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Lecture notes on Operational Amplifier and Transconductance.
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0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes)
61 viewsOp Amp Amplitude Modulation
Lecture notes on Operational Amplifier and Transconductance.
Uploaded by
Dr. Arijit RoyCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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20-1
LECTURE 20: AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND THE TRANSCONDUCTANCE
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
Modulation
A signal which consists of a pure sine wave can carry no
information, since its amplitude, frequency or phase never change. To
encode information on a sine wave, one of these three parameters must
be varied. The parameter is said to be “modulated.”
For a signal:
v= Acos (t+)
variation of A is called "amplitude modulation,"
variation of @ results in "frequency modulation," and
time dependence of # is called "phase modulation
In this lecture we will study amplitude modulation and a device which
can be used as an amplitude modulator.
Amplitude Modulation
Let A in the above mentioned signal be:
Ag(1 + meos mt)
where m is called the "modulation index." The “percent modulation" is
m x 100. A percent modulation of greater than 100% is usually to be
avoided. The complete signal expression is now:
Vv = Ag(1+mcos ot) cos wet
in which we have added a subscript "c" to @ which stands for "carrier"
and we have set $= 0. As an example @, might be 2m x 1160 KHz (KSL)
and @m might be 2x x the high c of a singer.
Using:
c0s(x) cos(y) = Ye coslx +y) + % 08 (K- y)
we obtain:
V = Ag cos wogt + AmAg COSC (e+ tomy JE + 4 MAg COS (Dg ~ Om It
In the frequency domain there are three signals: one at @, one atag +
@m and one at G@e-@m. If our “information” were more than a single
high c note, whole bands of frequencies near w, would result. If the
maximum modulation frequency is denoted by om then a bandwidth of 2om
around @e is needed to transmit the information contained in the
modulation. 20-2
Though amplitude modulation (AM) is widely used, it is costly in
band width and power. Since the same information is contained in the
frequencies above w, as is contained in those below we, one of these
sets of “sidebands" can be filtered out and thrown away. The resulting
"single sideband" signal requires only one half the bandwidth.
Further in our single @m example above, we see that the amplitude
of the carrier signal is twice the amplitude of each sideband for m
J. Since power is proportional to amplitude squared, we see that two
thirds of the power is being used to provide the carrier without
information. If this carrier signal is not transmitted, but rather is
supplied by an @ oscillator in the receiver, we have the very
efficient “single sideband suppressed carrier” system. The cost, of
course, is more complicated circuitry
Demodulation = Detection
A “peak detector" is a simple method of recovering the infor-
mation encoded onto a carrier with amplitude modulation.
-
The RC time constant is chosen long compared to the period of the
carrier and short compared to the period of the modulation. The output
will be de plus a signal at the modulation frequency plus a very small
ripple at the carrier frequency.
+0
‘The peak detector V,
Voltage |< Modulation Period
Output waveform for a peak
detector driven by an AM wave:
Time
Je— Cattier Period
The de portion is usually removed with a blocking capacitor leaving
the desired signal at @m. We shall return to some limitation of this
form of detection when we discuss "phase sensitive detection." 20-3
Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA)
(Rev. RCA 1974 Databook. SSD-202b)
With the usual op amp we know the important input-output
relationship was:
Vout = (voltage gain) (Vin) = AyD vin
A model for the behavior of this device might be:
Rs
“O
Source
Device
'
{
\
{
|
1
Ve SR Can Ye | Su
!
|
|
|
The output is a voltage source in series with a small output
resistance.
If we had a device whose output was basically a current source it
could be modeled as the above diagram with a very large voltage source
and a very large Ro. In this case the output current would be almost
AyDVin/Ro for any load small compared to Ro. This model has at least
the disadvantage that its open circuit behavior (i.e., RL = ©) is
wrong.
A more reasonable approach is to describe the device in terms of
a transconductance.
gmVin is then a current source:
Rs
V2
Device Load
'
\
\
i
|
|
Rn BVnSR Vol SR
i |
|
Source |
The voltage gain for RL<