PRACTICAL WORK REPORTS

PLANT MORPHOLOGY
“THE DEVELOPMENT OF TAPROOT SYSTEM
AND FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM”

By :

Name : Kamilatul Khoiroh

Student ID : 190210103028
Group :3

STUDY PROGRAM OF BIOLOGY EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICT AND SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER
2020
I. TITTLE
The Development of Taproot System and Fibrous Root System

II. OBJECTIVE
Learn the development of taproot system in dicots plant and fibrous root
in monocots plant

III. LITERATURE REVIEW

Seed is a connecting chain that lives between parent and offspring. So the
seeds must be able to survive against the extreme environment during waiting for
favorable conditions for him to germination and growth. Whereas germination can
be interpreted as seedling emergence, technically germination is the onset of the
emergence of active growth which resulting in the breaking of the seed coat and
the appearance of seedlings. The process of change from seed to plant seeds is
often called germination. Where germination is the boundary between seeds
(seeds which able to grow) that still depends on the source food from its parent
with capable plants stand alone in taking nutrients (Irawanto et al, 2015: 1014-
1015).

Small seed might germinate well but because of that little food reserves so
the seedlings are small and weak, as a result the growth initially become slow.
Availability enough food reserves in the seeds large will increase the initial
development on plants that are growing and increasing chance of survival. And in
response needs light, small seeds grow faster in high light environment, while
large seeds will closely related to that environment limited glow (Handayani,
2019: 2-3).

Imbibition is a water absorption event surface of hydrophilic substances,

such as proteins, starches, cellulose, gelatin, gelatin, clay and others which cause
these substances can expand after absorb water. The ability to absorb water for
example in seeds commonly called potential imbibition and the process is called
imbibisi. Seed germination begins when imbibition occurs water into the seeds.
The level of imbibition that occurs influenced by seed composition,
impermeability seed outer layer, and water availability. Availability water for
imbibition depends on cell water potential. The cell's water potential is the result
of three potential namely the cell wall matrix pressure, concentration osmotic
cells, and turgor cell pressure. The imbibition process depends on cell membranes
that selectively regulate exit the entry of substances because of this membrane
filter or select substances that can enter or out of a cell. Germination process seeds
are influenced by genetic factors and factors environment. Genetic factors that
influence are chemical composition of seeds, seed water content, enzyme
activities in seeds and physical and biochemical properties of seed coat. While
the environmental factors are very influential are water, light, gas, temperature,
and oxygen. Water is a very important factor in seed germination. Two important
factors are affect the absorption of water by the seed is the skin seed protectors
and the amount of water available at the surrounding medium (Putra, 2017:1).

After seed having imbibition, seed will germinate. There are two types of
germination are hypogeal and epygeal. In hypogeal germination the epycotyl
elongates in epygeal germination the hypocotyl elongates. These two types of
germination are related to whether nourishment is provided by the cotyledon or
endosperm tissue. Conditions required for successful germination include water,
correct illumination, suitable temperarure, and presence of oxygen. Internatelly a
rapid mobilisation of food reserves takes place, insoluble substances are
hydrolysed into soluble ones which are translocated tonthe growing points of the
seedling (Roberts and King, 2013: 258).

Hypogeal germination, hypo means below the soil (geal). The cotyledons
remain underground. They shrivel up once the food stored in them is exhaused. In
this types of germination the epycotyl elongates to push the plumule above
ground. Hypogeal germination can be seen in maize and other cereals, Bengal
gram (chana) and pea. In epygeal germination, epy means above. The cotyledons
are pushed above the ground due to the elongation of the hypocotyls. Epygeal
germination can be seen in beans, casteor, sunflower, pumpkin and gorund
(Bhattacharya and Seal, 2011: 50).

Density plants greatly affect growth and seed yield. The number of plants
per hole can be used to improve efficiency use of environmental factors for plants.
Plant intraspecific competition can occur due to high population due to tight
spacing (Hastuti et al, 2018:90).

