; fw;gpg;gtu; vd;gijj;jhz;b ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpLgtH; vd;w
epiy cUthfpwJ.

Mrpupau;-khztu; re;jpg;G
fw;Fk; E}y;fNsh> fw;gpj;jy; fUtpfNsh khztUf;Ff; fpilj;Jtpl;lhy; mk;khztu;
Mrpupaiur; re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;Ng ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpLk;.

fw;wy; tsikak;;
fw;Fk; E}y;> fw;gpj;jy; fUtpfs; Mfpad ,Ue;Jtpl;lhy;> ,g;nghOJ gs;spfspy;
fhzg;gLk; tprhykhd miwfisg; Nghy; VJk; NjitapuhJ. tFg;giw xU fw;wy;
tsq;fisf; nfhz;l ikakhFk;.
R+oiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;;
xU khztupd; elj;ijia khw;w tpioAk; Mrpupau; R+oiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpd; topNa
khztupd; elj;ijia khw;w KbAk;.

Nfh`;yupd; cl;fhl;rpf; fw;wy;

Nfh`;yupd; xU n[u;khdpa cstpayhu;. ,tu; $wpa fw;wy; Nfhl;ghL cl;fhl;rpf; fw;wy;
vdg;gLfpwJ. ,tu; kdpjf; Fuq;Ffis itj;Jj; jd; Nrhjidfisr; nra;jhu;. ,tUila
fw;wy; Nfhl;ghlhdJ> gpd;du; Njhd;wpa gy mwpjy; rhu;e;j fw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F
Kd;NdhbahdjhFk;. fw;wyhdJ tYT+l;Lk; J}z;lyhy; epfOk; elj;ij my;y vd;gJ
Nfh`yupd; fUj;jhFk;. khwhf> Gwr;R+oypy; cs;s J}z;ly;fis NtWgLj;jpAk;> mtw;iw
njhlu;gLj;jpAk; fhZjy; cl;fhl;rpf; fw;wy; vdg;gLk;. cl;fhl;rpf; fw; wypy;> xU Foe;ij
xU rpf;fYf;fhd jPui; tj; jhNd fz;Lgpbf;fpwJ. ,jpy; Gwr;R+oypYs;s xU rpf;fy; Gupe;J
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. fw;wYf;F mbg;gilahf cl;fhl;rp (Insight) my;yJ rpe;jid
tpsq;FfpwJ.
Nfh`;yupd; Nrhjid. fy;tpg;gad;fs;
Nfh`;yupd; Nrhjid: cl;fhl;rp gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis
Nfh`;yu; kdpjf;Fuq;fpid itj;J elj;jpa Nrhjidahy;
ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. Ry;jhd; (Sultan) vd;Dk;
mwpthw;wy; mjpfKs;s xU kdpjf; Fuq;F xU $z;by;
itf;fg;gl;lJ. $z;bw;F NkNy - Ry;jhDf;F vl;lhj
cauj;jpy; thiog;goq;fs; njhq;f tplg;gl;ld. $z;bw;Fs;
xuplj;jpy; ,U Fr;rpfs; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,it
xt;nthd;Wk; goj;jpw;F vl;lhj msTf;Ff; Fl;ilahdit.
,itapuz;bidAk; ,izj;J tpl;lhy; goj;ij vl;bj;njhLk;
tifapy; ePskhdit. ,U Fr;rpfSk; ,izg;gjw;F Vw;wthW
nra;ag;gl;lit. Kjypy; Ry;jhd; Fr;rpfis itj;Jg;
goj;ijj; njhl;lJ> goq;fs; vl;ltpy;iy. gpd;du; Ry;jhd;>

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mf;Fr;rpfis itj;J tpisahLk; NghJ> ,U Fr;rpfisAk; ,izj;J ePskhd Fr;rpahf;fpg;

ghu;j;jJ. mr;rkak; Ry;jhDf;F> cl;fhl;rpf; fw;wy; epfo;e;jJ. mjhtJ ePskhd Fr;rpiaf;
fUtpahfg;gad;gLj;jp goj;ij vl;l KbAk; vd;w cl;fhl;rp Ry;jhdplk; Njhd;wptpl;lJ.
,ize;j ePskhd Fr;rpahy;> Ry;jhd; goj;ijg; ngw;wJ> mLj;jLj;j ehl;fspYk;
,r;Nrhjid elj;jg;gl;ljpy; Ry;jhd; goj;ij vl;Ltjw;F vLj;Jf; nfhz;l Neuk; ntFthff;
Fiwe;jJ. ,r; Nrhjidapy;> Ry;jhd; goj;ijg; ngWtij Kad;W jtwpf; fw;ftpy;iy
vd;Wk;> Gwr;R+oypYs;s Fr;rpfSf;Fk>; goj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa Ry;jhd; njhlHGgLj;jpg;
ghu;j;jjhy; kl;LNk cl;fhl;rpf; fw;wy; epfo;e;jJ vd;Wk; Nfh`;yu; tpsq;fpdhu;.
fy;tpg;gad;fs; Nfh`;yupd; Nrhjid KbTfshdJ> Mrpupaupd; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapy; Gjpa
khWjy;fis typAWj;Jfpd;wd.

fy;tpg;gad;fs;
 Mrpupau; fw;wypy; cjtpahsu; (Facilitator of learning)
Mrpupau; khztupd; fw;wYf;F cjtf;$batu;. vdNt> Mrpupau; tskhd fw;wy;
R+oiy khztu;fSf;F mikj;Jj; jUjy; Ntz;Lk;. nra;jpfisj; fw;f;Fk; tpupTiu
Kiwia Mrpupau; iftpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 jhNd fw;wy; (Independent Study)
fw;wy; vd;gJ khzhf;fNu nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba nray;. vdNt> khztNu nra;J
fw;f Mrpupau; J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf> Mrpupau; gy nray; jpl;lq;fis
khztUf;F toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 rpf;fYf;F jPu;T fhzy; (Problem Solving);
khztu; jhdhfNt rpf;fYf;Fj; jPu;T fhZk; tifapy; Mrpupau; fw;wy; nray;fis
mikj;Jj; jUjy; Ntz;Lk;. khztNu fz;lwpe;J fw;Fk; Kiwia Mrpupau;
Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
 tpjpfisf; fhzf; fw;gpj;jy; (Inductive Reasoning)
Mrpupau; ghlk; elj;Jifapy;> tpjpfis Neubahff; $Wjy; $lhJ. Mrpupau;
tpjpfSf;Fupa rhd;Wfis kl;LNk jUjy; Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; jhq;fshfNt
tpjpfisf; fhZk; tifapy; fw;gpj;jy; mika Ntz;Lk;.
 KOikahd mDgtk; (Whole Experience);
khztu;fs; fz;Lgpbj;Jf; fw;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; mtu;fSf;Fg; Gwr;R+oypy;
KOikahd mDgtk; mtrpak;. ghlk; elj;Jtjw;F Kd;> ghlj;ijg; gw;wpa
KOikahd RUf;fk; jug;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ghlj;ijg; kw;wtw;Wld; njhlu;G
gLj;jpf;fw;f Ntz;Lk;.

6.10 fhf;Ndapd; mLf;Ff; fw;wy;

,uhgu;l; vk;>fhf;Nd xU mnkupf;f ehl;Lf; fy;tp cstpayhsu; Mthu;. ,tu; gs;spf;
Foe;ijfs; fw;Fk; tpjj;ij vd;gij tpsf;fpl xU fw;wy; Nfhl;ghl;bid toq;fpdhu;. mJ
gbepiyf; fw;wy; Nfhl;ghL vdg;gLfpwJ. fhf;Nd Nfhl;ghL fw;wiyg; gy gbepiyj; jd;ik
cilajhff; fUJfpwJ. mtupd; fUj;Jg;gb
 fw;wy; vd;gJ xNu xU elj;ij khw;wj;ij kl;Lk; Fwpg;gJ my;y> khwhf fw;wy;
vd;gJ gytpj elj;ij khw;wq;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

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 gbepiyf; fw;wy;> gy gbepiyj;jd;ik cilaJ. vdNt> cau;epiyapYs;s xU

fw;wy; epfo Ntz;Lkhdhy; mjd; fPo;epiyapYs;s gpw fw;wy; tiffis xUtu;
ed;F fw;Wj; Nju;e;jpUg;gJ mtrpak;
 fw;wy; vd;gJ elj;ijiaAk;> rpe;jidiaAk; cs;slf;fpa xU nray;

6.11 fhf;Ndapd; vl;Ltiff;fw;wy;-tpsf;fk;

fhf;Nd vd;Dk; fw;wy; mwpQu; fw;wy; R+oy;fs; vd;Dk; jdJ E}ypy; vl;L
tifahd fw;wy; tiffis - fw;wypy; vspjhf njhlq;fpr; rpf;fyhd fw;wy; tiu -
tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
FwpaPl;Lf; fw;wy;;

J}z;ly; Jyq;fy; fw;wy;

njhlu; nray; fw;wy;

nrhy; ,izj;Jf; fw;wy;

NtWgLj;jpf; fw;wy;;

fUe;Jisf; fw;wy;;

nfhs;iffisf; fw;wy;;

rpf;fYf;Fj; jPu;T Kyk; fw;wy;;

 FwpaPl;Lf; fw;wy;;
xU FwpaPl;Lf;F kdntOr;rpj; Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jjy;> FwpaPl;Lf; fw;wy;
vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; xU J}z;lYf;Fg; gjpypahf kjpg;G tpsq;Fk; FwpaPl;Lj; Jyq;fy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 J}z;ly; Jyq;fy; fw;wy;;
xU J}z;lYf;F clypd; jir cWg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; Fwpg;gpl;l njspthd
Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jjy; J}z;ly; Jyq;fy; fw;wy; (Stimulus-Respense Learning)
vdg;gLk;.
 njhlu; nray; fw;wy;
Kd;dNu fw;wpUe;j gy J}z;ly; Jyq;fy;fis xd;whf ,izj;Jg; Gjpa Jyq;fiy
ntspg;gLj;Jjy; njhlu; nray; fw;wy; (Chain 1.earning) vdg;gLk;.
 nrhy; ,izj;Jf; fw;wy;;
xU J}z;lYf;F cupa nrhy;iy mj;J}z;ly; cld; ,izj;Jr; nrhy;yf; fw;gJ
nrhy; ,izj;Jf; fw;wy; (Verbal Association) vdg;gLk;.(c-k;): xU nghUisg;
ngaupl;L mioj;jy;;.
 NtWgLj;jpf; fw;wy;;
xNu khjpupahd J}z;ly; njhFjpfisAila nghUs;fspy; my;yJ kdpju;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; Gw NtWghLfis itj;J> mjw;Nfw;wthW ntt;NtW Jyq;fiy
ntspg;gLj;Jjy; NtWgLj;jpf; fw;wy; (Discriminatin Learning) vdg;gLk;.(c-k;):
khztiu Mrpupau; rupahfg; ngau; nrhy;yp milahsk; fhZjy;.
 fUe;Jisf; fw;wy;;
nghJthd Ez;ikg; gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; kdpju;fisAk;> nghUs;fisAk;
tifg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ fUj;Jikaf; fw;wy; (Concept Learning) vdg;gLk;. ,q;F
nghJikf; fUj;J cUthfpwJ. (c-k;): kdpju;fs;>tpyq;Ffs; vd tifg;gLj;Jjy;.
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 nfhs;iffisf; fw;wy;;
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fUj;JfSf;F ,ilNaAs;s njhlu;gpidg; Gupe;J
nfhs;Sjy;> nfhs;iffisf; (Principle learning) vdg;gLk;.(c-k;): capH tho czT
mtrpak;.
 rpf;fYf;Fj; jPu;T Kyk; fw;wy;;
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l fUj;Jfs;> tpjpfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp> Kw;wpYk; Gjpa
rpf;fYf;F tpil fhZjy;> rpf;fYf;Fj; jPu;T Kyk; fw;wy; (Problem Solving)
vdg;gLk;.(c-k;): fzf;fpw;F jPu;T fhZjy;>

6.12 fw;wy; ghijfs; my;yJ fw;wy; tisNfhLfs;

fw;wypd; tsu;r;rpia xU tiuglkhf tpsf;Fjy; fw;wy; tisNfhL MFk;. ,jid
fw;wy; ghij vd;Wk;> gapw;rpg;ghij vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLtJz;L. fw;wy; ghijapd; cUtk;
fw;Fk; tpjj;ijg; nghWj;jJ. midtuJ fw;wy; ghijAk; xNu khjpupahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
xUtu; vj;jifa nraiyf; fw;fpwhu;> mtuJ fw;Fk; jpwd; vj;jd;ikaJ> mtuJ Mu;tk;
vj;jifaJ vd;gtw;iwg; nghWj;Nj mtuJ fw;wy; ghij mikAk;. %tif fw;wy;
tisNfhLfs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
cld;ghl;L Kiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; mike;j (Positively Accelerated). fw;wy; tisNfhL
thu;j;ijfis kdg;ghlk; nra;jy;> nra;jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Kbj;JtpLk; vspa
Ntiyfs; Nghd;wtw;iw nra;jpLk;NghJ ,j;jifa tisNfhl;bidg; ngWfpNwhk;. ,j;jifa
tisNfhl;by; fw;wypd; gapw;rpf;fhyk; mjpfupf;f mjpfupf;f> tpisgaDk; mjpfupj;Jf;
nfhz;Nl nry;Yk;.
vjpu;khwhd Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lk; fw;wy; tisNfhL Muk;g epiyapy; fw;wypd;
tpisgad; mjpfkhfTk;> Nghfg; Nghf tpisgad; Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl nry;Yk; epiyapidf;
fhl;Lk; tiuglk;> vjpu;khwhd Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lk; fw;wy; tisNfhL vdg;gLk;> fw;Fk;
nghUs; Nghfg;Nghff; fbdkhdjhf mike;jpUg;gJk;> njhlf;fj;jpy; vspatw;iwf; fw;Wg;
gpwF fbdkhdtw;iwf; fw;f Kw;gLtJk;> fw;wy; njhlq;fpaNghJ fhzg;gl;l Mu;tk;
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Fiwe;jpLtJk; vjpu;khwhd Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lk; kw;Wk; tisNfhL
miktjw;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;.

6.13 mikg;G nfhz;l fw;wy;

fw;wypy; Vw;w ,wf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L mikAk;NghJ> mjd; mbg;gilapy; ngwg;gLk;
fw;wy; tisNfhL mikg;G nfhz;ljhapUf;Fk;. fw;wypd; Muk;g epiyapy; mjpf
Kd;Ndw;wkpd;wp Rzf;fepiy Vw;gLfpwJ. fw;gtUf;F mf;fhupak; mjpf gupr;rak;
,y;yhjjhYk;> mg;gzpf;F jd;id jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;shjjhYk; fhyjhkjk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
ehd; fw;wypy; fdprkhd Neuk; <LgLk;NghJ> gapw;rpapd; fhuzkhf> fhyjhkjkpd;wp fhupak;
kpfr; Rygkhf mjpf Ntfj;Jld; fw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
,ijj; njhlu;eJ; > fw;wypy; Njf;fepiy Vw;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ fw;wypy; mjpf gyd;
,d;wp> Vw;w-,wf;fk; ,d;wp xNu epiyapy; fw;wypd; gyd; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjhtJ> gapw;rp
mjpfupg;gpdhy; Nju;r;rp epiyapy; khw;wk; ,y;yhjJ Nghd;w Njhw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ.
Njf;fepiyapy; kdk; jsuhky; gapw;rpapy; <LgLk;NghJ rPuhd Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlu;eJ ;
Vw;gLfpwJ. rPuhd Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj; njhlu;eJ; cr;r epiy milfpwJ. ,J egUf;F egu;
mstpy; khWgLfpwJ. cr;r epiyiaj; njhlu;eJ ; > jsu;T Vw;gl;L Nju;r;rp epiy
gbg;gbahff; Fiwa Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ.

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6.14 fw;wy; khw;wk;

fw;wy; khw;wk;; vd;gJ xU fw;wy; epfo;tpy; ngwg;gl;l mwpT> nra;jpwd;fs;> gof;fq;fs;>
kdg;ghd;ik Nghd;w ve;j mDgtf; $Wk; gpupnjhU fw;wy; epfo;Tf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;L>
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtNj fw;wy; khw;wk; vdg;gLk;. Ke;ija fw;wy; mDgtk; jw;Nghija
fw;wypy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;jpd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;J fw;wy; khw;wk; fPo;f;fz;lthW tifg;
gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd:
xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;ij ehk; fw;wgpd;du;> me;jg;ghlk; NtW xU ghlk; fw;Wf; nfhs;s
cjtpdhy; my;yJ vspjhf;fpdhy; mjid Neubf; fw;wy; khw;wk; (Psitive Transfer) vd;Nghk;>
(c-k;) irf;fps; Xl;l fw;Wf; nfhz;ltDf;F igf; Xl;lf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vspjhf
mikfpwJ.

6.15 vjpu;kiwf; fw;wy; khw;wk;

ehk; fw;w ghlk;> NtW xU ghlk; fw;Wf; nfhs;sj; jilahf ,Ue;jhy; my;yJ fw;Wf;
nfhs;tijf; fbdkhf;fpdhy; mjid vjpupil fw;wy; khw;wk; (Negative Transfer) vd;fpNwhk;.
(c-k;) gpwnkhopfisf; fw;gjpy; jha; nkhopapd; ghjpg;G.
g+[;a fw;wy; (0-Learning)
Kd;dh;; ehk; fw;w ghlk;> NtW xU ghlk; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ vt;tpjj; jhf;fj;ijAk;
Vw;gLj;jhky; ,Uj;jy;> mt;tpU fw;wy; epfo;TSf;fpilNa g+[;af;fw;wy; khw;wk;
Vw;gLtjhff; $WfpNwhk;>
(c-k;) 'gbg;gy; Nju;r;rp ngw;wtH;> fhH Xl;lf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; ve;jj; jhf;fj;ijAk;
Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy
fw;wy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;
jdJ fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfspd; %yk; khztu;fspilNa gapw;rp khw;wk;> mjpf msT epfo
Mrpupau; cjt KbAk;. ,jw;F gapw;rp khw;wk; khztu;fspilNa jhdhfNt epfof;$baJ
vd;W vz;zhky; MrpupaUk;> khztu;fSk; Kad;W miltNj vd;gij ed;F czu
Ntz;Lk;. ,g;Nghf;if fUj;jpy; nfhz;L Mrpupau; fPo;f;fz;l tFg;giw fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy;
eilKiwfisAk;> cj;jpfisAk; nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 gapw;rp khw;wj;jpw;F cjtf;$ba tifapy; ghlg;
nghUl;fis mikj;jYf;F Kjw;gb> fw;gpj;jYf;fhd
,yf;Ffis njspthf tiuaiw nra;jYk;>
,t;tpyf;Ffis elj;ijapd; mbg;gilapy; tptupj;jYk;
MFk;.
 gapw;rp khw;wkhdJ xU ghlj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l mwpT>
jpwd;fs; Nghd;wd Gjpa epiyikfspYk; gad;gLk; vd;w
kdepiyAk; mij Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.
 ghlg; nghUisAk;> ghlr; nray;fisAk; ed;F mikg;gjd; topNa ,tw;Ws; khw;wk;
ngwj;jf;ftw;iw khztH;fs;; Nju;e;njLj;Jf; ftdpj;jy; ,aYk;.
 Kbe;jtiu fw;gpj;jYf;Fr; nray;jpl;l Kiwia gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,J gy;NtW
ghlq;fisAk;> nray;fisAk; xUq;Nf ,izf;fpwJ.
 fw;wy; Vw;gl Ntz;ba tupirf;fpukj;ij Kjypy; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;G mjw;Fj; jFe;jthW fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;
 khztu;fspd; fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mtu;fSf;F clDf;Fld; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;
 xU nghJf;fUj;J> nghJtpjp my;yJ xU nray;Kiw Nghd;wtw;iw
khzhf;fu;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;ifapy;> xupU vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspd; topNa> ,tw;iw
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fw;gpj;jiyf; fhl;bYk; ,tw;Wf;fhd gyjpwg;gl;l vLj;Jf;fhl;LfisAk;

nray;fisAk; Mrpupau; gad;gLj;JtJ gapw;rp khw;wj;Jf;F cjTk;.
 fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;FKd; ghlj;jpd; midj;J fUj;JfisAk; gy;NtW jiyg;Gfspd;
fPo; tifg;gLj;jp KOikNehf;F Vw;gLk;gb> fUk;gyifapy; vOj Ntz;Lk;. ,J
Kd;$l;bNa tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l njhlu;Gila mikg;Gfshf ghlg;nghUis
khztu;fs; czu cjTk; ghlj;ij Kbf;Fk;NghJ kPs;ghHit nra;tJ ey;yJ.
 SQ3R Kiwia fw;wYf;Fg; gad;gLj;JtJ ey;yJ.
 xU fUj;ij khztu;fs; fw;fr; rpukg;gl;lhy;> mjid vspikg;gLj;jp> khw;wpaikj;J
toq;f Ntz;Lk;
 kw;w fw;wy; Kiwfistpl ,J rpwe;jjhf cs;sJ

6.16 epidTgLj;jYk;> kwjpAk;

epidTgLj;Jjy;; vd;gJ xt;nthU khztUk; jhd; fw;wtw;iw clNd kwe;Jtpl;lhy;
fw;gpg;gjhYk; fw;wyhYk; xU gaDkpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> xt;nthU khztUk; jhd;
fw;wtw;iwr; rpwpJ fhykhtJ epidtpy; ,Uj;jp itj;J> mtw;iwj; Njitg;gLk;NghJ
epidT $u;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupau; gad;gLj;Jk; rpy Kiwahd fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfshy;
khztu;fs; jhq;fs; fw;wtw;iw epidtpy; ,Uj;jp itj;J mtw;iwj; Njitg;gLk; NghJ
epidT $u;jy; ,aYk;.

epidtpy; epUj;jf; fw;Fk; Kiwfs;

gFjpahff; fw;wYk;> KOikahff; fw;wYk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghlk; midj;ijAk;> xU Neuj;jpy; gapw;rp nra;J fw;gJ> KOikahff;
fw;wy; vdg;gLk;. nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghlj;ijr; rpW rpW gFjpfshf gpupj;J xt;nthU gFjpahfg;
gapw;rp nra;J fw;gJ gFjpahff; fw;wy; vdg;gLk;. gFjpahfg; gpupj;Jf; fw;gjpy; Kjypy;
Kjy; ,uz;L gFjpfs; jdpj;jdpNa fw;fg;gLfpd;wd. gpd;du; mitapuz;Lk;> xd;whf;fg;gl;Lf;
fw;fg; gLfpwJ. gpd;du; 3Mk; gFjp jdpNa fw;fg;gLfpwJ. gpd;du;. ,J xd;W ,uz;L
Mfpatw;Wld; Nru;j;Jf;fw;fg;gLfpwJ. ,NjNghy;> ghlj;jpd; filrpg; gFjp tiuapYk;
fw;fg;gLfpwJ. nghJthf> ,k;Kiwapy; kdg;ghlg; gFjpia khztu;fs; kdg;ghlk;
nra;fpd;wdu;. ePz;l ehl;fSf;Fg; ghlf; fUj;ij epidtpy; itj;jpUf;f tpUk;GNthu;>
gFjpKiwf; fw;wiyg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Mdhy; Neuk; mjpfk; nrythFk;. rpwpJ ehl;fSf;F
kl;LNk ghlj;ij epidtpy; itj;jpUf;f tpUk;GNthu;> KOikahff; fw;wy; Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,jpy; kwjp mjpfk;; Mdhy;> Neuk; kpr;rkhFk;.
,ilaPl;Lf; fw;wYk;> ,ilaPlw;w fw;wYk;;
ghlk; midj;ijAk; xNu Neuj;jpy; xNu jlitapy; Neu ,ilntsp tplhkw; fw;gJ
,ilaPlw;w fw;wy; vdg;gLk;. nghJthf> khztu;fs; Nju;T ehl;fspy; ,k; Kiwapy;jhd; xU
ghlj;ij xupU ehl;fspy; fw;fpd;wdu;. cldbahf epidT $u;e;jpLjNy Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;
vdpy;> ,ilntsp tplhkw; fw;wNy rpwe;jjhFk;. ,jpy; fw;Fk; Neuk; xNuKiw vd;gjhy;>
Neuk; kpr;rkhfpwJ. ,k;Kiwapy; fw;fg;gLgit Ntfkhf kwe;J Nghfpd;wJ. nfhLf;fg;gl;l
ghlk; midj;ijAk; ,ilntsp tpl;Lk;> xa;T vLj;Jk; fw;gJ ,ilaPlw;w fw;wy; vdg;gLk;;
,jpy; fw;Fk; Neuk; rpy jlitfs; MFk;. ,k;Kiwapy; fw;fg;gLk; ghlkhdJ ePz;l ehs;
epidtpy; epw;Fk;. NkYk;> xt;nthU fw;wYf;Fk; Neu ,ilntsp ,Ug;gjhy; jtwhff; fw;gJ
jpUj;jg;gLfpwJ> MapDk;> ,k;Kiwapy; kpFe;j Neuk; nrythfpwJ.

