Course Code: CS101

Course Title: IT for Managers

Lecture / Week No. Lecture 13

Department of Computer Science

Contents

1. Network Fundamentals
2. Network Necessity
3. Basic Network Concepts
4. Use of Networks in Business Organizations
5. Issues, The Telecommunications System
6. Classification of Networks ( Geographicaly, techonology,
architechure & topology)
7. Modern Internetwork (INTRANET,INTERNET & EXTRANET)
8. Basic Hardware Components For Networking
Reference No. 1 Topic: Network Fundamentals

Network
A group of interconnected people and things …. a network of friends …. railways ….
telephones ….. rivers and canals, etc.
Interconnected or interrelated chain, group or system.
Networking
To interact with others for exchanging information and developing professional or
social contacts ….skills of bargaining and negotiations.

Definition: In information technology, a network is a series of points or nodes

interconnected by communication paths. Networks can interconnect with other
networks and contain subnetworks.
Reference No. 1 Topic:Computer Network and Networking

A computer network is a set of computing devices connected together for sharing

resources, such as files, data, peripherals, etc.

A computer could be just two linked computers (or a few).

Reference No. 2 Topic: Why Computer Network
• Sharing information — i.e. data communication
•Do you prefer these? Or this?

• Sharing hardware or software

• E.g. print document

• Centralize administration and support

• E.g. Internet-based, so everyone can access the same administrative
or support application from their PCs
Reference No. 2 Topic: Network Necessity
File Sharing: Networking of computers helps users to share data files
Hardware Sharing: Users can share devices such as printers, scanners, CD-ROM drives, hard drives
etc.
Application Sharing: Applications can be shared over the network, and this allows to implement
client/server applications, ERP, accounting packages, etc.
User Communication: Networks allow users to communicate using e-mail, newsgroups, and video
conferencing etc.
Voice over IP (VoIP): Voice over Internet Protocol (IP) is a revolutionary change in
telecommunications that allows telephone calls (voice data) using standard Internet Protocol (IP)
rather than by traditional PSTN
Network Gaming: A lot of network games are available, which allow multi-users to play from
different locations
Entertainment: One can download/watch movies ,,, Netflix, YouTube
Education: Distance Learning
Online Shopping: Shop and pay – globally online shopping has exceeded USD 2 trillion
Reference No. 1 Topic: Basic Network Concepts
For a basic computer network to function one needs:
Networks
Internet, intranet, extranet, WAN, MAN, LAN, C/S, NC, P2P
Media
Twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optics, microwave radio, communications satellites, wireless
mobile
Processors
Modems, multiplexers, switches, routers, hubs, gateways, etc.
Software
NOS, telecommunications monitors, web browsers, search engines middleware
Channels
Analog/digital, bandwidth alternatives
Topology
Star, ring, bus
Protocols
TCP/IP and OSI
Reference No.1 Topic: Use of Networks in Business Organizations

• Resource sharing • Uploading and downloading

• Data/info sharing files
• Emailing • Connecting with people
• Internet Messaging, • Social media marketing
chatting, discussion forums • Telephony
• Publishing • Videoconferencing
• Web surfing • Tele-presence
• E-commerce • Entertainment and gaming
Reference No.1 Topic: Issues

 Crashes :
◦ Server crashes means loss of data and time
 Security :
◦ If security is weak , there may be unauthorized
access
 Privacy :
◦ loss of privacy
Reference No. 1 Topic: Performance depends on

Number of users • Security

Assessment of the average number • Unauthorized access
of users that will be communicating
at peak loads, actual number of users Sensitive data must be
are greater than average. protected
Medium • Lowest level
Defines the data rate of data Passwords
Hardware • Higher level
Affects both the speed and capacity Encryption techniques(
of transmission. alteration of data)
Software • Virus
Used to process data at the Sender, A network is accessible form
receiver and intermediate node. many points so it is at risk to
computer virus.
Reference No. 1 Topic: The Telecommunications System
The hardware and software that transmits information from
one location to another
Components include:

 Hardware  Data comm

 Media providers
 Networks  Protocols
 Software  Applications
Reference No.5 Topic: Classification of Networks

By Geography
PAN, LAN, CAN, MAN, WAN, GAN

By Architecture
Client-server, Peer-to-Peer, Hybrid

By Technology
Intranet, Extranet, Internet, VPN, WLAN, EPN, SAN

By Topology
Ring, Star, Bus, Hybrid, Mesh, Tree
Reference No.5 Topic: Local Area Network (LAN)

This is a network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or

building.
Current LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology.
LANs are designed to allow resources to be shared between personal
computers or workstations.
The resources to be shared can include hardware (e.g., printer), software
(e.g., an application program) or data.
Reference No.5 Topic:Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A Metropolitan Area Network is a network that connects two or more

Local Area Networks or Campus Area Networks together but does not
extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate town/city.
Routers, switches and hubs are connected to create a Metropolitan Area
Network.