Seed size effect on seed germination. Large seeds have good seedling
growth, higher growth and have food reserves big ones compared to small seeds.
This is due to large seeds more quickly absorb water from the environment called
the imbibisi process. The deeper the seed is planted, the lower the seed's ability to
germinate andappears above the ground. Plants that appear first previously it
would produce more crop yields compared to plants that appear later
(Fathurrohim, et al. 2017: 273).

So, after seed germination, the seeds will develop continue until be a root
of the plant. This roots of a plant usually from either a taproot system or a fibrous
root system. In taproot system, the radicle (the first root to emerge from a seed)
forms the major root that persist throughout the life of the plant. Root usually
grew underground, they cannot always be distinguished from stem on the basis, of
their being under the soil, some plants have roots wholly above the ground and
other have underground stem. In fibrous root system, the radicle does not persist
for long after germination but is replaced by adventitious root (root that grow
from stem and leaves). Dicotyledons such as trees and shrubs usually have taproot
system. Monocotyledons such as grasses usually have fibrous root system. The
part of stem above the cotyledons is called the epycotyl and the part below the
cotyledons is called hypocotyl. A mature root system can be extremely complex
and the combined length of the roots can measure many kilometers (Kent,
2011:272).
IV. METHODOLOGY
4.1 Tools and Materials
4.1.1 Tools
a. Cetok
b. Mineral water plastic glass 12
c. Ruler
4.1.2 Materials
a. 10 seeds of rice (Oryza sativa)
b. 10 seeds of corn (Zea mays)
c. 10 seed of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
d. 10 seed of green bean (Vigna radiata)
e. Water
f. Soil
4.2 Work scheme
Before to germinate, soak the seeds for 24 hours.

Prepare the mineral water plastic glass that has been filled with soil.

Do germination serially, one kind of monocots plant seed and one kind
of dicots plant seed in each of the glass. Allow seed to germinate.

Observe after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 days.

Observe the plant root of different ages in serially. And measure the
seeds from outside of mineral water plastic glass and record the result.
V. RESULT
5.1 Rice (Oryza sativa) (cm)

Plant Age 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(Days)
Length 0 1,7 6 7 10 10,7 12
1 (cm)
Diameter - - - 0,05 - - 0,12
(cm)
Length 0 2 5,5 6,5 8 9 10,8
2 (cm)
Diameter - - - 0,05 - - 0,1
(cm)
Length 0 2,3 6 7,5 9 9,8 11,1
3 (cm)
Diameter - - - 0,06 - - 0,1
(cm)
5.2 Corn (Zea mays) (cm)

Plant Age 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(Days)
Length 0 1,7 4 7 8,7 9,5 12,5
1 (cm)
Diameter - - - 0,1 - - 0,3
(cm)
Length 0 1,5 5 10 11 13 14,5
2 (cm)
Diameter - - - 0,2 - - 0,2
(cm)
Length 0 2 7 7,5 9 12 15
3 (cm)
Diameter - - - 0,2 - - 0,2
(cm)
 5.3 Red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) (cm)

Plant Age 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(Days)
Length 0 4,7 5 7,5 10,2 10 11,5
1 (cm)
Diameter - - - 0,2 - - 0,3
(cm)
Length 0 6 11 12,5 13 15 17
2 (cm)
Diameter - - - 0,3 - - 0,3
(cm)
Length 0 1,8 3 6 8 11 12
3 (cm)
Diameter - - - 0,2 - - 0,3
(cm)
5.4 Green bean (Vigna radiata) (cm)

Plant Age 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(Days)
Length 0 3,5 8 9 10,2 10,6 12
1 (cm)
Diameter - - - 0,2 - - 0,55
(cm)
Length 0 4 7,4 9,2 9,5 10 10,4
2 (cm)
Diameter - - - 0,2 - - 0,5
(cm)
Length 0 4,7 8 9,5 10 10,4 11,1
3 (cm)
Diameter - - - 0,3 - - 0,52
(cm)

VI. DISCUSSION

Germination can be interpreted as seedling emergence, technically

germination is the onset of the emergence of active growth which resulting in the
breaking of the seed coat and the appearance of seedlings. The process of change
from seed to plant seeds are often called germination. Where germination is the
boundary between seeds (seeds which able to grow) that still depends on the
source food from its parent with capable plants stand alone in taking nutrients.