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kpiff; fw;wy; (Over Learning);

kpiff; fw;wy; vd;gJ epidtpy; ed;F epw;Fk; xU fUj;ij NkYk; NkYk; fw;gjhFk;.
khztu;fs; ghlf; fUj;Jf;fis kpifahff; fw;Fk;NghJ> mit mtu;fspd; epidtpy;
ePz;lehs; epd;WtpLfpwJ. ,t;thW fw;wiy vspjpy; kwf;f KbahjjhfpwJ. ve;j Neuj;jpYk;
epidT$u;e;J nrhy;tJ vspikahfpwJ. vdNt Mrpupau; Kf;fpakhd tiuaiwfs;> ePz;l
ciufs;> mbg;gilahd ghlf; fUj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;iw kpifahff; fw;wpl khztu;fis
Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghlf;fUj;jpidj; jpUg;Gjy;;
ghlf; fUj;jpidg; gyKiw jpUg;gpg; ghu;g;gjhy; khztu;fs; mtw;iw ed;F epidtpy;
,Uj;jpf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. khztu;fs; mbf;fb gbj;jplTk;> mbf;fb jpUg;gpg; ghu;f;fTk;
Vw;wthW Mrpupau; mbf;fb Nju;T itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jhNd xg;gpj;Jg; ghu;jj ; y;> jhNd
tha;tpl;L xg;gpj;jy; vd;gJ ntWkNd thrpj;jiyf; fhl;bYk;> rpwe;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
jhNd xg;gpj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk; khztu;fs;> jq;fSila epidthw;wiy ed;F
tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;> khztu;fs; jkf;Fj; jhNk xg;gpj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> mtu;fs;
jq;fspd; jtw;wpidj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. ,jdhy; fw;wit epidtpy; epw;fpd;wd.
Mrpupau; jq;fs; khztu;fisj; jhNk nrhy;ypg; ghu;jJ ; g; goFkhW J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
gpd;D}l;lk; (Feedback)
khztu;fs; jhq;fs; vt;tsT rupahfg; ghlf; fUj;jpidf; fw;wpUf;fpNwhk; vd;w
nra;jpia Mrpupau; thapyhfj; njupe;J nfhs;Stjhy;> khztu;fs; fw;git ed;F epidtpy;
epw;fpd;wd. Mrpupau; jUfpd;w gpd;D}l;lj;jhy; khztu;fs; jq;fsJ fw;wypy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. NkYk; khztu;fs; jhq;fs; fw;wtw;wpy; cs;s Fiwfis
mwpe;J jpUj;jpf; nfhs;thu;fs;.
kwjp-tpsf;fk;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; fope;j gpd; epidtpy; jq;fhJ NghFk; ghlg;nghUspd; msT kwjp
(Forgeting) vdg;gLk;> xU Kiw fw;w nra;jp my;yJ ghlk;> gpd;; Njitg;gLk; NghJ>
epidT$u;e;jpl Kbahkw; NghtJ kwjp MFk;.
kwjp Vw;glf; fhuzq;fs;
xU khztu; jhd; fw;wtw;iw Vd; kwf;fpwhu; vd;gjw;f;F rpy cstpay; fhuzq;fs;
$wg;gLfpd;wd. mit:
ePz;l fhyk; gad;gLj;jhik
jhd; fw;wtw;iw xUtu; ePz;l fhykhfg; gad;gLj;jhky; ,Ue;jhy; kwjp Vw;gLfpwJ.
fhyk; fopAk;NghJ %isapy; gjpe;j epidTr; RtLfs; kiwtjhy; kwjp tpisfpwJ.
kdkfpo;r;rp juhj nra;jpfs; my;yJ epidj;jhy; Ntjid jUk; nra;jpfs; Nghd;wit>
mbkdj;jpy; typa mOj;jp itf;fg;gLtjhy; kwf;fbf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
kdntOr;rp epiy
xUtupd; kdntOr;rpfs; kwjpia cz;L gz;Zfpd;wd. xUtUf;F re;Njhrk;> Nfhgk;>
ctif Mfpadtw;why; kwjp Vw;gLfpwJ> vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ed;F gapd;w ghlk; Nju;tiwapy;
kwf;fg;gLtJk;> ed;F gapw;rp nra;jpUe;j Ngr;R> Nkil VwpaTld; kwe;J tpLtJk;
kdntOr;rpapd; fhuzNkahFk;.
FWf;fPLfs;;
Gjpajhff; fw;Fk; ghlKk;> Vw;fdNt fw;w gioa ghlKk; xd;iwnahd;W FWf;fPL
nra;J nfhs;tjhy;> kwjp Njhd;WfpwJ> ,U tiff; FWf;fL P fs; kwjpia cz;L
gz;Zfpd;wd. mit:

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Kd;Ndhf;Fj; jil: ,jpy; Kd;G fw;w gioa ghlk; Gjpa ghlj;ij kwf;fr; nra;fpwJ.
gpd;Ndhf;Fj; jil: ,jpy; ,g;NghJ fw;Fk; Gjpa ghlk;> gioa ghlj;ij kwf;fr;
nra;fpwJ. gpd;Ndhf;Fj; jil tpsf;fk; Gjpjhff; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; xU ghlk;> Kd;G fw;w
xU ghlj;ij epidTf;$u;e;jplj; jilahf miktJ gpd;Ndhf;Fj; jil (Retroactive -
Inhibition) vdg;gLk;. gpd;Ndhf;Fj; jilapy; ,d;W gbj;j ghlk; Vw;fdNt gbj;j ghlj;jpid
epidT$u;e;jplj; jilahf ,Uf;fpwJ. mjhtJ> Gjpa ghlk; gbj;jjhy;> gioa ghlk;
kwf;fpwJ gpd;Ndhf;Fj; jilahy;> Vw;fdNt fw;wtw;wpy; ,og;G Vw;gLfpwJ.

6.17 kwj;jy; tisNfhL

kwj;jy; tisNfhL epidtpypUj;jy; tisNfhL vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. fw;wy;
epfo;e;jgpd;> fhyk; nry;yr;nry;y kwj;jypd; msT vt;tpjk; cs;sJ vd;W mstpLjy;
MFk;. ,J ePz;l fhy epidtpw;Nf nghUe;Jk;. ,J fw;Fk; nghUSf;F Vw;g khWfpwJ.
nghUsw;w fw;wYf;F kwj;jy; tpfpjk; mjpfkhfTk;> nghUSzu;e;J fw;Fk; ftpij>
ciueil Mfpatw;wpw;F kpff; FiwthdjhfTk; Vw;gLfpwJ. tFg;giwr; nrhw;nghopTfs;>
fw;gpj;jy; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd kwj;jy; tpfpjk; njhlf;fj;jpy; kpf mjpfkhfTk;> fhyk;
mjpfupf;f mjpfupf;f FiwthfTk; fhzg;gLk;. vgpq;fh]; Nrhjidg;gb fw;wgpd; Kjy; xU
kzp Neuj;jpy; 1/2 gq;Fk;> 8 kzp Neuj;jpy; 2/3 gq;Fk;> xU tiuj;jpy; 4/5 gq;Fk;>
fw;wtw;wpy; kwe;J NghfpwJ. fy;Y}up tFg;gpd; 40 epkpl nrhw;nghopTf;Fg;gpd; khztu;fs;
62% fw;w nghUl;fisAk;> 3 ehl;fSf;Fg;gpd; 45%> 1 thuj;jpw;F gpd; 35%> 8 thuq;fSf;Fg;
gpd; 20% epidT $u;e;jdu;.

ehk; fw;wit xU NghJk; KOikahf kwe;J Nghtjpy;iy vd;gijAk; kwj;jy;

tisNfhl;bypUe;J mwpayhk;. vdNt> fw;wy; epiwTw;w mLj;j xU kzpNeuNk khztu;fs;
kdg;ghlk; nra;tjw;Fk;> kPl;Lzu;jypy; gapw;rp ngWtjw;Fk; cupa fhyk; vd;W Mrpupau;fs;
czu Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy;> mg;NghJjhd; kwj;jy; tpfpjk;> cau; epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; fhyk;.
mg;NghJ kPl;Lf; nfhzUk; gapw;rp> Nkw;nfhs;tjhy; kwj;jiyj; jLj;J epWj;j KbAk;.

epidtpid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
 vijf; fw;whYk; fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mu;tk; my;yJ Cf;fj;NjhL fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
 nghUSzu;e;J fw;git> vspjpy; fw;fg;gLtNjhL> ePz;l ehl;fSf;F
epidtpypUj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 vijf; fw;gjw;Fk; SQ3R' Kiw (fzf;nfLg;G (Survey)> tpdh vOg;Gjy;
(Questioning)> tha;tpl;L nghJthfg; gbj;jy; (Recite) gyKiw jpUk;gf; fw;wy;
(Repeat)> kPsg
; hu;it (Review) kpfr; rpwe;jJ.

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 fw;Fk; NghJ xg;gpj;jy; my;yJ kdg;ghlk; nra;jy; Rakjpg;gPl;Lf;F topNfhYfpwJ.

vdNt kdg;ghlk; nra;tjw;F> Fwpg;ghf rpW Foe;ijfSf;F xg;gpj;jy; Kiw
rpwe;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
 ,ilntsp tpl;L> rpWf fw;wNy rpwe;j epidtpypUj;jYf;F cfe;jJ .•
jpUk;gjpUk;g fw;wy; (kPf;fw;wy;-Over-Learning) kwj;jiy Fiwf;f JizGupAk;.
 fw;gtw;iw Vw;fdNt fw;wtw;NwhL njhlu;GgLj;jpf; fw;wYk;> fw;Fk; gy gFjpfSf;F
,ilNaahd njhlu;igg; Gupe;J nfhz;L fw;wYk;> gbj;jgpd; kdg;ghlk; nra;jYk;
epidtpypUj;jiy Nkk;gLj;Jk; topKiwfshFk;.
 fw;Fk; nghUl;fSf;F ,ilNa ,aw;ifahd njhlu;G VJk; ,y;yhj NghJ $l
nraw;ifj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; fw;wpl Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf thdtpy;ypd;
epwq;fis tupirahf epidT$w VIBGYAR vd;w nghUsw;w nraw;ifr; nrhy;iyg;
gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;.
 gyGyd; topf;fw;wy; (Multi Sensory Learming) Nkk;gl;l epidTf;F toptFf;fpwJ.
cjhuzkhf> NubNah tpsk;guq;fistpl njhiyf;fhl;rp tpsk;guq;fs; Rygkhf ek;
kdjpy; gjpe;J> ntF ehl;fSf;F ePbf;fpd;wd.
 fw;wy; epfOk;NghJ mt;tg;NghJ Nrhjpj;jwpjYk;> fw;wgpd; cwf;fk; my;yJ
xa;ntLj;jiy njhlur; nra;tJ fw;wyhy; tpisAk; %is nkd;gbkq;fis
epiyngwf; nra;fpd;wd
 Kd;Ndhf;fj;jil> gpd;Ndhf;fj;jil Vw;glh tz;zk;> gbf;Fk;NghJ ghlq;fis
rPug
; Lj;jp khw;wp khw;wp fw;fyhk;;.
 fw;Fk; nra;jpfis Kiwg;gLj;jpr; rPuikg;gjd; %yk; me;jr; nra;jpfis
ePz;lfhyk; epidtpy; itj;jpUf;f KbAk;. vdNt> nra;jpfis Kiwg;gLj;Jjy;
vd;gJ epidtpid cau;j;jpf; nfhs;s cjTk;.

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myF 7 jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfs;

UNIT VII - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Kd;Diu
vy;yh khztu;fSk; xNu khjpupahdtu;fs; ,y;iy. xt;nthUtUk;>
jdpj;jd;ikAilatu;fs; vd;gijg;gw;wp tpthjpf;fpd;Nwhk;. xt;nthUtUk; mwpTj;jpwd;>
Mu;tk;> kdg;ghd;ik> kjpg;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpy; NtWgLfpd;wdu;. ,g;ghlj;jpy; jdpahs;
Ntw;Wikapd; jd;ikfs;> fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfs; Nghd;wit tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fy;tpapy;
Ntw;Wikg; gz;Gfshd rpwg;gpay;Gf; fy;tp> kPj;jpwf; Foe;ijfspd; fy;tp> fy;tpapy;
gpd;jq;fpNahu; Nghd;NwhUf;fhd fy;tp KiwfisAk; tpthjpf;f cs;Nshk;. NkYk; ,tw;iwf;
fw;gjd; %yk; gs;spapy; ey;ynjhU R+oiy mikj;Jj;je;J khztu;fspd; Mw;wiy
Mrpupau;fshy; tsu;f;f ,aYk;.
kdpjdpd; vy;yh elj;ijfSf;Fk; Mjhukhf ,Ug;gJ Cf;Ftpj;jy; MFk;. mJNghy
fw;wYf;Fk; Mjhuk; Cf;Ftpj;jyhFk;. Mrpupau; khztiu Kiwahf Cf;Ftpj;jhy; fw;wy;
elj;ijapy; tpUk;gj;jf;f khw;wq;fis milaKbAk; Cf;fk; nraypy; Mu;tj;ijAk;>
ftdj;ijAk;> <Lghl;ilAk; mspf;fpd;wJ vd;gijf; fhz;Nghk;. NkYk; ,g;ghlj;jpy;
Cf;ff;Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpAk;> Cf;Ftpj;jYf;fhd rpy tFg;giw cj;jpfisAk; fhz;Nghk;.
fw;Fk; jpwd;> #o;epiyf;Fj; jf;fthW ele;J nfhs;Sk; jpwd;> rpf;fyhd
gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhZk; jpwd; Nghd;wtw;Ws; khztu;fspilNa jdpahs; NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa NtWghLfSf;F fhuzk;> mtu;fspd; Ez;zwptpy; fhzg;gLk;
NtWghLfNsahFk;.

7.1 jdpahs; Ntw;Wik

kdpju;fSf;fpilNa clyikg;G> elj;ij> Nghd;wtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; epiyj;j
NtWghLfSf;F jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfs; vdg; ngau;> cstpaypy; xU gpupthd Ntw;Wik
cstpay; kdpju;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfis mse;J Muha;fpd;wJ.
xU tFg;gpy; khztu;fs; midtUk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; gy;NtW gz;Gfspy; NtWgLfpd;wdu;.

7.2 jdpahs; Ntw;Wikapd; jd;ik

xU tFg;gpy; gapYk; khztu;fs; gy;NtW gz;Gfspy; NtWgl;bUe;j NghjpYk;>
fy;tpahsu;fs; fw;wiyAk;> fw;gpj;jiyAk; ghjpf;ff; $ba rpy Kf;fpakhd NtWghLfis
kl;Lk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. mit:
 Maj;jepiy
 kdg;ghd;ik
 Mu;tq;fs;
 Kjpu;r;rp
 cly;eyk;
 kdntOr;rp
 r%f ,zf;fk;
 thOk; R+oy;
 jpwd;fs;
 vjpu;fhyf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
 gs;spapy; rhjid milT
 mwpthz;ik

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7.3 jdpahs; Ntw;Wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

cstpay; mwpQu; ilyu; (Tyler) vd;gtupd; fUj;Jg;gb> jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfs;
fPo;f;fz;lgb fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit:
 mwpthz;ik
 gs;spapy; milTj;jpwd;
 rpwg;Gj; jpwd;fs;>
 MSik
 Mu;tKk;> kjpg;GfSk;
 mwpjd;ikg; Gyk;
Nkw;fz;l fhuzq;fs; kl;Lk; ,y;yhky; NkYk;> rpy fhuzpfs; jdpahs; Ntw;Wikf;Ff;
fhuzkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. fw;Fk; jpwd;> Gjpa epiyfSf;Fj; jf;fthW ele;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
jpwd;> rpf;fyhd gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhZk; jpwd; Nghd;wtw;Ws; khztu;fspilNa
jdpahs; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit:
 taJ
 ghypdk;
 ,dk;
 r%f epiy
 R+oy;
 kuG

7.4 jdpahs; Ntw;Wikf;Nfw;w fy;tpapay; epfo;Tfs;

fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfs;> xt;nthU khztupd; jdpg;gl;l Njitfs;> Ntw;Wikg; gz;Gfs;
Mfpatw;iw epiwT nra;tjw;F ,U cj;jpfspy; fw;gpj;jy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ> mit :
 epu;thfj; jpl;lq;fs;
jiyikahrpupau; my;yJ gs;sp epUthfj;jpdu; khztu;fspd; jdpahs;
Ntw;Wikf;Nfw;g rpy fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdu;. mit:
 FOtiff; fy;tpj; jpl;lk;;
,jpy; khztu;fs; mtu;fspd; jpwikf;Nfw;g gy;NtW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jf;
fw;gpf;fg;gLtu;.
 ghlr; Rik
jpwikkpf;f khztUf;F epiwag; ghlq;fSk;> jpwikaw;w khztUf;Ff; Fiwthd
ghlq;fSk; fw;gpf;fg;gLk;.
 rpwg;G tFg;Gfs;:
nky;yf; fw;NghUf;F rpwg;G tFg;Gfs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. khztu;fspd; njhopy;
Mu;tq;fSf;Nfw;g njhopw; gbg;Gfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 Mrpupauhff; fw;gpj;jy;;
gy;NtW Mrpupau; xU FOthff; $b xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;ij epiwa
khztu;fSf;Fk;> rpW Foe;ij yhd khztu;fSf;Fk; fw;gpg;gu;.
 Neu ml;ltiz
khztu;fspd; NtWgl;l NjitfSf;Nfw;g xNu mstpyhd Neu Ntisfs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. xU rpy khztu;fs; xU nraiyf; Fiwe;j Neuj;jpy; Kbf;fyhk;.

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xU rpy khztu;fs; NtnwhU nraiy ePz;l Neu Neuj;jpy; Kbf;fyhk;. vdNt

khztu;fspd; jpwikf;Fk;> Njitf;Fk; Vw;wthW Neuj;ij tFj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
 rpwg;Gf; fw;wy;
khztu;fspd; fw;Fk; Ntfj;jpw;F Vw;g rpwg;Gf; fw;wy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mz;bd;
eLtpNyNa ed;F gapYk; khztiu mLj;j tFg;gpw;F mDg;gp itg;gJk;> kpFe;j
Mw;wYila khztiu xU tFg;ig tpl;L Nky; tFg;Gf;F mDg;GtJk;> jpwikf;
Fiwthd khztiu Xuhz;L ghlj;ij mNj tFg;gpy; kPzL ; k;; gbf;f itg;gJk;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.

7.5 tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;

fw;gpj;jy; jpl;lq;fs;> gz;GfSf;Nfw;g nky;yf; fw;Nghu;> ruhrupahff; fw;Nghu;> ed;whf
gbf;Fk; khztu;fs; MfpNahu; xNukhjphpahf gadilAk;gb Mrpupau; tFg;giwapy; gy;NtW
fw;gpj;jy; jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. mit:
 Nkw;ghu;itf; fw;wy;;
,jpy; fw;gjw;Fr; rpukg;gLk; khztu;fSf;F Mrpupau; Njitahd cjtpfisr;
nra;fpwhu;.
 ghl xg;gilg;Gfs;;
khztu;fspd; jpwikfSf;Nfw;g Mrpupau; vspjhfTk;> fbdkhdjhfTk; ghl
xg;gilg;Gfisj; je;J tFg;giwapy; nra;J Kbf;f cjTfpd;whu;.
 jhNd fw;wy;:
xt;nthU khztUk; jdJ fw;Fk; Ntfj;jpw;Nfw;g> Mrpupau; rpwg;Gf; fw;wiy
tFg;gpy; jUfpd;whu;.
 gyepiyf; Nfs;tpfs;;
khztu;fspd; jpwd;fSf;Nfw;wthW Mrpupau; Nfs;tpfis mikj;J tFg;gpy;
Nfl;fpwhu;.
 khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l ghlg;nghUs;:
ghlg; Gj;jfj;jpNyNa rpy fbdkhd gFjpfis ePf;fp nky;yf; fw;NghUf;F jUtJk;>
ed;whfg; gbf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Ff; $Ljyhd; ghlg;nghUspid jUtJk;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 jdpg;gapw;rp
gbg;gpy; gpd;jq;fpa khztUf;Fg; gs;sp Ntisf;F Kd;Ngh> gpd;Ngh Mrpupau;
fw;gpf;fyhk;. rpy rkaq;fspy; MrpupaUf;Fg; gjpyhf> ed;whfg; gbf;Fk; khztupd;
Nkw;ghu;itapy; jdpg;gapw;rp juyhk;.
 fw;wYf;fhd cjtpfs;;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l myfpid gy;NtW fhl;rpf; Nfs;tpf; fUtpfspd; cjtpahy;
khztu;fs; fw;f KbAk;. ,jpy; khztu; jhd; fw;f Ntz;batw;iwAk; fw;wtw;iwj;
jhNd Nrhjpj;J mwpaTk; Kbfpd;wJ.
 fzpg;nghwp topf; fw;gpj;jy;;
xt;nthU khztupd; fw;Fk; ,ay;Gf;Fk;> Njitf;Fk; Vw;g fzpg;nghwp topf;
fw;gpj;jiy Mrpupau; toq;f KbAk;.

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7.6 kPj;jpwd; kpf;NfhUf;fhd fy;tp

kPj;jpwf; Foe;ijfs;
rpy Foe;ijfs; Ez;zwpT <tpy; 130f;Fk; Nkw;gl;L mwpTj; jpwikapy; cau;e;J
fhzg;gLtu;. ,tu;fs; kPj;jpwf; Foe;ijfs; vdg;gLtu;. kPj;jpwf; Foe;ijfis ,U
tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. ,itfs;:
 nghJ Mw;wy; kpf;f Foe;ijfs;
 Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwfspy; kPjj; pwk; ngw;w Foe;ijfs;
nghJ Mw;wy; jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfspd; Ez;zwpT <T mjpfk; fhzg;gLk;. fw;wypy;
MHtk; kpFjp> GJg;Nghf;Filik> tplh Kaw;rp> gFj;jwpAk; jpwd;> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpid mila
tpioAk; kdg;ghd;ik> eifr;Rit czu;r;rp> jUf;f Kiwapy; rpe;jpf;Fk; rf;jp Kjypad
ntF mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. Fwpg;gpl;l jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfs; ,ir> Xtpaf;fiy Nghd;w
Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwfspy; gw;W kpFjpAk;> Mw;wy; mjpfKk; nfhz;L ,Ug;gu;.

7.7 kPe;jpwf; Foe;ijfSf;Fupa fy;tp Kiwfs;

 Mw;wy; top tifg;gLj;Jjy; Kiwg;gb> kPj;jpwf; Foe;ijfSf;F vd;Nw gs;spapy;
xU jdpg;gpupT Vw;gLj;jp fy;tp Nghjpj;jy; eyk;> kPj;jpwf; Foe;ijfisj;
jdpikg;gLj;Jk;NghJ fy;tp jtpu;j;j kw;w gs;sp eltbf;iffspy; gpw
khztu;fSld; rf[khf mtu;fs; gof tha;g;gspj;jy; mtrpak;.
 kPj;jpw Foe;ijfis Mz;L ,Wjpapy; mLj;j tFg;Gf;F khw;whky;> mjw;F mLj;j
cau;tFg;GfSf;F khw;Wk; Jupjg; gpupT khw;wy; Kiwia Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. ,g;gb
Nky; tFg;Gf;F khw;WtJ> nghJ ghlj;jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; kl;LNk
gadspf;Fk;.
 ghljpl;lj;ij mjpfupf;Fk; Kiw rpwe;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; xU tFg;gpy;
gbf;Fk; kPjj; pw Foe;ijfSf;F kl;Lk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; mtu;fsJ
Mw;wYf;Fj;jFe;j mjpfg;gbahd Ntiy nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. mt;Ntiyia Kbf;ff;
nfhLf;fg;gLk; fhy msTk; Fiwf;fg; gLfpwJ.
 Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;G Mw;wypy; kPj;jpwk; ngw;w khztu;fSf;F mt;thw;wiyg;
nghUj;jtiu Nky;tFg;G khztu;fSld; Nru;j;Jf; fw;gpg;gJ rpwe;j KiwahFk;.
,d;W ek; ehl;by; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mw;wy; kpf;f khztu;fis fz;lwpaTk;
Nju;Tfs; kPjj; pwk; ngw;Nwhiuf; fz;lwpaTk;> ,tu;fSf;fhd rpwe;j tha;g;Gfis
mspf;fTk; cjTfpd;wd.

7.8 rpwg;gpay;Gf; Foe;ijfSf;fhd fy;tp

tof;fkhd tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy; KiwapypUe;J rw;W NtWgl;l fy;tpj;
NjitfisAila Foe;ijfs; midtUk; rpwg;gpay;Gf; Foe;ijfs; vdg;gLtu;. ,tu;fs;
xU tFg;gpy; my;yJ gs;spapy; kpff; Fiwe;j mstpy; ,Ug;gu;. Foe;ijfis mtu;fspd;
Ez;zwpT <it (IQ) itj;Jg; gy;NtW tifahd rpwg;gpay;Gf; Foe;ijfis
tifg;gLj;Jk; tof;fk; gioajhfp tpl;lJ. ,d;W> Foe;ijfis mtu;fspd; fw;Fk;
Mw;wiy itj;J tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ld; (Dunn) vd;gtu; Gjpa Kiwapy; Foe;ijfspd;
fw;Fk; Mw;wiy itj;J xd;gJ tifahd rpwg;gpay;Gf; Foe;ijfisf; fz;lwpe;Js;shu;.
mtu;fs;:
 nghJthd fw;wypy; ruhrupahfTk;> mjpfkhfTk; FiwghLila Foe;ijfs;.

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 nghJthd fw;wypy; rhjhuz FiwghLila Foe;ijfs; nky;yf; fw;Nghu; vd

Kd;du; miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
 Fwpg;gpl;l fw;wypy; FiwghLila Foe;ijfs;.
 cau; mwpthw;wiyf; nfhz;l Foe;ijfs; kPj;jpwd; Foe;ijfs; vd Kd;du;
miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
 elj;ijf; FiwghLila Foe;ijfs;> kdntOr;rpf; FiwghLila Foe;ijfs;
elj;ijg; gpwo;Tila Foe;ijfs; vd Kd;du; miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
 Ngr;Rf; FiwghLila Foe;ijfs;.
 nrtpf;FiwghLila Foe;ijfs;.
 ghu;itf; FiwghLila Foe;ijfs;.
 cly; Cdk;> cly; eyf; FiwghLila Foe;ijfs;.

7.9 fy;tpapy; gpd;jq;fpNahu;

Kd;G fy;tpapy; gpd; jq;fpNahu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;Nlhu; jw;NghJ> nkJthf fw;Nghu;
vd;W ngauplg;gl;Ls;sdu;> ,j;jifNahu; njhlu;eJ
; gs;spj; Nju;Tfspy; Fiwe;j
kjpg;ngz;fisNa ngWtu;. ,f;Fiwe;j fy;tpj; Nju;r;rp midj;Jg; gs;spg; ghlq;fspNyh
my;yJ xupU ghlq;fspNyh ,Uf;ff;$Lk;.
7.9.1 fy;tpapay; gpd;jq;fpNahUf;F cjTjy;
 nkJthff; fw;NghUf;fhd jdpg;gl;l tFg;Gfs; elj;JtJjhd; rpwe;j KiwahFk;.
 ,k;khztu;fSf;F fw;gpg;gjpy; jdpf;ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU fUj;ij
Nghjpj;j gpd;Gk; mij epiyepWj;j mjpf msT gapw;rp nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jypy; ghlg;nghUs; fw;gpj;jYf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J
tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> khjpupfs; nra;J fhl;ly;> fhl;rp Nfs;tp rhjdq;fis
gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;iw mjpf mstpy; <LgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 xU Foe;ij vt;tsT gpw;gl;l epiyapy; fhzg;gbDk;> mjid Mrpupau; gupTld;
Vw;W> gpw khztu;fsplk; ele;J nfhs;tJ Nghd;Nw mjdplKk; ,aw;ifahf ele;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 Gjpa fw;wy; mDgtq;fis mtu;fsJ gioa fw;wy; mDgtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
mtw;Wld; njhlu;G gLj;jp Mrpupau; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Foe;ijfsJ jd;dk;gpf;if tsu cw;rhf%l;Lk; tifapy; Mrpupau;fs; ele;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 Foe;ijfsJ FLk;g> r%fg; gpd;dzp gw;wpa tpguq;fis Mrpupau; mwpe;jpUj;jy;
mtrpak;. NkYk;> ,g;gpd;dzp gw;wpa mwpT> Foe;ijfsJ ,d;iwa fy;tpg;
gpur;ridfis czu;tjw;Fk;> Gjpa gpur;rpidfSk;> rpf;fy;fSk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
vohky; jLg;gjw;Fk; MrpupaUf;F cjTk;

7.10 clypaf;f kw;Wk; kdtsu;r;rp FiwghLila Foe;ijfs;

clypaf;ff; FiwghLila Foe;ijfs; kw;w FiwghLfSila rpy Foe;ijfSk;
tFg;gpy; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. clypid ed;F gaDs;s Kiwapy; ,af;Fjypy; FiwghLfs;>
njsptw;w Kiwapy; ifnaOj;J ,Uj;jy;> Foe;ijNghy; koiy NgRjy;;> jpf;fpg; NgRjy;
Nghd;w Ngr;Rf; FiwghLfs;> ,lf;ifg; gof;fk; Nghd;wit> ,j;jifa ,af;ff;

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FiwghLfshFk;. ,j;jifa FiwghLfs; gy rkaq;fspy; Njitahd jpwd;fisf; fw;fTk;>

gpwUld; gofpr; r%ftpay;G ngWtjpYk;> fy;tp tsu;r;rpapYk; jilahf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;
kdtsu;r;rp Fd;wpa Foe;ijfs; kf;fs; njhifapy; 10% ,Uf;fyhk; vdf;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,tu;fspd; Ez;zwpT <T 50 ypUe;J 70f;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;. ,tu;fSf;F xU
rhjhuzf; Foe;ijaplk; ,Uf;Fk; mwptpy;> ghjp my;yJ Kf;fhy;thrpjhd; ,Uf;Fk;. kd
tsu;r;rp Fd;wpapUg;gjhy;> R+oYf;Nfw;g ele;J nfhs;Sk; gz;G ,tu;fsplk; kpfTk; Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk;. MapDk; ,tu;fshy; mbg;gilf; fy;tp fw;f KbAk;.

