LABTECH INTERNATIONAL LTD www.labtech.

org
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ISO 9001

CB TRANCEIVER TRAINER
EXPERIMENT MANUAL

MODEL: ERT-CBT-1
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

CONTENTS

CONTENTS i

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. ABOUT THE TRAINER 2

2.1 List of Item that Comes with the Trainer 2

2.2 Components of the Trainer 2
2.3 Pre-Operation 3
2.4 Safety 4

3. BASIC THEORY 5

4. EXPERIMENT 13

4.1 TROUBLESHOOTING on VCO 14

4.2 TROUBLESHOOTING on TX/RX selector 17
4.3 TROUBLESHOOTING on TX pre-amplifier 18
4.4 TROUBLESHOOTING on TX RF power 20
4.5 TROUBLESHOOTING on 2nd IF stage 22
4.6 TROUBLESHOOTING on AF detector 24
4.7 TROUBLESHOOTING on RF amplifier 26
4.8 TROUBLESHOOTING on Display driver 28
4.9 TROUBLESHOOTING on MIC pre-amplifier 30
4.10 TROUBLESHOOTING on Power supply 32

5. APPENDIX 34

5.1 CB TRANSCEIVER TRAINER FAULT SIMULATION LIST 35

5.2 CB TRANSCEIVER TRAINER TEST POINT LIST 36
5.3 CB TRANSCEIVER TRAINER BLOCK DIAGRAM 38

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1
INTRODUCTION
Citizens' Band radio (often shortened to CB radio) is, in many countries, a system of short-
distance radio communications between individuals on a selection of 40 channels within the
27-MHz (11 m) band. The CB radio service is distinct from FRS, GMRS, MURS, or amateur
("ham") radio. In many countries, CB does not require a license and, unlike amateur radio, it
may be used for business as well as personal communications. Like many other two-way
radio services, Citizens' Band channels are shared by many users. Only one station may
transmit at a time. Other stations must listen and wait for the shared channel to be available.
Over time, several countries have created similar radio services, with varying requirements
for licensing and differing technical standards. While they may be known by other names,
such as General Radio Service in Canada, they often use similar frequencies (26 to 28 MHz),
and have similar uses, and similar difficulties with antennas and propagation. Licenses may or
may not be required, but eligibility is generally simple.

Some countries have personal radio services in the UHF band, such as the European PMR446
and the Australian UHF CB. Like the American FRS and GMRS services, these are more
properly covered in their own articles, as much of this article is specific to the antenna and
propagation of the upper HF and lower VHF bands.

In Indonesia, CB radios were first introduced around 1977 when some transceivers were
imported illegally from Australia, Japan and the United States. The dates are hard to confirm
accurately but certainly early use was known around big cities such as Jakarta, Bandung,
Yogyakarta, Surabaya and Medan. The Indonesian government legalized CB on October 6,
1980 through a decision of the Minister of Communications called the Ministerial Decree on
the Licensing for the Operation of Inter-Citizens Radio Communication. Because many
people were already using 40-channel radios prior to legalization, the American bandplan,
with AM and SSB, was adopted; a VHF band was added later in 1994. On November 10,
1980, the Indonesian Directorate General of Posts and Telecommunications issued another
decree establishing RAPI (Radio Antar Penduduk Indonesia) as the official citizens band
radio organization in Indonesia.

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2
ABOUT THE TRAINER

The CB (Citizen Band) transceiver trainer is completely designed and made for educational
purposes especially in radio communication field. There are many things that have been
prepared by Labtech in order the student and teacher get the curriculum goals.
The trainer using world class made CB transceiver equipment which has been modified to
encourage the learning process. The student can study about components and working
principle of the CB by observing the block diagram printed at the front panel (upper case).
The attractive fault simulation system is included in this trainer, which is prepared to the
student to study about the CB troubleshooting.

2.1. LIST OF ITEM THAT COMES WITH THE TRAINER

We have included another supporting part of the trainer in order to support the student when
doing the experiment.
1. CB Transceiver trainer ERT-CBT-1
2. Experiment Manual (Operating Manual included)
3. Microphone
4. Dummy load
5. AC Power Cord

2.2. COMPONENT OF THE TRAINER

Before using the trainer, that will be better if you understood the function of each component
of the trainer, to avoid damage occurs to the device and to get the best result when use it.
2.2.1. Block Diagram Panel of the CB Transceiver
This part is fixed on the upper case of the trainer, and can be seen when you open the main
case. The CB transceiver block diagram is printed on plexyglass fixed on the upper case of the
trainer including the fault simulator switches. The fault simulator uses tiny switches and LED
indicator to show the faulted block. For easy movement and repairing order, we have
provided IDC socket to connect the circuit on upper case and main (lower) case.

2.2.2. Main Unit

The standard CB transceiver has been modified for learning purpose. We have opened the top
cover of the CB , so you can observe the inside components of it. For safety purposes, the CB
transceiver is covered by clearly plexyglass, because the student is not recommended to touch
the inside components.
The trainer still using the original instrument panel of the standard CB transceiver which can
be used as its function, such as volume, squelch, band switch, etc. In this main unit also
provided test points which are used for the student to observe and measure the voltage and
waveforms.

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2.3. PRE-OPERATION

2.3.1. Set-up the Trainer

1. Read the operating manual first. You have to understand the key controls and their
function.
2. Prepare one pair of the trainer on your workbench and open the case. Arrange the
trainer as in figure 2.3 below.
3. Attach the antenna (dummy load) and microphone to the mounted terminal.
4. Ensure the main power switch and CB power switch is off. Connect the AC power
cord to the power source.
5. Turn on the main power. The switch lamp should be lit.
6. Turn on the CB transceiver unit.

Figure 2.3-1. Communication setup between two CB trainers

7. Set the Channel Selector switch to channel 5 and try to communicate between them.
Refer to operating manual for completing trial process.
8. Do some adjustments on controls to get top performance.
9. After you finishing the setup process without any problems, the trainer is ready to be
used.