There are two types of germination are hypogeal and epygeal. In hypogeal
germination the epycotyl elongates in epygeal germination the hypocotyl
elongates. These two types of germination are related to whether nourishment is
provided by the cotyledon or endosperm tissue. Conditions required for successful
germination include water, correct illumination, suitable temperarure, and
presence of oxygen. Internatelly a rapid mobilisation of food reserves takes place,
insoluble substances are hydrolysed into soluble ones which are translocated
tonthe growing points of the seedling.

Hypogeal germination, hypo means below the soil (geal). The cotyledons
remain underground. They shrivel up once the food stored in them is exhaused. In
this types of germination the epycotyl elongates to push the plumule above
ground. Hypogeal germination can be seen in maize and other cereals, Bengal
gram (chana) and pea. In epygeal germination, epy means above. The cotyledons
are pushed above the ground due to the elongation of the hypocotyls. Epygeal
germination can be seen in beans, casteor, sunflower, pumpkin and ground.

Germination process seeds are influenced by genetic factors (intern) and

factors environment (ekstern). Genetic factors that influence are chemical
composition of seeds, seed water content, enzyme activities in seeds and physical
and biochemical properties of seed coat. While the environmental factors are very
influential are water, light, gas, temperature, and oxygen. Water is a very
important factor in seed germination. Two important factors are affect the
absorption of water by the seed is the skin seed protectors and the amount of water
available at the surrounding medium.

The reason for using all four seeds (corn seeds, rice seeds, red bean seeds
and green bean seeds) in this lab this time, the four seeds experienced rapid
growth compared to other seeds. In addition, the reason for using corn seeds and
rice seeds as an observation of the fiber root system with hypogeal germination
type. While observations using red bean seeds and green bean seeds to find out
how the epigeal germination process and fibrous root system in plants.

The results from observations of four seeds on day 0 had not yet developed
root development (0 cm). Then on the second day of observation the first rice seed
had a root length of 1.7 cm and then increased to 6 cm whereas the fourth day of
observation. On the sixth day the root length became 7 cm on the eight day the
length would be 10 cm. On the tenth day the length will be 10,7 cm and on the
twelfth day observation the root length will reach 12 cm. While for the second rice
seed root length 2 cm on the fourth day the root length became 5,5 cm. On the
sixth day, root length 6,5 cm on the eighth day root length 8 cm. On the tenth day
long root 9 cm and at the last observation on the twelfth day root length 10.8 cm
And last the third rice seed root length 2,3 cm on the second day to the fourth day
the root length becomes 6 cm. On the sixth day the length will be 7,5 cm on the
eight day the length will be 9 cm and on the tenth day the root length becomes
9.8 cm and at the last observation the twelfth day the length will be 11.1 cm. On
the other hand we also observing root lengths on the sixth and twelfth days, it was
also observed the width of the root diameter. For the first rice seed in the sixth day
with a root diameter of 0.05 cm and the twelfth day with a root diameter of 0.12
cm. The second is rice seed on the sixth day 0.05 cm and the twelfth day root
diameter is 0,1 cm. The third is rice seed on the sixth day diameter width of 0.06
cm and on the twelfth day width of 0.1 cm diameter.

