Original Paper

Measurement and Control

2019, Vol. 52(3-4) 276–290
Remote distributed monitoring system Ó The Author(s) 2019
Article reuse guidelines:
of switched reluctance motor sagepub.com/journals-permissions
DOI: 10.1177/0020294019836111
journals.sagepub.com/home/mac

Yan Cai1, Wenlong Xie1 and Haihua Zhang2

Abstract
The reliable operation, dynamic performance analysis and control strategy research of a switched reluctance motor
(SRM) require an online monitoring system to display and record its operating status. However, due to the large amount
of data, the nonlinear electromagnetic characteristics and the harsh working environment of SRM, it is very difficult to
monitor a SRM’s operation status in real time. In order to solve these problems, a new structure of the SRM monitoring
system, which uses Digital Signal Processor (DSP) and the hardwired Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
embedded Ethernet controller W5500, is presented in this paper. The W5500 and DSP’s direct memory access modules
are employed for data capture and transfer to reduce the digital signal processing workload. The digital signal processing
program is implemented by the hybrid programming method, which shortens the filtering time. Consequently, the DSP
has sufficient resources to acquire multiple signals with a high sampling frequency and can adopt a more complex filtering
algorithm, which enhances the accuracy and real-time performance of the system. Moreover, the amplitude–frequency
characteristics of signals are analyzed. Then, the detection circuits and finite impulse response filters are designed to
achieve the targeted acquisition and filtering. Besides, the impact of harsh environment on the system is reduced by
adjusting the data transmission modes according to different working conditions. As a result, the scope of application of
the system has been extended. The proposed system has a novel structure and strong practicability, which exhibits great
guiding significance for the development of a SRM.

Keywords
Monitoring system, switched reluctance motor, remote monitor, distributed monitor, Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol

Date received: 9 October 2018; accepted: 4 February 2019

Introduction research. Hence, a monitoring system is necessary for

an SRM to display its operating status in real time and
Switched reluctance motor (SRM) has the advantages provide experimental data. However, the characteristics
of low cost, simple structure, wide speed range, excel- of SRM require the monitoring system to have a high
lent speed regulation performance and strong fault tol- sampling frequency and a high detection accuracy, and
erance. It is widely applied in electric vehicle driving, can adapt to the harsh working environment, which
aerospace, mining and other fields where reliability is makes it very difficult to monitor the operating state of
highly demanded or the working environment is harsh. the SRM in real time.
In such applications, once the motor drive system fails At present, the development and research of motor
to run or stops running, it will not only affect the nor- monitoring systems mainly focus on the synchronous
mal operation of the whole system, but also cause great
economic loss and even endanger personal safety.1–5
Therefore, the reliability and stability of the SRM have 1
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering
attracted much attention. At the same time, due to the and Energy, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, China
characteristics of SRM, such as multi-variable, strong 2
Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, China
coupling and nonlinear electromagnetic feature, it is
very difficult to establish the nonlinear accurate model Corresponding author:
Yan Cai, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Electrical
of SRM. Consequently, a large amount of experimental Engineering and Energy, Tianjin Polytechnic University, No. 399 Binshui
data is needed for SRM’s dynamic performance analy- West Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300387, China.
sis, parameter optimization and control strategy Email: [email protected]