7.11 rpwg;gpay;Gf; Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tp toq;Fjy;

 rpwg;gpay;Gf; Foe;ijfisf; fz;lwpe;J> gs;sp topfhl;Ljy; ikak; %yk;>
mtu;fSf;F mt;tg;NghJ jFe;j mwpTiufis toq;fply; Ntz;Lk;
 tFg;ghrpupau; ,j;jifa khztu;fsplk; jdpf;ftdk; nrYj;jp> mtu;fSf;F jdpg;gl;l
gpur;ridfs; VJkpUg;gpd; mtw;iwf; fisa cjt Ntz;Lk;
 mt;tg;NghJ ngw;Nwhu;-Mrpupau; $l;lq;fs; elj;jp> ,j;jifa khztu;fsJ
ngw;Nwhuplk; fye;Jiuahb khztu;fisg; gw;wpa Gupe;Jzu;NthL gpur;ridfSf;Fj;
jPu;T fhzNtz;Lk;.
 tWik epiyapy; cs;s jpwikahd khztu;fSf;F gbg;G kw;Wk; Nkw;gbg;gpw;fhd
cjtp> rYiffs;> epjpAjtpAk; fpilj;jpl Mrpupau; toptif nra;jply; Ntz;Lk;.
 ,j;jifa khztu;fis clDf;Fld; ghuhl;bg; guprspj;J Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yk;
mtu;fsJ jd;dk;gpf;ifia cau;j;jp mtu;fs; rhjpf;f cjt KbAk;.
 tFg;gpy; FOKiwapy; xg;gilg;Gfis epiwNtw;wpl toptif nra;J
FOj;jiytu;fshf ,j;jifa jpwikkpF khztu;fis epakpj;jplyhk;.

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Cf;Ftpj;jy; - gFjp - I
UNIT -VIII – MOTIVATION: PART - I

8.1 Cf;fk;
,yf;F Nehf;fpa elj;ijia njhlq;fp itj;jypYk;> njhlq;fpa elj;ij njhlu;eJ ;
,aq;Ftjw;Fk;> ,Wjpapy;> ,e;elj;ij KbT ngWtjw;Fk; fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJ Cf;fkhFk;.
,t;thW Cf;fk; vd;w nray; mjhtJ Cf;Ftpj;jy; eilngw J}z;Lk; fhuzpfis
Cf;fpfs;; (Motives) vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;. jpl;ltl;lkhd rpy nray;fspy; Xu; capupapd;
elj;ij mika Cf;fpfs; mjidj; J}z;Lfpd;wd. ,t;T+f;fpfs; capupapd; cs;spUe;J
nray;gl;L mjd; elj;ijiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. ,t;T+f;fpfs; cly; rhu;e;jitahfNth>
cs;sj;ijr; rhu;e;jitahfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.

8.2 Cf;fj;jpd; gzpfs;

ve;j xU nraypYk; Cf;fk; mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gl;lhy;> mijr; nra;tjpy; mjpf
Mu;tKk;> mij cldbahf nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ce;Jjy; Vw;gLk;. VNjh xU
tif Cf;fp vy;yh fw;wy; epiyikfspYk; ,Uj;jy; ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;fpwhu; nfy;yp
(Kelly) vd;gtu;. gs;sp tFg;giwfspy; Mrpupau;fsJ fw;gpj;jy; Kaw;rp gyjlit
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; gaid mspf;fhky; tPzhtjw;F khzhf;fu;fsplk; Nghjpa Cf;fk;
,d;ikNa fhuzkhFk;. ,jd; tpisthf khztu;fs; Mu;tkpd;wp> ,ae;jpuk; Nghy;fw;wypy;
nray;gLtu;. khztu;fsJ jpwikf;Fk;> mtu;fsJ tFg;giwf; fw;wy;> milTf;FkpilNa
fhzg;gLk; ngUk; ,ilntsp Cf;fj;Jld; njhlu;GilaJ MFk;.

8.3 Cf;fpfspd; tiffs;

cly;NjitfSld; ,ize;j Cf;fpfs;
kdpjd; capu; tho;tjw;Fg; grp> jhfk;> gpuhz thA> cwf;fk;> Xa;T> ghYzu;r;rp Mfpa
Njitfs; ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,tw;Wld; ,ize;j Cf;fpfs; kdpj elj;ijapy; mikAk; kpf
tYthd Cf;fpfshFk;. ,it tpyq;FfsJ elj;ijiag; ngUksT fl;Lg; gLj;Jgit.
Mdhy;> kdpju;fsplk; kdk; rhu;e;j Njitfs;> r%fj; Njitfs;> jd;dhu;tj; Njitfs;
Mfpatw;why; vOk; Cf;fpfSk; nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,it tpyq;FfSf;Ff; fpilahJ. clypd;
cs;Ns vOk; khw;wq;fs; clypay; Njitfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

kdk; rhu;e;j NjitfspypUe;J vOk; Csf;fpfs;

kdk; rhu;e;j Njitfs; r%fj; njhlu;Gs;s NjitfSld; ,ize;jitahFk;. Vnddpy;
rKjhaj;jpy; gpwUld; njhlu;G nfhs;tJ kdj;Njitfs; epiwT ngwg; gy rkaq;fspy;
,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ. kdk; rhu;e;j Njitfs; xd;Wld; xd;W FWf;fpl;Lg; Nghuhl;l
epiyikiaj; (Conflict of motives) Njhw;Wtpj;J> mit jPu;f;fg;glhky; jPtpukiljy;>
nghUj;jg;ghbd;ikf;Fk; (MalAdjustment)> newpgpwo; elj;ijf;Fk; (Anti-Social Behavior)
fhuzkhf mikAk;.
kdjdpd; NjitfSs; Kf;fpakhdit;
 ghJfhg;Gzu;T
 tpLjiy czu;T
 njhlh; nray; mDgtk;

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ghJfhg;Gzu;T
xt;nthU kdpj nraYk; ghJfhg;Gzu;r;rpiag; ngWtjhfNt mikAk;. Foe;ijfs;
md;Gf;fhfTk;> gupTf;fhfTk; Vq;Ffpd;wdu;. jd; tPL> jd; ngw;Nwhu; vd;w vz;zk;
Foe;ijf;F ghJfhg;Gzu;r;rpiaj; jUfpwJ. ghJfhg;Gzu;tpd;ik (Insecurity) Foe;ijapd;
nghUj;jg;ghl;L elj;ijia kpfTk; ghjpf;fty;yJ. ghJfhg;Gzu;T ,Utifg;gLk;. gpwuJ
Jizahy; Njhd;Wk; ghJfhg;Gzu;r;rpia rhu;Gs;s ghJfhg;Gzu;r;rp vd;fpNwhk;. fw;wypdhy;
gy jpwd;fisg; ngw;W> ve;epiyapYk; gpwu; cjtpapd;wp jd; jpwd; nfhz;Nl ntw;wp ngw
KbAk; vd;w jd;dk;gpf;ifiag; ngWtJ rhu;gw;w ghJfhg;Gzu;r;rpahFk;. ghJfhg;Gzu;r;rpapd;
gy $Wfshtd:
 cly;rhu; ghJfhg;Gzu;r;rp
 r%f ghJfhg;Gzu;r;rp
 mwpTrhu; ghJfhg;Gzu;r;rp
 kdntOr;rprhu; ghJfhg;Gzu;r;rp

Rje;jpu czu;T
Foe;ij Xbahl tpUk;GfpwJ> fl;Lg;ghl;il tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. jd;dpr;irahf rpe;jpf;fTk;>
jPu;khdpf;fTk;> Nrhjid nra;aTk; R+o;epiyapy; cs;s nghUl;fis MuhaTk;> Foe;ijf;F
tha;g;Gfs; fpilf;fhtpl;lhy; mjd; mwpT tsu;r;rp jilgLk;. Rje;jpu elj;ijapdpd;Nw
nghWg;Gzu;r;rp vo KbAk;. ehNk ,ijr; nra;Njhk; vd;Dk; kfpo;r;rp fye;j milT
czu;r;rp> Rje;jpuj;Jld; nra;j nray;fspdpd;Nw Njhd;Wk;.

njhlh; nray; mDgtk; (Adventure);

Gjpatw;iwr; nra;aTk;> GJ mDgtj;ijg; ngwTk; Foe;ijfs; tpiofpd;wdu;.
Muha;jypy; Mu;tk;(Curiosity)> nghUl;fisg; Gjpa Kiwapy; ifahs Kw;gLtJ
(Manipulation) Mfpad nraY}f;fj;Jld; njhlu;G nfhz;lit.

r%fj; Njitfshy; vOk; Cf;fpfs;

r%fj; Njitfshy; vOk; Cf;fpfs; (Social Motives) gpwuhy; Vw;f;fg;gLjy;(acceptance)>
gpwuJ ghuhl;Lf;fisg; ngWjy;(Social approval)> gpwNuhL ,ize;J nraw;gLjy;(Social
affiliation) Nghd;w r%fj; Njitfshy; vOgit. kdpjd; xU r%f tpyq;F> r%f Vw;Gg;
ngWjy; kdpj elj;ijf;Fg; gpd; mikAk; Cf;fpahFk;. jd; czu;Tj; Njitfshy; vOk;
Cf;fpfs; xt;nthUtuJ jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j MSikapdhy; Njhd;Wgit. jd;kjpg;G
cauj;jf;f nray;fspy; <LgLtJ> jdJ jpwikfspd; KOtsu;r;rpapy; <LghL
Nghd;witfshy; vOk; Cf;fpfs; ,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;. jw;fUj;J (Self-Concept)> ,yf;F
(Goal)> kjpg;Gfs; (Values)> Mu;tq;fs; (Interests) Mfpait ,t;tif Cf;fpfisj;
Njhw;Wtpf;f fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd. milT+f;fKk; ,t;tifj; NjitfSld;
,ize;jnjdf; nfhs;syhk;.

8.4. Cf;ff; Nfhl;ghLfs;

Cf;ff; Nfhl;ghLfs; (Theories of Motivation) Cf;fpfs; vt;thW vOfpd;wd> ,it
vt;thW elj;ijia Kiwg;gLj;jpf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd Nghd;wtw;iw tpsf;f
cstpaywpQu;fs; gy Nfhl;ghLfis Kd;itj;jdu;. mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit tUkhW:

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kh];Nyhtpd; gbepiyj; Njitfs; Nfhl;ghL (Maslow's Theory of Hirarchial Needs)

tpyq;FfSk;> kdpju;fSk; jkJ elj;ij %yk; J}z;ly;fshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;
tpiwg;G epiyiaf; Fiwf;fj;jhd; Kw;gLfpd;wdu; vd;w `y;ypd; Nfhl;ghL KOik ngw;w
nghUj;jkhd tpsf;fkhfj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. kdpj elj;ijapd; ngUk; gFjp Njitfis
cUthf;FjYf;F cjTtdthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gy rpf;fyhd kdpj Cf;fpfs;>
ek;gpf;iffs;> kjpg;Gfs; Nghd;w mwpT rhu;e;j ,yf;Ffis> mila vOtdNtad;wp ntWk;
mbg;gilj; NjitfSld;> ,ize;jit vd;W nfhs;tJ gadw;wJ. Cf;fpfs; gw;wpa
tpupthd fUj;jpid Mgpufhk;kh];Nyh (Abraham Maslow) vd;gtu; ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
,t;T+f;fpfSk;> tsu;r;rpf;F cjTk; Cf;fpfSk; (Growth Motivation) mlq;Fk;. kdpjj;
Njitfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Cf;fpfis kh];Nyh
tupirg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. fPo;epiyj; Njitfs;> Cf;fpfs; Mfpait G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl;l
gpd;Gjhd;> mjw;F mLj;j Nky;epiyj; Njitfs; vOfpd;wd vd;W Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ>
Cf;fpfs; NjitfSld; njhlu;Gilait. xU Njit epiwT ngw cjTk; ,yf;if
mile;jTld; mj;jifa elj;ijiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;j Cf;fp kiwfpwJ. kh];Nyh
Cf;fpfisAk;> NjitfisAk; VOepiyfshf fPo;f;fz;lthW tupirg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
kh];Nyhtpd; gbepiyj; Njitfs;:

clypay; Njitfs; (Safety and Security Needs);

czT> jz;zPu;> Rthrpj;jy;> cwf;fk;> ghYzu;r;rp> Gyd;Efu;T epiwT Nghd;wit
clypay; Njitfs;. ,it capu; tho;tjw;F ,d;wpaikahjit. ,t;tifj; Njitfs;
xusNtZk; epiwT ngw;why;jhd; mLj;j cau;epiy Cf;fpfs; nraw;gLjy; rhj;jpakhFk;.
tWikapy; thLk; Foe;ijfs; tFg;giwf;fw;wypy; Nghjpa Mu;tk; fhl;lhkypUj;jYf;Fk;>
mtu;fsJ gy clypay; Njitfs; Nghjpa msT epiwT ngwhky; ,Uj;jNyahFk;.

ghJfhg;Gj; Njitfs; (Safety and Security Needs);

ghJfhg;Gzu;r;rp ngWjy;> xOq;F> Kiwik Mfpad ghJfhg;Gj; NjitfSs; mlq;Fk;.
Rw;Wg;Gw cyfpd; Xu; mikg;igAk;> xOq;FKiwiaAk; Foe;ijfis czuitj;J
mtu;fsJ mwpTf;Nfw;g xOq;F> fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;wtw;wpw;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

md;G chpikj; Njitfs; (Affiliational Needs);

gpwuJ md;Gf;F (Affection) Vq;FtJk;> jhd; mtu;fSs; xUtdhf Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLtJk;> jd;idg; gw;wpa RafUj;Jk; (Self Concept)> rKjhaj;jpy; jdJ gq;F
gw;wpa (Identitly) cz;ikAzu;Tk; Vw;gl> gpwuJ Vw;G (Acceptance) ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

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,j;jifa Njit> epiwNtwhj NghJ rpy khztu;fs; jq;fsJ jpwikf;Nfw;g fy;tpr;

rhjidia mila Kbahj epiyapy; (Under Achievement) ,Uf;ff; $Lk;.

Rakjpg;Gj; Njitfs; (Self-Esteem Needs);

jd;dk;gpf;if> Rje;jpu czu;T> gyk; ngw;Wj; jpfo tpiojy;> Nju;r;rpAk; jpwDk;
ngw;Wj; jpfo KaYjy; Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;. gpwuhy; ghuhl;lg;gLk; msTf;F> jhd;
kjpg;Gw;Wj; jpfo Ntz;Lk; vd;Nw xt;nthUtUk; epidf;fpNwhk;. jdJ Rakjpg;Gj; Njit
epiwNtwhj fhuzj;jpdhy; jho;T kdg;ghd;ik> jd;idg; gw;wpa mtek;gpf;if> gpwNuhL $b
nray;gl Kbahj jd;ik Mfpait Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

milt+f;fj; Njitfs; (Achievement Needs);

xd;iw mwpe;J nfhz;L mijg;Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. nra;jpfspd;
mbg;gilapy; njhlu;G nfhs;Sjy;> vtw;iw vt;thW nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwpe;jpUj;jy;>
nghUl;fs;> epfo;Tfs;> FwpaPLfs; gw;wp mwpe;jpUj;jy;> Mfpait mwpTj; Njitapy;
mlq;Fk;. njhlu;Gfisg; gw;wp mwpjy;> nray;Kiwfis mwpjy;> gy;tif mwpTrhu;
nray;fis ,izj;jy; Mfpait Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; Njitapy; mlq;Fk;> milTj; Njit
vd;gJ mwpTrhu; NjitahFk;.

moFzu;Tj; Njitfs; (Aesthetic Needs):

Kiwik> J}a;ik> moF> ,yf;fpar;Rit Mfpait ,t;tifj; NjitfSs; mlq;Fk;.
fPo;epiy mbg;gilj; Njitfs; epiwT ngwhjtu;fs; moFzu;Tj; Njitfisg; gw;wp
epidj;Nj ghu;f;fkhl;lhu;fs;. Fg;gj;J kf;fs; jq;fs; ,Ug;gplj;ijAk;> Rw;Wg;Gwj;ijAk;
J}a;ikahf itj;Jf; nfhs;shjjw;F ,Jjhd; fhuzkhFk;.

jd;epiwTj; Njitfs; (Self-Actualization);

Kjy; %d;W epiyj; Njitfs;> Fiwghl;bid epiwT nra;a cjTtd (Deficiency
Needs). mLj;j ehd;Fk; tsu;r;rp ngw;W kdpjg; gz;Gfs; KOik ngw cjTk;
NjitfshFk;. jd;dpiwTj; Njitfs; KOik ngw;wtupd; ,ay;Gfs; KOik ngw;w
kdpjdJ (Self Acturalized Person) elj;ijf;Fg; gpd; cau;epiy Cf;fpfs; fhzg;gLk;.
kdntOr;rp Kjpu;r;rp> r%f Kjpu;r;rp> ,irthd MSik Nghd;w Fwpf;Fk; gz;Gfs; gyTk;
kh];Nyh Fwpg;gpLk; KOik ngw;wtdplk; fhzg;gLk;.
 cz;ik epiy gw;wpa czu;T
 jd;idAk;> gpwiuAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;
 eifr;RitAzu;r;rp
 Mf;fj; jpwik
 ,ay;ghfr; nraw;gLjy;
 gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhZk; tifapy; nrayhw;Wjy;
 jd;dyg; gz;G Fiwe;J fhzg;gLjy;
 Rje;jpukhf ,aq;Fjy;
 epiyikfis xUGwr; rha;tpd;wp Muha;jy;
 r%fr; nray;fspy; Mu;tk;
 rpwg;ghd kdpjj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ

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 ,yf;Ff;Fk;> mjw;fhd topKiwfSf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s NtWghl;bid mwpe;J

nray;gLjy; Nghd;w gz;Gfs; KOik ngw;w kdpjdplk; fhzg;gLk; vd;W kh];Nyh
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

8.5 ,yf;F milT Cf;fpfs;

xUtd; jhd; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vy;yhr; nray;fspYk; rpwg;G kpf;f cau; (Achievement
Motive) rhjidia mila Kw;gLjy; (Striving for Excellence) ,t;T+f;fpapd; ,yf;fhf
mikfpwJ. ,t;ntOr;rpf;F Mjhuq;fshf cau;epiyg;gl;l Rakjpg;Gk; (Self-Esteem)>
RafUj;Jk; mikfpd;wd. milT Cf;fp ,ay;ghff; fhzg;gLtjy;y. rKjha ghjpg;ghy;
cUthfp> Kf;fpakhf Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik (Competition) fhzg;gLk; rKjha ghjpg;gpypUe;J
milT Cf;fp vOfpwJ. vd;W ml;fpd;rd; $Wfpwhu;.

milt+f;fk; kpFe;J fhzg;gLtupd; ,ay;Gfs;

 Nghl;b epiyikfspy; rpwg;ghfr; nray;gLfpd;wdu;. kw;wtu;fisg; gpd;Df;Fj; js;Sk;
tz;zk; cau;e;j milit ntspg;gLj;Jtu;. jdf;Fr; rupahd Nghl;b
,y;yhjpUe;Jk;> jd; Ke;ija rhjidNahL Nghl;bapl;Lg; Gjpa rhjidiag; gilf;f
Kay;tu;
 njhlu;eJ ; nrayhw;Wk; jpwd; gilj;jtu;. fbdkhd nray;fisNa Nju;e;njLg;gu;.
 ntw;wp ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w ntwpNahL jpfo;tu;.
 Njhy;tpia fz;L mr;rKwhky; ntw;wpiaNa rpe;jpg;gu;.
 milTj; njhlu;ghd gzpfspy; njhlu; Kaw;rpapy(Persistisance) <LgLtu;.
 fbdkhdtw;iw NtfkhfTk;> vspjhfTk; ,tu;fs; fw;fpd;wdu;.
 ,j;jifNahu; jd;dk;gpf;if kpFe;J fhzg;gLtu;> tpUk;gpg; gy;NtW nghWg;Gfis
Vw;gu.;
 ve;j xU nraypYk; jkJ KO Mw;wiyAk; gad;gLj;jp <LgLtu;
 gy;NtW gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;gjpy; vspjpy; Nrhu;T milahky; njhlu;e;J
Nkw;nfhs;tu;
 ,tu;fsJ ,yf;F milT (Achievement) cau;epiyf;F cl;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;

8.6 Csf;Ftpj;jypy; ntw;wp-Njhy;tpfspd; gq;F

Njhy;tpfspy; Cf;Ftpj;jypd; tpisT vjpu;kiwahdJ. ntw;wpfs; khztu;fsJ
RafUj;jpid cau;epiyg;gLj;jp> NkYk; ntw;wpfisg; ngw ce;Jk; tYthd Cf;fpfshf
mikAk;. vdNt> Kaw;rpfs; ntw;wpaspf;Fk; tifapy; fw;wy; nray;fis mikf;f
Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fisf; fw;gjw;F Maj;jg;gLj;Jtjpy; jpl;ltl;lkhd FWfpa fhyf; fw;wy;
,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;jy; %yk; fw;wypy; mtu;fsJ ntw;wp tha;g;gpid mjpfupj;jy;> ntw;wp
gw;wpa cldb czu;it (Feed Back) khztu;fSf;F mspj;jy;> jq;fshy; vt;tsT fw;wy;
,aYk; vd;gJ gw;wpa cz;ikahd mwpit khztu; ngw cjTjy;> xt;nthU khztDk;
jj;jk; Mw;wYf;Nfw;g fw;f mDkjpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw Mrpupau; ifahStJ gad;kpf;fJ.

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myF 9 Cf;Ftpj;jy; - II
UNIT IX - MOTIVATION II

9.1 Cf;Ftpj;jYf;fhd tFg;giw cj;jpfs;

tFg;giwf; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jypy; khztu;fis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; (Tips of Classroom Motivation)
topKiwfs; fy;tpapy; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. nghJthf khztu;fis> fw;wypy; Cf;Ftpf;f
Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jpfshtd:
1. gy;NtW taJf;Foe;ijfsJ fw;wiy Cf;Ftpf;Fk; gytifj; J}z;ly;fis
nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; Cf;fpfshfr; nraw;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.
2. fy;tpahz;L KOtJk; njhlUk; mfkjpg;gPL (Internal Assessment) fw;wypy;
Cf;Ftpj;jy; epiyapid ePbj;j Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;jp> jpwd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F cjTk;.
3. fw;f Ntz;bait jkf;Fg; gaDs;sit vd;w fUj;J khzhf;fu; kdjpy; vOkhW
Mrpupau; Kay Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ fw;gtw;iw eilKiw tho;f;ifNahL
njhlu;GgLj;jpf; fw;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
4. khztu;fsJ Ke;ija fw;wy; mDgtq;fNshL ,ize;j KiwapNy Gjpa fw;wy;
mDgtq;fs; mtu;fSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fw;wy; mDgtj;NjhL
khzhf;fd; xd;wpg; NghFkhW mt;tDgtj;ij mikj;jy; mtrpak;.
5. fw;wypy; jhk; mila Ntz;ba ,yf;Ffs; gw;wpj; njspthd Kd;dwpit
khzhf;fu;fSf;F Mrpupau; ghlk; njhlq;Fk; Kd; mspg;gJld; (Giving the Over View
of thelesson)> ,t;tpyf;Ffis ntw;wpAld; milaj; Njitg;gLk; jd;dk;gpf;ifiaAk;
mtu;fs; xt;nthUtuplKk; tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
6. ntw;wp gw;wpa cldb mwpTk; (Feed Back of Success)> khzth;fsJ Njit> ,ay;G
Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J J}z;ly; nghUl;fis gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wd Cf;Ftpj;jiy
mjpfg;gLj;j cjTk;.
7. nghUs; Gupe;J fw;fr; nra;jy;> fw;gpj;jy; Jizf; fUtpfis rhpahd Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;Jjy;> nra;J fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wdTk;>
Cf;Ftpj;jiy mjpfg;gLj;Jk;.
8. jPtpukhfTk;> Njitf;F mjpfkhfTk; Cf;Ftpg;gJ jtwhFk;. ,jdhy; ftiyfSk;>
Nghuhl;lq;fSk; khzhf;fupilNa vof;$Lk;.
9. xj;Jiog;Gk;> Nghl;bAk; ,ize;J nray;gLk; nray;fisAk;> topKiwfisAk;
mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
10. xt;nthUtUk; xNukhjpup ntw;wp ngWk; tifapy; fbdj; jd;ikia mjpfupj;Jr;
nry;Yk; Kiwapy; ju tupirg;gb mike;j xg;gilg;GfisAk;> nray;jpl;lq;fisAk;
khztu;fSf;F mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ntw;wp xUtuJ RafUj;ij cau;jj; p
nrk;ikg;gLj;Jk;.

9.2 ghuhl;Lk;> Fiw$wYk;

tFg;giwapy;> Mrpupau; khztu;fis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Kiwfspy; gupRk;> jz;lidAk;
(Praise and Blame) xUtpjk;. ,J jtpu ghuhl;Lk;> Fiw$wYk; kw;nwhU tifahd
Cf;Ftpj;jyhFk;. ghuhl;Ljiy tpUk;GtJ> mq;ff P huk; ngw tpUk;GtJ kdpj ,ay;G>
mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf gs;sp khztu;fshd Fkug;gUtj;jpdupilNa ,J mjpfk; cz;L. Mrpupau;
khztu;fis mtu;fspd; fw;wy; ntspg;ghL elj;ij rpwg;ghf mikAk; nghOJ> khztu;
kdk; kfpOk; tpjj;jpy; thu;j;ijfshy; ghuhl;LtJ mtrpak;.

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mj;jifag; ghuhl;Lfs; mtDf;F Cf;fkhf mikAk;> mtdJ fw;wYk; elj;ijAk;

rpwg;Gw Nkk;gLk;. Mdhy; kw;wtu;fs; mjid mq;ff P upf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; ghuhl;L mika
Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifag; ghuhl;Lfs; mf Cf;fpahfTk;> Gw Cf;fpahfTk nray;gLk;. mJ
Neu;Kf tYT+l;lyhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. Fw;wk; $wy; Fiw$wy; vd;git vjpu;kiw
Cf;fpfs;. Mrpupau; ifahSk; Kiwapy;> mit Neu;kiw- tpisTfs; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;
tpjj;jpy; nray;gLj;jyhk;. Fiw$wy; khztu; kdk; Gz;glhj tifapy;> Mdhy;
mNjrkaj;jpy;> Fiwia czUk; tifapy; mike;jhy; mJTk;> Cf;Ftpj;jyhfNt
mikAk;. njhlu;eJ ; Fiw$WtJ> njhlu;eJ ; jpl;LtJ khztuplk; vjpu;kiwahd
tpUk;gj;jfhj elj;ij tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.