2.3.2. Using the Fault Simulation System

The CB Transceiver trainer has a unique fault simulation system that makes troubleshooting
more interesting and understandable to the student. The troubleshooting system consists of
fault selector switches, which are electronically selected using the tiny switch. The fault can
be made visible with the LED on the fault display board or they can be hidden to test the
student’s trouble shooting skills.
Use the switch placed on the panel block diagram to build fault simulation by press it. The
fault will be activated and the problem is displayed on the fault display board by the LED

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lighting up. The results of the fault activation are often readily detectable on the CB for
problems, which are related to the sound and signal indicator.
To return the CB to normal operation, press the RESET switch and the system will be set to
normal. Alternatively, remove the power source and the system will return to normal when
plugged-in again.
Let the students experiment with the fault simulation system by themselves so that they may
observe the various “Physical symptoms” that these faults cause. In this way they will come
to recognize the cause of various common problems. Also have them use various test
instruments in order to electronically determine the cause of the fault by measuring at the Test
Point Board.
The fault display board can be turned off in order to test the students trouble-shooting ability.
This is done by pressing the LED CONTROL switch. After this feature is activated, any
faults selected will not be shown on the fault display board.

2.4. SAFETY
This safety information behaves to human (users) and the equipment. Following the safety
instruction will make the user avoid from serious injury and damage will not occur to the
equipment.
1. Always check the AC power cord insulator is in best condition before using.
2. Ensure the AC power cord is unplugged when you want to replace the fuse. Replace it
with the same rating fuse.
3. Always check the main power switch is OFF before connecting the power cord to AC
power source.
4. Avoid your hand touch the cooling fan when the trainer in operating condition. The fin
can injure your finger seriously.
5. Avoid water fill into the trainer. If it happened, turn off immediately the power and
remove the power cord. Clean up the water until you sure it is dry.
6. Always plug-out the dummy load, microphone and other connections from the trainer
before you close the trainer case.
7. Close and lock the case after used and store it in proper place.

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3
BASIC THEORY

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3.1 Citizens' band radio

Citizens' Band radio (often shortened to CB radio) is, in many countries, a system of short-
distance radio communications between individuals on a selection of 40 channels within the
27-MHz (11 m) band. The CB radio service is distinct from FRS, GMRS, MURS, or amateur
("ham") radio. In many countries, CB does not require a license and, unlike amateur radio, it
may be used for business as well as personal communications. Like many other two-way
radio services, Citizens' Band channels are shared by many users. Only one station may
transmit at a time. Other stations must listen and wait for the shared channel to be available.
Over time, several countries have created similar radio services, with varying requirements for
licensing and differing technical standards. While they may be known by other names, such as
General Radio Service in Canada, they often use similar frequencies (26 to 28 MHz), and
have similar uses, and similar difficulties with antennas and propagation. Licenses may or
may not be required, but eligibility is generally simple. Some countries have personal radio
services in the UHF band, such as the European PMR446 and the Australian UHF CB. Like
the American FRS and GMRS services, these are more properly covered in their own articles,
as much of this article is specific to the antenna and propagation of the upper HF and lower
VHF bands.

A typical 1980s CB base station. This two-way radio can

also be used in an automobile as it can be powered by 13.8
volts DC. Shown with aftermarket Astatic Power D-104 desk mic.

History
Origins
The Citizens' Band radio service originated in the United States as one of several personal
radio services regulated by the FCC. These services began in 1945 to permit citizens a radio
band for personal communication (e.g., radio controlled models, family communications,
individual businesses). Originally, CB Radios operated on the 460 MHz– 470 MHz UHF
band. There were two classes of CB: A and B. Class B radios had simpler technical
requirements but were limited to a smaller range of frequencies. Al Gross, inventor of the
walkie-talkie, started Citizen's Radio Corp. in the late 1940s to merchandise Class B
handhelds for the general public. The technology at the time was not advanced enough for
UHF radios to be practical and affordable for the average consumer. So, in 1958, the Class D
CB service was opened at 27 MHz, and this is what is popularly known as CB. There were
only 23 channels at the time; the first 22 were taken from what used to be an Amateur 11-
meter band, while channel 23 was shared with radio-controlled devices. Some hobbyists
continue to use the designation "11 meters" to refer to the Citizens' Band and adjoining

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frequencies. Most of the 460 MHz–470 MHz band was reassigned for business and public
safety uses, but Class A CB is the ancestor of the present General Mobile Radio Service
GMRS. Class B, in the same vein, is a more distant ancestor of the Family Radio Service. The
Multi-Use Radio Service is another two-way radio service, in the VHF high band. An
unsuccessful petition was made in 1973 to create a Class E CB service at 220 MHz, this was
opposed by amateur radio organizations and others. There are several other classes of personal
radio services for specialized purposes such as remote control devices. In the 1960s, the
service was popular with small trade businesses (e.g., electricians, plumbers, carpenters), as
well as truck drivers and radio hobbyists. With the advancement of solid-state electronics, the
weight, size, and cost of the radios decreased, giving the general public access to a
communications medium that had previously been only available to specialists. Many CB
clubs were formed, and a special CB slang language evolved, used alongside 10-codes similar
to those used in the emergency services.