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Cai et al. 277

alternate current (AC) motor, asynchronous AC system captures and transmits data through W5500
motor and direct current (DC) motor,5–10 but pay less and DSP on-chip direct memory access (DMA) mod-
attention to the SRM monitoring system.11–15 The ule. As a result, the amount of codes and interrupts
traditional motor monitoring system is mainly a of the DSP are both reduced. More importantly, this
single-machine online monitoring system. That is, the method releases the DSP workload, so the DSP has
voltage, current, speed and other parameters of a sin- enough resources to capture the motor data with a
gle motor are collected by microcontrollers (MCUs), high sampling frequency. In addition, the system
digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable implements the DSP program by means of hybrid
gate arrays (FPGAs) or data acquisition cards.9,16–21 programming, which shortens the digital filtering
Then the collected data are transmitted to an upper time. Therefore, a more complex digital filtering
computer through RS232 or peripheral component method can be implemented. It not only enhances
interconnect (PCI).19,22–31 This kind of monitoring the accuracy of the system, but also further improves
systems, the transmission distance of which is short, the real-time performance. In order to accurately
can only save the measured data in the specific upper restore the signal waveform, this paper analyzes the
computer. Thus, it is needed to equip one upper com- amplitude–frequency characteristics of different vari-
puter for each motor. Consequently, it results in the ables of SRM and designs the hardware acquisition
increased cost of the whole system. The sharing and circuits and finite impulse response (FIR) filters
utilization of data are also inconvenient. In addition, according to their characteristics. The DSP will select
the upper computer usually requires the working the corresponding filter arrays for different signals
environment to be relatively stable and tidy, which during filtering and achieve targeted filtering to
also narrows the scope of applications for the moni- ensure the accuracy of the system.
toring system. On this basis, the proposed system can realize three
With the development of technologies such as the data transmission modes that can be flexibly changed
Internet, computer and data processing, the monitoring without increasing the cost of the system and changing
and data collection of the motor through the network the basic system structure. In other words, in the work-
exhibit the advantages of low hardware cost, long ing environment with severe EMI, data are transmitted
transmission distance and convenient information shar- through the network cable to ensure its stability,
ing. Moreover, it is easy to realize remote data acquisi- whereas, in other environments with less interference,
tion of multiple motors.9,16,17,32–36 Therefore, the data can be transmitted in any of different ways. It con-
motor monitoring technology began to evolve from tributes to avoiding the influence of harsh environment
early single-machine online monitoring to distributed on data transmission. As a consequence, the applica-
monitoring and remote monitoring. So far, some motor tion range of the monitoring system is greatly extended.
monitoring systems can set up a local area network The main contribution of this paper can be summar-
(LAN) through ZigBee chips to achieve distributed ized as follows:
acquisition.16,17 Others adopt MCU and DSP to com-
plete part of the Transmission Control Protocol/  At present, the sampling frequency of some mon-
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) stack or through Wi-Fi and itoring systems is not very high. However, the
other chips to achieve network connection.37–41 system designed in this paper adopts the hybrid
However, these methods are not suitable for the SRM programming method, the DMA function of
monitoring system. In the work environment with DSP and W5500 to reduce the DSP workload
severe electromagnetic interference (EMI), the network and shorten the DSP filtering time. Thereby, it
connection or data transmission of Wi-Fi, ZigBee and not only realizes the function of collecting multi-
other wireless chips may be unstable. Moreover, using ple parameters at a high sampling frequency, but
the lower computer to implement the TCP/IP usually also makes it possible to implement more com-
occupies a lot of resources of the lower computer. As a plex filtering algorithms. In such way, the accu-
result, the basic functions of the lower computer to racy and real-time performance of the system are
complete data capture and digital filtering are inevita- both enhanced as well.
bly affected. In consequence, the SRM monitoring sys-  Some current motor monitoring systems are less
tem needs to access the Internet in a way that is stable concerned with filtering, and SRM monitoring
and reliable and occupy fewer resources of the lower systems usually only use hardware circuits or
computer. simple digital filtering methods to filter. In this
Aimed to address the problems of high sampling fre- paper, both detection circuits and FIR filters,
quency, high precision requirement, poor working which are optimized according to different sig-
environment and lack of network access mode with nals’ characteristics, are used to reduce the inter-
low capacity and high reliability, a new structure of ference of noise on the signals. This makes the
remote distributed monitoring system (RDMS) of filtering process of the system more targeted and
SRM, which uses DSP chip TMS320F28335 and the more accurate.
hardwired TCP/IP embedded Ethernet controller  Compared with the traditional motor monitor-
W5500, is presented in this paper. The proposed ing system, the RDMS of SRM has the
278 Measurement and Control 52(3-4)