9.3 gupRk;> jz;lidAk;

Cf;fpfs; cs;spUe;J vof;$baitfshfNth> ntspapypUe;J J}z;LgitahfNth
,Uf;fyhk;. Gwj;J}z;Lgit Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nghUl;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd (Incentives).
Cf;Ftpj;jy; nraypy; ce;Jjy;fs; ahTk; cs;NsapUe;J Njhd;wf;$bad. Gwj; J}z;ly;fs;
mbg;gilj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;J> gpd;du; jhNk nray;fis Cf;Ftpf;Fk;
gz;Gs;sit. mf Cf;fpapd; tpisthf xUtdpd; elj;ijNa ,yf;fhfpwJ. tpisahl;L
Foe;ijfSf;F ,ay;ghtjhy; mjid mfCf;fp vdyhk;. Mdhy; gupRfs;> jz;lidfs;
Nghd;wtw;why; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk; elj;ijfs; GwCf;fpfshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Foe;ijfspd; fw;wypy; mf Cf;fpfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ ey;yJ. gupRfs;> ghuhl;L ey;y
Cf;fpahFk;. gupRfs; khztuJ rf;jp> Mf;fj;jpwd;> ntspg;gl tha;g;Gfshfpd;wd. fw;wiyj;
njhlq;fp itf;f gupRfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Lg; gpd;du; khzhf;fu; jhNk Mu;tKld; njhlu;e;J
fw;Fk; tifapy; tFg;giw nray; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gupRfs; mbf;fb
gad;gLj;jg;gLjy; jtpu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; gupR ngWtNj> ,Wjp ,yf;F vd
jtwhd fUj;Jld; Njitaw;w Nghl;b> Vkhw;Wjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; <Lgl toptFf;ff;$lhJ.
gupRfis xU rpyNu ngw KbAkhjyhy;> kw;wtu;fSf;F tFg;giw Mu;tk; Fiwaf; $Lk;.
jz;lid vjpu;kiwg;gl;lit. tpUk;gj;jfhj elj;ijiaj; jLf;f> Xu; Gw Cf;fpahf
jz;lid gad;gLfpwJ. mjpf Ntiyaspj;jy;> mguhjk;> ntspapy; epWj;Jjy;> kd;dpg;G
Nfhur;nra;jy;> gs;spiatpl;L ePf;Fjy; Nghd;wit jz;lidfshFk;. cliy tUj;Jk;
jz;lidfs; kjpg;G epiyiaf; fPo;j;jug;gLj;Jtjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk;> vspa
jz;lidfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. jz;bg;gJ jtpu NtW topapy;iy vd;w epiyapy; kl;LNk
ifahsg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 Njit Vw;gl;lhy; jtpu jz;lidaspj;jy; $lhJ. fw;wiy Cf;Ftpf;f jz;lidg;
gad;gLj;jg;glf; $lhJ.
 Fw;wk; nra;jhy; jz;lid cWjp vd;w czu;T Vw;gLk; tifapy; jz;lidiaf;
ifahStJ> rPu;j;jpUj;j Kay;tJ rpwe;jJ.
 Fw;wk; Gupe;jtd; vjdhy; jz;bf;fg;gLfpwhd; vd;gJ njspthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
 xU rpyupd; elj;ijf;fhf tFg;gpy; cs;s midtiuAk; jz;bf;fg;glf; $lhJ
 jz;lidaspg;gjpy; jiyikahrpupau; kw;Wk; gpwuJ jiyaPL ,Uf;Fkhapd; Mrpupau;
kjpg;G FiwAk;> jz;lid gadw;wjhfptpLk;
 jz;bf;fg;gl;ltUk; gpwiug; Nghy; gupTld; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
 ntw;wp> Njhy;tpfSk; fw;wypy; khztu;fis Cf;Ftpg;Gitfshf mikfpd;wd>
ntw;wpfs; Neu;kiwahdit. Njhy;tpfs; vjpu;kiwahdit. vdNt fw;wypd; Jtf;f

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epiyapy; Njhy;tp jtpu;jJ

; ntw;wp Vw;gLk; tifapy; fw;wy; nray;fis Mrpupau;
mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

9.4 gpd;D}l;lKk;> KbT gw;wpa mwpTk;

ve;j xUtUf;Fk; mtuJ nraypd; KbT gw;wpa mwpT rpwe;j elj;ijf;F toptFf;Fk;.
nraypd; KbT gw;wpa mwpT ngw gpd;D}l;lk; (Feed Back ) Kjy;gbahFk;. xUtd; xU
nraypy; <Lgl;lgpd; mr;nray; gw;wpa fUj;J> <Lgl;ltupd; epiy Mfpait gw;wpa xU
Ma;T gpd;D}l;lk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;D}l;lj;jpd; %yk; mr;nraypd; KbT gw;wpa njspthd
mwpT nraypy; <Lgl;ltUf;F epiwthfapUg;gpd; mJNt Fiwfs; gw;wpa mwpTk;> czu;Tk;>
Fiwfs; ePf;fTk;> nrk;ikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; JizGupfpd;wd. vdNt fw;wypy; Mrpupau;
cldbahfg; gpd;D}l;lk; nfhLj;J fw;wy; KbT gw;wpa mwpit fw;gtu; mwpar; nra;tJ
rpwe;jjhFk;> ,f;fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk;> cstpay; fUj;Jfspd; mbg;gilapYk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lNj jpl;lkpl;Lf; fw;gpj;jy;> jpl;lkpl;Lf; fw;wy;> fzpdp topf;fw;wy;
KiwfshFk;.

9.5 vjpHghHg;G epiy

xd;wpid miltjpy; cs;s kpFe;j tpUg;gNk> vjpHghHg;G (Level of Aspiration)
vdg;gLfpd;wJ. mila tpUk;Gk; ,yf;fpid mila vt;tsT fbdkhd Kaw;rp Njitg;gLk;
vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; vjpHghHg;G epiy mikAk;. xUtd; vspjpy; milaf;$ba
,yf;Ffis mila tpUk;gpdhy; mtdJ vjpHghHg;G epiy fPo;kl;lkhf ,Ug;gijf;
Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy; nkd;NkYk; rhjid gilf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W jd; ,yf;if xUtd;
cau;j;jpdhy; mtd; vjpHghHg;G epiy cau;e;jJ. Cf;Ftpj;jy;> <LghL> jd;dk;gpf;if
Nghd;wd vjpHghHg;G epiyia cau;j;j cjtf;$bad. rpwpa Njhy;tp fw;gtid Kad;W
fw;fj;J}z;Lk;. Mdhy; njhlu; Njhy;tpfs; vjpHghHg;G epiyapidf; Fiwj;JtpLk;. tFg;gpy;
gapYk; khztu;fspd; taJ> gpwupd; rhjid Nghd;witfSk; vjpHghHg;G epiyapidf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtd. r%f> nghUshjhuf; fuhzKk; vjpHghHg;G epiyapy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

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myF 10 Ez;zwpT
UNIT-X – INTELLIGENCE

10.1 Ez;zwpT (Intelligence)

Ez;zwpT : nghUs; (Definitions)
R+o;epiyiag; Gupe;Jnfhz;L mijr; rupahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;; Ez;zwpT vd;gJ
rupahd topapy;> rupahd Neuj;jpy; rupahd mu;j;jj;ij mwpAk; Mw;wy; vd;gjhFk;.

10.2 Ez;zwpT : tiuaiwfs; (Definition)

nt];yu; (Wechsler) - "Ez;zwpT vd;gJ xUtd; Nehf;fj;NjhL nray;gly;>
gFj;jwpNthL rpe;jpj;jy;> R+o;epiyia jpwikahf rkhspj;jy; Nghd;witfs; Nru;e;j xU
$l;L nrayhw;wy;“ MFk;.
];nlhlhu;l; (Stoddard) - “Ez;zwpT vd;gJ xUtd; fbdkhd> rpf;fyhd> GJikahd>
gaDs;s cau;thd nray;fisj; njhlq;fp FWf;fpLfSf;fpilNaAk; njhlu;eJ ; epfo;j;j
cjTk; Mw;wy;”

10.3 Ez;zwpTf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

Ez;zwptpd; ,yf;fzk; (Theories of Intelligence) gw;wpg; gy fUj;Jfs; cstpay;
cyfpy; epyTtJ NghyNt> Ez;zwptpd; mikg;G gw;wpAk; gy Nfhl;ghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; Kf;fpakhd rpytw;iw ,q;F fhz;Nghk;.
10.3.1 xw;iwf; fhuhzpf;Nfhl;ghL
Ez;zwpT vdg;gLtJ xU nghJj;jpwd; (Unitary Ability) vd;W rpyu; fUJfpd;wdu;.
,j;jpwd;> gyjpwg;gl;l nray;fSf;Fk;> mbg;gil vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;nfhs;ifia Ez;zwpT
gw;wpa Kf;fpaf; nfhs;if vdyhk;. Fbkf;fs; midtiuAk; Ml;Ltpf;Fk;
mjpfhukidj;Jk;> Xu; murdplk; Ftpe;jpUg;gJ Nghd;W gyjpwg;gl;l nray;fSf;Fg; gpd;
mtw;iwj; jpwk;gl ,af;Fk; xNu xU nghJj; jpwDz;L vd;Wk;> ,JNt xUtdJ
Ez;zwpthFk; vd;Wk; ,f;nfhs;if Fwpg;gpLfpwJ> gPNdtpd; fUj;Jk;> ,f;Nfhl;ghl;il
xj;jjhfNt vz;zg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy;> xUtDila Ez;zwpT <T (I.Q) vd;w xw;iw
kjpg;gpidf; nfhz;L Ez;zwpit mstpl KbAk; vd;W gPNd vz;zpdhu;.
,f;nfhs;ifapd;gb> xUtd; kpFe;j Ez;zwpitg; ngw;wpUg;ghNdahdhy;> tho;f;ifapd;
vy;yhg; gFjpfspYk; mijg; gad;gLj;jp ntw;wpfukhf tpsq;Fthd;.
10.3.2 ,ul;ilf; fhuzpf; Nfhl;ghL
];gpau;dn; kd; jdJ ,ul;ilf; fhuhzpf; Nfhl;ghl;il 1904-y; ntspapl;lhu;. ,f;Nfhl;ghL
Gs;sp tpgu ,aypd; top vOe;jjhFk;. ,jd;gb> Ez;zwpT 'G' vd;w nghJf;fhuhzp>
Kf;fpakhf Muha;e;jwpAk; jpwNdhL njhlu;G ngw;W tpsq;Ftjhy; vy;yh kdr;nray;fspYk;
gq;F nfhs;fpwJ. Mdhy;> Fwpg;gpl;l jdpr; nray;fspNyNa rpwg;Gf; fhuzpfs; xt;nthd;Wk;
jdpj;jdpahf gq;F ngWtjhy;> mtw;wpw;fpilNa njhlu;G VJk; ,y;iy. ];gpau;nkdpd;
Nfhl;ghLgb> xt;nthU nraYk; nghJf;fhuzp> mr;nraYf;Fupa Fwpg;gpl;l xU rpwg;Gf;
fhuhzp Mfpatw;wpd; njhlu;G nfhz;L jpfo;tjhFk;.
'G' fhuhzp ngUk;ghYk; kughy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. vy;yh nray;fspYk; Nju;r;rpg;
ngw;W tpsq;f ,J cjTfpwJ. Mdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l Jiwapy; rpwe;J tpsq;f mj;Jiwf;Fj;
Njitahd rpwg;Gf; fhuzp tYg;ngw;Wj; jpfo Ntz;Lk;. vdNt ve;j ,Ukdpju;fis
xg;gpl;lhYk; mtu;fs; ,UtUk; xNu khjpupahd Gj;jprhypj;jdj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy.
vdNt> xU Fwpg;gpl;lj; Jiwapy; xUtu; rpwe;J tpsq;Ftij jPu;khdpg;gJ mj;Jiw

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nray;fSf;Fj; Njitahd 'G' apd; msT> 'S'apd; msT Mfpait MFk;. Ez;zwptpd;
nghJf;fhuhzp kpd;rf;jp Nghd;wJ. rpwg;Gf; fhuzpfs; ntt;NtW kpd; ,ae;jpuq;fisg;
Nghd;wit> nghJthf> Ez;zwpT vd;Dk;NghJ 'G' fhuzpiaNa Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;. 'S'
fhuzpfis ehl;lq;fs; my;yJ rpwg;Gj; jpwd;fs; vd;fpNwhk;.
,f;Nfhl;ghL> Ez;zwpit mstpLk; Nrhjidfis cUthf;Ftjpy; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ> gy;NtW kdj;jpwd;fis Nrhjidapy; ngwg;gLk; xl;Lnkhj;j kjpg;ngz;
nghJf;fhuhzpahd “G” I mspg;gjhff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;> Vnddpy;> xt;nthU gFjpf;Fk;
cupj;jhd rpwg;Gf; fhuhzpfspd; “S” tpisTfs; jq;fSf;Fs; rkd; nra;ag;gl;L tpLfpd;wd.
vdNt> KOikahd Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjid gy;NtW kdj;jpwd;fshd nrhy;yhw;wy;>
vz;zhw;wy;> epidthw;wy;> Ftprpe;jid Nghd;wtw;iw mstpLk; gy gFjpfisf;
nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.
10.3.3 gyfhuzpf; nfhs;if
gyfhuzpf;nfhs;if (Thurstone's Multifactor Theory): ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> Ez;zwpthdJ
gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd rpW rpW Mw;wy;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. ve;jnthU kdr;nraypYk;
gy;NtW Mw;wy;fs; xd;wpize;J nray;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;L gFjpfspy; xUtu; Nkk;gl;l
Nju;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu; vd;why; mjw;Ff; fhuzk;> mg;gFjpfspy; ,lk; ngWk; Mw;wy;
,izg;Gfspy;> xj;jf; $Wfs; kpFe;J fhzg;gLtNjahFk;. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> Ez;zwpT
vd;gJ xNu fhuzpahy; MdJ my;y. jhu;z;ilf;fpd; Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjid 4 gFjpfisf;
nfhz;lJ:
 thf;fpaj;ijg; G+u;j;jp nra;jy;
 vz; fzf;Ffs; njhlu;ghf Muha;e;jwpjy;
 nrhw;fsQ;rpak;
 fl;lisfis epiwNtw;Wjy;
,r;Nrhjidfs; ehd;fpilNaAk; kpf mjpfkhd Neupil njhlu;G fhzg;gLtjhy;>
,tw;iw itj;J kw;w Ez;zwptpd; mk;rq;fisf; fhg;gJ> kpf vspNj vd;W jhu;z;ilf;
$Wfpwhu;.

10.4 fpy;Nghu;bd; Ez;zwpTf; Nfhl;ghL

mnkupf;fhtpd; njw;F fypNghu;dpah gy;fiyf;fof cstpay; Ma;tfj;jpy;
csr;nray;fis gFg;gha;T nra;J> 1966-y; Ez;zwpTf; fl;likg;G vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il
fpy;Nghu;L ntspapl;lhu;. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> kdpj kdk; Kg;gupkhzq;fspy; nray;gLfpwJ
vd;Wk;> mt;thW nray;gLk; epiyfSf;Nfw;g ntt;Ntwhd csj;jpwd;fs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd
vd;Wk; mwpag;gLfpd;wJ> xt;nthU csj;jpwdpYk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l csr;nray; (Mental
Process) xU nghUs; kPJ nray;gl;L> tpisT xd;iw Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd;W fpy;Nghu;L
mwptpj;jhu;.

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nghUs; vdg;gLtjDs; cUtk; (Figural)> FwpaPL (Symbolic)> nrhy; nghUs; (Semantic)>

elj;ij (Behavioural) Mfpad mlq;Fk;. nray; Ie;J tiffshFk;. mwpjy; (Congnition)
epidT $u;jy; (Memory) Ftprpe;jid (Convergent Thinking)> tpup rpe;jid (Divergent
Thinking) kjpg;gPL (Evalution) vd;gd ,it> tpisTfs;> myFfs;> tiffs;> njhlu;Gfs;>
xUq;fikg;Gfs;> khw;wpaikg;Gfs;> mDkhdq;fs; vd;w MwhFk;.
nkhj;jk; 4x5x6 = 120 Ez;zwpTf; $Wfis fpy;Nghu;l; Rl;bf; fhl;b ,tw;wpy gytw;iw
kjpg;gplTk; Kad;Ws;shu;. ,d;W fpy;Nghu;l; Ez;zwpTf; $Wfshf 5x6x6 = 180
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. Ez;zwpTf; $Wfspd; tpsf;fk;.
nray;
 mwpjy;;
nfhLj;j tpguq;fspypUe;J Nfl;fg;gl;lij cldbahff; fz;Lgpbj;J
nghUs;czu;jy; Mfpait>
 epidT $u;jy;;
fw;w nra;jpfis epidtpy; ,Uj;jpj; Njitg;gLk; NghJ ntspf;nfhzu;jy;.
 Ftprpe;jid
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpguq;fspypUe;J nghJthf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; rpwe;j tpisT
my;yJ gaid vd;gijf; fz;L mwpjy;.
 tpuprpe;jid
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpguq;fisg; GJikahd Nfhzj;jpy; cw;W Nehf;fp my;yJ
khw;W Kiwfspy; rpe;jpj;Jg; Gjpa gad;ghLfs;> Gjpa mZFKiwfisj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
 kjpg;gpLjy;;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpguk;> ve;j msT nghUj;jkhdJ> rupahdJ> NghJkhdJ>
tpUk;gj;jf;fJ vd;W KbTf;F tUjy;>

nghUs;
 cUtk; rhu;e;jit
ifahsg;gLk; tpguk; my;yJ nra;jp> cUtq;fs;> glq;fs; Nghd;w
gUg;nghUs;fshfTk;> mtw;wpd; cUtk;> msT> tz;zk; Mfpatw;iwj;
njuptpg;gjhfTk; mike;jpUj;jy;. vJ gpd;dzpahf mikAk;> vJ cUtkhf
mikAk; vd;w Nfhl;ghLk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;. ,q;F gy;NtW Gyd; czu;T ,lk;
ngwf;$Lk;.
 FwpaPL rhu;e;jit
,jpy; vOj;Jf;fs;> vz;fs;> kuGtop cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; FwpaPLfs;> ,irf;FwpaPLfs;>
nrhw;fs; Nghd;wit mlq;Fk; .
 nrhy;nghUl;fs; rhu;e;jit
nghJthf cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; nrhw;fSf;fhd nghUisg; ngWjy;> glq;fs;
czu;j;Jk; nra;jpfs; Nghd;wit ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
 elj;ijrhu;e;jit
kdpj ,iltpidfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpy; mike;j ek;Kila kw;Wk;
gpwuJ kdg;ghd;ikfs;> tpUg;gq;fs;> rpe;jid> Gyd;fhl;rp> kdczu;Tepiy Nghd;w
$Wfis cs;slf;fpa nrhy;rhuh (Non-Verbal) tpguq;fNs ,q;F ifahsg;gLk;.

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tpisTfs;
 myFfs;;
jdpj;j tpguq;fis xd;wpizj;J nghUs; fhZjy;.
 tiffs;;
nghUl;fis mtw;wpdpilNa fhzg;gLk; nghJg; gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy;
tifg;gLj;Jjy;.
 njhlu;Gfs;;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l khwpfSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;ig A+fpj;jwpjy;.
 xUq;fikg;Gfs;;
nfhLj;j tpguq;fis my;yJ nra;jpfis xUq;fpizj;J Xu; mikg;G my;yJ
tbtj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
 khw;wp mikjjy;;
nfhLj;j tpguq;fis my;yJ nra;jpfis NtWtifapy; tiuaWj;jy;>
khw;wpaikj;jy;.
 mDkhdq;fs;;
nfhLj;j tpguq;fspypUe;J> ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;ff;$bait> Njhd;wf; $ba tpisTfs;>
ngwf; $ba fzpg;Gfs; Mfpait ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

10.5 kdntOr;rp Ez;zwpT

n`apd; vd;gtuJ tiuaiug;gb> kdntOr;rp Ez;zwpT vd;git kdntOr;rpfisj;
njspthf czu;jy;> ntspg;gLj;Jjy;> milahsk; fhZjy;> epidtpypUj;jy;> mtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jpf; fw;wy;> newpg;gLj;Jjy; Mfpa Mw;wy;fis ,ay;ghfg; ngw;wpUj;jy;.
 ,J ,ay;ghfNt> xt;nthU Foe;ijaplKk; gpwtpapNyNa mikag; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 ,J xt;nthU Foe;ijaplKk;> ntt;NtW msTfspy; mikag; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
 ,J kdntOr;rpfis czu;e;J nray;gLk; Mw;wNyhL njhlu;G cilaJ.
 ,J czu;Tfis epidtpypUj;jiyAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.

10.5.1 kdntOr;rp Ez;zwptpd; cl;$Wfs;

[hf; Nkau; kw;Wk; gPl;lu; ];NyhNt kdntOr;rp Ez;zwptpd; cl;$Wfshf gpd;tUk;
ehd;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;>
1. kdntOr;rpapid czu;jy;
 jd; czu;TfisAk;> kdntOr;rpfisAk; ed;Fzu;jy;
 nrhw;fs;> Fuy; xyp> Kfghtk;> nra;iffs; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; gpwuJ
czu;TfisAk;> kdntOr;rpfisAk; Gupe;J nfhs;tNjhL> fiyg;gilg;Gfs;>
tbtikg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iw cd;dpg;ghf ftdpf;Fk; Mw;wiy ngw;wpUj;jy;.
 kdntOr;rp gw;wpa mbg;gil mwpitg; ngw;wpUj;jy;; kw;Wk; gpwuJ
kdntOr;rpfis Fwpg;gpl;L ,dk; fhZk; jpwik> mtw;iw njspthf
ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;> mit gw;wp tpthjpf;Fk; Mw;wy; Mfpatw;iwg;
ngw;wpUj;jy;.
2. kdntOr;rpapid rpe;jidapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;
 jkJ czu;Tfis Muha;e;jwpjy;> KbTfs; vLj;jy;> gpur;ridfisj; jPu;j;jy;
Nghd;w fUj;jpay; nray;ghLfspy; gad;gLj;Jjy;

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 jkJ cs;Szu;tpd; %yk; rpe;jpj;J nray;gLjy;

3. kdntOr;rpfisg; Gupe;J nfhz;L gFj;jha;jy;
 kdntOr;rpg; gpur;ridfisj; jPu;j;jy;
 kdntOr;rp> rpe;jid> nray;ghL Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNaahd njhlu;Gfis
Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;;. rpe;jid vt;thW kdntOr;rpia cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ>
kdntOr;rp rpe;jidia vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wJ> xUtuJ kdntOr;rpapd;
ntspg;ghl;lhy; mtuJelj;ijAk;> gpwu; mtuplk; ele;J nfhs;tJk; vt;thW
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;
4. kdntOr;rpfis newpg;gLj;jp Ra Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F toptFj;jy;:
 xUtu; jkJ kdntOr;rpfSf;Fk;> kfpo;r;rpf;Fk; jhNk nghWg;G Vw;wy;
 gpwu; jkJ kdntOr;rpfis fz;lwpe;J> gad; ngw cjTjy;

10.6 Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidfspd; gad;fs;

 fy;tpapy; topfhl;LjYf;F
 Foe;ijfspd; kdj;jpwd; mwpa
 khztu;fspd; Fwpg;gpl;l jpwid mstpl
 khztu;fisg; gpupj;J> gzpfs; mspj;J fw;gpf;f
 gpd;diltpw;fhd fhuzkwpe;J FiwjPu;f;f
 vjpu;fhy Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Fwpg;gpl
 Ma;TfSf;fhf
 gzpepakdj; Nju;tpw;fhf
 jFjp mbg;gilapy; cjtpfs; toq;f kw;Wk; Nju;T nra;a
 nray;fspd; tpisTfis mse;jwpa
 xU Foe;ij d; Ez;zwpTj; jpwid mwpe;jpl
 khztu;fspd; kPs;jpwidf; fz;lwpe;J rpwg;Gg;gapw;rpaspf;f.

10.7 Ez;zwpT <T (Intelligence Quotient)

xU Fwpg;gpl;l kdtaJ epiyia mila xUtDf;F vt;tsT fhyk; (gpwg;G Kjy;)
Njitg;gl;lJ vd;gij Ez;zwpTr;Nrhjidapy; ftdpg;gjpy;iy. vdNt> xUtdJ kdtaJ
gw;wpa mwpT kl;LkpUg;gpd; mtidg;gw;wp ek;khy; jpl;lkhff; $w ,ayhJ. xUtdJ
kdtaJ 8 vd;W itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. mjhtJ mtd; Ez;zwpTr Nrhjidapy;; 8 taJ
tiu mike;j tpdhf;fSf;Fr; rupahf tpilaspf;fpwhd;. mtdJ fhy taJ 6-Mf
,Ug;gpd; mtd; Ez;zwpT taJf;F kPwpa jpwikAs;std;. mtdJ fhy taJ 10 vd;why;
mtd; gpd;dile;jtd;. vdNt> xUtDila kd taJld; mtdJ fhy taijAk; xg;G
Nehf;fpdhy;jhd; mtdJ jpwd; njspthFk;. ];nlu;d; (Stein) vd;ghuJ fzf;fPl;bd;gb

kdtaJ
Ez;zwpT <T- X 100
fhytaJ

,jd;gb Ez;zwpT <T 100 rhjhuz Ez;zwpitAk;> mjw;F Nkw;gl;lhy; Ez;zwpT

kpFjpiaAk;> 100-f;F fPo;g;gl;lhy; Ez;zwpTf; FiwitAk; Fwpf;Fk;.

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10.8 Ez;zwpTg; gutYk; tifg;ghLk; (Clssifications & Distributuion of I.Q.'s)

rKjhaj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu;> ruhrup Ez;zwpT <T gilj;jtu;fs;. Rkhu; 1 rjtpfpj
NkijfSk;> %istsu;r;rp Fd;wpatu;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,f;Foe;ijfSf;Fr; rhjhuzg;
gs;spfspy; mspf;fg;gLk; fy;tpahy; ve;j gaDk; ,y;iy> ,j;jifNahUf;fhd rpwg;Gg;
gs;spfspy; Nru;j;J fy;tpaspj;jhy;> md;whl tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fisAk;
mbg;gil mwpTk; ngw;W jq;fs; Ntiyfis jhq;fNs ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;L
Rarhu;Gilatu;fshf jpfo itf;f KbAk;.