Growing popularity in the 1970's

Following the 1973 oil crisis, the U.S. government imposed a nationwide 55 mph speed limit,
and fuel shortages and rationing were widespread. CB radio was often used to locate service
stations with a supply of gasoline, to notify other drivers of speed traps, and to organize
blockades and convoys in a 1974 strike protesting the new speed limit and other trucking
regulations. Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, a phenomenon was developing over the
CB radio. Similar to the Internet chat rooms a quarter century later, the CB allowed people to
get to know one another in a quasianonymous manner. Many movies and stories about CB ers
and the culture on-the-air developed. The prominent use of CB radios in 1970s-era films (see
list below) such as Smokey and the Bandit (1977), Convoy (1978), and television shows like
Movin' On (debuted 1974) and The Dukes of Hazzard (debuted 1979) bolstered the appeal of
CB radio. Moreover, popular novelty songs such as C.W. McCall's Convoy (1976) helped
establish CB radio as a nationwide craze in the USA in the mid- to late-1970s. Originally, CB
required a license and the use of a call sign, but when the CB craze was at its peak, many
people ignored this requirement and used made-up nicknames or "handles". The many
restrictions on the authorized use of CB radio led to widespread disregard of the regulations,
most notably in antenna height, distance restriction for communications, licensing and the use
of call signs, and allowable transmitter power. Eventually, the license requirement was
dropped entirely. Originally, there were only 23 CB channels in the U.S.; the present 40-
channel bandplan did not come along until 1977. Channel 9 was reserved for emergency use
in 1969. Channel 10 was used for highway communications, though channel 19 later became
the preferred highway channel in most areas as it did not have adjacent-channel interference
problems with channel 9. Until 1975, only channels 9–14 and 23 could be used for
"interstation" calls to other licensees. Channels 1–8 and 15–22 were reserved for "intrastation"
communications among units under the same license. After the interstation / intrastation rule
was dropped, channel 11 was reserved as a calling frequency for the sole purpose of
establishing communications; however this was withdrawn in 1977. In more recent years, CB
has lost much of its original appeal due to the advancement of technologies and changing
values. Some of this rapid development includes: mobile phones, the Internet, and Family
Radio Service. The changing radio wave propagation for long-distance communications, due
to the 11 year sunspot cycle, is always a factor for these frequencies. In addition, CB in some
respects became a victim of its own intense popularity. Because of the millions of users
jamming onto frequencies during the mid-to-late 1970s and early 1980s, channels often were
intolerably noisy and communication licensing and the use of call signs, and allowable
transmitter power. Eventually, the license requirement was dropped entirely. Originally, there

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were only 23 CB channels in the U.S.; the present 40-channel bandplan did not come along
until 1977. Channel 9 was reserved for emergency use in 1969. Channel 10 was used for
highway communications, though channel 19 later became the preferred highway channel in
most areas as it did not have adjacent-channel interference problems with channel 9. Until
1975, only channels 9–14 and 23 could be used for "interstation" calls to other licensees.
Channels 1–8 and 15–22 were reserved for "intrastation" communications among units under
the same license. After the interstation/ intrastation rule was dropped, channel 11 was reserved
as a calling frequency for the sole purpose of establishing communications; however this was
withdrawn in 1977. In more recent years, CB has lost much of its original appeal due to the
advancement of technologies and changing values. Some of this rapid development includes:
mobile phones, the Internet, and Family Radio Service. The changing radio wave propagation
for long-distance communications, due to the 11 year sunspot cycle, is always a factor for
these frequencies. In addition, CB in some respects became a victim of its own intense
popularity. Because of the millions of users jamming onto frequencies during the mid-to-late
1970s and early 1980s, channels often were
intolerably noisy and communication became difficult. Many CBers started to use their radios
less frequently or not at all after this period.

Australia
Before CB was authorized in Australia, there were hand held 27 MHz "walkie-talkies" that
utilised several frequencies in between the present CB channels, such as 27.240 MHz. By the
mid-1970s, hobbyists were experimenting with these handheld radios, as well as with
unauthorized American CB radios. At that time in Australia, the 11-meter band was still used
by licenced ham operators but not yet available for CB-type use. A number of CB clubs had
formed by this time, which assigned callsigns to members, exchanged QSL cards, and lobbied
for the legalization of CB. In 1977, CB was legalized with an 18-channel bandplan. Later, in
1980, the American 40-channel bandplan was adopted. From the outset, the Government
attempted to regulate CB radio with licence fees and call-signs etc, but some years later
abandoned this approach. The first CB club in Australia was the Charlie Brown Touring Car
Club (CBTCC), which formed in Morwell, Victoria in 1967 and consisted of members who
were mainly four-wheel drive enthusiasts. The club used the prefix GL (for Gippsland) due to
the fact that "CB" could not be used. After July 1, 1977, the club changed its name to Citizens
Band Two Way Communication Club (CBTCC) Other early clubs were the LV (Latrobe
Valley) and the WB named after Wayne Britain. Members of these clubs are still about and
have also become amateur radio operators. With the introduction of UHF CB radios in 1977,
many operators used both UHF and HF radios and formed groups to own and operate local
FM repeaters. Members of the CBTCC formed what became known as Australian Citizens
Radio Movement (ACRM) in the early 1970s and this organisation became the mouthpiece
for CB radio legalisation throughout Australia. After peaking in the 1970s and early 1980s,
the use of 27 MHz CB in Australia has fallen dramatically in the last decade. The later
introduction of 477 MHz UHF CB, with FM and repeaters, and the proliferation of cheap,
compact handheld UHF transceivers have been part of the reason. But other technologies such
as mobile telephones and the Internet have provided people with other choices for
communications.

Canada
In Canada, the "General Radio Service" has the identical frequencies and modes as the
United States "Citizen's band", and no special provisions are required for either Canadians or
Americans using CB gear while traveling across the border. The General Radio Service was

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authorized in 1962. Initially CB channels 1 through 3 remained allocated to amateur radio and
channel 23 was used by paging services. American CB licensees were initially required to
apply for a temporary license to operate in Canada. In April 1977 the service was expanded to
the same 40 channels as the American service.

Indonesia
In Indonesia, CB radios were first introduced around 1977 when some transceivers were
imported illegally from Australia, Japan and the United States. The dates are hard to confirm
accurately but certainly early use was known around big cities such as Jakarta, Bandung,
Yogyakarta, Surabaya and Medan. The Indonesian government legalized CB on October 6,
1980 through a decision of the Minister of Communications called the Ministerial Decree on
the Licensing for the Operation of Inter-Citizens Radio Communication. Because many
people were already using 40-channel radios prior to legalization, the American bandplan,
with AM and SSB, was adopted; a VHF band was added later in 1994. On November 10,
1980, the Indonesian Directorate General of Posts and Telecommunications issued another
decree establishing RAPI (Radio Antar Penduduk Indonesia) as the official citizens band
radio organization in Indonesia.