advantages of longer transmission distance, signals. The DSP selects the corresponding filter for dif-
lower implementation cost and the ability to col- ferent signals to ensure the detection accuracy.
lect multiple motor data. Besides, in contrast to To improve the real-time performance of the system,
the method of completing the TCP/IP stack by the DMA function of the DSP is used to transfer data.
MCU and DSP, the proposed system employs The DMA module can transfer data between the DSP
hardware circuits to handle the TCP/IP. It fur- external device and the DSP on-chip memory without
ther reduces the amount of codes and interrupts CPU intervention.
of DSP, increases the data transmission speed The lower computer detection system communicates
and enhances the stability of data transmission. with the upper computer through W5500 which inte-
Moreover, the employment of W5500 to access grates the TCP/IP stack by hardware. The chip can
the Internet has a shorter development cycle, implement TCP/IP without DSP assistance. Because
lower development cost and wider application the hardware circuit will not be subject to network
scope, when compared to the methods through attacks, the security of the entire detection system is
Wi-Fi or ZigBee to access the Internet. enhanced.
Using the W5500, the system can realize the follow-
In general, the RDMS proposed in this paper has a ing three data transmission methods:
novel structure and a strong practicability, and can be
used to accurately and stably monitor the real-time  The W5500 connects the upper computer directly
operation status of SRM, which is of great significance through the network cable to transfer data.
to the development and research of SRM.  The multiple lower computer detection systems
are connected to the router through their W5500
to form a LAN. And the upper computer can
Design of RDMS of SRM access the router through Wi-Fi or network cable
to receive data.
To reflect the operating conditions of the SRM, the
 By connecting the W5500 to a router which is already
motor voltage, current and speed, as well as the rotor
connected to the Internet, the upper computer can real-
position and output torque of the SRM, are detected. In
ize remote monitoring through the Internet.
addition, the bus current of the switched reluctance
motor driver (SRD) is also necessary to be obtained for
some situations where the bus current is required to Because the W5500 can implement multiple data
achieve phase current reconstruction, rotor position esti- transmission modes, the monitoring system can flexibly
mation and fault diagnosis.42 Therefore, the SRM mon- change the transmission mode to ensure the stability of
itoring system needs to detect eight sets of variables, data transmission in a complex environment.
including the stator winding three-phase current, bus Compared to using Wi-Fi or ZigBee to access Internet,
voltage, bus current, torque, speed and rotor position. the employment of W5500 has a shorter development
The lower computer in the system is used to com- cycle, lower development cost and wider application
plete the capture, filtering, calculation and data trans- scope of the monitoring system.
mission of these signals. The upper computer is The upper computer software is developed by Borland
employed to acquire the data collected by the lower Delphi 7 studio. Delphi 7 has a visual integrated develop-
computer remotely, display waveforms and values of ment environment that uses an object-oriented program-
signals and establish independent files for different ming language and a component-based development
motors. The structure of the monitoring system is framework to quickly develop Windows applications.
shown in Figure 1. The monitoring system allows multiple lower com-
As shown in Figure 1, in the lower computer detec- puter detection systems to access the LAN and allows
tion system, voltage transformer and current transfor- multiple upper computers to receive data of different
mer are adopted to collect voltage and current of the motors. Before receiving the data, the upper computer
motor, respectively. After that, the collected analog sig- will establish separate data files for different motors to
nals are converted into digital signals by the analog-to- distinguish them.
digital converter (ADC) after the anti-alias filter, and The software can display the received motor wave-
are captured by the DSP. The torque signal is generated forms and values in real time, calculate the efficiency
by a torque sensor. The signal of rotational speed and and power of the motor and allow the user to zoom and
rotor position is generated by an absolute photoelectric save the waveform.
encoder. The output signals of torque sensor and
photoelectric encoder are digital pulse signals. The digi-
Implementation of RDMS of SRM
tal signal conditioning circuit is designed to shape the
signal and complete signal-level conversion, which plays As shown in Figure 1, the whole system consists of two
an important role in avoiding the DSP misjudgment. parts: the lower computer detection system and the
In addition to filtering through hardware, the system upper computer display system. The implementation
designs different FIR filters for voltage and current methods are, respectively, explained in this paper.
Cai et al. 279

Figure 1. Diagram of the system.