10.8.1 Ez;zwpT tsu;r;rp (Growth of Intelligence)

Ez;zwpT vd;gJ taJ mjpfupf;f mjpfupf;f tsu;r;rp ngw;W Kd;Ndw;wkilfpwJ.
,t;tsu;r;rp vy;yh tajpYk;. fpl;lj;jl;l xNu rPuhf ,Ug;gJ Nghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; $l>
Kjy; 5 taJtiu tsu;r;rpapy; jPtpuk; fhzg;gl;L> Kjpu;r;rpailAk; epiyapy; rpwpJ Ntfk;
FiwfpwJ. ,t;tsu;r;rp 15 tajpy; KOikailtjhf gPNdAk;> 16 tajpy;
KOikailtjhf nlu;kd; - nkupy; Nghd;NwhUk; fUJfpd;wdu;. Ez;zwpT tsu;r;rpapy;
jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfs; (Individual differences) fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpwd;kpf;NfhuJ Ez;zwpT
tsu;r;rp 16 taJf;Fg; gpwFk; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W Mz;Lfs; njhluyhk;; ke;j
Gj;jpAs;Nshupd; Ez;zwpT tsu;r;rp 10 - 12 tajpNyNa epd;W Nghff; $Lk;. Foe;ijfspy;
fhyk; fle;J tsu;r;rpailNthUk; (late bloomers) cz;L. ,tu;fspd; Ez;zwpT tsu;r;rp 7-8
taJ tiu nkJthf ,Ue;jhYk;> gpd;du; mjpfkhFk;.
Ez;zwpT tsu;r;rp MokhfTk; (depth)> mfykhfTk; (width) guTtjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
Ez;zwptpd; nrq;Fj;J tsu;r;rp (Vertical Growth) 16 taJld; KOik ngw;W tpLtjhfTk;>
Ez;zwpTitg; gad;gLj;jpg; gapw;rp my;yJ fy;tp mwptpdhy; tpisfpw nghUswpT
(knowledge) my;yJ “fpilkl;l tsu;r;rp (Horizontal Growth) ngUfpf; nfhz;Nl
NghtjhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. vdNt 40 taJila xUtUf;F Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidiag;
gad;gLj;jp Ez;zwpit mstpl;lhy;> mtUila 16 tajpy; mtUf;F vd;d kd taJ
,Ue;jNjh> mijNa fhl;Lk;. Mdhy; nrq;Fj;J Ez;zwpT (Vertical Intelligence)
R+o;epiyapd; ,iltpidapdhy; tpisfpd;w “fpilkl;l Ez;zwpT" (Horizontal intelligence)
fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w nra;jpwd;fSk; (Skill)> nghUswpTk; (Knowledge) ngUfpf; nfhz;Nl
nry;Yk;. vdNt Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidfshy; mstplg;gLtJ nrq;Fj;J Ez;zwpNt vd;W
mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
10.8.2 Ez;zwpTf; nfotpd; khwhj;jd;ik (Constancyof I.Q.)
kdtaJ vd;gJ xUtuJ Ez;zwptpd; epiyiaAk;> Ez;zwpT <T vd;gJ mtuJ
Ez;zwpit mtUila taJ xj;jtu;fNshL xg;gplg;gLk;NghJ cs;s epiyiaAk;
Fwpg;gjhFk;. Ez;zwpT <tpd; msT vg;NghJk; “xg;gpl;l msT” MFk;. mjhtJ fhytaJ
mjpfupf;f kdtaJk; cau;fpwJ. Mifahy; Ez;zwpT <T khWtjpy;iy . kPjj ; pwf;
Foe;ijfs; vg;NghJk; kPj;jpwDlDk;> ke;j Gj;jpAiila Foe;ijfs; njhlu;eJ ; ke;j
Gj;jpAilajhfTk; cs;sd. 16 tajpw;Fg; gpd;> tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; gy gpur;ridfisj;
jPu;g;gjw;Fupa nrayhw;wy;> Ez;zwpT <tpdhy; Vw;gLtjpy;iy; khwhf mDgtj;jpdhy;
Vw;gLk; Mw;wyhFk;.
mz;ikapy; elj;jg;gl;l Ma;Tfs; "Ez;zwpTf; nFoe;ij d; khwhj; jd;ik' vd;w
fUj;ijNa re;Njfj;jpw;Fupajhf khw;wpAs;sJ. `Trpf; vd;ghu; 150 Foe;ijfspd;
Ez;zwpT <it 2 taJ Kjy; 18 taJ tiu njhlu;eJ ; mstpl;L te;jjpy; 10 Kjy; 30
Gs;spfs; tiuapy; khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ngapyp> upr;ru;l;]; MfpNahuJ

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Ma;T KbTfSk; "Ez;zwpf; nFoe;ij y; khw;wk;” (Fluctuation in T.Q.) vd;w fUj;ij

typAWj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sd. mstplg;gLk; Ez;zwpT <tpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLtjw;fhd
gy;tiff; fhuzq;fspy; fPo;f;fz;lit Kf;fpakhdit: i) Nrhjid elj;jg;gLk;
R+o;epiyfs; ii) Nrhjid elj;jg;gLk; fhyq;fspy; cly;eydpYk;> kdepiyapYk; vOk;
khw;wq;fs; iii) gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidfspd; re;Njfkhd ek;gfj;jd;ik iv)
mLj;jLj;J Nrhjidfs; elj;Jk;NghJ> Nrhjid cUg;gbfNshL Vw;gLk; gupr;rak; v)
Nrhjidj; juq;fs; (Norms) KO msT cz;ikAs;sdthf ,y;yhik vi) Ez;zwpTr;
Nrhjidfspd; jd;ikapy;> mjhtJ mit vj;jpwd;fis mstpl Kw;gLfpd;wd vd;gjpy;
fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfs; vii) kdntOr;rp> MSikg; gz;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpy; vOk; khWjy;fs;
Mfpait. vdNt vy;yhtw;iwAk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sk;NghJ> ek;gfj;jd;ik kpFe;j
nghUj;jkhd Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidia mJTk; Foe;ijfspd; 7-8 taJf;Fg; gpwF
gad;gLj;jp Ez;zwpT <itf; fzf;fpl;lhy;>mJ ngUksT khwhj;jd;ikAld; jpfOk; vd;W
$wyhk;.

Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidfspd; gad;fs;

1. Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidfs;> khztu;fspd; gbg;G> njhopy; Mfpatw;wpy; topfhl;lTk;>
newpg;gLj;jTk; (educational and vocational guidance) Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
2. gs;spapy; khztu;fis juk; gpupg;gjw;F ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. khztUs;
kPj;jpwDilNahu;fisAk;> gpw;gl;NlhiuAk; fz;lwpa ,r;Nrhjidfs;
,d;wpaikahjdthFk;.
3. jw;fhyj;jpy; khztu;fis mtu;fsJ "Mw;wypd;gb tifg;gLj;Jk; Kiw” (Ability
grouping) rpwe;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,k;Kiwg;gb xt;nthU tFg;gpYk; %d;W
gpupTfs; ,Uf;Fk;. kPj;jpwd; kpf;ftu;fis Kjy; gpuptpYk;> rhjhuz
Ez;zwpTs;stu;fis ,uz;lhtJ gpuptpYk;> gpd;jq;fpa khztu;fis %d;whtJ
gpuptpYk; Nru;j;J jdpj;jdpahf fw;gpj;jy;.
4. Foe;ijfspd; gs;spj; Nju;r;rpapy; gpd;jq;fpa epiyf;Fupa fhuzj;ij mwpa
Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;. gy;NtW njhopy;fSf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdtu;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;f Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.

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myF 11 Mf;fj;jpwd; my;yJ gilg;ghw;wy;

UNIT XI - CREATIVITY

11.1 Mf;fj;jpwd; (my;yJ) gilg;ghw;wy;

Mf;fj;jpwd; (Creativity) vd;gJ Gjpadtw;iw gilf;Fk; MFk;. njhopy;El;g rKjha
tsu;r;rpf;F Gjpa fUj;JfSk;> fz;Lgpbg;GfSk; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F mbg;gil Mf;fr;
rpe;jidNa. Mf;fr; rpe;jidapd; tpisT GJik (Novelty) cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. gaDs;s
Kiwapy; Mf;fr; rpe;jid miktjw;F cjtf; $ba gy;NtW gz;Gfs;> Mw;wy;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; njhFg;ig ehk; Mf;fj;jpwd; vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. gioa vz;zq;fis GJ
tbtj;jpy; mikg;Gwr; nra;jYk;> gioa vz;zq;fspilNa GJj;njhlu;Gfisf; fhZjYk;>
Mf;fr; rpe;jidapddhy; cUthjyhFk;. ]p.Mu;. Nuh[u;]; (C.R. Rogers) tiuaiwg;gb>
Mf;fr; rpe;jid vd;gJ xUtuJ jdpj;jd;ikf;Fk;> mtuJ tho;tpy; vjpu;gLk; nghUl;fs;>
kdpju;fs;> epfo;Tfs;> R+o;epiyfs; Mfpatw;wpw;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk; ,iltpidapdhy;
GJikahd nghUl;fNsh my;yJ njhlu;GfNsh tpistjhFk;.

11.2 Mf;fj;jpwDf;Fk;> Ez;zwpTf;Fk; ,ilNaahd NtWghL kw;Wk; njhlu;G

Ez;zwpTf;F Ftprpe;jidAk;> Mf;fj;jpwDf;F tpuprpe;jidAk; mbg;gilahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wd vd;W Ma;Tfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. Ftprpe;jidapy;> vy;NyhuhYk;
xg;Gf;nfhs;sf;$ba rupahd tpilia my;yJ jPu;itg; ngWtNj Fwpf;Nfhshff;
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; tpuprpe;jidapy; ntt;NtW tpjkhd gy;tifj; jPu;Tfis ngw
Kaw;rpf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> Ez;zwpTr;Nrhjidapy; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; xNu xU rupahd
tpilNa cz;L. Mdhy; Mf;fj;jpwd; Nrhjidapy; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; gy fpilf;Fk;.
Mf;fj;jpwDf;Fk;> Ez;zwpT <T mjpf msT ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy;iy. mjhtJ>
mjpf Ez;zwpT <T cilNahu; kpFe;j Mf;fj;jpwNdhL jpfo Ntz;bajpy;iy. Mdhy;>
NghJkhd ruhrup msT Ez;zwpT ,d;wp> Mf;fj;jpwd; Njhd;w tha;g;gpy;iy.
 Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidfs; nraw;gLjiyAk;> rupahd tpil vd;W xg;Gf;
nfhs;sg;gl;ltw;iw toq;FjiyAk; typAWj;Jfpd;wd. tpilfis mspg;gjpy;
Nrhjpg;gtdpd; jdpj;jd;ikf;F tha;g;Gfs; ,y;iy. Mdhy;> Mf;fj;jpwd;
Nrhjidfspy; jdpj;jd;ik> Rje;jpuk;> rpe;jid nefpo;r;rp> fUj;J tpupthf;fk;>
JupjkhfTk;> jilapd;wpAk; rpe;jpj;jy;> GJik Mf;fk; gilj;jy; Mfpatw;wpw;F
mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfs; gyu; rKjhaj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpa FOf;fspYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.

11.3 Ftprpe;jidAk;> tpuprpe;jidAk;

Ftprpe;jid (Convergent Thinking)
xd;iwg;gw;wp vy;NyhuhYk; xg;Gf; nfhs;sf;$ba xU jPu;itf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L
nray;gLk; cs;shu;e;j Ma;T Ftprpe;jid. ,J FWfyhdJ. xU jpirapy; rpe;jpf;ff;
$baJ. nghJthf jPu;T topia kl;Lk; rpe;jpg;gJ Ftp rpe;jidahFk;> xU Nehf;fpy;
mikf;fg;gLtJ jpirg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gy;NtW J}z;ly;fs; ,ize;J xUKfkhfr;
nray;gLtJ Ftprpe;jidia tsu;f;Fk;.

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tpuprpe;jid (Divergent Thinking)

xd;iwg;gw;wp Rje;jpukhf gy;Nehf;fpy;> gyNfhzq;fspy; Mo;e;J> gupNrhjpg;gJ> rpe;jpg;gJ
tpuprpe;jidahFk;. fw;gid> A+fq;fs; fye;jJ tpuprpe;jid. xU gpur;ridia ed;F
Muha;e;J> mg;gpur;ridapd; gy;NtW gupkhzq;fisAk; rpe;jpj;J xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
jPu;TKiwfisr; rpe;jpg;gJ tpuprpe;jidahFk;. ntt;NtW tifahd gy;tifj; jPu;Tfisg;
ngw Kaw;rpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xU J}z;ly; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Gila gy Jyq;fy;fis
ntspg;gLj;jpdhy;> mJ tpuprpe;jid.

11.4 Mf;fj;jpwd; nray;Kiwg; gbepiyfs;

,J gilg;Gr; rpe;jidapd; mbg;gil.
gilg;ghw;wy;;
gilg;Gr; rpe;jid ehd;F gbepiyfisf; nfhz;lJ.

 jahu; epiy (m) Maj;jk; (Preparation)

 cs;tsu;r;rp (m) cs; cwf;f epiy (Incubation)
 cs; Cf;fk; (m) cs;nshsp (Inspiration Or Illumination)
 rupghu;jj
; y; (Verification)

jahu;epiy
gpur;rid Nju;T nra;ag;gl;L> mJ gw;wpa rpe;jidf;F tiuaiw nra;jy;>
xUKfg;gLj;Jjy;> njhlu;ghd tpguq;fs; Nrfupj;jy;> gFj;jha;jy; ,jd; %yk; jPu;Tfhz
jd;idj;jhNd csfjpahf> nraYf;F jahupj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nraiyAk;> jPu;tpw;fhd
Nrfupg;G epiyiaAk; Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,t;thW jahupf;Fk; nghOJ> Njitg;gl;lhy;>
nray;jpl;lk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;L jpl;lk; tiuag;gLk;. rpy rkaq;fspy;> Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l
gpur;rid fbdkhdjhapd; mij nray;gLj;Jtij rw;W js;spitj;J mjidg;gw;wp
Mo;e;J mwpa Kay;tJ ,uz;lhk; epiyahFk;.

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cs;tsu;r;rp (m) cs; cwf;fepiy (Incubation)

,e;epiyapy; gpur;rid njhlu;ghd nray;fs; ntspg;gLj;jhky; > Kd; mDgtj;ijAk;>
ngwg;gl;l jfty;fisAk; cs;tsu;j;J Gjpa Nfhzj;jpy; ,izj;J rpe;jpj;jiyf;
Fwpg;gjhFk;. rw;W> mjid cs;epiyapy; itj;J> Mu;tKs;s NtW nray;ghLfspy;
<LgLtijAk; Fwpg;gjhy; ek;ikAk; mwpahky; Vw;gl;l cs;tsu;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf
gspr;nrd;w jPu;T gw;wpa rpe;jid Njhd;Wk;. ,J> mLj;j epiyf;F top nra;fpd;wJ.
cs;tsu;r;rpf;fhyk; egUf;Nfw;g> ,ay;gpw;Nfw;g> gpur;ridf;Nfw;g NtWglf;$bajhFk;>

cj;Ntfk; (m) cs; xsp epiy (Inspiration Or illumination)

cs;tsu;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf cl;fhl;rp %yk; jpBu; fUj;J Njhd;Wk; epiyiaf;
Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,J Ke;jpa rpe;jidia cWjpnra;tjhfNth> rpW khw;wq;fis
cs;slf;fpajhfNth> Gjpa xd;whfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. ,J ve;j Neuj;jpYk; Njhd;wyhk;.
GJikahdjhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

rupghu;j;jy; epiy (Verification Stage)

,JNt Mf;f rpe;jid tsu;r;rpapd; ,Wjpepiy. rpe;jpf;fg;gl;l jPu;T> rupahdjh vd
Nrhjpj;J rupghu;f;fg;gLk;. Njitahd jpUj;jq;fSld; jPu;T KbT nra;ag;gLk;. ,e;ehd;Fk;>
tupirg;gb epfo Ntz;Lnkd fl;lhakpy;iy. ,e;ehd;F epiyfSk; Njitg;gl;lhy; kW
Row;rpf;Fk; nry;yNtz;bapUf;fyhk;. ,it vy;yhNk gpur;ridapd; fbdj;jd;ik> Njit>
gad;ghL Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; jPuk ; hdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jpl;lk; ve;j Neuj;jpYk;> epiyapYk;
khw;wj;jf;fjhFk;;. ve;j xU gilg;Gk;> ,j;jifa epiyfspd; tpisthfj; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
gilg;Gfs; gaDs;sjhf Vw;fg;gl;lhy; vy;NyhuhYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa
gilg;G> fUj;J tbtkhdjhfNth> nray;tbtkhdjhfNth> nghUs; tbtkhdjhfNth
mikayhk;.

11.5 Mf;fj;jpwid tsu;j;jpLk; topKiwfs;

 fUj;J ntspg;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuk;;
khztu; jd; fUj;Jfis ntspg;gLj;j Rje;jpuk; mspf;fg;gLtJld;> jhNd cz;ik
fz;lwpe;J tbtikf;f Rje;jpuk; mspf;fg;gl;L khztupd; Mf;f rpe;jidia
Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 cw;rhfg;gLj;Jjy;;
khztu; fUj;Jf;fis Vw;W> kjpg;gspj;J> tsu;r;rpia Muha;e;J mtu;fSf;Fj;
Njitahd Gj;jfq;fs;> fw;wy; tsq;fs; fpilf;fr; nra;J cw;rhfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 MHt%l;Ljy; (Curiosity)
khztu;fspd; mwpa Ntz;Lk; vd;w MHtj;ij jilnra;ahJ nghWikAld;>
md;Gld;> gupTld; mtu;fis mZf Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fspd; mtrpaj; NjitfSf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fis kjpg;gJ> Cf;fg;gLj;JtJ mtrpak;.
kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; tpdhf;fis> re;Njfq;fis ntspg;gLj;j tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nfyp nra;jy;> mlf;fpahSjy; $lhJ. rupahd fUj;J ntspg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ
ghul;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fUj;J Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 fiyj;jpl;lk; (Curriculum)
gs;spapd; ghlf;fiyj;jpl;lk;> me;je;j epiyapy; khztu;fs; Mf;fj;jpwd; tsu;f;f
VJthf mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;l nray;ghLfspy; gilg;ghw;wYf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 topfhl;LjYk;> newpg;gLj;JjYk; (Guidance and Counseling)

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Mf;fj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. khztu;fs; jdpj;jd;ikAld;

jdpj;jpaq;fp gbf;fTk;> nray;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;> nray;jpl;lq;fs; %yk;
Gjpad fz;lwpaTk;> rupahd tifapy; mtu;fis topelj;jp newpg;gLj;Jjy;
mtrpak;
 Nju;T Kiw (Examination)
khztu;fSf;fhd NjHthdJ Rje;jpukhf> Rarpe;jid tsu;f;ff; $bajhf> fw;gid
tsk; ntspg;gLj;jf;$bajhf> gilg;ghw;wy; rpe;jidf;F tha;g;gspf;ff; $bajhf
tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 xg;gilg;Gfs; (Assignment)
Mf;fj;jpwd; tsu;f;ff;$ba tifapy; tPl;L xg;gilg;Gfs; toq;fp rpwe;j
xg;gilg;Gfs; Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
 rKjhag; gilg;ghw;wiy gad;gLj;Jjy;
gilg;Gj;jpwd; kpf;f nghUl;fhl;rpfs;> mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy; rhu;e;j gilg;Gj;
jpwd; ifg;nghUl;fhl;rpfs;> mUq;fhl;rpaf ikaq;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F khztu;fis
mioj;Jr; nrd;W ghu;f;fr; nra;tjd; %yk; gilg;ghw;wiyj; J}z;lyhk;.
 fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; (Teaching methods);
khztu;fSf;Ff; fUj;J kw;Wk; rpe;jidfSf;F Rje;jpukspj;J> vz;z
Rje;jpukspj;J> fw;gpj;jypy; Mrpupau;fs; khztuJ gilg;ghw;wiyj; J}z;Lk;
tifapYk;> tsu;f;Fk; tifapy; GJikiaf; ifahz;L> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis
mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaNu gilg;ghw;wiy cUthf;Fgtuha; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.

11.6 Mf;fj;jpwid mstpLjy;

Mf;fj;jpwd;kpf;ftu;fis Mf;fj;jpwd; Nrhjidfs; %yKk;> Nrhjidfspy;yhj
gpwtopfs; %yKk; fz;lwpayhk;. Mf;fj;jpwd; Nrhjidfspy; nkhop kw;Wk;> glq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jk; KiwfSk; cz;L.
 ,ay;ghd gaDf;F mg;ghw;gl;l Gjpa gad;fs; cUthjy.;
 elf;ftpayhj epfo;r;rpfs; 5 epkplq;fspy; vj;jid epfo;r;rpfisf; Fwpf;f ,aYNkh
midj;ijAk; Fwpj;jy;.
 epfof; $lhj xd;W> ,t;thW epfo;e;jhy;-vd fw;gid nra;jy;.
 tpisahl;Lg; nghUs;fis rpwg;ghdjhf Mf;Fjy;.
 KbTwhj cUtq;fis tiue;J ngahpLjy;.
 fhfpj ntl;Lfisf; nfhz;L Gjpa glq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.

Nrhjidfsw;w Ma;T Kiwfs;

• cw;W Nehf;fy; Kiwfs;
• Neu;fhzy;
• ju msTNfhy;
• rupghu;f;Fk; gl;bay;
• MSikg;gl;bay;

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myF 12 MSik
UNIT XII - PERSONALITY

12.1 MSik vd;gjd; nghUs;

Personality vDk; nrhy;> yj;jPd; thu;j;ijahd persona vd;gjpypUe;J Njhd;WfpwJ.
,jw;F ehlfj;jpy; Nghlg;gLk; Ntlk; my;yJ Kf%b vd;W nghUs;. MSik vd;gJ
xUtdJ gz;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk; ntspj;Njhw;wk; vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,d;W> mjd;
nghUs; NtWgLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;gpl;l gz;gpy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fgtd; rpwe;j MSikAilNahd;
vdg;gLfpwhd;. gyu; ,t;thu;j;ij> cly; ftu;r;rpia> cUtj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhff; fUJfpd;wdu;.
Mdhy; cz;ikapNyNa> MSik vd;gJ kpfTk; gue;j nghUSilajhFk;. xUtu;
mtUila epiyapy; rKjhaj;jpd; J}z;lYf;F ntspg;gLj;Jk; jdpg;gl;l kjpg;Ng MSik
vdg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthUtUf;Fk; jdpj;jd;ikkpf;f gz;GfSz;L. ,g;gz;Gfspd; fhuzkhf
ntt;NtW R+oypYk; Fwpg;gpl;l elj;ij ntspg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fs; xUtdpd;
MSik jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. xUtdpd; kdntOr;rp> jpwd;> Ez;zwpT>
mDgtk;> Gyd;fhl;rp> ,ay;G+f;fk;> epidthw;wy;> gilg;ghw;wy;> vz;zq;fs;> gof;fq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; xl;Lnkhj;j njhFg;Ng MSikahFk;.

12.2 tiuaiwfs;
Guilford vd;gtu; MSik vd;gJ xUtdpd; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j mikg;G vd;W
tiuaWf;fpd;whu;.
Woodworth> 'fUj;jpd;gb> kdpjd; ghuk;gupaj;jhYk;> R+o;epiyahYk; ngw;Ws;s
cs;shu;e;j kdg;Nghf;Ffs;> csj;Jbg;Gfs;> nray;Kiwfs;> cly; Ntl;iffs;> ,ay;G+f;fk;
Mfpatw;wpd; njhFg;Ng MSik”.
G.W. Allport> “kdg;gz;Gfs; Nru;eJ ; > xUq;fike;jpUf;Fk;. ,e;j xUq;fikg;gpd; ,ay;G>
kdpjDf;F kdpjd; rpwpNjDk; khWgl;bUf;Fk;. jdpkdpjd; jd; R+oypy; vt;thW
nray;gLfpwhd; vd;gJ xUq;fikg;gpd; jd;ikia nghUj;jJ. ,j;jifa cly; cs;sg;
gz;Gfspd; jdpg;gl;l xUq;fikg;Ng MSikahFk” vd;W tpsf;Ffpd;whu;. ,t;thW MSik
ntt;NtW tifapy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lhYk; nghJthf MSik cUthf;Ftjpy;
ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk;> R+o;epiyf;Fk; gq;Fz;L NkYk; MSik jdpj;jd;ikahdJ.

12.3 MSik tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs; (Developemnt of Personality)

kdpjd; rpf;fyhd r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdh; mtdila KbT fwpf;nfhs; jd;idj; jhNd
cz;ikAs;stdhf;fpf; nfhs;tjhFk; kdpjdJ ,ay;G gioa mdgtq;fisAk;> vjph;fhyj;
NjitfisAk; Fwpg;gjhFk;. kdpjd; gpwf;Fk; nghONj Msikf;fhd rpy guk;giu
gz;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;shd;. mtd; tsUk; nghOJ ntspAyifg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sk; jpwd;
tsu;tJld;> mtDila MSikAk; ntspg;gLfpwJ> jdpkdpjDila MSik vd;gJ
guk;giuf; fhuzpfis tpl> R+o;epiyf;fhuzpfNs mjpf khWjy;fisf; nfhLffpwJ.
MSikf; fhuzpfis ehd;F tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit : 1) clypay; fhuzpfs; 2)
Ntjpay; fhuzpfs;> 3) R+o;epiyf; fhuzpfs; 4) fw;wy; fhuzpfs;

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1. clypay; fhuzpfs; (Physique Factors)

clypay; Njhw;wk; vd;gJ cly; mikg;G> cly; gUkd;> epwk;> moF Mfpa
fhuzpfis cs;slf;fpaJ. ,it xU kdpjdpd; MSik tsu;r;rpf;F kiwKfkhff;
fhuzkhfpwJ.
2. Ntjpapay; fhuzpfs; (Chemique Factors)
Ntjpapay; fhuzpahdJ ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfspd; (Ductless glands) Neubahd
nray;ghLfs; MSik tsu;r;rpf;F fhuzpahtijf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,e;j ehskpy;yhr;
Rug;gpfs; Ntjpg; nghUl;fisr; Rue;J ,uj;jj;jpw;Fs; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,g;nghUs;fs;
`hu;Nkhd;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;Rug;gpfspd; Ruf;Fk; jd;ikapy; khWghL
Vw;gl;lhy; kdpjdpd; MSikia ngupJk; ghjpf;Fk;.

Kf;fpa ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfspd; nray;fs; (Functions of Major Endocrine glands)

gpl;A+l;lupd; Rug;gpfs; (Pituitary glands)
,r;Rug;gp %isapd; mbg;ghfj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,J Kf;fpakhd Rug;gp MFk;. ,jpy;
Ruf;Fk; gpl;A+l;lupd; (Pituitrine) `hu;Nkhd;fshdJ kw;w Rug;gpfspd; tsu;r;rpfisj;
J}z;lf;$bajhfTk>; clypd; Ntjpj; jd;ikia epiyg;gLj;jf; $lbaitfshfTk;
nray;gLfpd;wd.
,r;Rug;gpfspd; mjpfr;fug;gpd; NghJ kdpjDf;F mjpfg;gbahd tsu;r;rpiaAk;> Rug;gjpy;
gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLk; nghOJ cly;> ghypd tsu;r;rpAk; jilgLfpwJ.
ijuha;L Rug;gp ( The thyroid glands)
,J Fuy;tisf;F mUfpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; Ruf;Fk; `hu;Nkhd; ijuhf;]pd; (Thyroxin)
vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; mjpfr; Rug;G cz;lhFk; nghOJ euk;Gj;jsu;r;rp> mikjpaw;w jd;ik>
Fog;g epiy kw;Wk; cwf;fkpd;ik Mfpait Vw;gLk.; Rug;gpapd; `hu;Nkhd; gw;whf;Fiw
Vw;gLk;NghJ> Kfk; tPq;fpAk;> ngupa cjLk;> mb tapW gUj;Jk;. ehf;F jbj;Jk;
fhzg;gLk;. ,r;Rug;gp Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; MSikAld; njhlu;GilaJ.