United Kingdom
In Great Britain, some people were illegally using American CB radios in the 1970s. The
prominence of CB radio grew in Britain partly due to the popularity of novelty songs like
CWMcCall's "Convoy" and Laurie Lingo & The Dipsticks' "Convoy GB" in 1976 (both of
which were Top 5 hits), and then the filmConvoy in 1978. By 1980, CB radio had become a
popular pastime in Britain, however, as late as the summer of 1981, the British government
was still saying that CB would never be legalized on 27 MHz, and proposed a UHF service
around 860 MHz called "Open Channel" instead. However, in November 1981, and after high
profile public demonstrations, 40 frequencies unique to the UK, known as the 27/81
Bandplan, and using FM, were allocated at 27 MHz, plus 20 channels on 934 MHz (934.0125
to 934.9625 MHz with 50-kHz-spacing). CB's inventor Al Gross made the ceremonial first
legal British CB call from Trafalgar Square, London. The maximum power allowable on
27/81 was 4 watts, in common with the American system, although initially the set had to be
equipped with a facility to reduce the output to a mere 0.4 watts if the antenna was mounted
more than 7 metres above ground level! That rule was (thankfully) relaxed fairly quickly,
although the power reduction switch could still prove useful in cases of TV interference.
Later, the UK added the more usual 40 frequencies used worldwide for a total of 80 channels
at 27 MHz, and the 934 MHz band was withdrawn in 1998. CB radio in the UK was
deregulated in December 2006 by the regulatory bodyOfcom, and CB radio in the UK is now
license-free. The old 27/81 band will not be withdrawn fromservice in the near future and will
continue to be available for the foreseeable future. The rules regarding non-approved radios,
modes other than FM, and power levels above 4 watts still apply, regardless of the
deregulation. Anyone using illegal equipment or accessories is still running the risk of
prosecution, fines, and/or confiscation of equipment. Although the use of CB radios in the UK
is limited, it is still popular, especially with the farming community and Mini- Cab services.
The widely accepted channel for the Young Farmers Club is Channel 11.

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3.2 CB frequencies worldwide

Similar radio services exist in many countries around the world. Frequencies, power levels,
and modes (such as FM, AM and SSB) may vary from country to country, and usage of
foreign equipment may be illegal. However, many countries have adopted the American
frequencies. In Europe, the CEPT adopted the North American channel assignments, except
that FM is used instead of AM. Some member countries permit additional modes and
frequencies. Germany also has 40 unique channels at 26 MHz for a total of 80. Before CEPT,
most of the member countries used some subset of the 40 USA channels. In Poland (and
probably some other former Warsaw Pact countries) the channels are shifted 5 kHz down, so
for example channel 30 is 27.300 MHz, many operators add a switch that can change between
the "zeroes" (the Polish channel assignment), and the "fives" (the international assignment).
New Zealand and Japan have unique allocations that don't correspond to any other country.
Indonesia has the usual 40 channels at 27 MHz, plus a unique 60-channel allocation
from142.050 MHz – 143.525 MHz. Using radios outside their intended market can be
dangerous as well as illegal. For example, the British frequencies clash with a radio service
used by ambulance services in Ukraine.

CB Radio Channels (FCC)

CH Frequency CH Frequency CH Frequency CH Frequency

1 26.965 MHz 11 27.085 MHz 21 27.215 MHz 31 27.315 MHz
2 26.975 MHz 12 27.105 MHz 22 27.225 MHz 32 27.325 MHz
3 26.985 MHz 13 27.115 MHz 23 27.255 MHz 33 27.335 MHz
4 27.005 MHz 14 27.125 MHz 24 27.235 MHz 34 27.345 MHz
5 27.015 MHz 15 27.135 MHz 25 27.245 MHz 35 27.355 MHz
6 27.025 MHz 16 27.155 MHz 26 27.265 MHz 36 27.365 MHz
7 27.035 MHz 17 27.165 MHz 27 27.275 MHz 37 27.375 MHz
8 27.055 MHz 18 27.175 MHz 28 27.285 MHz 38 27.385 MHz
9 27.065 MHz 19 27.185 MHz 29 27.295 MHz 39 27.395 MHz
10 27.075 MHz 20 27.205 MHz 30 27.305 MHz 40 27.405 MHz

CB Radio

CB was once the only practical two-way radio system for the individual consumer, and as
such served several distinct types of users such as truck drivers, radio hobbyists, and those
who needed a short-range radio for particular tasks. While some of these users have moved on
to other radio services, CB is still a popular hobby in many countries. In the United States it is
strongly associated with semi truck drivers and rural life. The 27-MHz-frequencies used by
CBs, which require a long antenna and don't propagate well indoors, tend to discourage use of
handheld radios for many applications. Many consumer users of handheld radios (ex. family
use, hunters, hikers) have moved on to 49 MHz and then to the UHF Family Radio Service,
while many who need a simple radio for professional use (ex. tradesmen) have moved on to
"dot-color" business radios. On the other hand, CB is still popular among long-haul truck

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drivers to communicate directions, traffic problems, and other things of importance. This has
long been the case in the United States, but less so in Europe where until recently conflicting
regulations made it impossible for the same radio to be used across Europe. As a result, CB in
Europe became more associated with hobbyists than with truckers. Legitimate, short-range
use of CB radio is sometimes made difficult by users of illegal high-power transmitters, which
are capable of being heard hundreds of miles away. In the United States, the vast number of
users and the low financing of the regulatory bodymean that the regulations are only actively
enforced against the most severe interfering stations, which makes legitimate operations on
the Citizen's band unreliable. The maximum legal CB power output level, in the U.S., is four
watts for AM and 12 watts (peak envelope power or "PEP") for SSB, as measured at the
antenna connection on the back of the radio. However, illegal external linear amplifiers are
frequently used. In the 1970s the FCC banned the sale of linear amplifiers capable of
operation from24 to 35 MHz to discourage their use on the CB band, though the use of high
power amplifiers by lawless operators continued. Late in 2006 the FCC amended the
regulation to only exclude 26 to 28 MHz Extremely lax enforcement of these regulations by
the FCC has led to manufacturers of illegal linear amplifiers (such as Fat Boy) openly
advertising their products for sale, and many CB dealers carry these and other amplifiers in
their product lines and include the min catalogs.

