Instant download and all chapters Solutions Manual Mechanics of Fluids 4th Edition Potter,

Wiggert, Ramadan
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INSTRUCTOR'S SOLUTIONS MANUAL 
 
 

TO ACCOMPANY 
 
 
 
 

MECHANICS of FLUIDS 
 

FOURTH EDITION 

MERLE C. POTTER 
Michigan State University 
 
DAVID C. WIGGERT 
Michigan State University 
 
BASSEM RAMADAN 
Kettering University 
 Contents 
Chapter 1 Basic Considerations 1

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics 15

Chapter 3 Introduction to Fluids in Motion 43

Chapter 4 The Integral Forms of the Fundamental Laws 61

Chapter 5 The Differential Forms of the Fundamental Laws 107

Chapter 6 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 125

Chapter 7 Internal Flows 145

Chapter 8 External Flows 193

Chapter 9 Compressible Flow 237

Chapter 10 Flow in Open Channels 259

Chapter 11 Flows in Piping Systems 303

Chapter 12 Turbomachinery 345

Chapter 13 Measurements in Fluid Mechanics 369

Chapter 14 Computational Fluid Dynamics 375

 Chapter 1/ Basic Considerations

CHAPTER 1
Basic Considerations
FE-type Exam Review Problems: Problems 1-1 to 1-14.

1.1 (C) m = F/a or kg = N/m/s2 = N.s2/m.

1.2 (B) [μ [τ du/dy] = (F/L2)/(L/T)/L = F.T/L2.

8 9
1.3 (A) 2.36 10 23.6 10 23.6 nPa.

du
1.4 (C) The mass is the same on earth and the moon: [4(8r )] 32 r.
dr

1.5 (C) Fshear F sin 4200sin 30 2100 N.

F 2100 N
= shear 4 2
84 103 Pa or 84 kPa
A 250 10 m

1.6 (B)

(T 4)2 (80 4)2

1.7 (D) water 1000 1000 968 kg/m3
180 180

du 3
1.8 (A) [10 5000r ] 10 10 5000 0.02 1 Pa.
dr

4 cos 4 0.0736 N/m 1

1.9 (D) h 3 m or 300 cm.
gD 1000 kg/m3 9.81 m/s2 10 10 6
m
We used kg = N·s2/m

1.10 (C)

pV 800 kN/m 2 4 m3
1.11 (C) m 59.95 kg
RT 0.1886 kJ/(kg K) (10 273) K

1
Chapter 1 / Basic Considerations

1.12 (B) Eice Ewater . mice 320 mwater cwater T .

5 (40 10 6 ) 1000 320 (2 10 3 ) 1000 4.18 T . T 7.66 C.
We assumed the density of ice to be equal to that of water, namely 1000 kg/m3.
Ice is actually slightly lighter than water, but it is not necessary for such accuracy
in this problem.

1.13 (D) For this high-frequency wave, c RT 287 323 304 m/s.

Chapter 1 Problems: Dimensions, Units, and Physical Quantities

1.14 Conservation of mass — Mass — density

Newton’s second law — Momentum — velocity
The first law of thermodynamics — internal energy — temperature

1.15 a) density = mass/volume = M / L3

b) pressure = force/area = F / L2 ML / T 2 L2 M / LT 2
c) power = force velocity = F L / T ML / T 2 L / T ML2 / T 3
d) energy = force distance = ML / T 2 L ML2 / T 2
e) mass flux = ρAV = M/L3 × L2 × L/T = M/T
f) flow rate = AV = L2 × L/T = L3/T

M FT 2 / L
1.16 a) density = 3 FT 2 / L4
L L3
b) pressure = F/L2
c) power = F × velocity = F L/T = FL/T
d) energy = F×L = FL
M FT 2 / L
e) mass flux = FT / L
T T
f) flow rate = AV = L2 L/T = L3/T

1.17 a) L = [C] T2. [C] = L/T2

b) F = [C]M. [C] = F/M = ML/T2 M = L/T2
c) L3/T = [C] L2 L2/3. [C] = L3 / T L2 L2 / 3 L1/ 3 T
Note: the slope S0 has no dimensions.

1.18 a) m = [C] s2. [C] = m/s2

b) N = [C] kg. [C] = N/kg = kg m/s2 kg = m/s2
c) m3/s = [C] m2 m2/3. [C] = m3/s m2 m2/3 = m1/3/s

2
 Chapter 1/ Basic Considerations

1.19 a) pressure: N/m2 = kg m/s2/m2 = kg/m s2

b) energy: N m = kg m/s2 m = kg m2/s2
c) power: N m/s = kg m2/s3
kg m 1
d) viscosity: N s/m2 = 2 s 2 kg / m s
s m
N m kg m m
e) heat flux: J/s = 2
kg m 2 / s 3
s s s
J N m kg m m
f) specific heat: 2
m 2 / K s2
kg K kg K s kg K
m m
1.20 kg c km f . Since all terms must have the same dimensions (units) we require:
s2 s
[c] = kg/s, [k] = kg/s2 = N s 2 / m s 2 N / m, [f] = kg m / s 2 N.
Note: we could express the units on c as [c] = kg / s N s2 / m s N s/m

1.21 a) 250 kN b) 572 GPa c) 42 nPa d) 17.6 cm3

e) 1.2 cm2 f) 76 mm3

1.22 a) 1.25 108 N b) 3.21 10 5 s c) 6.7 108 Pa

d) 5.6 m3 e) 5.2 10 2 m2 f) 7.8 109 m3

0.06854m m
1.23 0.225 2 2
0.738
0.00194 3.281 d d2
where m is in slugs, in slug/ft3 and d in feet. We used the conversions in the front cover.