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ml;updy; Rug;gp (The adrenal glands)

ml;uPdy; fhg;gpfs; ,U rpWePufq;fspd; Nky; gjpe;jpUf;Fk; ,U Rug;gpfshFk;. ,jd;
`hu;Nkhd; ml;uPdypd; (adrenalin) vdg;gLk;. ,e;j `hu;Nkhd; fy;yPuypy; ,uj;jj;jpy;
ru;f;fiuapd; msit mjpfupf;fj; J}z;b mjpf clw;rf;jpia mspf;fr; nra;fpwJ. ,J
NkYk; ,jaj;ij Jhz;b ,uj;j Xl;l Ntfj;ij mjpfg;gLj;JfpwJ. mjpf rf;jpia
mspg;gjhy; jdpkdpjDf;F gyj;ijAk;> rf;jpiaAk; mspf;fpwJ.
ghypdr; Rug;gpfs; (The sex glands (or) gonads)
,r;Rug;gpfs; ghYzu;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd Mz;fspd; ghY}l;b Rug;gpfshd
nl];b];]pypUe;J 'Mz;l;Nuh[d;" (Androgen) ngz;fspd; ghy; Rug;gpfshd Xtup]pypUe;J
'<];l;Nuh[d; (Oestrogen) kw;Wk; 'GNuh];l;Nuh[d;" (Prostrogen) vd;w `hu;Nkhd;fis
Ruf;fpd;wd. `hu;Nkhd;fs; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpd; tsu;r;rpAk;> Mz; kw;Wk; ngz;fis
NtWgLj;Jk; gz;GfisAk; mspf;fpwJ.
3. R+o;epiyf; fhuzpfs;
r%ff; fhuzpfs;
thOkplk;> tho;f;ifKiw> kuGfs;> gz;ghLfs;> fyhr;rhuhk;> ngw;Nwhu;> FLk;g epfo;Tfs;
,itnjhlu;ghd fhuzpfs; r%ff; fhuzpfshFk;. tPL> tPL njhlu;ghd epfo;r;rpfs;> tPl;by;
cldpUg;Nghu; Mfpa fhuzpfs; MSik tsu;r;rpapy; gq;F ngWfpd;wd. tpUk;ghky; ngw;w
Foe;ijfs;> xw;iwf; Foe;ij> Ntiyf;fhuu;fshy; guhkupf;fg;gLk; Foe;ijfs;> rpije;j
FLk;gg; gps;isfs;> gpupe;J thOk; ngw;Nwhupd; Foe;ijfs;> xw;Wikapy;yh ngw;Nwhupd;
Foe;ijfs;> MSik gpwo;Tf;F Ml;gLfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa ngw;Nwhupd; Fzq;fs; MSik
tsu;r;rpiag; ghjpf;fpd;wd.

ngw;Nwhupd; epiy;
rpy ngw;Nwhu;> Foe;ijfspd; jpwDf;F mjpfkhd vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. jd;
Foe;ij mjpf kjpg;ngz; ngw Ntz;Lk;. rhjid Gupa Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;Fk;
nghOJ Foe;ijfsplk; njhlu; Njhy;tp> Fw;w czu;T Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mJNghyNt> Fwpg;gpl;l
ghypdf; Foe;ijfs; tpUk;gg;gLtJk;> mjpf rYiffs; mspg;gJk;> kw;w tsu;g;Gj;jhaplk;
tsUk; Foe;ijapd; MSikAk; NtWgLfpd;wJ. ngw;Nwhuhy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLk; Foe;ijfs;>
ngw;Nwhu;fis ,oe;J mdhij ,y;yq;fspy; thOk; Foe;ijfspd; MSik tsu;r;rpAk;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; ntt;NtW tpjkhd> tpUk;gj;jfhj
ghjpg;Gfis MSik tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ngw;Nwhupd; rhu;G mZFKiw kw;w
Foe;ijfspd; gpwo;T elj;ijf;F topahfpd;wJ. Foe;ijapd; ghY}l;lk;> md;whl
gof;ftof;fq;fSf;fhd gapw;rpfs;> Foe;ijfSf;F mjpf Rje;jpuk; my;yJ kpul;bg;
gbaitj;jy;> Foe;ijfis mtu;fspd; Nghf;fpy; tpLjy; my;yJ ngw;Nwhu;Nghf;fpy;
,Oj;Jr; nry;Yjy;> Cf;Ftpf;Fk;Kiw> jz;bf;Fk; Kiw ,itaidj;JNk Foe;ijapd;
elj;ijapYk;> MSik tsu;r;rpapYk; kpfg;ngUk; khw;wq;fs; cz;lhf;ff; $bad.

fy;tp epiyak;;
xUtdpd; fy;tp> mtdpd; MSikiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F ngWfpd;wJ.
fy;tpapd; jd;ik fy;tp epiyaj;jpidAk;> mjpy; gzpahw;Wk; Mrpupau;fisAk;> fy;tp
epiyaj;jpd; juj;jpidAk; rhu;e;jjhFk;. ey;y jukhd fy;tp epiyaq;fs; rpwg;ghd MSik
tsu;r;rpf;Nfw;w ,lq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. fy;tp epiyar;R+oy;> xUtd; fw;Fk; tFg;giwr;
R+oy;> fy;tprhu;> nray;rhu;> fy;tp epiyaj;jpy; mtDld; njhlu;GilNahu; vd gy

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epiyfspYk; fy;tp epiyaj;jpy; xUtd; ngWk; fy;tp mtdpd; MSikf; $Wfis

jPu;khdpf;fpd;wJ>

nkhop> gz;ghL;
MSik tsu;r;rpapy; nkhop Kf;fpa gq;F ngWfpd;wJ. nkhop gz;ghl;Lld;
njhlu;GilaJ. ghlq;fs; fw;fTk;> tpsf;fTk;> czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jTk; nkhopNa
mbg;gil. kw;wtu;fSld; nkhoptopj; njhlu;gpd; fhuzkhfTk; MSikapy; khw;wk;
Vw;gLfpwJ. thOk; R+oYf;Nfw;g rKjhag; gz;ghL mikfpd;wJ. kjk;> rKjha kjpg;Gfs;>
gz;ghl;L kjpg;Gfs; Nghd;wdTk; MSikapy; jhf;fKilad.

r%fg; gof;f tof;fq;fs;;

xt;nthUtUk; rhu;e;Js;s rKjhak;> gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs;> rhu;e;j njhopy;> jpUkzk;>
gpwUld; nghUj;jg;ghL Mfpait MSikapd; tsu;r;rpia epu;zapf;fpd;wd. cil> czT>
kjk;> r%f ek;gpf;iffs;> kuGfs;> kjpg;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpy; NtWgLk; Foe;ijfspd;
MSikfSk; NtWgLfpd;wd> Gtpapay; mikg;Gk; MSikiag; ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
4. fw;wy; fhuzpfs; (Learning factors)
fw;wy; vd;gJ xUtdpd; tho;f;if KOtJk; eilngWk; nrayhFk;. fw;wypd; nghOJ
xUtd; ngWk; mDgtq;fs; MSik tsu;r;rpf;F cjTfpd;wd.

12.4 MSikgw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfs;

MSikapid tpsf;f> cUthf;fg;gl;l rpy; nfhs;iffs; (Theories of Personality) rpy
MSik tiffisAk;> NtWrpy MSikapd; mbg;gilf;$WfisAk; typAWj;Jtd. ,J
jtpu csg;gFg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; r%ff; fw;wy; nfhs;iffSk; MSik gw;wp
tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

12.4.1 csgFg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL

xUtuJ elj;ijf;Ff; fhuzkhd Nehf;fq;fis Mo;e;J
Muha;tjd; %yk; cUthd nfhs;ifahFk;. ,J edtpyp
kdr;nray;fspd; (Unconscious) nry;thf;fpidf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. edtpyp kdk; gz;glh Cf;fpfs;>
kdntOr;rpfspd; ,Ug;gplk;. ,it xUtdJ rpe;jid>
nray; ,tw;wpdbg;gilapy; cUthFk; MSikia
epu;zapf;fpd;wd. MSik mikg;G %d;W Kf;fpa
cs;sikg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,it xt;nthd;wpd; nraYk;
jdpg;gl;lit vdpDk;> ,it xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;G
nfhz;Lk;> ,iltpidahw;wpAk; elj;ijiaf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

MSikapd; cs;sikg;Gfs;
 ld vdg;gLk; mbj;jsepiy
 Ego vdg;gLk; jd;Dzu;r;rpapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l <Nfh epiy
 Super Ego vdg;gLk; mLj;j cau;epiy my;yJ Nkd;kdepiy
MSikapd; mbj;jsk; Id. ,jpypUe;J gpd;du; Ego kw;Wk; Super Ego vdg;gLk; Nky;kdk;
Mfpad vOfpd;wd. kuGtop ngwg;gLk; vy;yh Cf;fpfSk; ,tw;Ws; mlq;Fk;. gpw
epiyfspd; ,af;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; ypgpNlh vdg;gLk; rf;jpapidf; nfhz;lJ.

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,r;rf;jpfs; fPo;j;ju kfpo;r;rp ngWtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lit. ,e;epiy edtpyp

epiyg;gLk;. jd;Dzu; epiyahd Ego Jtf;fj;jpypUg;gjpy;iy. gpd;du; R+o;epiyAld;
elj;ijg; nghUe;jpg; Nghf Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; Njitapd; fhuzkhf Ego vOfpd;wJ. vdNt
,jd; nray;fs; cz;ik epiyik nfhs;ifiar; rhu;e;J mikgit.
Id-d; edtpyp kdjpd; eltbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ cau; epiyahd EgothFk;. Id-
epiyapid jPu;khdpg;gjhYk;> Nkdpiy kdkhd Super Ego kw;Wk; Id- ,it ,uz;bidAk;
vt;thW rkepiyg; gLj;jyhk; vd;gjpYk;> Super Ego Kf;fpag;gq;F ngw;W MSikiaj;
jPu;khdpf;fpd;wJ.
Nky;epiyahd Super Ego 6 tajpy; Jtq;Ffpd;wJ. Mrpupau; ngw;Nwhuhy;
typAWj;jg;gLk; r%f kjpg;Gfs;> jhq;fs; mwf;Nfhl;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw Foe;ij kdJs;
nfhs;tjhy;> ,k;Nkdpiy kdk; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. kdrhl;rp> tho;f;if> Fwpf;Nfhs; Nghd;wd
Nkdpiy kdj;jpd; $Wfs;. r%fk; Vw;fhj ld-d; gz;Gfis jilnra;tJ> ew;gz;Gfis
Nkw;nfhs;s Ego-itj; J}z;LtJ> epiwtpidg; ngWtij ,yf;fhff; nfhs;tJ Nghd;wd
Nkdpiy kdj;jpd; nray;fshFk;. Id, Ego, Super Ego Mfpa %d;Wk; ,ize;J
nrayhw;wpdhy;jhd; MSikr; rkepiy Vw;gLk;. ,it xd;Wf;nfhd;W Kuz;gl;L
nray;gl;lhy;> MSikr; rPu;NfL Vw;gLk;. ,ize;J nray;gLtNj ,irthd MSik
vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

kdpjtpay; nfhs;if
MSik tsu;r;rpapy; ek;gpf;iffs;> Nehf;fq;fs;> jw;fUj;Jfs;> czu;r;rpfs; Nghd;wit
rpwg;Gg; gq;fpidg; ngWfpd;wd vd;gNj kdpjtpay; nfhs;ifahFk;. Carl Roger ,jidNa
Self Theory-jd;idNa jhd; czu;e;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; vd;W tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.

,tupd; fUj;jpd;gb> xt;nthUtUk; jd; czu;r;rpfisAk;> mDgtq;fisAk;>

KOikahfTk;> vt;tpj epge;jidAkpd;wpAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy;jhd; ,irthd MSik ngw
KbAk;. ,sk;gUtj;jpNy gpwuplkpUe;J md;G kw;Wk; ghuhl;L ngWtjw;fhf
epge;jidfSf;Fl;gl;L ele;Jnfhs;tJ> ,ay;ghd Nghf;fpdpd;Wk; khw;wp RafUj;jpw;Fk;>
mDgtq;fSf;FkpilNa Kuz;ghl;bid Njhw;Wtpj;J> MSik gpwo;Tfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
newpg;gLj;jg;glhj mwpTiu %yk; ,j;jifa gpwo;Tfisg; Nghf;fKbAk;> kdpjd;
,ay;ghfNt gpw tsu;r;rpiaAk;> Rajpwd; KOik ngWtijAk;> Mf;fG+u;tkhd kfpo;r;rpahd
njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tijAk; ehLtJ kdpj ,ay;G. Mgpufhk; kh];NyhTk;
(Abraham Maslow) kdpjtpay; nfhs;ifapd; gb jd; KOj;jpwd; tsu;r;rpapy; kdpjd;
xt;nthUtDf;Fk; ehl;lKz;L. kdpj tho;f;ifapy; xt;nthUtDk; md;G> cw;rhfk;>

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kfpo;r;rp Mfpatw;iw tpUk;Gfpwhd;. Mjhuj; Njly; epiwT ngw;why;jhd; cau;epiyj;

Njitfs; Njhd;Wk;. jd;Ds; cs;s Mw;wy;fis KOikahf tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;L KOik
ngw;wtdhf tpsq;FtNj MSikapd; cau;epiy vd;gJ kh];Nyh fUj;J. ,j;jifa
MSikAs;stdplk; ,ay;ghd> Rje;jpukhd> Mf;fj;jpwd; kpFe;j elj;ij fhzg;gLk;>

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myF 13 MSikia mstpLjy;

UNIT XIII - ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY

13.1 MSik mstPL

mstplf;$bajhapUg;gJ MSikapd; gz;Gfspy; xd;W. gz;il fhyk; Kjy; xUtdpd;
MSikia (Personality Assessment) mstpl Nrhjplk;> if Nuif rh];j;jpuk;>
ifnaOj;jpd; jd;ik kw;Wk; mwptpay; Kiwg;gb Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa mstply; Kiw
tifapay; vdg;gLk; KiwahFk; (Type-Theory). kdpju;fis mtutu; tiff;Nfw;g
Fzeyd; mbg;gilapNyh> Fwpg;gpl;l ikaf;fUj;J mbg;gilapNyh tifg;gLj;jpdu;.
MSikapd; gy;NtW gz;Gf; $Wfisf; fz;Lzu;e;J mstpl MSikr; NrhjidfSk;>
MSikg;gz;Gfs; gl;baYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. fy;tpapaypy; MSikia mstpLtJ
mtrpakhfpwJ. fy;tpapy; nghUj;jkhd Jiwapy; khztu;fisg; gapyr;nra;a
JizGupfpwJ. Ntiytha;g;Gj; Jiwapy; gzpf;Nfw;w nghUj;jkhd egiuj; Nju;Tnra;ag;
gad;gLfpwJ. MSikapy; mstplNtz;ba gz;Gf; $Wfspd; gl;bay; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Nrhjidapd; kjpg;GfspypUe;J nghUs; nfhs;s ftdkhf ,aq;FtJld; gpwtopapy;
ngwf;$ba tpguq;fisAk; xd;WNru;jJ ; > KOikahd tifapy; nghUspUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
MSikia mstpl gy mwptpay; KiwfSz;L. MSik mstpLk; Kiwfs; gpd;tUkhW
ghFgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

13.2 MSikia mstpLtjw;fhd fUtpfs; kw;Wk; cj;jpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

mfta Kiwfs; (Subjective Methods)
 Rarupij
 Ra kjpg;gPL
 kWnkhop NfhUgit
 tpdhepuy;
 kdg;ghd;ik msTNfhy;
 MSikg;gl;bay;fs; Ngl;b
 ehl;lr; Nrhjid
 ftu;r;rpg; gl;bay;fs;

Gwta Kiwfs; (objective Methods)

 cw;WNehf;fy;
 rupghu;jj
; y; gl;bay;
 ju msTNfhy;

Gwj;Njw;w Kiwfs; (Projective Methods)

 Gyd;fhl;rp mZFKiw
 nghUswpNthL ,izj;jy; Nrhjid -
 cUthf;Fk; Nrhjidfs;
 nray; Nrhjid
 epiyik Nrhjid

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tpdhepuy; (Qestionnaire)
juj;jpYk;> vz;zpf;ifapYk; jfty; Nrfupf;Fk;> gupl;rakhd KiwahFk;. vy;yhtpjkhd
jfty; Nrfupg;gpw;Fk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. tpdhepuy; vd;gJ xUtiug;gw;wp mwpatpUf;fpd;NwhNkh>
mtu;fsplk; tpdhepuy; nfhLf;fg;gl;L gjpy;jUkhW Nfhug;gLfpwJ> me;j egiug; gw;wpAk;>
MSikf; $Wfisg; gw;wpAk; jfty; fpilf;Fk; tz;zk; tpdhepuy; tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,J xU jfty; Nrfupf;Fk; KiwahFk;.

MSikg; gl;bay; (Personality Inventory)

,J MSikia mstplypy; mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. MSikg;gl;baypy;
MSikapd; gy;NtW $Wfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. xUtd; gy;NtW R+o;epiyapy; jd;dplk;
Vw;gLk; vz;zq;fisAk;> czu;TfisAk;> nray;fisAk; tpsf;fr;nra;J> mjd; %yk;
mtdJ MSik mstplg;gLfpwJ. jug;gLj;jg;gl;l MSik gl;bay;fs; cs;sd.
mitfisg; gad;gLj;jp MSik mstplg;glyhk;.

Neu;fhzy; my;yJ Ngl;b (Interview)

,k;Kiwapy;> Neupy; xUtiu re;jpj;J Ngrp> mtupd; elj;ij tpdhf;fSf;Fg;
gjpyspf;Fk; Kiw Mfpatw;iw cw;WNehf;fp> mtuJ MSikf; $Wfspd; jd;ik mwpAk;
Kiw.

cw;WNehf;fy; (Observation)
Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;Fld; $ba Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Gyd;fhl;rp mDgtNk cw;WNehf;fy;
vdg;gLk;. tho;f;ifapy; xUtdpd; MSikiaf; fz;lwpa gad;gLk; KiwahFk;. vj;jifa
MSikf; $Wfs; mwpag;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W> cw;WNehf;Fgtu;fs; jPu;khdpj;J cz;ik
tho;f;ifapy; mjid cw;WNehf;fp mstpLfpd;whu;. ,J ,Utifg;gLk;>
 gq;FngWk; cw;WNehf;fy; (Participatory Observation)
 gq;Fngwh cw;WNehf;fy; (Non-participatory Observation)
gq;F ngWk; cw;WNehf;fypy; cw;W Nehf;Fgtu;> cz;ikahd tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfspy;
cw;WNehf;fg;gLgtUld; gq;Fngw;W mstpLfpd;whu;. gq;Fngwh cw;WNehf;fypy;
cw;WNehf;Fgtu; Nrhjidf;F cs;shgtuplkpUe;J> NtWgl;L jdpj;J nray;fspy; gq;F
ngwhky; cw;WNehf;Ffpd;whu;. cw;WNehf;fy; jpwk;gl> Jy;ypakhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhapd;
gjpT fUtpfshd Gifg;glf; fUtp (Camera)> epfo;glf; fUtp (Video) xyp gjpTg;ngl;b
(Tape Recorder) Mfpaitfspd; JizAld; epfo;r;rpfisg; gjpT nra;J gyKiw
cw;WNehf;fp mstpLfpwhu;. cw;WNehf;fy; mwpTg;G+u;tkhfTk;> mwptpay; G+u;tkhfTk;>
Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk;> elj;ij mbg;gilapYk; mikj;jy; mtrpak;.

epfo;Tf;$W Ma;T (Case Study)

Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; xd;iwg;gw;wp midj;ijAk; mwptJ epfo;Tf;$W Ma;thFk;.
jdpegu; xUtuplk; fhzg;gLk; gpur;ridf;Fupa elj;ijf;fhd fhuzq;fis mwptpay;
Kiwg;gb fz;lwpe;J mtw;iw ePf;fpl> tpupthd tifapy; me;egu; njhlu;ghd tpguq;fisr;
Nrfupj;J mtw;iw Kiwahf Ma;T nra;J> Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy; jFe;j jPu;tpidg;
gupe;Jiuj;J nraw;gLj;jNy epfo;$W Ma;T vdg;gLk;. ,J kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; mjpfk;
gad;gl;lhYk;> fy;tpj;JiwapYk; jw;nghOJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

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ju mstPL (Rating Scale)

gz;Gfisg; gw;wpa jfty; ngWk; nghOJ> Gs;spapay; Ma;tpw;F cl;gLj;j VJthf>
msitj; jpl;lkhfj; njuptpf;Fk; Kiw ju msTNfhy; vdg;gLk;. fz;lwpAk; MSikg;
gz;gpd; msT 5 Gs;spfs; nfhz;l Xu; msT Nfhypy; (Five Point Scale) Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jpy; 3-tJ epiy ,ilg;gl;l epiyiaAk;> 4 kw;Wk; 5 $Ljy; epiyfisAk;> 2 kw;Wk; 1
Fiwe;j epiyiaAk; Fwpg;gjhFk;. VNjDk; xU gz;gpid mstpl cUthf;fg;ggl;lit.
,t;thW xUtupd; gy gz;Gfs; mstplg;gl;L> mjd; %yk; MSikia mwpa
cjTfpwJ. xt;nthU juj;jpw;Fk; kjpg;ngz; 5> 4> 3> 2> 1 vd;w epiyapy; 5>4>3>2>1
mspf;fg;gl;L ,Wjpapy; nkhj;j kjpg;ngz; mbg;gilapy; Gs;spapay; Ma;T
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L KbT vl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. ju mstPL Kiwapdhy; gpiofs; Vw;glTk;
tha;g;Gz;L. mj;jifa gpiofs; tUkhW:
 xsp gpio (Halo Effect)
xUtidg;gw;wp ehk; Kd;dNu ngw;Ws;s fUj;J ju mstPl;by; gpujpgypf;Fk;>
nghJthf cau;e;j fUj;J ngw;wpUe;jhy; cau; kjpg;gspf;fpd;Nwhk;. Fiwe;j fUj;J
ngw;wpUe;jhy; FiwT kjpg;gspf;fpd;Nwhk;.
 jtwhd thjk; (Faulty Logic)
xNu khjpupahd ,ay;Gila ,Utu; xUepiyapy; jug;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 ika mstPl;Lg; gpio (Central Tendency Error)
Jy;ypa mstPl;Lj; jpwdw;wtu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ruhrup jug;gLj;jiy
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;
 jhuhs kdJg; gpio (Generosity Error)
jhuhs kdg;ghd;ik> ,uf;f Fzk; ,tw;wpd; fhuzkhf cz;ikahd juj;ij tpl
cau; kjpg;G nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ed;W vd;W jug;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;batu; ,uf;fk;
fhuzkhf> kpfed;W vd;W jug;gLj;jg;gLtJ. ,g;gpiofs; gw;wp czu;T
mstpLgtUf;F ,Ue;jhNy> ,g;gpiofs; jtpu;f;fg;glyhk;. ey;y mDgtk;> gpiofs;
jtpu;f;f JizGupAk;. Xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;ltu;fs; mstpLtjd; %yk; cz;ik epiy
mwpa KbAk;.

nghUswpNthL ,izj;jwpAk; Nrhjid Thematic Apperception Test (Murray & Morgan)

TAT
,r;Nrhjidapy; 20 glq;fs; cs;sd. Kjypy; 10 glq;fSk;> gpwF 10 glq;fSk;
Kiwg;gb fhl;lg;gLk;. ,g;glq;fspy; vj;jifa epfo;r;rpfs; rpj;jupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit
vf;fhuzj;jpdhy; epfo;e;jpUf;fyhk; Nghd;w tpdhf;fs; Nrhjpf;fg;gLNthuplk; Nfl;fg;gLk;.
mtd; $Wk; nra;jpapid Muha;eJ ; > mtdJ MSikg; gz;Gfspd; jd;ik Nrhjpf;fg;gl;L>
mtd; $Wk; fijfspy; vj;jifa kdepiyfs; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g Njhd;Wfpd;wd Nghd;wahTk;
ftdpf;fg;gLk;. ,jpypUe;J mtdJ MSik mse;jwpag;gLk;.

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jilapy;yh my;yJ fl;Lg;ghlw;w ,izg;Gr; Nrhjid (Free Association Test (Kent &
Rosanoff)
xU nrhy; $wg;gl;lTld; jdJ kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; NtnwhU nrhy;iy Nrhjpf;fg;gLgtd;
$w Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW kWnrhy; $w vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; Neuk;> nrhy;ypd; jd;ik
Mfpait Muhag;gl;L MSik KbT nra;ag;gLk;. kWnrhy; $w mjpf Neuk;
vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy;> mJ jilfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. MSikg; gz;Gfis mstpLk; gy;NtW
Kiwfisg; gw;wpa mwpT> Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. khztupilNa Njhd;wf;
$ba MSikr; rpf;fy;fisawpaTk;> khzhf;fu;fis mtu;fsJ fy;tp> elj;ijapy;
newpg;gLj;jTk; ,it gad;gLk;. Ngl;bKiw> ju msTNfhy;Kiw> tpdhtupirKiw Nghd;w
MSik mstPLKiwfs; rpwpJ gapw;rpAld; ifahsg;glyhk;.

Gwj;Njhw;w Kiw (Projective Techniques)

jd; MSikf;$Wfs;> mfg;gz;Gfs; ,itfSf;Nfw;g KOmikg;G ngwhj nghUs;fs;
kPJ jhd; Ghpe;jij ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy; ,J Gwj;Njhw;w El;gk; vdg;gLfpwJ. KOikahd
mikg;gw;w rpy nghUl;fs; Nrhjpf;fg;gLgtDf;Ff; fhl;lg;gLk;nghOJ> mtd; jd; kdepiy>
kdntOr;rpfs;> gw;Wfs;> gz;Gf;$Wfs; ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Gjpa mikg;ig
cUthf;Fthd;. ,jidg; gFj;J Muha;e;jhy;> tpsf;fkspg;gtdpd; MSikg; gz;Gfspd;
jd;ikfs; ntspg;gLk;. (c-k;) fij nrhy;Yjy;> ikj;jlq;fis tpsf;Fjy;> nrhw;fs;
,izj;jy;> nfhLf;fg;gl;l fhfpjk; my;yJ kw;w nghUl;fspypUe;J Gjpa nghUl;fis
cUthf;Fjy;.