Technology

At the introduction of the CB radio service, transmitters and receivers necessarily used
vacuum tubes. All solid-state transmitters were not widely available until 1965, after
introduction of suitable RF power transistors. Walkie-talkie hand-held units were made
affordable by the use of transistors. Early receivers did not implement all channels of the
service; channels were controlled by plug-in quartz crystals, with one of several operating
frequencies selected by a panel control in more expensive units. Super heterodyne receivers,
using one or two conversion stages, were usual in good quality equipment, although
extremely low cost toy units operating in the band occasionally used super regenerative
receivers. With the earliest sets, two quartz crystals were needed for transmitting and
receiving on each channel. This was costly. By the mid-1960s, "mixer" circuits made
frequency synthesizer radios possible, which reduced cost and allowed full coverage of all 23
channels with a smaller number of crystals, typically 14. The next evolution was in the mid
1970s, where the method of crystal synthesis was replaced by PLL Phase Locked Loop
technology using ICs, enabling 40 channel sets to be achieved ultimately using only one
crystal (10.240 mhz). Almost all were AM only, though there were a few single sideband sets.

Most CB Radios sold in the United States today come with the following features:
• ANL/NB – Automatic Noise Limiter or Noise Blanker reduces background noise, such as
spark ignition noise.
• CB/WX – selects weather radio receiver.
• Dynamic or Mic Gain – adjust transmitted sound level (modulation level).
• PA – some CB receivers can drive an external speaker
• RF Gain – adjusts level of signals into receiver.
• NOR/9/19 – quickly tunes pre-set channels for calling or emergency channels.
• SWR – a meter used to monitor the reflected power caused by mismatched antennas and
antenna cables.
• Volume – speaker volume control.

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Popular microphone choices include:

• Dynamic – A dynamic microphone uses a magnetic coil and permanent magnet.
• Ceramic – uses a piezoelectric element; rugged, low cost, but high impedance.
• Echo – These microphones deliberately introduce distortion and echo into the transmitted
audio.
• Electret – An electret microphone uses an electrostatic method to convert sound to
electrical signals.
• Noise-canceling microphone- uses two elements to reduce background noise.
• Power Mic – An amplified mic.

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4
EXPERIMENT

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4.1. TROUBLESHOOTING on VCO

OBJECTIVE
• These exercises will guide the student to understand the principle working of VCO
circuit on CB unit
• The student will able to get the VCO voltage measuring and to know the frequency
output that used on CB unit

EQUIPMENT

1. CB Transceiver Trainer ERT-CBT-1 (2 set)

2. 100 MHz Oscilloscope
3. 100 MHz Digital Frequency counter

PROCEDURE
1. Prepare one set of trainer and other equipment on your workbench.
2. Connect the power cord to power line source. Plug in the dummy load and
microphone to the main unit.
3. Set the CB key function and control as follow:
d. ANL : ON b. Squelch : Min e. NB :OFF
c. CB/PA : CB f. RF Gain : Low

4. Turn on the main power switch and CB power switch. Adjust the volume until you
hear noise from the speaker.
5. Set all CB channel on CH1
6. Use the Digital multimeter and then measure at TP 2, fill table at below each channel
CB unit
Table 4.2-1. Measurement result of VCO volatage

VCO voltage
CH
RX TX

LABTECH 14
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

LABTECH 15
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

39

40

7. Test communicate from CB 1 to CB 2

8. Activate the VCO fault simulator by pressing the fault button on block diagram panel
9. Test communicate again from CB 1 to CB 2, observe the fault effect
10. Turn off the power switch. Remove the dummy load from the trainer and the power
cord.
11. Compare your experiment result to test point list on appendix
12. Consult your experiment result to your instructor.
13. Return the equipment to their place and clean your work area.

LABTECH 16
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

4.2. TROUBLESHOOTING on TX/RX selector

OBJECTIVE
After completing this experiment, you should be:Understand the function of a TX/RX selector
on CB transceiver system referring to the block diagram.

EQUIPMENT

1. CB Transceiver Trainer ERT-CBT-1 (2 set)

2. 100 MHz Oscilloscope
3. 100 MHz Digital Frequency counter

PROCEDURE

1. Prepare one set of trainer and other equipment on your workbench.

2. Connect the power cord to power line source. Plug in the dummy load and
microphone to the main unit.
3. Set the CB key function and control as follow:
d. ANL : ON b. Squelch : Min e. NB :OFF
c. CB/PA : CB f. RF Gain : Low

4. Turn on the main power switch and CB power switch. Adjust the volume until you
hear noise from the speaker.
5. Attempt to communicate between both trainers at channel 1. Do required adjustment
to get best performance.
6. Let’s check the signal in TX/RX selector at TP3 and generation of it signal. Do it to
trainer A. Compare the signal measurement between receive and transmit position.
7. Can the trainer B (as a receiver) accept the signal from the transmitter? ___________
8. Repeat step 5 and 6 for CH 2 until 40
9. Remove the dummy load, microphone and other connections from the trainer.
10. Consult your experiment result to your instructor.
11. Return the equipment to their place and clean your work area.

LABTECH 17
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

4.3. TROUBLESHOOTING on TX pre-amplifier

OBJECTIVE
After completing this experiment, you should be:
- Understand the function of a TX pre-amplifier in the CB transceiver system.
- Familiar the trouble symptoms of a TX pre-amplifier
- Able to analyze the trouble of TX pre-amplifier according to the symptoms and
measurement result.
- Able determine the defective block and components on the circuit diagram.

EQUIPMENT

1. CB Transceiver Trainer ERT-CBT-1 (1 set)

2. 100 MHz Oscilloscope
3. 100 MHz Digital Frequency counter

PROCEDURE

1. Prepare one set of trainer and other equipment on your workbench.

2. Connect the power cord to power line source. Plug in the dummy load and
microphone to the main unit.
3. Set the CB key function and control as follow:
d. ANL : ON b. Squelch : Min e. NB :OFF
c. CB/PA : CB f. RF Gain : Low

4. Turn on the main power switch and CB power switch. Adjust the volume until you
hear noise from the speaker.
5. Attempt to communicate between both trainers at channel 1. Do required adjustment
to get best performance.
6. Use the digital multimeter and then measure at TP 4. record the result.
7. Use the oscilloscope and then measure at TP 5. Draw the wave form and find know
the frequency level.
8. Activate the fault TX pre-amplifier by pressing the fault button on block diagram
panel.
9. Test communicate to other CB radio.
Can the CB trainer transmit? ______________________
10. Measure again at TP 4 and TP 5 and then compare the result to step 6 and 7
11. Normalize the fault and turn off the power switch.