Implementation of the lower computer detection by CCC, PWM and APC. Figure 2(b), (d) and (f) show
system their corresponding diagrams of amplitude–frequency
characteristics.
The amplitude–frequency characteristics of the signals
From Figure 2, the following conclusion can be
detected by the system are not the same. Therefore, it is
drawn. That is, under different control modes, the
essential to design different acquisition schemes for dif-
phase current waveform and its amplitude–frequency
ferent signals. On this basis, the device can be reason-
characteristic are different. For example, in the CCC
ably selected and the corresponding hardware circuits
mode, as shown in Figure 2(a), the phase current chop-
and digital filters can be designed. In this paper, the
ping frequency is not fixed. In the PWM mode, the
phase current signal is taken as an example to briefly
phase current contains a component near the switching
describe the amplitude–frequency characteristic analy-
frequency, as shown in Figure 2(d). In the APC mode,
sis method of the variables to be measured.
the phase current contains only the fundamental fre-
The SRM has three basic control modes. That is,
quency component and its even components except for
chopped current control (CCC), pulse width modula-
the DC component, as shown in Figure 2(f). In addi-
tion (PWM) and angular position control (APC). The
tion, the fundamental frequency of the phase current is
phase current waveform diagrams are shown in Figure
determined by the motor speed and the structure of the
2(a), (c) and (e) when SRM is, respectively, controlled
motor itself.
280 Measurement and Control 52(3-4)

Table 1. Amplitude–frequency characteristics of SRM1 partial

variables.

Parameter Amplitude Frequency

Phase current 0–11 A 0–2 kHz, 8 kHz

Average torque 0–10 N 0–1 kHz, 8 kHz
Bus voltage 514–537 V 0–600 Hz
Bus current 615 A 0–30 kHz

should be fully considered in the implementation of the

detection system.
The signals detected by the system can be divided
into two types, including the analog signals generated
by voltage and current sensors, and the digital signals
generated by torque sensors and photoelectric enco-
ders. Therefore, the phase current signal and the torque
signal are chosen as the representatives of the analog
signal and the digital signal, respectively, in this paper
to briefly describe the implementation method of the
lower computer detection system.

Main device selection of the lower computer

detection system
In the monitoring system, the accuracy and reliability
of sensors directly affect the operation of the entire
monitoring system. Therefore, it is necessary to select a
suitable sensor according to the characteristics of the
SRD system parameters.
Figure 2. Diagram of simulated phase current waveform and
Through the comprehensive considerations of the
its amplitude–frequency characteristic: (a, c, e) phase current
and (b, d, f) frequency spectrogram.
amplitude–frequency characteristics of phase current
and the response time, accuracy and stability of the
current sensor, LEM’s LA25P is selected to collect the
When the SRM is running stably, the phase current phase current. The transducer is a closed-loop multi-
fundamental frequency fra has the following relation- range current transducer using the Hall effect, and its
ship with the motor speed n main characteristics are listed as follows: supply vol-
tage: 615 V; typical accuracy: 60.5%; response time:
nNs \ 1 ms.
fra = ð1Þ A torque sensor is generally used to detect the motor
30m
torque signal. The accuracy of the torque detection
where NS is the number of poles of the stator and m is mainly depends on the measurement accuracy and the
the number of motor phases. When the motor runs sta- response time of the torque sensor. This system selects
bly at 600 r/min, fra can be determined by equation (1) a KR-803 dynamic torque sensor. It has a response
as 80 Hz, as shown in Figure 2(b), (d) and (f). time of only 100 ms, a measurement range of 620 N m
Table 1 lists the main ranges of amplitude and fre- and a measurement accuracy of 60.1% F S. It can be
quency of phase current, torque, bus voltage and bus seen from Table 1 that this torque sensor can fully
current when the prototype is controlled by the PWM reflect the change of the prototype torque. The remain-
method with a switching frequency of 8 kHz. ing characteristics of this torque sensor are listed as fol-
From the table, it can be found that the amplitude– lows: zero temperature drift: 0.2% F S/10 °C; supply
frequency characteristics of different SRM variables voltage: 615 V; output square wave signal: 5–15 kHz/
are not the same. Moreover, the amplitude–frequency 0–10 V. The input torque and the frequency of output
characteristics of the same variable under different con- signal of the sensor have the following relationship
trol modes are also different. As a result, these differ-
ences will inevitably affect the selection of the sampling T = 0:004f  40 ð2Þ
frequency and sensor, the parameter setting during the
filter design and other aspects. Therefore, the actual where T is the motor torque and f is the frequency of
amplitude–frequency characteristics of the motor the sensor output square wave.
Cai et al. 281