Nuhu;\hf;fpd; ikj;jlr; Nrhjid (Rorscharch-Ink Blot Test)

,r;Nrhjid 10 ml;ilfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jpy; ikj;jlk; (Ink Blot) my;yJ nghUsw;w
rkr;rPuhd mikg;Gila cUtq;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ,itfspy; 5 fUg;G tz;z ml;ilfs;> 2
fUg;Gk; rptg;Gk; fye;j ml;ilfs;> 3 ml;ilfs; gy;NtW tz;zq;fisf; nfhz;litahf
cs;sd. Nrhjpf;fg;gLgtDf;F ikj;jl ml;il xt;nthd;whff; fhl;lg;gLk;. xU ikj;jlk;
gw;wpa tpguq;fs; mtdhy; $wg;gl;lTld; mLj;jJ fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh
ikj;jlq;fSk; fhl;lg;gl;l gpd;du; Nrhjidahsu; rpy tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;ghu;. ,t;tpdhf;fs;
Nrhjid Kbit ek;gfkhfr; nra;a cjtf; $bad. tpilfspd; gpd;tUk; %d;W $Wfs;
Muhag;gLk;.

 ikj;jlg; nghUs;fs; (Content)

kdpju;fs;> capuw;wit> tpyq;Ffs;> nrb nfhbfs; clw;$Wfs; tpguk; vd
30gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L FwpaPLfs; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ikj;jlj;jpd; ,l mikT (Location)
ikj;jlj;jpd; KOikahd gFjp tpupthd Jyq;fy;> rpwpa Jyq;fy;> Gjpa
tpsf;fq;fs;> Xug;gFjpapYs;s tpguk;> mG+u;t tpguk; vd FwpaPLfs; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd

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 tpilapd; jd;ikia epu;zapj;jypd; fhuzpfs;

 cUtk;> tz;zk;> ,af;fk;> MSik kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL
 jdJ kdntOr;rpfis> Gwg;nghUs;fisr; rhu;e;J njspthf ntspg;gLj;Jk;
,ay;Gilatu;fspd; tpilfs; tz;zq;fshy; epu;zapf;fg;gLfpd;wd
 gy ikj;jlq;fSf;fhd tpsf;fq;fs; KOj;jlk; my;yJ ngUk; gFjpapdhy;
epu;zapf;fg;gl;lhy;> tho;f;ifg; gpur;rpidfSf;F KOikahfj; jPu;T fhZk;
kdg;Nghf;Fk;> mwpTj; Jiwapy; Kd;Ndw tpUg;gKk; fhzg;gLk;
 ikj;jlj;jpd; ngUk;gFjpahd tpguq;fs;> tpsf;fq;fis epu;zapg;gtdhf
mike;jhy; gFj;jwptpd; mbg;gilapy; tho;f;if elj;Jjy;> nray;fspy; <LghL
Nghd;w gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;.
 ikj;jlq;fspy;> ,af;fj;NjhL njhlu;Gila tpsf;fq;fs; $wpdhy; fw;gid
kpFe;Js;stu;fs; vd;W nghUs;.

13.3 xUq;fpize;j MSik (Integrated Personality)

Njhw;wk;> cLj;Jk; Kiw> NgRk; Kiw> elf;Fk; Kiw> nra;Ak; Kiw> nray;jpwd;
kw;Wk; kdeyk; midj;Jk; ,ize;jJNt MSik. vdNtjhd;> xUq;fpize;j MSik
vdg;gLfpwJ. gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd; ,iltpisTfs;> jdpegupd; gz;Gfs; ,ize;jJNt
MSikahFk;. gy;NtW $WfisAk; ,izj;J xUGwk; tpUg;gk;> kWGwk; jpwd; ,itfis
rkepiyg;gLj;jp> xUq;fpizj;J KOikahd MSik tsu;g;gNj fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk;. ,JNt
xUq;fpize;j MSikahFk;. MSik> mwpjy;> czu;jy;> nray;gLjy; Nghd;wit rkkhf
tsu;r;rpaile;J rkepiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l xUq;fpize;j mikg;ghFk;. ,J R+o;epiyAlDk;>
Gwf;fhuzpAlDk; nghUe;jpg;Nghf Ntz;Lk;. kuGk; ,jd; kPJ jhf;fKilaJ. vdNt>
fy;tpahdJ rkepiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l xUq;fpize;j MSik tsu;r;rpf;F JizGupa Ntz;Lk;.
,jd; %yk; kl;LNk fw;gtu;fSk;> kw;wtu;fSk; tho;f;ifr; R+oiy milaKbAk;.
rkepiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l cly; tsu;r;rp> mwpT tsu;r;rp> r%f tsu;r;rp> ed;ndwp tsu;r;rp
MSikNa> xUq;fpize;j MSik vdg;gLk;.

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myF 14 kdeyk;
Unit -XIV MENTAL HEALTH

14.1.kdg;Nghuhl;lk;/|Kuz;ghL - nghUs;
xU Fwpf;Nfhis mila Kbahky; jLf;fg;gLk; elj;ijf;F Kuz;ghL /
kdg;Nghuhl;lk; vd;W ngau;. ,J Xu; ,aw;ifj; jj;Jtk;. ek; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; tpUg;gq;fs;>
Njitfs;> cs; ce;jy;fs;> Cf;fpfs; Mfpait mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; xd;Wf;F
Nkw;gl;l Njitfs; my;yJ tpUg;gq;fs; xNu Neuj;jpy; Vw;gLk;NghJ Njhd;WtJ
kdg;Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
xU R+o;epiyapy; xUth; KbT vLg;gjpy; Vw;gLk; jLkhw;wNk kdg;Nghuhl;lk; my;yJ
Kuz;ghL MFk;.

14.2 kdg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;f;fhd fhuzq;fs;

 xUtdpd; ,yf;fpw;Fk;> miltpw;Fk; ,ilNa ngUk; NtWghL Vw;gLtJ
 xd;Wf;nfhd;W nghUe;jhj> gy ,yf;Ffis mila KaYjy;
 xU FOtpdpd;W gpupjy;
 jd;dk;gpf;if ,oj;jy;
 gpwuhy; tQ;rpf;fg;gLjy;
 gpwuhy; mtkhdg;gLj;jg;gLjy;
 Foe;ijfspy;,cly; FiwghLs;s Foe;ijfs; jho;T kdg;ghd;ikahy; ce;jg;gLjy;
 Ez;zwpT Fiwe;j Foe;ijfs; jq;fs; tho;tpy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfis rkhspf;fj;
njhpahky; kdg;Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F Mshjy;
 kdKwpTzu;r;rpAs;stu;fs; mijg; Nghf;f Kul;L elj;ijfspy; (Aggression)
<LgLtJz;L
 FLk;g tWikr; R+oy;
 ngw;Nwhupd; Mjutpd;ik
 ,zf;fkw;w kw;Wk; Fog;gkhd ngw;Nwhupd; Foe;ijfs;
 jPtpukhd fl;Lg;ghL my;yJ Kw;wpYk; fl;Lg;ghlw;w epiy
 Foe;ijaplk; ngw;Nwhu; tpUg;gkpd;wp ,Ug;gJ> Foe;ijfSf;fhf vy;yhtw;iwAk;
jhq;fNs nra;tJ
 jtwhd Kiwapy; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; jd;idf; fhl;bYk; %j;Njhiug;
gw;wp ey;y kdg;ghd;ikapd;wp ,Uj;jy;
 gs;spapy; fl;Lg;ghbd;ik
 mjpfhuj;Jld; khztu;fisj; elj;Jjy;
 khztu;fspd; jpwikf;F mg;ghw;gl;l Ntiyfis nra;a fl;lhag;gLj;Jjy;

14.3 kdg;Nghuhl;lj;ijj; jtpu;f;Fk; Kiwfs;

 vjpu;Nehf;Fk; ,yf;Ffis mila khztupd; tpUg;gj;ij my;yJ Mh;tj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
 ve;jg; gpur;ridapYk; khztu;fspd;; RafUj;jpid Rje;jpukhf ntspg;gLj;j
tha;g;gspj;jy. kd cisr;ry; jUk; kdeyk; ghjpf;Fk; Nghl;bfisj; jtpu;j;jy;.

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 tpisahl;L> gbg;G> r%f Nrit> fiy> ifg;gzp vd gy;NtW jpwikfis

tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Jiz nra;jy;> tha;g;gspj;jy;.
 kdeyj;ij Nkk;gLj;jf;$ba Gj;jfq;fs;> ,jo;fis gbf;f Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
 kdpjcwit fw;gpj;jy;> jf;fitj;jy;> gpur;ridfis Rje;jpukhf tpthjpf;f
mDkjpj;jy;> kw;wtu;fSld; ,ize;J jpwk;gl kfpo;r;rpAld; vt;thW tho KbAk;>
mjd; mtrpak; vd;d? vd;gd gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis $Wjy;> fijfs; $Wjy;>
khztu;fis mjid czur; nra;jy;
 elj;ijf; NfhshWfis fisjy;> ghypdk; njhlu;ghd Nghuhl;lq;fisj; jtpu;f;f
MNyhrid $Wjy;. ghypdf; fy;tpAk;> ed;dlj;ijf; fy;tpAk; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;
,lk;ngwr; nra;jy;.
 ey;y kdeyKk;> fw;wypy; kfpo;r;rpAk;> ghlj;jpy; rypg;Gk; Vw;glhj tifapy; jpwk;gl
fw;gpj;J Mu;tj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jjy.;
 khztu;fspd; jpwDf;Nfw;w nghUj;jkhd xg;gilg;Gfs; toq;Fjy;.
 gs;spfspy; rupahd topfhl;Lk; tFg;Gfs;> newpg;gLj;Jk; MNyhrid tFg;Gfs;
elj;jp> newpgpwo;it jtpu;j;jy;.

khztu;fisg; ghuhl;b Cf;Ftpj;jy;

khzth;fspd; gpur;ridfis njspthfj; njhpe;J nfhz;L mijj; jPh;f;Fk;
topKiwfisAk; $wp> khzth;fspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F Mrphpah; cWJizahf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. khzth;fspd; ey;y nray;fis kdjhug; ghuhl;b mth;fis Cf;fg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.

14.4 kdg;Nghuhl;lq;fspd; tiffs;

mZFjy; - mZFjy; kdg;Nghuhl;lk; (Approach-Approach Conflict)
xUtd; tpUk;gpa ,uz;L ,yf;FfisAk; ngWk;nghOJ> vijj; Nju;T nra;tJ
vd;gjpy; Fog;gk; Vw;gl;L kdg;Nghuhl;lk; epfo;fpd;wJ. mtd; tho;tpy; vjid mila
Kaw;rpg;gJ vd;w Fog;gj;jpy; nghUj;jg;ghbd;ik Njhd;WfpwJ.
mZFjy;; - jtph;j;jy; kdg;Nghuhl;lk; (Approach-Avoidance conflict)
,k;Kiwapy; Neu; Cf;fpAk;> vjpu; Cf;fpAk; gq;F ngWfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> Nju;tpw;F
gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghOJ njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; cyff;Nfhg;ig fphpf;nfl;
xspgug;gg;gLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; kdg;Nghuhl;lk;.
jtph;j;jy; - jtph;j;jy;kdg;Nghuhl;lk; (Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict)
,U vjpu; Cf;fpfs; rk typikAld; nray;gLk;NghJ vijj; jtpu;g;gJ vd;w
kdg;Nghuhl;lk;. kdj;NjitfSk;> r%fj;NjitfSk; epiwNtwhj rkaq;fspy; gjw;wk;
(Tension), kdKwpT> kdg;Nghuhl;lk; Vw;gl;L kd rkepiyiar; rPuF ; iyf;fpd;wd. kdntOr;rp>
kdKjpu;r;rp FiwTAilNahiuNa ,J mjpfk; ghjpf;Fk;. kdKwpT Vw;gLk; epiyapy;
xUtd; vt;thW nray;gLfpwhd; vd;gjid gpd;tUk; fhuzpfs; jPuk ; hdpf;fpd;wd.
 taJ
 cly;epiy
 Ke;ija mDgtk;
 epiwNtwhj Mir
 Cf;fp
 Mh;t epiy

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,tw;wpd; tpisthf khzth;fsplk; kdf;Fog;gq;fSk;> kd mikjpapd;ikAk;

vw;gLfpwJ.

14.5 kdKwpT/tpuf;jp (FRUSTRATION)

kdKwpT: nghUs;
kdKwpT/tpuf;jp vd;gJ xU nraiyr; nra;atplhky; jLg;gjhFk;. Cf;fpfshy;
Vw;gLfpd;w jpUg;jpiaj; jil nra;Ak; nghONjh my;yJ jhkjg;gLj;Jk; nghONjh
kdkfpo;r;rpaw;w epiy cz;lhfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa epiyNa kdKwpT vdg;gLk;. kdKwpT
kdg; Nghuhl;lj;jhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. mNj Nghy kdg;Nghuhl;lj;jhy; kdKwpT Vw;gLfpwJ vd;W
$wyhk;. kdpj tho;f;ifapy; kdKwpT Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;dntd;why; xUtdJ
tpUg;gq;fs;> Njitfspy; ,ilA+W my;yJ jil Vw;gLjy; MFk;.

14.6 kdKwpT: tiuaiw

Fl; (Good) vd;gthpd; $w;Wg;gb “xU Miria my;yJ Njitiaj; jilgLj;Jk;
NghJ Vw;gLk; kdntOr;rp gjw;w epiyf;Fj;jhd; kdKwpT vd;W ngau;”.

14.7 kdKwpT: tpsf;fk;

jd;dk;gpf;ifAk;> nghUe;jp thOk; ,ay;Gk; ,d;W kpfTk; mtrpakhdit.
xt;nthUtUk;> xU nraiy kpFe;j jpwDld; gy;NtW mOj;jq;fSf;fpilNa nra;J
Kbf;f Ntz;ba R+oy; cs;sJ. xU nraiyr; nra;aKbahj epiy Vw;gLk; nghOJ>
kdKwpT Vw;;gLfpwJ. jdpkdpjDf;F gy Njitfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,it elj;ijf;F
gpd;dhy; ,Ue;J ,aq;Fk; Cf;fpfshFk;. vdNt ,jd; tpisthf cs;s ce;Jjy;; Vw;gl;L
,yf;if mila gy Kaw;rpfs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; jilfs;> ,ilA+Wfs; Vw;gl;L>
cs;s ce;Jjy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L mr;nraiy nra;a Kbahj kdepiy Vw;gLk; NghJ>
kdKwpT Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Njit> tpUg;gk;> Cf;fpfs;> cs;ce;Jjy;>; jilfs; my;yJ ,yf;F>
,ilA+Wfs;. kdKwpT J}z;ly;fSf;fhd Jyq;fy; Vw;glhky; jLf;fg;gLfpd;w kdepiyNa>
kdKwpT vdg;gLk;. Jyq;fy; jilgLtJ kd Kwptpw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

14.8 kdKwptpw;fhd epiyfs;

Kaw;rp nra;Ak; nghOJ> mjid miltjpy; jhkjk; Vw;gl;lhy; rypg;G> fisg;G Vw;gl;L
kdKwpT Vw;gLfpwJ. J}z;lYf;fhd xU Jyq;fy; eilngw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ>
mjid jLj;J epWj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisNt> kdKwpT vd;fpNwhk;. xd;iw mila
neUq;Fk; NghJ ,ilA+W Vw;gl;L> mila Kbahky; NghtJ ,j;jifa kdKwpT.
kdKwpT Vw;gLj;jf; $ba jilfs; gy ,Ue;jhYk;> jilfs; ePf;fg;gl;lhy; kdKwpT
jtpu;f;fg;glyhk;.
jilf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
 cly; rhu;e;j jil
 r%f nghUshjhu ,ilQ;ry;fs;
 xUtuJ mwpTf; Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; jil
 ngw;Nwhu;. Mrpupau; mjpfhu kdg;ghd;ikahy; jil
 gapw;rp Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; jil

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14.9 nghUj;jg;ghL (Adjustment)

r%f NjitfSf;Fk;> R+o;epiyfspd; gjhu;j;j epiyfSf;Fk; ,ilNa> xU rkur
Nghf;if Nkw;nfhz;L nghUj;jp tho;tJjhd; nghUj;jg;ghL (Adjustment) my;yJ
,zf;fk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
nghUj;jg;ghL milT Nehf;F> nray;Kiw Nehf;F ,U tpjj;jpy;; Muhag;gLfpwJ.
nghUj;jg;ghLilatd; r%fj;Jld; xd;wp thOk; fPo;f;fzl gz;gpy; Nkk;gl;L rpwe;J
tpsq;Ffpwhd;.
 cly; eyk;
 mikjp
 gzpapy; jpwd;
 r%f Vw;G my;yJ cld;ghL
nghUj;jg;ghL elj;ijAilatd; rpwe;j cly; eyj;Jld;> Nehapd;wp> kdg;Nghuhl;lk;>
,Wf;fk;> ftiy> gjw;wk;> kdr;Nrhu;T ,itfs; ,y;yhky;> jd; njhopy; my;yJ gzpapy;
jpwd; ngw;W> gpwUld; xj;Jg; Nghff;$ba r%f cld;ghL ngw;wpUg;ghd;. xUtdJ nray;
Kiw Nehf;Fk; cs; NjitfSf;Fk;> R+o;epiyapd; ntspj;NjitfSf;Fk; ,ilNa ,zf;fk;
fhz;gNj nghUj;jg;ghL. ,itfSf;fpilNa Fog;gq;fs;> gpur;ridfs;> Kuz;ghLfs;>
Njhd;whky; jftikj;Jf; nfhs;tjhFk;. xUtd; jd; cs;NjitfisNah>
ntspj;NjitfisNah khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Rw;Wg;Gw R+o;epiyia jd;
Njitf;Nfw;g khw;wyhk; my;yJ R+o;epiyia ed;F Gupe;J nfhz;L mjw;Nfw;g
cs;Njitfis Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; my;yJ khw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;. Fog;gkhd
epiyapdpd;W tpLgl jw;fhg;G elj;ijfis Nkw;nfhz;L MSikia fhj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
R+o;epiyf;Nfw;g ,zf;fk; ngWtNj nghUj;jg;ghL.

14.10 nghUj;jg;ghbd;ik
R+o;epiyNahL ,ize;J Nghfhj jd;ik nghUj;jg;ghbd;ik (Mal-Adjustment)
vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf cz;lhFk; jw;fhg;G elj;ijfs;>
 vjpu;g;G elj;ijfs;
 xJq;fp gpd;thq;Fk; elj;ijfs;
vd ,Utifg;gLk;. nghUj;jg;ghbd;ik vy;Nyhuplj;jpYk; cz;L vd;whYk;> kdg;Nghuhl;lk;
fhuzkhf> rpyuplk; jPtpuk; milfpd;wd. xOq;fw;w newpgpwo;T fhzg;gLk;. tFg;giwapy;
vof;$ba vy;yhg; gpur;ridfSk; nghUj;jg;ghbd;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wd.

14.11 nghUj;jg;ghl;bd; jilfs;

 jFe;j fhuzkpd;wp tFg;gpw;Fr; nry;yhik (Truancy)
 kw;wth;fis nfhLikg;gLj;Jjy; (Bullying)
 jpULjy; (Stealing)
 nghUl;fis mopj;jy; (Destructiveness)
 xOf;fkpd;ik (Indiscipline)
 fdTfspy; %o;fpapUj;jy; (Dreaming)
 vjpYk; fhyk; flj;Jjy; (Procrastination)
 Njitapy;yhky; ftiyg;gLjy; (Meaningless Worrying)
 $r;r Rghtk; (Shy)
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 elj;ijg; gpur;ridfs; (Problem in Conduct)

Nkw;fz;l gy gpur;ridfs; Foe;ijfsplk; fhzg;gl;L nghUj;jg;ghbd;ikahf
ntspg;gLfpd;wd.

14.12 nghUj;jg;ghbd;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; (Causes of maladjustment)

fPof;;fz;lit nghUj;jg;ghbd;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fshf fhzg;gLfpwJ
 nghUj;jg;ghl;bw;fhd Kjpu;r;rpapd;ik
 ed;dlj;ijf; Nfhl;ghLfs; rpWtajpy; fw;gpf;fg;glhik
 r%f tho;f;ifapy; gytw;wpy;; Mu;tk;
 xU nraypd; tpisT gw;wp mwpahik
 kjpg;Gfspd; cau;it czuhky; ,Uj;jy;
 fl;Lg;ghbd;ikahy;> gpur;ridf;Fupa elj;ijfisg; ngw;wpUj;jy;

FLk;gf;fhuzpfs;;
FLk;g tWik> ngw;Nwhu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; xOf;fkpd;ik> Njhoikapd;ik> tpUg;gkpd;wp
ngwg;gl;l Foe;ijfs;> Foe;ijfSf;fhf vy;yh gzpfisAk; ngw;NwhNu nra;jy;> Raeyk;
nghWg;gw;wjd;ik> fho;g;Gzu;r;rp> fz;fhzpg;G ,y;yhik vd gy fhuzpfs; cz;L.

r%ff;f ; huzpfs;;
elj;ijf;NfL> jPaez;gu;fs;> jpiug;glq;fs;> gj;jpupiffs;> jukw;w njhiyf;fhl;rp
epfo;r;rpfs;> tiyjsk;;> Md;l;uha;L nkhigy; Nghd; Nghd;w rhjdq;fSk;;> kdjpy; jPtu
kdntOr;rpfisAk;> Nghuhl;lq;fisAk; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.

gs;sprhu;e;j fhuzpfs;;
gs;spapy; fl;Lg;ghbd;ik> gz;gw;w Mrpupau;fs;> khztdpd; jpwikf;F kPwpa
nray;fisf; fl;lhag;gLj;Jjy;> khztu;fis Mrpupau;fs; nrhe;j Ntiyf;Fg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;why; xOf;fkpd;ikAk;> kdg;Nghul;lq;fSk>; newpg;gpwo;TfSk;
Vw;gLfpd;wd.

gpw fhuzpfs;;
Mz;fsplk; nghUj;jg;ghbd;ik mjpfk;. ngz;fSf;F rKjhak; ghJfhg;Gj; jUtNjhL>
Rafl;Lg;ghl;Lld; mth;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. Mz;fSf;F mjpfg; gzpg;gS Nghd;w gpw
fhuzq;fSk;; Mzhjpf;f FzKk; xU fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.

nghUj;jg;ghbd;ikia ePf;Fk; topfs;

 Kiwahd gapw;rp
 mwpTiu $Wjy;
 jpwikia gaDs;s topapy; nryT nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;gspj;jy;
 msthd jz;lid
 cstpay; rpfpr;ir Kiw
 jpahdk;> Nahfh Nghd;wtw;iw nra;jy;

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nghUj;jg;ghl;il Kiwg;gLj;jjy; (m) rhpnra;jy; (Adjustment Mechanism)

nghUj;jghl;il Kiwg;gLj;jjy; vd;gJ jilfisj;jhz;b ,yf;if miljy;>
Njitfis epiwNtw;Wjy; kdg;Nghuhl;lj;jpypUe;J tpLgly; kw;Wk; mtw;iw rkd; nra;jy;
MFk;. nghUj;jg;ghl;il Kiwg;gLj;jjy; Kiwik vd;gJ Xh; fUtp> mjd; %yk; xUth;
jd; Nfhgk;> gak; mfpatw;iw #oYf;Fj; jf;fthW nghUj;jg;ghLilajhf khw;WtJ mFk;.
mJ ey;y kdeyj;NjhL. Fwpgpl;l gpur;ridia jPh;g;gjw;F my;yJ Fog;gkhd #o;epiyia
mZFk; NghJ xUtd; Ra nghUj;jg;ghL ngw;W jw;fhj;J nfhs;Sk; Kiwfis
cgNghfpj;J kdKwpTr;RoypUe;J jd;idj; jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;s Kaw;rpf;Fk; nrayhFk;.

14.13 jw;fhg;G elj;ij

xUtdJ gy;NtW NjitfSf;fpilNa Kuz;ghLfshf Njhd;Wk; kdg;Nghuhl;lk;> kd
,Wf;fk;> gjw;wk; ,itfspd;W tpLgl ifahsg;gLk; Af;jpfNs jw;fhg;G elj;ij
(Defence Mechanism) vdg;gLk;. ,itfspy; Njhy;tp Vw;gl;lhy;> nghUj;jg;ghlw;w
elj;ijfs; Njhd;wp jw;fhg;G elj;ijfis mikj;Jf; nfhs;s mwpT Kjpu;r;rp> kdntOr;rp
Kjpu;r;rp> rKjha Kjpu;r;rp Mfpait mtrpakhfpwJ.
jw;fhg;G elj;ijg; gz;Gfs;;
,it edtpyp epiyapy; Vw;gLgit. ek;ik ehNk rkhjhdg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk;
Kaw;rpfshFk;. ftiy> kd ,Wf;fk;> Fw;w czu;T Nghd;wtw;wpidg; ghJfhg;git.
,f;fl;lhd R+oypypUe;J tpLtpj;J cjtf; $bait> Njhy;tpapdhy; Vw;gLk; kd mjpu;r;rpia
<u;f;ff;$bait. VNjDk; xUtifapy; cz;ikia gpupj;Jf; fhz;gjhf miktd. vj;jifa
jw;fhg;G elj;ij Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ> xUtDila gz;igAk;> R+o;epiyapd;
jd;ikfisAk; nghUj;jJ. xUtdpd; nray;ghl;bid Fiwg;gNjhL> Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk;
Klf;fp jd;idg;gw;wp mwpT Fiwj;Jk; msTf;fjpfkhd jw;fhg;G elj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tJk;
nghUj;jg;ghlw;w elj;ijia ntspg;gLj;Jk;.
14.13.1 mfNehf;Filik (Introversion)
gpwUld; $bg;gofhky; jd;Ds; xJq;fp jdpj;jpaq;f Kaw;rpg;gJ. ,J jho;T
kdg;ghd;ikiaj; Njhw;Wtpg;gJld; jPtpukhdhy; r%f vjpupfshfTk; khwf;$Lk;.
14.13.2 gfw; fdT fhZjy; (Fantacy)
xLf;fg;gl;l ,r;irfis fw;gid %yk; ntspg;gLj;JtJ. fw;gidapy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L
ajhu;j;j tho;tpy; jd; Mw;wiy xUq;fpizj;J> fw;gidapy; fz;lij mila Kaw;rpj;jhy;
Mf;fr; rpe;jidf;fhd topahf mikAk;. cjhuzkhf> ghlj;njupahjtd; Nghl;bfspy; gupR
ngWtjhff; fw;gid nra;tJ> Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz; ngWgtd; gs;spapy; Kjd;ik kjpg;ngz;
ngWtjhf fw;gid nra;jy;.
Gwj;njupjy; (Projective)
jd; ,r;irfisAk;> csr;rpf;fy;fisAk;> kdntOr;rpfisAk; gpwuplk; cs;sdthf
vz;zp mjd;gb nray;gLjyhFk;. tpjp vd;gJk;> nfhLg;gpid ,y;iy vd;gJk;
Njhy;tpAWfpwtd; VjhtJ xU fhuzk; nrhy;yp rkhspg;gJk; ,t;tifiar; rhu;e;jit.
14.13.3 fhuzk; Gide;J ciuj;jy;; (Rationalisation)
jd; jtW. FiwfSf;fhd cz;ikf; fhuzj;ij kiwj;J> rKjhak; Vw;ff; $ba
nghUj;jkhd fhuzj;ijf; $WtjhFk;. ,JNt NghJk;> vd;W ek;ikNa Njw;wpf; nfhs;tJk;
,j;jifaJ. Vo;ikapy; Fbir tPl;by; ,Ug;gtu;> $iu tPNl Fspu;r;rp> ed;W vd;W $wp
rkhjhdkiltJ Nghd;wit ,j;jifad.
<Lnra;jy; (Compensation)
<Lnra;jy;> xd;wpid milahky; ,oe;jhy;> kw;nwhd;iwahtJ mile;Nj Mf Ntz;Lk;
vd;W rf;jp KOtijAk; nrytpl;L ntw;wpf;F Kay;tJ. <L nra;jy; %yk; xUtuJ