IQRA
(Main Campus)

INTERNET

IQRA IQRA
(Gulshan campus) (North Karachi campus)
Reference No.5 Topic: Wide Area Network (WAN)
A WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad
geographic area.
(i.e. one city to another and one country to another country)
That often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as
telephone companies.

• WAN technologies generally

function at the lower three layers
of the OSI reference model:
• Physical layer.
• Data link layer.
• Network layer.
Reference No. 5 Topic: Differences b/w Client-Server and P2P
Reference No. 5 Topic: Modern Internetwork

In modern practice, the interconnected networks use the

Internet Protocol.
There are at least three variants of internetwork, depending on
who administers and who participates in them:
Intranet
Extranet
Internet
Reference No. 5 Topic:Intranet
An "intranet" is the generic term for a collection of private computer networks
within an organization.
The main purpose of an intranet is to share company information and computing
resources among employees
An intranet can be understood as a private version of the Internet, or as a private
extension of the Internet confined to an organization.
An organization's intranet does not necessarily have to provide access to the
Internet. When such access is provided it is usually through a network gateway
with a firewall.
Reference No. 5 Topic: Extranet

An "extranet" is a computer network that allows controlled access from the outside
for specific business or educational purposes.

Allowing controlled access to an otherwise private company network enables

business-to-business transactions and file sharing.

An extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to users

outside the company (e.g.: normally over the Internet.
Reference No. Topic: Internet

It is:
A global system of interconnected computer networks.
A network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks of local to global scope.
Linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies.
Carries vast range of information resources and services, such as applications of
WWW, email, telephony, and file sharing.
Uses Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.
Reference No. 3 Topic: Basic Hardware Components For Networking

All networks are made up of basic hardware building blocks to interconnect

network nodes, such as:
a) Network Interface Cards (NICs).
b) Bridges.
c) Hubs.
d) Switches.
e) Routers.
In addition, some method of connecting these building blocks is required, usually in
the form of cables (most commonly Category 5 or Category 6 cable) and devices for
wireless connection.
Reference No.4 Topic: Network Interface Cards
A network card, network adapter or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of
computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a
computer network.
It provides physical access to a networking medium and often provides a low-level
addressing system through the use of MAC addresses.
It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly.
The NIC provides the transfer of data in Gigabytes.
 Reference No. 4 Topic: Data Communications over Standard
Telephone Lines - Modems

• Most telephone lines attached to home and businesses are analog,

not digital.

• Because PCs transmit and receive data in digital format, a device

called a modem is needed to convert digital data to analog format
for transmission over phone lines.

• When receiving data from another computer, the modem converts

it from analog format to digital format.
Reference No. 3 Topic: Telecommunication Signals

Analog signals
Continuous waves
Information conveyed by changing wave characteristics (amplitude and frequency)
Digital signals
Discrete pulses
Information conveyed in binary form (on or off pulses)
Easily understood by computer
Reference No. 3 Topic: Continued..

The analog signal

(audible)
is sent through
telephone lines.

011010001 011010001

This modem converts This modem converts

digital to analog. analog to digital.
Reference No. 4 Topic: Communication Processors

Hardware devices utilized in data transmission and reception

Modem - device that converts analog signals to digital (and vice versa); enables signal
transmission over telephone system
Multiplexor - device that transmits multiple signals over single medium
Front-end processor – specialized computer dedicated to managing communication
tasks
Reference No.4 Topic: Repeaters

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a

higher power level.
Or to the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances
without degradation.
In most twisted pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable runs
longer than 100 meters away from the computer
Reference No.4 Topic: Hubs
A hub contains multiple ports.
When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to all the ports of the hub for
transmission.
Hub works at physical layer of OSI model.
Hub has one collision domain.
Hub has one broadcast domain.
Reference No.4 Topic: Switches
A switch is a device that performs switching.
Specifically, it forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagrams.
Switch forwards frames based on the MAC addresses.
A switch is used to segment a network.
Some switches are capable of routing based on IP addresses e.g Cisco layer 3
Switch.
Reference No.4 Topic: Routers
Routers are networking devices that forward data packets between networks.
Routers work at the network layer of the OSI model.
Router uses logical addresses (IP address).
Router select the best path from its routing table to forward the packets to remote
destination.
Example: It is mainly used by Internet Service Providers (i.e. ISP), Banks etc.
References / Resources

• 1. https://onlinestudy4u.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/introduction-to-computers-
by-peter-norton-6th-ed.pdf

• 2. https://onlinestudy4u.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/introduction-to-computers-
by-peter-norton-6th-ed.pdf

• 3. https://onlinestudy4u.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/introduction-to-computers-
by-peter-norton-6th-ed.pdf

• 4. troduction to Computers, 6th edition by Peter Norton

• …….