Snigdha Bhat U
1940157
5 CME
A digital camera as an embedded system
A digital camera is a hardware device used to store record still images, moving images and to store the data on a
memory card for the future.
Block Diagram:
Explanation: A digital camera consists of a lot of components including the DSP processors. The digital
camera includes various types of memories like DRAM, memory card, flash memory with controller etc. The
CPU is the main processor is also connected with the various other processors. The host processor just controls
the various operations, and the complicated operations are performed by these task processors. The JPEG co-
processor is predominantly intended to pack and break down the picture into JPEG design. Digital cameras
convert images into electric signals using a semiconductor device (CCD or CMOS) that reacts to light. The
camera records electric signals as digital data in storage media, such as flash memory. Cypress’s microcontroller
family includes products that are well-suited for this application. The camera DSP processes the pictures taken
by the CCD camera. A designs processor is likewise associated with doing illustration handling for showing the
pictures and recordings from the memory either on the LCD board through the LCD regulator interface or to the
video out after video encoding. The IrDA interface is accommodated the remote control of the camera through
the infrared remote. An Ethernet interface is given for Ethernet association. There are different interfaces like
RS232 and Bluetooth for advanced correspondence support.
Applications: To capture an image which we call data, to store image data, and to represent this data.
Advantages: Eliminates Film Processing, Massive Photo Storage, Operating Speed, Preview of Images,
Disadvantages: Battery Consumption, Complexity, Storage Space.
Air conditioners an embedded system
Air conditioners and air conditioning systems are used in many places like auditoriums, indoor stadiums, and
conference halls, they contribute as much as 75% of total energy intake. Even in homes and offices, energy
consumed by air conditioners is significant. To reduce the power wastage air conditioners could be modified to
identify if a person is present in the room and to adjust the temperature according to the room temperature.
Explanation: A camera is fixed to capture images of the room & the images are sent to the Beagle Bone Black
via USB. Here the images are analysed using image processing techniques via OpenCV. The data obtained is
video live-streamed and then this streamed data is converted to several frames where each frame is a data image.
Each image is processed separately by running the face identification algorithm. The background differencing is
performed based on a referenced image of the room to find out the density of persons and thereby controls the
speed of the Air conditioner using L293D Driver. The system also regulates the speed of the fan automatically
according to the room temperature and humidity by using temperature and humidity sensors SY HS-220 and
LM35 connected with the Beagle Bone Black. The output of both the sensors is analog where it is converted to
digital form by processing it at the beagle bone. The real-time room temperature and humidity will be shown in
the LCD provided and the data can also be saved in the USD card for future analysis.
Block Diagram:
Application: Could be used in places like the auditorium, conference halls and other huge places where air
conditioning is continuously used.
Advantages: Saves power consumption, reduces pollution, creates comfortable temperature automatically.
Disadvantages: its implementation could reduce power consumption, but the emission of CFC is still hazardous
to the environment.
ATM as an embedded system
ATM is an acronym for Automated Teller Machine. It is an electronic device that is used by only bank
customers to process account transactions such as cash deposits, withdrawals, transfer funds, information of
account, ATM PIN change, and linking the Aadhaar number to the bank account. Users can use the account
transactions using the ATM card which has a magnetic chip integrated into it. User information is encoded on
the magnetic strip. The strip contains an identification code that is transmitted to the bank’s central computer by
modem.
ATM uses an embedded system for various functions like security pin, to dispense cash according to the given
input, calculate the balance etc. Here secure pin entry ATM device using microcontroller A89S52 is explained.
Block diagram:
Explanation: A 230v, 50Hz single-phase AC power supply is given to a step-down transformer to get supply
which is converted to DC voltage using a Bridge Rectifier. Radiofrequency identification (RFID). RFID Reader
Module is controlled with a single TTL-Level active-low ENABLE pin. When the/ENABLE pin is pulled LOW,
the module will enter its active state and enable the antenna to interrogate for tags. The Parallax RFID Reader
Module initiates all communication. The microcontroller used in the circuit is A89S52 which is a low power,
high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. A
relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. The relay coil
has a resistance that will draw the right pull-in and holding currents when it is connected to that supply voltage.
Each time when the transaction occurs a new PIN will be generated by the microcontroller using the random
PIN generation technique. The embedded c coding is used in the microcontroller for the random password
generation during the transaction. The visual basic program consists of the interface that connects the GSM
modem and the ATM, it is used to give the status of the transaction.
Application: The Microcontroller based secure pin entry method is mainly developed for the prevention of theft
of the ATM card and to control the usage of the ATM card by an unauthorized person.
Advantages: It helps in the prevention of ATM looting
A pacemaker as an embedded system
The implantable pacemaker is a real-time battery-operated integrated system that includes a software/hardware
co-design strategy. It’s used to artificially stimulate a diseased heart to function at a normal rate.
Block Diagram:
Explanation: The heart has its natural pacemaker called a sinoatrial node which stabilises the heart rate by
generating electrical impulses. In case of a damaged intrinsic conduction system, an artificial device known as a
pacemaker is implanted within the heart. The device monitors the heart rate and stimulates the heart when it
beats too slow or does not beat.
The cardiac signal is sensed by unipolar or bipolar electrodes and is amplified by a low noise pre-amplifier, gain
amplifier. This signal is applied to the comparator. A comparator is used as a threshold detector, to detect the
heartbeat event executed by the heart and generates a pulse with every heartbeat. In the absence of a heart signal,
no pulse is generated. Comparator output (synchronizing pulse) is connected to the 2.0 port of the MSP
430F1611 processor. The output stage called the charge pump consists of a voltage multiplier/pulse generator to
stimulate the heart. A high voltage pulse of 5 to 7.5Volts is delivered to the heart through pacing electrodes. A
supply Voltage Supervisor (SVS) is necessary to monitor battery voltage. Lithium Iodine batteries are standard
in a modern pacemaker. Various customized blocks are integrated with MSP 430F1611 ultra low power
microcontroller. VLSI based analog/digital custom processor and interfacing peripherals are used in an
implantable pacemaker.
Applications: Pacemaker may be used to treat fainting spells (syncope), congestive heart failure and
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. More than 2 million people in the US alone are living with a pacemaker.
Advantages: Pacemaker helps the heartbeat regularly. Due to its low power consumption, there is no need to
operate the patient more frequently.
Disadvantages: Recent pacemakers have an added wireless capability that can allow doctors to work on
anything faulty in it without having to open it up. Which makes the pacemaker vulnerable to hackers, who can
generate a lethal shock.
It is not the cure for the disease, and it cannot prevent heart attacks.
References:
Digital Camera:
1. https://www.cypress.com/applications
2. www.ques10.com
Air Conditioner:
1. https://www.ijser.org
ATM machine:
1. https://www.ijser.org
Pacemaker:
1. http://www.jcomputers.us
2. https://my.clevelandclinic.org
3. https://www.digit.in