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MSikapd; rkepiyik ghJfhf;fg;gLk;. Njhy;tpailAk; NghJ `p];bupah Nghd;w euk;G

jsu;r;rp tpahjpfs; Vw;gLtJz;L. gbg;gpy; ntw;wpngwhjtd; tpisahl;by; ntw;wpngw
Kw;gLtJk; <Lnra;jyhFk;. xU ghlj;jpy; Njhy;tpAw;wtd; kw;nwhd;wpy; Kjy; kjpg;ngz;
ngWk; Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;tJ Nghd;wdTk; ,t;tifiar; rhu;e;jit.
14.13.4 xd;Wjy; (Identification)
ek;khy; ntspg;gLj;j Kbahj ,r;irfis> Njitfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; NtnwhUtUld;
xd;wpg;NghtJ. me;j khw;wj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpd; %yk;> jd; Njit G+u;j;jpahdjhff;
fUJtJ. ehd; thq;fhtpl;lhYk; vd; ez;gd; gupR ngw;whd;. mJ NghJk;. ,g;gbg;gl;lit
xd;WjyhFk;.
14.13.5 gpd;Ndhf;fk; (Regression)
kdg;Nghuhl;l mOj;jq;fspd; fhuzkhf mtw;wpdpd;W tpLgl jd;idAkwpahky;
tsu;r;rpg;gbapy; fPo; ,wq;fp Foe;ijNghy; nray;gLjyhFk;. cjhuzkhf> jd; fUj;J
vLglhj nghOJ $l;lj;ijtpl;L ntspNaWtJ> gpwuplk; Ngr kWg;gJ Nghd;wit.
14.13.6 ,lkhw;wk; (Displacement)
epiykhw;wk; xU kdntOr;rp. jd; ,ay;ghd nghUspypUe;J tpyfp njhlu;gpy;yhj
kw;nwhd;wpy; gpujpgypg;gJ. Mrpupau; fz;bf;Fk; nghOJ rf khztuplk; vupr;ryiltJ>
Mrpupau;> jiyikahrpupau; kPJ cs;s Nfhgj;ij khztuplk; fhl;LtJ> kidtp> fztdplk;
cs;s Nfhgj;ij Foe;ijfsplk; fhl;LtJ Nghd;wit ,j;jifad.
14.13.7 kdkhw;wk; (Sublimation)
,ay;G+f;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; kdntOr;rpfSk;> Cf;fpfSk; r%fj;jhy;
Vw;fg;gltpy;iyahdhy; mitfs; rKjhak; Vw;ff; $ba khw;wk; vdg;gLk;. fhjypy;
Njhy;tpAw;wtu; r%f Nritapy; <LgLtJ> Foe;ijg;NgW ,y;yhjtu; Foe;ijia
jj;njLj;J tsu;g;gJ Nghd;wd ,t;tif ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffshFk;. ,e;j ,Wf;fj;ij
jtpu;g;gjw;fhf ehNk jpl;lkpLtJ. r%f vjpu; czu;T kdvOr;rpfis rKjhak; Vw;Fk;
ey;topapy; jpUg;gp J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; gz;G vd;W My; Nghu;l; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
gpd;thq;Fjy; (Withdrawal)
kdKwpT Vw;gLj;Jk; R+o;epiyia czu;e;J mj;jifa epfo;r;rpfspypUe;J
tpyfpf;nfhs;tJ> gpd;thq;Fjy; MFk;. Mu;tkpy;yhj NtiyfspypUe;J xJq;fpf;nfhs;tJ.
gbf;fhj khztd; Nju;tpw;F nry;yhkypUg;gJ> Njhy;tp Vw;gLk; vd;w gaj;jpd; fhuzkhf
,y;yhj xU fhuzk; $wp Nghl;bapy; gq;F ngwhkypUg;gJ Nghd;wit ,j;jifait.
14.13.8 kwj;jy; (Forgetting)
kd ,Wf;fkspf;ff; $batw;iw kwe;JtpLtJ rpwe;j ghJfhg;G. Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
rpwg;G tha;e;j kwjpfSk; cz;L. kwf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gp kwg;gJ kfpo;r;rpiaf;
nfhLf;Fk;. mDgtj;ijtpl Jauk; jUk; mDgtk; kwf;fg;gLk;. ,J ,Utifg;gLk;
14.13.9 mlf;Fjy; (Supression)
Jauk; jUk; mDgtq;fSk;> epidTfSk; edT kdepiyapy; Njhd;Wk;NghNj>
mitfisj; jilnra;tNj mlf;Fjy; MFk;. ,J edT epiyapy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld;
tpUk;gp jilnra;tjhFk;. jd; tPl;by; eilngw;w Jau rk;gtj;ij kwg;gjw;fhf kw;w
nray;fspy; jPtpukhfj; jd;idj;jhNd <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ mlf;FjyhFk;.
14.13.10 tpUk;ghj mDgtk;;
vz;zq;fs;> epidTfs; ahTk; kdepiyapypUe;J mbkd edtpyp epiyf;F js;sg;gl;L
kPzL; k; Nky; kdjpw;F tuhjgb jtpu;j;jy; eRf;FjyhFk; vz;zq;fspypUe;J KOikahd
kwjpiaj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjhFk;. ,J cly;eyj;jpw;Fk; MSikf;Fk; nfLjyhFk;. epidT

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,oe;J mbkdjpw;F js;sg;gl;l gpd; tpopg;Gzu;NthL kPzL

; k; Kaw;;rpj;jhYk; kPl;Lzu
,ayhJ.

14.14 gpur;ridfSf;Fupa Foe;ijfs;;

gs;sp khztupilNa gy;NtW NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khztu;fspy; rpyu;
gpur;ridf;Fupatu;fshff; fhzg;gLfpwhh;fs;. mjw;F fhuzk; khztu; kl;Lky;y> ngw;Nwhu;>
rKjhak;> muR> gs;sp> Mrpupau;fs;> ghlq;fs;> Njh;T Kiwfs; kjpg;gPL Nghd;wit
mtu;fisg; gpur;ridf;F cupatu;fshf;fptpLfpd;wd.; mj;jifa Foe;ijfspd; gpur;ridfs;
gy tbtq;fspy; ntspg;gl;L rKjhaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpia Fiwf;fpwJ.

14.15 Foe;ijfspd; newpg;gpwo;T

newpg;gpwo;T vd;gJ r%f tpNuhj eltbf;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ngupatu;fs; r%f tpNuhj
nray;fisr;nra;jhy; Fw;wthspfs; vd;fpNwhk;. newpg;gpwo;Tila> Foe;ijfis
,sq;Fw;wthspfs; (Juvenile Delinquency) vd;fpNwhk;. vf;Fw;wq;fisg; ngupatu;fs; nra;jhy;
rl;lg;gb jz;bf;fg;gLthu;fNsh mf;Fw;wq;fs; nra;Ak; rpWtu;> rpWkpau;
newpg;gpwo;Tilatu;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wdu;. taJ 17-f;F cl;gl;ltu;fs; nra;Ak; Fw;wq;fs;
newpgpwo;Tf;Fs; mlq;Fk;. ,j;jifatu;fis rKjhaj;jpdu; NfhgKlDk; ntWg;GlDk;
ghh;g;gjhy; mf;Foe;ijfspd; newpg;gpwo;T jPtpukilaf;$Lk;. Muk;gj;jpy; gpwtpapd;gydhf
Fw;wthspfshfpd;wdu; vd ek;gg;gl;lJ. mtu;fs; gpwtpf; Fw;wthspfs; vdg;gl;ldu;. Mdhy;
gpwtp ,ay;ghy; xUtd; Fw;wthspahtjpy;iy. R+o;epiyNa xUtid ,e;epiyf;F
khw;Wfpd;wJ vd;gJ jw;Nghija fUj;J. csg;Nghuhl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; rkepiyaw;w
kdepiyNa newpg; gpwo;Tf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;. ,it FLk;gk;> Rw;Wg;Gwk;> gs;sp> rKjhak;
Mfpa r%fepiyaq;fspd; NfhshWfspdhy; vOfpd;wJ. vdNt newpg;gpwo;T r%ff;
NfhshWfspd; tpisT> jdJ mbg;gil cupikfisAk;> NjitfSk; epiwT nra;ag;
Nghjpa tha;g;Gfs; mspf;fhj r%fepiyf;F vjpuhf vOk; Gul;rp newpg;gpwo;thFk;. r%ff;
FOf;fspd; elj;ijfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghLk; newpgpwo;Tf;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
efuq;fspy; trpf;Fk; trjpaw;Nwhu;> mbg;gilj;Njitfs; epiwT ngwhNjhu;> neUf;fkhd
,lq;fspy; tho;gtu;fs;> gpbf;fhj ngw;Nwhupd; Foe;ijfs;> fz;bg;gpy;yhj Foe;ijfs;
Nghd;w r%fj;jpd; midj;J epiyapYk;; newpg;gpwo;T mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

14.16. newpgpwo;it rhpnra;a ifahsg;gLk; Kiwfs;

 newpgpwo;T cilathpd; jdpg;gl;l gpur;ridfs; Muhag;glNtz;Lk;.
 ,tu;fSf;F vd;W jdp ePjpkd;wq;fs; (Juvenile court) Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L cs;sd.
,k;kd;wq;fspd; eLtu;fs;> ,tu;fsplk; fUizAld; ele;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
 ,tu;fSf;nfd;W rPu;jpUj;jg; gs;spfs; cz;L. mq;F mtu;fSf;F ed;ndwp
elj;ijAk;>jd;dk;gpf;ifAk;> jho;Tkdg;ghd;ik Nghf;Fk; gapw;rpAk;
mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 kPzL ; k; jPatopf;Fr; nry;yhky; ghJfhf;f mYtyu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
 mtu;fspd; epiyia Muha;e;J mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; mfw;Wk; topKiwfisf;
$WtJld; ,tu;fisr; rPu;jpUj;Jtjpy; ebj;jy;> tpisahl;L Nghd;wit gapw;rpahfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

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 r%ftpaypw;F xj;jelj;ij> vjpuhf elj;ijg;gw;wp tpsf;fkhd mwpT

mspf;fg;gLtJld; mtu;fs; kPzL ; k; mg;gbnahU R+oYf;F Ml;gl;L tplhky;> Gjpa
R+oypy; thoitf;fg;gLfpd;wdu.
 mth;fspd; jdpj;jpwikia fz;lwpe;J mth;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;;.

14.17 newpgpwo;T jLg;G topfs;

 tWikapy; thLgtu;fs;> tpuf;jp milahj tifapy; murpd; ,ytr czT> cil>
nghUSjtp mspf;Fk; jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jjy;
 kdg;Nghuhl;lk;> kdKwpT Vw;glhky; ghJfhj;jy;.
 gs;spr; R+oiy kfpo;r;rp cilajhf;Fjy;.
 tpUk;Gfpd;w> jpwDf;Nfw;w kw;Wk; R+o;epiyf;Nfw;wthW ew;fy;tp mspj;jy;.
 gs;spapy; khztu;fspd; ey;tsu;r;rpf;fhd topfhl;Lk; mikg;ig Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
 kdf;ftiy> Nghuhl;lq;fs;> cly;eyf;FiwT jPtpukhFk; Kd;du; mitfisf;
fz;lwpe;J Nghf;Fjy;.
 gaDs;s nghOJNghf;fpw;fhd tha;g;Gfis rKjhaj;jpYk;> gs;spapYk; toq;Fjy;.
 Fkug;gUtj;jpdUf;F Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd nghOJNghf;F rq;fq;fs; mikj;jy;.
 rhuzu; gapw;rp> Fbikg; gapw;rp> jiyikg;gapw;rp> jpahdk; Nghd;w gapw;rpfs;
mspj;jy;.ed;ndwp> kjpg;Gf;fy;tp fw;gpj;jy;.
 Foe;ij tsu;g;G> fy;tpawpT topAzh;it ngw;Nwhh;fSf;F toq;Fjy.;
 ngUk;ghYk; gs;spfspy; Mrpupau;fs; md;G> gupTld; rpwe;j topfhl;bfshf
nray;gLtJld; topfhl;Ljy; jpl;lj;jpid nray;gLj;jpdhy; ,jidf; Fiwf;fyhk;.

14.18 kdeyk;
tho;f;ifapy;> R+o;epiyapd; gy;NtW mOj;jq;fSf;Fk; ntw;wpfukhf nghUe;jpg;NghFk;
jpwd; kdeyk; vdg;gLk;. KOikahd MSikf;Fk;> jpwk;gl kfpo;r;rpahd tho;fi ; ff;Fk;
mbg;gil kdeyNkahFk;. kdeynkd;gJ> ey;y cau;e;j mstpyhd cly; tsu;r;rp>
kdntOr;rp ngw;W> kdg;gf;Ftk; ngw;W ,itfSld;> tho;f;ifapd; ,yf;Fld; rKjha
eyDf;Fj; jd;dhy; ,ad;witfisr; nra;Ak; kdk; ngw;wpUg;gjhFk;. ,j;jifa kdeyk;
tsu;r;rp ngwr; nra;jy;> kdey Nkk;ghL> kdey rPuN ; fL jLj;jy; gw;wpa fy;tp
kdeytpayhFk;.

14.19 kdeytpay;
kdeyk; fhg;gJk;> kdeyf;Nfl;il jLg;gJk;> mjw;fhd ey;y #o;epiyia
cUthf;Fjy; gw;wpa fy;tpNa kdeytpay; vdg;gLk;. kdeytpay; mwpT kdeyj;jpw;fhd
topahFk;. gs;spapYk;> tPl;bYk; Foe;ijfspd; kdeyj;ij fhg;gJ mtrpakhdjhFk;.
MfNt> MrpupaUf;F kdeytpay; mwpT kpf mtrpakhFk;.
14.19.1kdeytpaypd; Nehf;fq;fs;
 tFg;gpy; kdeyk; Fd;wpath;fisf; fz;lwpe;J> jPu;T eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;sy;
 jdpeghpd; Rajpwid tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s tha;g;gspj;jy;
 gpur;ridahd R+oypy; jd; jpwidg; gad;gLj;jp jpwk;gl nghUe;jp thor; nra;jy;
 xl;L nkhj;j cly; tsu;r;rp> kdtsu;r;rpj; jpwd;fSld; nghUe;jp r%fr; R+oypy;
kfpo;r;rpahf tho tif nra;jy;

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 kdey Fiwtpidj; jtpu;j;J Neu;Kf kdg;ghd;ikia tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sr; nra;jy;

 midtUk; ey;y kdeyj;NjhL ,Uf;ff; $ba #o;epiyia cUthf;Fjy;
14.19.2 kdeytpaypd; gzpfs;
kdeytpay;;, khztu;fspd; cstpay; gpur;ridfisg; Gupe;J nfhz;L
rpwg;ghfj;juP ;T fhZtjw;fhd gapw;rpaspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ey;y cly; eyKs;stu;fspd;
kdeyk; ghJfhf;fg;gad;gLfpd;wJ. fpd;wJ. kdeyk; gw;wpa czu;tpid midtUk;
czur;nra;fpd;wJ. gs;sp> tPL rKjhaj;jpy; kdeyf;Nfl;il jtpu;j;J kdeyid mjid
tsu;f;Fk; topfis czu;j;Jfpd;wJ.

14.20 kdeyk; cs;stupd; gz;Gfs;

 r%fepiyia czu;e;J> r%fj; jftikT ngw;wpUg;gu;. r%fr; nray;fspy;>
tho;f;ifapy; kd mOj;jk; ,Ue;jhy; $l Kiwahf ele;J nfhs;tu;.
 khWk; R+oYf;Nfw;g nefpo;Tj; jd;ikAld; ele;J nfhs;tu;
 kdntOr;rp Kjpu;rr ; pAld;> kdntOr;rp fl;Lg;ghLk;> kdntOr;rpfis tpUk;gj;jFk;
Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;Jk; jpwDk; ngw;wpUg;gu;.
 rupahd Neuj;jpy; Rje;jpukhf rpe;jpj;J rupahd KbT Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Ez;zwpT
kpf;ftuhf ,Ug;gu.;
 xU ey;y kdepiyapy; ,Ug;gth; fw;gid tho;fi ; fia kwe;J ep[ tho;f;ifapy;
tpUg;gj;Jld; tho;thh;.
 jd; Ra kjpg;gPl;bd; mbg;gilapy; elj;ijia Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tu;.
 tho;f;ifapy; Njhy;tpfis re;jpg;gjw;fhd ijupaKk;> rfpg;Gj;jd;ikAk; ngw;wpUg;gu;.
 kw;wtu;fshy; tpUk;gg;gLtJld;> ey;y kjpg;igAk; nfhz;bUg;gu;.
 Kiwahf> rupahf> fhye;jtwhky; flik nra;tJld;> ey;y tpUk;gj;jf;f rKjha
eyg;gz;Gfs; ngw;wpUg;gu;.
 tpUk;gj;jfhj nray;fs;> xOq;fw;w epiy> kdg;Nghuhl;lk;> kdtpahjpapd;wp eyKld;
,Ug;gu.;
 Ra fl;lg;ghl;Lld; r%fr; Ro;epiyapy; nghUe;jp tho;th;.

14.21 tPl;by; kdeyk; fhf;Fk; topfs;

 Foe;ijfSf;F rhjfkhd R+oiy mikj;Jj; jUjy;
 epahakhd mbg;gilj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;jy;
 Foe;ijfSld; gphpaKld;; ,zf;fkha; ,Uj;jy;
 Njitg;gLk; nghOJ Kiwahf topelj;Jjy;
 Foe;ijfis mbf;fb mLj;jtu; Kd; Fiw $whjpUj;jy;
 kw;w Foe;ijfSld; xg;gpl;L NgrhjpUj;jy;
 Foe;ijfis Gwf;fzpf;fhjpUj;jy;
 jho;T kdg;ghd;ik Vw;glhky; ghJfhj;jy;
 msTf;fjpfkhd ghJfhg;gspf;fhjpUj;jy;
 Foe;ijfspd; vjpu;fhyk; gw;wp mjpfk; ftiyia ntspg;gLj;jhJ ,Uj;jy;
 gbg;gjpy; JizGupe;J topelj;Jjy;
 jf;f rkaj;jpy; Foe;ijfisg; ghuhl;Ljy;

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 Foe;ijfspd; vz;zq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj;J mq;fPfupj;jy;

 tPl;by; ey;y R+oypy; MSikf; $W gz;Gfs; midj;ijAk; tsu;j;J kdeyk;
Nkk;glr; nra;tJ mjd; tsu;r;rpf;F mtrpakhdjhFk;. ep[ tho;f;ifia
Foe;ijfs; Ghpe;J nfhs;s tha;g;gspj;jy;

14.22 gs;spapy; kdeyk;

gs;spapy; Mrphpah;fSk;> mjpfhhpfSk;; khztu;fspd; kdeyk; fhg;gJld;>
nghUj;jg;ghbd;ikia ePf;FtjpYk; ngUk;gq;F tfp;f;fpd;wdh;
 cly; eyk; fhj;J> ey;y cly;ey gof;fq;fis tsu;f;fj; JizGuptJld;>
gs;spapy; ghJfhg;Gzu;tpid Vw;gLj;Jjy;
 md;whl clw;gapw;rp nra;ar; nra;jy;
 jd;dk;gpf;ifiaAk; jw;rhu;G epiyiaAk; tsu;jj ; y;
 Kiwahd rkepiyg;gl;l kdntOr;rp tsu;r;rpaila Jiz nra;jy;
 rhjp> kj> ,d> nkhop NtWghbd;wp mikjp epytr; nra;jy;
 mr;rkw;w Rje;jpukhd fw;wYld; gf;jpAk;> Mh;tj;Jld; kfpo;r;rpahf ,Uf;f Vw;w
R+oy; cUthf;Fjy;
 xt;nthU khztUk; r%f mq;fj;jpduhy; Vw;fg;gl;L> mtupilNa nghUj;jg;ghl;L
gz;gpid tsu;j;jy;
 Mrpupau;> khztu;fspd; ek;gpf;iff;Fupatuha; ,Ue;J> kdeyk; fhf;fj; JizGupjy;
 Neu;Kf kdg;ghd;ikia khztu;fs; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;
 khztu;fspd; NjitiaAk;> Kiwahd tsu;r;rpiaAk; mila mtu;fspd;
jpwikfis KOikahf gad;gLj;jjy;
 fw;wiy kfpo;rr ; pahd nrayhf;Fjy;
Nkw;fz;lgb gs;spapy; khztUf;F tpUk;gj;jFk; ,zf;fkhd R+oy;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk;
gs;spapy; kdeyk; fhf;fg;glyhk;.

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B.Ed. DEGREE EXAMINATION, DECEMBER 2018.

First Semester E
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
(CBCS – 2018–19 Academic Year Onwards)
Time : Three hours Maximum : 75 marks
PART A
Answer ALL the questions. (10 X 2 = 20 marks)
1. What is introspection?
mfNehf;FKiw vd;why; vd;d?
2. Brief the role of nature in growth and development.
tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; kugpd; gq;fpid RUf;fkhf vOJf.
3. List the stages of development put forth by Erik Erikson.
tsh;r;rp epiyfisg; gw;wp vhpf; vhpf;rd; Kd;itj;j fUj;Jf;fis gl;baypLf.
4. Give one example for sensation and perception.
GyDzh;T kw;Wk; Gyd;fhl;rpf;F XU vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.
5. Write any two uses of concept maps in learning.
fw;wypy; fUj;J tiuglj;jpd; VNjDk; ,uz;L gad;ghLfis vOJf.
6. List out any four factors that cause forgetting.
kwjpf;fhd fhuzpfspy; VNjDk; ehd;fpid gl;baypLf.
7. Who are mentally retarded children?
kdeyk; Fd;wpa Foe;ijfs; ahth;?
8. What are the esteem needs according to Maslow?
kh];Nyhtpd; kjpg;G Njitfs; ahit?
9. List any two intelligence tests.
Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjidfspy; VNjDk; ,uz;bid gl;baypLf.
10. What do you mean by convergent thinking?
Ftprpe;jidg; gw;wp ePtph; mwptJ ahJ?

PART B
Answer all the following questions in about 250 words each. (5X 5 = 25 marks)
11. (a) Differentiate growth from development with examples.
tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk; Mfpatw;iw cjhuzj;Jld; NtWgLj;Jf.
Or
(b) Describe the importance of behavioral psychology in today’s classroom.
,d;iwa tFg;giwapy; elj;ij cstpaypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J tpthp.
12. (a) Discuss the problems faced by adolescents.
Fkug;gUtj;jpdh; vjph;nfhs;Sk; gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;J tpthjp.
Or
(b) Describe the factors influencing sensation of students in the classroom.
tFg;giwapy; khzth;fspd; GyZzh;Tfisg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis tpthp.

13. (a) Explain pre-operational stage in cognitive development put-forth by Jean Piaget.

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[Pd; gpahN[ Fwpg;gpl;l mwpT tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;by; Kd; nray;ghl;L epiy Fwpj;J
tpthp.
Or
(b) As a teacher, how will you plan your classroom instruction to teach gifted children?
xU Mrphpauhf ePtph; kPj;jpwd; Foe;ijfSf;F fw;gpg;gjw;fhd tFg;giw fw;gpj;jiy
vt;thW jpl;lkpLtha;?
14. (a) Describe various stages in creativity.
Mf;fjpwdpd; gy;NtW epiyfisg; gw;wp tpthpf;f.
Or
(b) Elaborate the significance of transfer of learning.
fw;wy; khw;wj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jiuf;f.
15. (a) Discuss the role played by rewards and punishment in learning.
fw;wypy; ntFkjp kw;Wk; jz;lid tfpf;Fk; gq;fpid tpthjpf;fTk;.
Or
(b) Explain the role of projective techniques in assessing personality.
MSikia kjpg;gpLtjpy; Gwj;njwp El;gj;jpd; gq;fpid tpthp.

PART C
Answer any THREE questions. (3 X10 = 30 marks)
16. Discuss in detail the significance of understanding growth and development of children by
teachers.
Foe;ijfspd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Mrphpah;fs; Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjpy; cs;s
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthjpf;fTk;.
17. Describe Skinner’s operant conditioning theory with educational implications.
];fpd;dhpd; nray;ghl;L Mf;f epiyAWj;jf; Nfhl;ghl;bid fy;tp gad;fSld;
tpthp.
18. Explain multi factor theory of intelligence given by Thorndike.
jhh;zi ; lf;fpd; gy fhuzp Ez;zwpTf; Nfhl;ghl;il tpthpf;f.
19. As a teacher, discuss ways and means to foster creativity in your students.
xU Mrphpauhf> cq;fs; khzth;fsplj;jpy; Mf;fjpwid Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd
topKiwfisg; gw;wp tpthp.
20. Discuss in detail the various defense mechanisms used by students.
khzth;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW jw;fhg;G elj;ijfisg; gw;wp tphpthf tpthp.

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DISTANCE EDUCATION – CBCS (2018-19 ACADMEIC YEAR ONWARDS)

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
Time : 3 hours Maximum : 75 marks
PART A
Answer all questions (10 x 2 = 20 marks)
1. Define growth.
tsu;r;rp tiuaW
2. Give the importance of educational psychology.
fy;tp cstpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidf; $W.
3. Define concept map.
kd tiuglk; tiuaW
4. Write the importance of educational programmes.
fy;tp epfo;r;rpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJ
5. What is the need of the learning curve?
fw;wy; tisT Njitiaf; $Wf.
6. What is achievement motivation?
milT Cf;fp vd;why; vd;d?
7. Write the importance of punishment.
jz;lidapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf
8. What are the different types of intelligent test?
Ez;zwpT Nrhjidfspd; gy;NtW tiffs; ahit?
9. State any two personality assessment tool.
VNjDk; ,uz;L ed;dlj;ij fz;lwpAk; fUtpfisf; $Wf.
10. Define defence mechanism.
jw;fhg;G elj;ij tiuaW.

PART B

Answer all the questions choosing either (a) or (b) (5 x 5 = 25 marks)

1. a) Describe the developmental tasks and its educational implications
tsu;r;rp rhu;epiy tpthp mjd; fy;tp Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp $Wf
(or)
b) Describe the cause of inattention.
ftdkpd;ikf;fhd fhuzq;fis tptup.

2. a) State any two practices of improving memory.

epidT Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd VNjDk; ,uz;L gapw;rpfis $Wf.
(or)
b) Write the provisions of physically, mentally and socially challenged children?
cly;> kdk; kw;wk; rKjhak; uPjpahf ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;fhd
topKiwfis vOJf.
3. a) Give a notethe importance of motivation in the class room.
tFg;giwapy; Cf;Ftpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
(or)
b) Describe the Guilford structure of the intellect.
fpy;Nghh;Ld; Ez;zwpT fl;likg;G gw;wp tptup.

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 Educational Pshycology

4. a) Give the relationship between intelligence and creativity.

Ez;zwpTf;Fk; gilg;ghw;wYf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlu;ig $W.
(or)
b) Describe the concept of mental health.
kd eyj;jpw;fhd fUj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp tptup.
5. a) How will you maintain the mental health of your students? Discuss
cq;fs; khzth;fspd; kdeyj;ij vt;thW Ngzpf;fhg;gPhf ; s;? tpthjpf;f
(or)
b) Explain the differet types of mental conflicts.
kdg;Nghuhl;lq;fspd; tiffis tpsf;Ff

PART - C
Answer any 3 questions. (3x10 = 30 marks)
6. Briefly explain the importance of educational psychology for the teacher
MrpupaUf;F fy;tp cstpaYf;fhd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gw;wp tptup.
7. What are the factors relating to personality? Explain
MSikia jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs ahit? tpsf;Ff.
8. Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
kh];Nyhtpd; Njitg; gbepiyf; Nfhl;ghl;bid tptup.
9. As a teacher. how do you develop creativity in your class students'?
Mrpupauhf ePq;fs cq;fs; khzth;fsplk; vt;thW gilg;ghw;wiy Nkk;gLj;Jtha;?
10. Explain Piaget’s cognitive development principles
gpNahN[tpd; mwpT tsh;r;rp Nfhl;ghl;bid tpsf;Ff

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