20/100
1.24 a) 20 cm/hr = 5.555 10 5 m/s
3600
b) 2000 rev/min = 2000 2 /60 = 209.4 rad/s
c) 50 Hp = 50 745.7 = 37 285 W
d) 100 ft3/min = 100 0.02832/60 = 0.0472 m3/s
e) 2000 kN/cm2 = 2 106 N/cm2 1002 cm2/m2 = 2 1010 N/m2
f) 4 slug/min = 4 14.59/60 = 0.9727 kg/s
g) 500 g/L = 500 10 3 kg/10 m 500 kg/m3
h) 500 kWh = 500 1000 3600 = 1.8 109 J

1.25 a) F = ma = 10 40 = 400 N.
b) F W = ma. F = 10 40 + 10 9.81 = 498.1 N.
c) F W sin 30 = ma. F = 10 40 + 9.81 0.5 = 449 N.

1.26 The mass is the same on the earth and the moon:
60
m= 1.863. Wmoon = 1.863 5.4 = 10.06 lb
32.2

3
Chapter 1 / Basic Considerations

26
m 4.8 10
1.27 a) 0.225 2
0.225 10 2
0.43 10 6 m or 0.00043 mm
d 0.184 (3.7 10 )
26
m 4.8 10
b) 0.225 2
0.225 10 2
7.7 10 5 m or 0.077 mm
d 0.00103 (3.7 10 )
26
m 4.8 10
c) 0.225 0.225 0.0039 m or 3.9 mm
d2 0.00002 (3.7 10 10 2
)

Pressure and Temperature

1.28 Use the values from Table B.3 in the Appendix.

a) 52.3 + 101.3 = 153.6 kPa.
b) 52.3 + 89.85 = 142.2 kPa.
c) 52.3 + 54.4 = 106.7 kPa (use a straight-line interpolation).
d) 52.3 + 26.49 = 78.8 kPa.
e) 52.3 + 1.196 = 53.5 kPa.
31
1.29 a) 101 31 = 70 kPa abs. b) 760 760 = 527 mm of Hg abs.
101
31 31
c) 14.7 14.7 = 10.2 psia. d) 34 34 = 23.6 ft of H2O abs.
101 101
31
e) 30 30 = 20.8 in. of Hg abs.
101

1.30 p = po e gz/RT = 101 e 9.81 4000/287 (15 + 273) = 62.8 kPa

From Table B.3, at 4000 m: p = 61.6 kPa. The percent error is
62.8 61.6
% error = 100 = 1.95 %.
61.6
22,560 20,000
1.31 a) p = 973 + (785 973) = 877 psf
25,000 20,000
22,560 20,000
T = 12.3 + ( 30.1 + 12.3) = 21.4 F
25,000 20,000
0.512
b) p = 973 + 0.512 (785 973) + ( .488) (628 2 785 + 973) = 873 psf
2
0.512
T = 12.3 + 0.512 ( 30.1 + 12.3) + ( .488) ( 48 + 2 30.1 12.3) = 21.4 F
2
Note: The results in (b) are more accurate than the results in (a). When we use a linear
interpolation, we lose significant digits in the result.

33,000 30,000 5
1.32 T = 48 + ( 65.8 + 48) = 59 F or ( 59 32) = 50.6 C
35,000 30,000 9

4
 Chapter 1/ Basic Considerations

Fn 26.5 cos 42
1.33 p= = 4
= 1296 MN/m2 = 1296 MPa.
A 152 10

4
Fn (120 000) 0.2 10 2.4 N
1.34 F= Fn2 Ft2 = 2.400 N.
4
Ft 20 0.2 10 0.0004 N
1 0.0004
= tan =0.0095
2.4

Density and Specific Weight

m 0.2
1.35 = = 1.92 slug/ft3. = g = 1.92 32.2 = 61.8 lb/ft3.
V 180 / 1728

1.36 = 1000 (T 4)2/180 = 1000 (70 4)2/180 = 976 kg/m3

= 9800 (T 4)2/18 = 9800 (70 4)2/180 = 9560 N/m3
976 978
% error for = 100 = .20%
978
9560 978 9.81
% error for = 100 = .36%
978 9.81