The second is corn seed. On the second day of observation the first corn
seed had a root length of 1.7 cm and then increased to 4 cm whereas the fourth
day of observation. On the sixth day the root length became 7 cm on the eight day
the length is 8,7 cm. On the tenth day the length will be 9,5 cm and on the twelfth
day observation the root length will reach 12,5 cm. While for the second corn seed
root length 1,5 cm on the fourth day the root length became 5 cm. On the sixth
day root length 10 cm on the eighth day root length 11 cm. On the tenth day long
root 13 cm and at the last observation on the twelfth day root length 14,5 cm And
last the third corn seed root length 2 cm on the second day to the fourth day the
root length becomes 7 cm. On the sixth day the length will be 7,5 cm, on the eight
day the length will be 9 cm and on the tenth day the root length becomes 12 cm
and at the last observation the twelfth day the length will be 15 cm. On the other
hand we also observing root lengths on the sixth and twelfth days, it was also
observed the width of the root diameter. For the first corn seed in the sixth day
with a root diameter of 0,1 cm and the twelfth day with a root diameter of 0,3 cm.
The second corn seed on the sixth day 0,2 cm and the twelfth day root diameter of
0.2cm. The third corn seed on the sixth day diameter width of 0,2 cm and on the
twelfth day width of 0,2 cm diameter.

The third is red bean. On the second day of observation the first red bean
had a root length of 4,7 cm and then increased to 5 cm whereas the fourth day of
observation. On the sixth day the root length became 7,5 cm on the eight day the
length would be 8 cm. On the tenth day the length will be 10 cm and on the
twelfth day observation the root length will reach 11,5 cm. While for the second
red bean root length 6 cm on the fourth day the root length became 11 cm. On the
sixth day root length 12,5 cm on the eighth day root length 13 cm. On the tenth
day long root 15 cm and at the last observation on the twelfth day root length 17
cm. And last the third red bean root length 1,8 cm on the second day to the fourth
day the root length becomes 3 cm. On the sixth day the length will be 6 cm and on
the eight day the length will be 6,5 cm and on the tenth day the root length
becomes 8 cm and at the last observation the twelfth day the length will be 12 cm.
On the other hand we also observing root lengths on the sixth and twelfth days, it
was also observed the width of the root diameter. For the first red bean in the sixth
day with a root diameter of 0,2 cm and the twelfth day with a root diameter of 0,3
cm. The second red bean on the sixth day 0,3 cm and the twelfth day root
diameter of 0,3 cm. The third red bean on the sixth day diameter width of 0,2 cm
and on the twelfth day width of 0,3 cm diameter.

The fourth seeds is green bean. On the second day of observation the first
red bean had a root length of 3,5 cm and then increased to 8 cm whereas the
fourth day of observation. On the sixth day the root length became 9 cm on the
eight day the length is 10,2 cm. On the tenth day the length will be 10,6 cm and
on the twelfth day observation the root length will reach 12 cm. While for the
second green bean root length 4 cm on the fourth day the root length became 7,4
cm. On the sixth day root length 9,2 cm on the eighth day root length 9,5 cm. On
the tenth day long root 10cm and at the last observation on the twelfth day root
length 10,4 cm. And last the third green bean root length 4,7 cm on the second
day to the fourth day the root length becomes 8 cm. On the sixth day the length
will be 9,5 cm and on the eight day the length will be 10 cm and on the tenth day
the root length becomes 10,4 cm and at the last observation the twelfth day the
length will be 11,1 cm. On the other hand we also observing root lengths on the
sixth and twelfth days, it was also observed the width of the root diameter. For the
first red bean in the sixth day with a root diameter of 0,2 cm and the twelfth day
with a root diameter of 0,55 cm. The second red bean on the sixth day 0,2 cm and
the twelfth day root diameter of 0,5 cm. The third red bean on the sixth day
diameter width of 0,3 cm and on the twelfth day width of 0,52 cm diameter.