LABTECH 18
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

12. Remove the dummy load, microphone and other connections from the trainer.
13. Trace the defective component in the circuit diagram based on your measurement
result.
14. Consult your experiment result to your instructor.
15. Return the equipment to their place and clean your work area.

LABTECH 19
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

4.4. TROUBLESHOOTING on TX RF power

OBJECTIVE
After completing this experiment, you should be:
- Understand the function of a TX RF power in the CB transceiver system.
- Familiar the trouble symptoms of a TX RF power
- Able to analyze the trouble of TX RF power according to the symptoms and
measurement result.
- Able determine the defective block and components on the circuit diagram.

EQUIPMENT

1. CB Transceiver Trainer ERT-CBT-1 (1 set)

2. 100 MHz Oscilloscope
3. 100 MHz Digital Frequency counter

PROCEDURE

1. Prepare one set of trainer and other equipment on your workbench.

2. Connect the power cord to power line source. Plug in the dummy load and
microphone to the main unit.
3. Set the CB key function and control as follow:
d. ANL : ON b. Squelch : Min e. NB :OFF
c. CB/PA : CB f. RF Gain : Low

4. Turn on the main power switch and CB power switch. Adjust the volume until you
hear noise from the speaker.
5. Attempt to communicate between both trainers at channel 1. Do required adjustment
to get best performance.
6. Use the digital multimeter and then measure at TP 8. record the result.
7. Use the oscilloscope and then measure at TP 9. Draw the wave form and find know
the frequency level.
8. Activate the fault TX RF power by pressing the fault button on block diagram panel.
9. Test communicate to other CB radio.
Can the CB trainer transmit? ______________________
Check signal level indicator, is still lit? ________
10. Measure again at TP 8 and TP 9 and then compare the result to step 6 and 7

LABTECH 20
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

11. Normalize the fault and turn off the power switch.
12. Remove the dummy load, microphone and other connections from the trainer.
13. Trace the defective component in the circuit diagram based on your measurement
result.
14. Consult your experiment result to your instructor.
15. Return the equipment to their place and clean your work area.

LABTECH 21
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

4.5. TROUBLESHOOTING on 2nd IF stage

OBJECTIVE
After completing this experiment, you should be:
- Understand the function of a 2nd IF stage in the CB transceiver system.
- Familiar the trouble symptoms of a 2nd IF stage
- Able to analyze the trouble of 2nd IF stage according to the symptoms and
measurement result.
- Able determine the defective block and components on the circuit diagram.

EQUIPMENT

1. CB Transceiver Trainer ERT-CBT-1 (1 set)

2. 100 MHz Oscilloscope
3. 100 MHz Digital Frequency counter

PROCEDURE

1. Prepare one set of trainer and other equipment on your workbench.

2. Connect the power cord to power line source. Plug in the dummy load and
microphone to the main unit.
3. Set the CB key function and control as follow:
d. ANL : ON b. Squelch : Min e. NB :OFF
c. CB/PA : CB f. RF Gain : Low

4. Turn on the main power switch and CB power switch. Adjust the volume until you
hear noise from the speaker.
5. Attempt to communicate between both trainers at channel 1. Do required adjustment
to get best performance.
6. Use the digital multimeter and then measure at TP11. record the result.
7. Activate the fault TX RF power by pressing the fault button on block diagram panel.
8. Test communicate to other CB radio.
Can the CB trainer receive? ______________________
Check signal level indicator, is still lit? ________
9. Measure again at TP 11 and then compare the result to step 6
10. Normalize the fault and turn off the power switch.
11. Remove the dummy load, microphone and other connections from the trainer.

LABTECH 22
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

12. Trace the defective component in the circuit diagram based on your measurement
result.
13. Consult your experiment result to your instructor.
14. Return the equipment to their place and clean your work area

LABTECH 23
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

4.6. TROUBLESHOOTING on AF detector

OBJECTIVE
After completing this experiment, you should be:
- Understand the function of a AF detector in the CB transceiver system.
- Familiar the trouble symptoms of a AF detector
- Able to analyze the trouble of AF detector stage according to the symptoms and
measurement result.
- Able determine the defective block and components on the circuit diagram.

EQUIPMENT

1. CB Transceiver Trainer ERT-CBT-1 (1 set)

2. 100 MHz Oscilloscope
3. 100 MHz Digital Frequency counter

PROCEDURE

1. Prepare one set of trainer and other equipment on your workbench.

2. Connect the power cord to power line source. Plug in the dummy load and
microphone to the main unit.
3. Set the CB key function and control as follow:
d. ANL : ON b. Squelch : Min e. NB :OFF
c. CB/PA : CB f. RF Gain : Low

4. Turn on the main power switch and CB power switch. Adjust the volume until you
hear noise from the speaker.
5. Attempt to communicate between both trainers at channel 1. Do required adjustment
to get best performance.
6. Use the digital multimeter and then measure at TP12. record the result.
7. Use the Oscilloscope and then measure at TP 13, record the result
8. Activate the fault TX RF power by pressing the fault button on block diagram panel.
9. Test communicate to other CB radio.
Can the CB trainer receive? ______________________
Check signal level indicator, is still lit? ________
10. Measure again at TP 12 and TP 13, then compare the result to step 6 and 7
11. Normalize the fault and turn off the power switch.

LABTECH 24
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

12. Remove the dummy load, microphone and other connections from the trainer.
13. Trace the defective component in the circuit diagram based on your measurement
result.
14. Consult your experiment result to your instructor.
15. Return the equipment to their place and clean your work area.