Figure 3. Diagram of the lower computer detection system.

In the lower computer detection system, the DSP

needs to process a lot of convolution operations during
filtering, which requires the DSP to have a separate
Multiply and Accumulate (MAC) unit and a fast pro-
cessing speed. At the same time, in order to ensure that
the data transmission process does not occupy a large
amount of resources of the DSP, the DSP is required
to have the DMA function. Therefore, the
TMS320F28335 manufactured by TI is chosen as the
processor. It has a high-speed processing capability of
150 MHz and includes a 32-bit single-precision float-
ing-point processing unit for 32-bit MAC operations, Figure 4. Diagram of the torque and speed detection circuit.
two multichannel buffered serial ports (McBSPs) and
six DMA channels. These abundant resources facilitate
the implementation of software filtering and data operational amplifier NE5532 to form a second-order
transmission. low-pass filter, which acts as an anti-alias filter with a
In the analog-to-digital conversion, the accuracy cutoff frequency of 15 kHz. Since the output signal of
and sampling rate of the ADC affect the accuracy and ADC is 3.3 V, the ADC can be connected to the DSP
real-time performance of data acquisition. The system using the HCPL-2630 optocoupler chip for electrical
uses TI’s ADS8668 as the ADC. The ADS8668 is a 12- isolation.
bit 8-channel low-power A/D converter, operating at a The square wave signals need to be shaped and
throughput of 500 ksps. The device has serial peripheral reduce its voltage before being captured by the DSP.
interface (SPI) and outputs a 3.3 V voltage signal. This process is implemented to avoid DSP misjudgment.
The conditioning circuit has the following functions:
Design of the detection circuit  It uses the high-speed integrated logic gate opto-
In the detection system, the detection circuit needs to couplers of type HCPL-2630 to achieve electrical
complete the signal acquisition, transformation, isola- isolation between the input and output signals.
tion, shaping and so on. The quality of the circuit Since then, it converts the 10 V pulse signal into
affects the accuracy of the collected data. The sche- a 3.3 V pulse signal for the DSP to capture.
matic diagram of the lower computer detection system  The high-speed CMOS logic hex inverting
is shown in Figure 3. Schmitt trigger CD74HC14 is used to build a
To avoid aliasing after sampling and filter out high- Schmitt shaping circuit to shape the distorted
frequency noise in the signal, an anti-alias filter is signal into a regular square wave signal. The
needed between the current sensor and the ADC. The schematic diagram of the speed and torque
system uses an internally compensated low-noise detection circuit is shown in Figure 4.
282 Measurement and Control 52(3-4)

Table 2. The instruction cycle required to implement the MAC operation by different methods.

No. Language Method Instruction cycle

1 C language Use variables to implement MAC operations 7

2 C language Use array to implement MAC operations 14–25
3 Assembly language Use parallel MAC instructions 3–4

MAC: Multiply and Accumulate.