1.37 S = 13.6 0.0024T = 13.6 0.0024 50 = 13.48.

13.48 13.6
% error = 100 = .88%
13.6

6
W V 12 400 500 10
1.38 a) m = = 0.632 kg
g g 9.81
6
12 400 500 10
b) m = = 0.635 kg
9.77
6
12 400 500 10
c) m = = 0.631 kg
9.83

m/ V 10/ V
1.39 S= . 1.2 . V = 4.30 ft3
water water 1.94

5
Chapter 1 / Basic Considerations

Viscosity

1.40 Assume carbon dioxide is an ideal gas at the given conditions, then

p 200 kN/m3
2.915 kg/m3
RT 0.189 kJ/kg K 90 273 K
W mg
g 2.915 kg/m3 9.81 m/s2 28.6 kg/m2 s2 28.6 N/m3
V V
From Fig. B.1 at 90°C, 2 10 5 N s/m2 , so that the kinematic viscosity is

2 10 5 N s/m2
6.861 10 6 m2 /s
2.915 kg/m3
The kinematic viscosity cannot be read from Fig. B.2; the pressure is not 100 kPa.

1.41 At equilibrium the weight of the piston is balanced by the resistive force in the oil due to
wall shear stress. This is represented by

Wpiston DL

where D is the diameter of the piston and L is the piston length. Since the gap between
the piston and cylinder is small, assume a linear velocity distribution in the oil due to the
piston motion. That is, the shear stress is

V Vpiston 0
r Dcylinder Dpiston / 2

Using Wpiston mpiston g , we can write

Vpiston
mpiston g DL
Dcylinder Dpiston / 2

Solve Vpiston :

mpiston g Dcylinder Dpiston

Vpiston
2 DL
0.350 kg 9.81 m/s2 0.1205 0.120 m
2 2
0.91 kg m2 /N s3 0.91 m/s
2 0.025 N s/m 0.12 0.10 m

where we used N = kg·m/s2.

6
 Chapter 1/ Basic Considerations

1.42 The shear stress can be calculated using du /dy . From the given velocity
distribution,
du
u ( y ) 120(0.05 y y2 ) 120(0.05 2 y )
dy

From Table B.1 at 10 C, 1.308 10 3 N s/m2 so, at the lower plate where y = 0,

du
120(0.05 0) 6 s 1 1.308 10 3 6 7.848 10 3 N/m2
dy y 0

At the upper plate where y = 0.05 m,

du 1
120(0.05 2 0.05) 6s 7.848 10 3 N/m2
dy y 0.05

du 30(2 1/12)
1.43 = = 1.92 2
= 0.014 lb/ft2
dr (1/12)

30(2 1/12) du
1.44 2
[32r / r02 ] 32 r / r02 . r=0 = 0,
(1/12) dr

3 0.25 /100
r = 0.25 = 32 1 10 = 3.2 Pa,
(0.5 /100) 2
3 0.5 /100
r = 0.5 = 32 1 10 = 6.4 Pa
(0.5 /100) 2

du 0.4
1.45 T = force moment arm = 2 RL R= 2 R2L = 2
1000 2 R2L.
dr R
T 0.0026
= = 0.414 N.s/m2.
0.4 0.4
2
1000 2 R 2 L 1000 2 .012 0.2
R 12

3 2000 2
2 0.5/12 4 0.006
2 R3 L 60
1.46 Use Eq.1.5.8: T = = = 2.74 ft-lb.
h 0.01/12
T 2.74 209.4
power = = 1.04 hp
550 550

7
Chapter 1 / Basic Considerations

du 3 10
1.47 Fbelt = A 1.31 10 (0.6 4) = 15.7 N.
dy 0.002
F V 15.7 10
power = = 0.210 hp
746 746

du r
1.48 Assume a linear velocity so . Due to the area
dy h dr

du r
element shown, dT = dF r = dA r = 2 r dr r.
dy

400 2
5
R 2.36 10 (3/12) 4
2 3 2 R4 60
T= r dr = = 91 10 5 ft-lb.
0
h h 4 2 0.08/12

u
1.49 The velocity at a radius r is r . The shear stress is .
y
The torque is dT = rdA on a differential element. We have
0.08
r 2000 2
T= rdA= 2 rdx , 209.4 rad/s
0
0.0002 60
where x is measured along the rotating surface. From the geometry x 2 r, so that
0.08 0.08
209.4 x / 2 x 329 000
T= 0.1 2 dx 329 000 x 2dx (0.083 ) = 56.1 N . m
0
0.0002 2 0
3

du
1.50 If = cons’t and = AeB/T = AeBy/K = AeCy, then
dy
du du
AeCy = cons’t. = De Cy.
dy dy
D Cy y
Finally, or u(y) = e = E (e Cy 1) where A, B, C, D, E, and K are constants.
C 0

B/T 0.001 Ae B/293

1.51 Ae A = 2.334 10 6, B = 1776.
B /353
0.000357 Ae

40 = 2.334 10 6 e1776/313 = 6.80 10 4 N.s/m2