LABTECH 25
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

4.7. TROUBLESHOOTING on RF amplifier

OBJECTIVE
After completing this experiment, you should be:
- Understand the function of a RF amplifier in the CB transceiver system.
- Familiar the trouble symptoms of a RF amplifier
- Able to analyze the trouble of RF amplifier stage according to the symptoms and
measurement result.
- Able determine the defective block and components on the circuit diagram.

EQUIPMENT

1. CB Transceiver Trainer ERT-CBT-1 (1 set)

2. 100 MHz Oscilloscope
3. 100 MHz Digital Frequency counter

PROCEDURE

1. Prepare one set of trainer and other equipment on your workbench.

2. Connect the power cord to power line source. Plug in the dummy load and
microphone to the main unit.
3. Set the CB key function and control as follow:
d. ANL : ON b. Squelch : Min e. NB :OFF
c. CB/PA : CB f. RF Gain : Low

4. Turn on the main power switch and CB power switch. Adjust the volume until you
hear noise from the speaker.
5. Attempt to communicate between both trainers at channel 1. Do required adjustment
to get best performance.
6. Use the digital multimeter and then measure at TP10. record the result.
7. Activate the fault TX RF power by pressing the fault button on block diagram panel.
8. Test communicate to other CB radio.
Can the CB trainer receive? ______________________
Check signal level indicator, is still lit? ________
9. Measure again at TP 10, then compare the result to step 6
10. Normalize the fault and turn off the power switch.
11. Remove the dummy load, microphone and other connections from the trainer.

LABTECH 26
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

12. Trace the defective component in the circuit diagram based on your measurement
result.
13. Consult your experiment result to your instructor.
14. Return the equipment to their place and clean your work area.

LABTECH 27
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

4.8. TROUBLESHOOTING on Display driver

OBJECTIVE
After completing this experiment, you should be:
- Understand the function of a Display driver in the CB transceiver system.
- Familiar the trouble symptoms of a Display driver
- Able to analyze the trouble of Display driver according to the symptoms and
measurement result.

EQUIPMENT

1. CB Transceiver Trainer ERT-CBT-1 (1 set)

2. 100 MHz Oscilloscope

PROCEDURE

1. Prepare one set of trainer and other equipment on your workbench.

2. Connect the power cord to power line source. Plug in the dummy load and
microphone to the main unit.
3. Set the CB key function and control as follow:
d. ANL : ON b. Squelch : Min e. NB :OFF
c. CB/PA : CB f. RF Gain : Low

4. Turn on the main power switch and CB power switch. Adjust the volume until you
hear noise from the speaker.
5. Attempt to communicate between both trainers at channel 1. Do required adjustment
to get best performance.
6. Use the digital multimeter and then measure at TP15. record the result.
7. Activate the fault Display driver fault simulator by pressing the fault button on
block diagram panel.
8. Test communicate to other CB radio.
Can the CB trainer receive? ______________________
can the CB trainer transmit? ______________________
Check signal level indicator, is still lit? _____________
9. Measure again at TP 15, then compare the result to step 6
10. Normalize the fault and turn off the power switch.
11. Remove the dummy load, microphone and other connections from the trainer.

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 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

12. Trace the defective component in the circuit diagram based on your measurement
result.
13. Consult your experiment result to your instructor.
14. Return the equipment to their place and clean your work area.

LABTECH 29
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

4.9. TROUBLESHOOTING on MIC pre-amplifier

OBJECTIVE
After completing this experiment, you should be:
- Understand the function of a MIC pre-amplifier in the CB transceiver system.
- Familiar the trouble symptoms of a MIC pre-amplifier
- Able to analyze the trouble of MIC pre-amplifier according to the symptoms and
measurement result.

EQUIPMENT

1. CB Transceiver Trainer ERT-CBT-1 (1 set)

2. 100 MHz Oscilloscope

PROCEDURE

1. Prepare one set of trainer and other equipment on your workbench.

2. Connect the power cord to power line source. Plug in the dummy load and
microphone to the main unit.
3. Set the CB key function and control as follow:
d. ANL : ON b. Squelch : Min e. NB :OFF
c. CB/PA : CB f. RF Gain : Low

4. Turn on the main power switch and CB power switch. Adjust the volume until you
hear noise from the speaker.
5. Attempt to communicate between both trainers at channel 1. Do required adjustment
to get best performance.
6. Use the oscilloscope and then measure at TP18. record the result.
7. Activate the fault MIC pre-amplifier fault simulator by pressing the fault button on
block diagram panel.
8. Test communicate to other CB radio.
Can the CB trainer receive? ______________________
can you hear your sound on other CB while transmit? __________________
can the CB trainer transmit? ______________________
Check signal level indicator, is still lit? _____________
9. Measure again at TP 18, then compare the result to step 6
10. Normalize the fault and turn off the power switch.

LABTECH 30
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

11. Remove the dummy load, microphone and other connections from the trainer.
12. Trace the defective component in the circuit diagram based on your measurement
result.
13. Consult your experiment result to your instructor.
14. Return the equipment to their place and clean your work area.

LABTECH 31
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

4.10. TROUBLESHOOTING on Power supply

OBJECTIVE
After completing this experiment, you should be:
- Understand the function of a Power supply in the CB transceiver system.
- Familiar the trouble symptoms of a Power supply
- Able to analyze the trouble of Power supply according to the symptoms and
measurement result.

EQUIPMENT

1. CB Transceiver Trainer ERT-CBT-1 (1 set)

2. 100 MHz Oscilloscope

PROCEDURE

1. Prepare one set of trainer and other equipment on your workbench.

2. Connect the power cord to power line source. Plug in the dummy load and
microphone to the main unit.
3. Set the CB key function and control as follow:
d. ANL : ON b. Squelch : Min e. NB :OFF
c. CB/PA : CB f. RF Gain : Low

4. Turn on the main power switch and CB power switch. Adjust the volume until you
hear noise from the speaker.
5. Attempt to communicate between both trainers at channel 1. Do required adjustment
to get best performance.
6. Use the oscilloscope and then measure at TP19. record the result.
7. Activate the fault Power supply simulator by pressing the fault button on block
diagram panel.
8. Test communicate to other CB radio.
Can the CB trainer receive? ______________________
can you hear your sound on other CB while transmit? __________________
can the CB trainer transmit? ______________________
Check signal level indicator, is still lit? _____________
9. Measure again at TP 19, then compare the result to step 6
10. Normalize the fault and turn off the power switch.