Table 2 shows the number of instruction cycles required

to implement the MAC operation by different methods
Design of the digital filter
in the CCSV5 environment when TMS320F28335 is
The signals generated by the sensors have noises that adopted as DSP.
do not characterize the operating state of the motor due It can be found that method 1 is easy to implement
to internal or external interference. In the data acquisi- and the operational speed is high. However, when the
tion process, in addition to eliminating or suppressing filter order is high, different names need to be set for
noise through hardware, software digital filtering is all variables. It makes the DSP program particularly
needed to minimize noise interference for the system. lengthy, takes up a lot of memory and is difficult to use
The FIR digital filter is widely used in the case of strict for the convolution operation. Method 2 is also easy to
phase requirements, owing to its advantages of no feed- implement, but the operation speed is the slowest
back loop, simple structure, strict linear phase and sta- among all the three methods. Moreover, using this
bility. The transfer function equation of the FIR digital method will occupy a lot of DSP resources. Method 3
filter is is the fastest, but it is more difficult to write DSP pro-
X
N1 grams completely in assembly language. Therefore, this
H(z) = h(n)zn ð3Þ design uses the hybrid programming method to achieve
n=0 DSP data acquisition and signal filtering function.
More specifically, the filtering operation is written in
From equation (3), the characteristics of the FIR
assembly language, but the rest are written in C lan-
digital filter can be changed by changing the value of
guage. When clock cycles are kept below 5, N can be
h(n). Therefore, the DSP can achieve the targeted filter-
set as large as 1000. Thereby, with the hybrid program-
ing by replacing the filter array.
ming method, not only the real-time performance of
Since a lot of MAC operations need to be processed
the system is improved, but also the design of the FIR
by DSP during filtering, it is necessary to limit the order
filter is more flexible.
of the FIR filter to ensure the real-time performance of
This paper uses the FDATool in MATLAB to
the detection system. In other words, the DSP filtering
design the FIR filter. After setting the parameters of
time Tf should be smaller than the data acquisition time
the FIR designer according to the data in Table 1, the
TS. Since the DSP is mainly used for MAC operation
characteristic diagrams of the FIR filter designed for
during the filtering, the filter time Tf is defined as
the stator winding current can be obtained and are
1 shown in Figure 5.
Tf = n3N3c3 ð4Þ
fDSP Figure 5(a) shows the filter amplitude response. The
system increases the response of the filter in the pass-
In equation (4), n represents the length of the input band by adding a Kaiser window when designing the
signal, c denotes the number of clock cycles required to FIR filter. Figure 5(b) shows the phase response of the
complete a MAC operation, fDSP represents the DSP filter. It indicates that the phase response of the filter is
operating frequency and N represents the filter order. linear in the passband. Figure 5(c) and (d) shows the
The data acquisition time is defined as group delay and phase delay of filter banks. It can be
1 clearly seen that the designed FIR filter has the same
Ts = n3 ð5Þ delay for all the frequency components, which ensures
fs
that the filtered signal waveform will not distorted.
In equation (5), fS represents the sampling fre- Since the FDATool gives the group delay value, the
quency. As for phase current, it is 30 kHz. Take signal waveform can be adjusted by the DSP program
fDSP = 150 MHz and fS = 30 kHz. If Tf \ Ts is to eliminate the group delay effect.
required, then The above-mentioned filter is used to filter the stator
winding current of the SRM controlled by the PWM
N3c \ 5000 ð6Þ
method (switching frequency is 8 kHz). After eliminat-
Therefore, to ensure the real-time performance of ing the group delay, the original waveform and the fil-
the system, the product of N and c cannot exceed 5000. tered waveform are shown in Figure 6. It can be seen
Cai et al. 283

Figure 5. Diagram of filter characteristics: (a) amplitude response of filter, (b) phase response of filter, (c) group delay of filter and
(d) phase delay of filter.