Based on the data obtained and also the literature that has brought germination to
hate both so that the diameter of experiencing rapid development every day. And
also based on data that we obtained the development of rice seeds, corn seeds, red
bean seeds and green bean seeds experienced a specific increase between the
second and four day observations. So, seeds experience long growth properly but
between each seed cannot be compared to each other because it has an internal
factor that is different in each seed. The shortest long roots of the roots are the
second rice seeds, which are 10,8 cm while the longest roots are the first rice
seeds, namely 12 cm. Then for corn seeds whose roots are the shortest are the first
12.5 cm seeds while the seeds are the longest root, the third seed is 15 cm. Then
the shortest red bean seeds are the first 11,5 cm seeds and the longest roots are the
second seed 17 cm. The latter seed, green bean seeds, the shortest roots are 10,4
cm second seeds while the longest roots are the first 12 cm seeds Next for the root
diameter. Rice seeds are width of the second and third seeds 0,1 cm. While corn
seeds that have the most wide root diameter are the first corn seeds of 0,3 cm.
Then for all red beans the seeds have an average width of the root diameter of 0,3
cm. The next, is green bean seeds. Green bean seeds that have the biggest root
diameter width, namely the first seed of 0,55 cm. A factor that also supports the
rapid growth of our group's seed germination is that we remove the seeds during the
day so that they are exposed to sunlight and store them back in the dark in the
afternoon until the evening. For this reason, the auxin hormone present in plants
functions well as a regulator of cell enlargement and triggers cell elongation in the
meristem region of the root tip, stem tip, and also the formation of flowers. Plants
that are too often exposed to sunlight will grow slowly because the work of auxin
is inhibited by the sun. But the side of plants that are not exposed to sunlight
grows very fast because the work of auxin is not inhibited.

Our group managed to care for seeds well so that our group did not fail
significantly. Factors that support in managing the process of germination of all
four seeds because we get seeds with good quality, soaking seeds that are not too
long before planting, put seeds in the environment with sufficient lighting after
planting, the appropriate land for watering is sufficient.

VII. CLOSING
7.1 Conclusion
The roots of a plant usually from either a taproot system or a fibrous
root system. In taproot system, the radicle (the first root to emerge
from a seed) forms the major root that persist throughout the life of
the plant. While in fibrous root system, the radicle does not persist for
long after germination but is replaced by adventitious root (root that
grow from stem and leaves).
7.2 Suggestion
7.2.1 Recommendations for lab assistants should give the
information of submitting the report to practicer early,
supposed the practicer can make the report without hurry.
7.2.2 Suggestions for practicer dong observe of germination
seriously supposed an observe can successfully.
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Bhattacharya, S, and M. Seal. 2011. Biology Young Scientists Series. India: Batra
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Fathurohim, R. H., D. M. Maharani, dan A. M. Ahmad. 2017. Model Laju

Pertumbuhan Perkecambahan Tanaman Jagung (Zea Mays L.) pada Variasi
Kedalaman Tanam. Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis dan Biosistem. 5
(3): 236-244.

Handayani, Tri. 2019. Perkecambahan biji dan tipe-tipe fungsional semai pada
jenis-jenis suku Annonaceae. Jurnal Bogor. 22(1): 1-12.

Hastuti, D. P., Supriyono, dan Hartati, S. 2018. Pertumbuhan dan hasil kacang
hijau (Vigna radiate L.) pada beberapa dosis pupuk organik dan kerapatan
tanam. Jurnal of Sustainable Agriculture. 33(2): 90.

Irawanto, R., E. E. Ariyanti, dan R. Hendrian, 2015. Jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius):

Biji, perkecambahan dan potensinya. Jurnal Prosiding Seminar. 1(5): 1011-
1018.

Kent, Michael. 2011. Advanced Biology. Malaysia: Hardlines, Charlbury,

Oxfordshire.

Putra, A. I. 2017. Imbibisi benih mati dan hidup pada benih jagung (Zea mays)
dan kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea). Jurnal Pendidikan. 1(1):1.

Roberts, M. B. V, and T. J. King. 2013. Biology a Functional Approach. Inggris:

Delta Place.
 SUPPLEMENTARY

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Day 8

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Day 12
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