Figure 6. Diagram of phase current waveform (a) before and (b) after filtering.

that the filtered waveform reflects the characteristics of Ethernet controller W5500 to access the Internet.
the original waveform and eliminates the interference W5500 is the single chip with TCP/IP stack, 10/100
of noise on the signal. Ethernet MAC and PHY embedded. The basic features
of the W5500 are as follows: 3.3 V operation with 5 V
I/O signal tolerance; internal 16 kb reception memory
Implementation of network connection circuit of the and 16 kb transmission memory; embedded 10BaseT/
lower computer detection system 100BaseTX Ethernet physical layer, supports for asym-
The lower computer detection system needs to transmit metric digital subscriber line (ADSL) connection.
the collected signals to the upper computer safely, sta- W5500 implements the TCP/IP stack only by hardware
bly and quickly. Therefore, the choice of data transmis- logic gates. The TCP/IP stack is a collective term for a
sion mode is very important for the real-time series of network protocols, including TCP, IP and
performance and accuracy of the whole system. This Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) at the net-
system uses WIZnet’s hardwired TCP/IP embedded work layer, the User Datagram protocol (UDP) at the
284 Measurement and Control 52(3-4)

(VDM) and fixed data length mode (FDM). The con-

nection diagram between DSP and W5500 in different
modes is shown in Figure 8.
In the VDM, as shown in Figure 8(a), the data seg-
ment can be set at any length, which is controlled by
the DSP through the pull-down or pull-up of the level
of the SCSn pin. When the SCSn signal is pulled low
(high to low), the W5500 SPI frame starts. However,
when the SCSn signal is pulled high (low to high), the
corresponding W5500 SPI frame ends. In contrast to
the VDM, as shown in Figure 8(b), the data segment is
fixed at 1, 2 or 4 bytes through the configuration regis-
ter in the FDM.
Due to the large amount of data collected by the
detection system, the FDM will cause DSP to send 16-
bit address segments and 8-bit control segments fre-
quently, which wastes a lot of time. To ensure the real-
time performance of data transmission, the W5500 in
this system will be configured in the VDM.

Figure 7. Flow diagram of the TCP server. The working process of the lower computer detection
system
transport layer and the HyperText Transfer Protocol The working process of the lower computer detection
(HTTP) at the application layer. The W5500 can inde- system is as follows:
pendently complete the network connection and data
transmission by simply configuring its internal registers  The DSP will first configure the working state of
by the DSP. It does not require the DSP to consider ADS8668, W5500, McBSP and DMA.
the Internet control.  The McBSPs are configured as the SPI bus.
In this system, the W5500 will communicate with They will generate interrupts after receiving the
the upper computer through the TCP as a server. The data, and the DMA responds to the interrupts
TCP has a mechanism to ensure accurate transmission, to transfer the data from ADC to SARAM.
namely, the ‘‘three-way handshake’’ mechanism: when  The DSP uses the eCAP function to capture speed
the receiver receives the data, it will send an acknowl- signal and torque signal, and calculate their values.
edgment message to the sender, and the sender will not  When the system collects a certain number of
send the data until the confirmation message is data, the DSP reads the data and selects a spe-
received. This mechanism makes the TCP have strong cific filter array for different signals to filtering.
reliability. The flowchart of the W5500 as a server is After that, the data are sent to the W5500
shown in Figure 7. through the DMA function. The W5500 will
The W5500 communicates with the DSP via the SPI transfer the data to the upper computers in the
bus. The W5500’s SPI data frame consists of a 16-bit methods mentioned previously.
address segment, an 8-bit control segment and an N-
byte data segment. The W5500 has two SPI data trans- The flow diagram of the lower computer detection sys-
mission modes, namely, variable data length mode tem is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 8. W5500 data transmission mode: (a) VDM and (b) FDM.
Cai et al. 285

Figure 10. Flow diagram of upper computer software.

Figure 9. Flow diagram of the lower computer detection

system.
Figure 11. Software system setting interface.

Implementation of the upper computer display upper computers could receive the data. At the same
system time, the W5500 chips of different lower computer
The upper computer software mainly implements the detection systems in the LAN are ready to send the
following functions: data to the upper computer. Therefore, the upper com-
puter software should select the receiving port and con-
 figure parameter names at first. The flowchart of
Create data files for different motors;
 the upper computer software is shown in Figure 10.
Connect to different W5500 ports and receive
The software system setting interface is depicted in
data;
 Figure 11.
Real-time display of the waveforms and values
After the communication parameters are selected, a
of the bus voltage, bus current, stator winding
new data file can be created to save the motor data. In
three-phase current, speed and torque, and cal-
the interface of new data file, the parameters of motor
culate the efficiency and power over a period;
 and controller, such as type, rated power and control
Scaling, suspending and saving the motor wave-
method, can be filled in to distinguish different motors,
forms and data.
so as to avoid confusing the data of different motors. It
improves the reliability of the recorded data and guar-
In the monitoring system, there will be multiple antees the accuracy of motor modeling and data analy-
upper computers connected to the LAN, requesting the sis in the future. The interface when creating a new data
W5500 to establish a connection to receive data. file is depicted in Figure 12.
Therefore, before sending the data, DSP will add 1 byte The upper computer display interface is shown in
before them as the number of times the data are sent. Figure 13. The left side of the interface shows the wave-
Then the upper computer judges after receiving the first forms of motor speed, torque, bus current, phase cur-
byte. If the data have not been received, the upper com- rent and bus voltage. The user can zoom in, zoom out,
puter continues to receive. Otherwise, it will not con- pause and so on to observe the subtle changes in the
nect to the W5500 for a while to ensure that all the waveform.
286 Measurement and Control 52(3-4)

Figure 12. Creating a new data file.

Figure 13. Upper computer display interface.

The right side of the interface displays the speed, tor- time in the form of a dial, as well as the present values
que, efficiency and power of the motor over a period of of voltage and current. The system displays the
Cai et al. 287

Table 3. Comparison table.

No. Parameters Symbols

1 Speed n
2 Torque T
3 Efficiency h
4 Power P
5 Bus current IBUS
6 Bus voltage UBUS
7 Phase A current IPA
8 Phase B current IPB
9 Phase C current IPC

situation of motor in various forms. It is convenient for

the user to observe the state of the motor more intui-
tively. Moreover, it improves the ease of use and prac-
ticability of the monitoring system. For the
Figure 14. RDMS of SRM.
convenience of reading, the parameters in the software
interface are symbolized in the rest of the paper. The
comparison table is shown in Table 3.
(SRM2). The lower computer detection systems of the
two monitoring systems are connected to the router
Experiment of RDMS of SRM through the network cable. Upper computers 1 and 2,
respectively, connect the router through cable and Wi-
This system is tested with a 1.5 kW three-phase 12/8 Fi to receive data. The motors and their monitoring
SRM (SRM1) and a 1.1 kW three-phase 12/8 SRM systems are shown in Figure 14.

Figure 15. Motor monitoring interface (Scheme 1): (a) the display interface of SRM1; (b) waveform of signals; (c) speed, torque,
efficiency and power of SRM1 and (d) the display interface of SRM2.
288 Measurement and Control 52(3-4)

Figure 16. Motor monitoring interface (Scheme 2): (a) the interface of upper computer 1; (b) the interface of upper computer 2
and (c) comparison of monitoring effects of different upper computers.

The experiment plans are as follows: router through the network cable, and upper
computer 2, in another room, connects the rou-
 One upper computer monitors different motors. ter through the Internet. These two upper com-
That is, upper computer 1 is used to monitor the puters can simultaneously monitor the operating
operating state of SRM1 and SRM2 in sequence, state of SRM1. This plan verifies that the system
thereby verifying that the system can realize the can remotely receive data from the same motor
distributed monitoring of different motors by via different transmission methods.
changing software settings only.
 Different upper computers monitor the same When implementing test plan 1, the software para-
motor. That is, upper computer 1 connects the meters are set at first and then the data of SRM1 are
Cai et al. 289

received. The display interface is shown in Figure 15(a). Science and Technology Plan Projects under Grant No.
Figure 15(b) shows the waveforms of the motor signals; 16PTSYJC00080.
the other parameters are shown in Figure 15(c). The
interface illustrates the current condition of the motor ORCID iD
accurately.
Wenlong Xie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8836-6669
Then, the software parameters are reset. After that,
the W5500 port of the SRM2 detection system is
selected and the data of SRM2 are received. The dis- References
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