LABTECH 32
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

11. Remove the dummy load, microphone and other connections from the trainer.
12. Trace the defective component in the circuit diagram based on your measurement
result.
13. Consult your experiment result to your instructor.
14. Return the equipment to their place and clean your work area.

LABTECH 33
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

5
APPENDIX

LABTECH 34
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

5.1. CB TRANSCEIVER TRAINER FAULT SIMULATION LIST

DEFECTIVE FAULT
NO FAULT SYMPTOMS
BLOCK LOCATION
• Can’t transmit a signal
• Can’t receive a signal
1 VCO R224
• DC control from PLL appears
normally
• Can’t transmit a signal
2 TX/RX selector C301
• Can’t receive a signal
• Can’t transmit a signal
3 TX Pre-amplifier Q208 • The receiving process is working
normally
• Able to transmit and receive
• RX signal indicator is normal
• No RF power to transmitted
• Audio normal
4 TX RF Power RFC 303
• Channel selector switch and band
switch is normal
• No Indicator signal in transmitting
process
• Can not receive a signal
5 RX RF Amplifier R151
• transmitting is normally
• Able to Transmit a signal and
6 2nd IF stage R177
• Can’t receive a signal
AM AF • Receiving process is no sound
7 R121
DETECTOR produced on speaker
• No display signal indicator on transmit
8 Display driver IC 203 pin 1
and receive mode
• Able to transmit normally
9 Audio amplifier IC 201 pin 10 • Able to received the signal from
transmitter but no sound on speaker
POWER Power supply
10 • The CB unit will OFF
SUPPLY output

LABTECH 35
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

5.2. CB TRANSCEIVER TRAINER TEST POINT LIST

TP MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT
DESCRIPTION
NO RESULT USED
Digital
1 PLL circuit 7,14 VDC
Multimeter
VCO voltage CH 1 1,287 VDC
CH 2 1,317 VDC
CH 3 1,344 VDC
CH 4 1,397 VDC
CH 5 1,426 VDC
CH 6 1,455 VDC
CH 7 1,482 VDC
CH 8 1,545 VDC
CH 9 1,575 VDC
CH 10 1,606 VDC
CH 11 1,631 VDC
CH 12 1,7 VDC
CH 13 1,731 VDC
CH 14 1,764 VDC
CH 15 1,798 VDC
CH 16 1,868 VDC
CH 17 1,9 VDC
CH 18 1,94 VDC
CH 19 1,975 VDC
CH 20 2,05 VDC Digital
2
CH 21 2.08 VDC Multimeter
CH 22 2,125 VDC
CH 23 2,142 VDC
CH 24 2,162 VDC
CH 25 2,2 VDC
CH 26 2,28 VDC
CH 27 2,32 VDC
CH 28 2,35 VDC
CH 29 2,4 VDC
CH 30 2,446 VDC
CH 31 2,485 VDC
CH 32 2,53 VDC
CH 33 2,573 VDC
CH 34 2,62 VDC
CH 35 2,663 VDC
CH 36 2,7 VDC
CH 37 2,753 VDC
CH 38 2,8 VDC
CH 39 2,85 VDC
CH 40 2,9 VDC
Digital
3 TX /RX Selector 6,95VDC
Multimeter

LABTECH 36
 CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

Digital
4 TX RF pre-amplifier 7,2 VDC
Multimeter
5 TX RF pre-amplifier signal 0,5 Vp-p Oscilloscope
Digital
6 TX RF Driver 12,93 VDC multimeter

7 TX RF Driver 160 mVp-p Oscilloscope

Digital
8 TX RF Power 12, 97 VDC
Multimeter
9 TX RF Power 1,25 Vp-p Oscilloscope
Digital
10 RX RF Amplifier 12,17 VDC
Multimeter
Digital
11 2nd IF Stage 11,4 VDC
Multimeter
Digital
12 AF detector 11,75 VDC
multimeter
13 AF detector 100 mVp-p Oscilloscope
14 Signal level for indicator 80 mVp-p Oscilloscope
Digital
15 Display driver 13,22 VDC
multimeter
Digital
16 Audio pre-amplifier 6.64 VDC
multimeter
Digital
17 Audio amplifier 13,22 VDC
multimeter
18 Mic pre-amplifier Audio signal from MIC Oscilloscope
Digital
19 Power supply 13,22 VDC
multimeter
GND GND GND GND

LABTECH 37
 LABTECH CB TRANSCEIVER TRAINER ERT-CBT-1

LABTECH
TX/RX TX RF TX RF ANT
VCO
SELECTOR PRE AMP TX RF POWER LC FILTER
MODULATOR
DRIVER (LPF)

OSC.
10.240 MHz OSC.

PLL
CF-2 CF-1 NOISE
455 KHZ 10.7 MHZ BLANKER (NB)
2n d RX RF
IF STAGE 1st RX 2nd RX 1st AMP
IF STAGE MIXER MIXER
BINARY
CHANNEL
SELECT
BIT
NB/ANL SWITCH RF
AF DET. PA JACK
SQUELCH GAIN

MAIN SQL
VOLUME LEVEL
DISPLAY AUTO. N OISE
LIMIT ER (ANL) AUDIO EXT. SP
DRIVER
AMP JACK

MIC PRE-AMP.
SIGNAL LEVEL FILTER
DET. MIC INT. SP
MIC GAIN
SWR/CAL.
AUTO. LEVEL
SIGNAL METER DISPLAY CONTROL (AL C)
LEDs DISPLAY
5.3. CB TRANSCEIVER TRAINER BLOCK DIAGRAM

DRIVER

RECEIVER 13.8VDC
CIRCUIT POWER SUPPLY AC in~
DESCRIPTION FUSE
220-240V
RESET LED CONTROL TRANSMITTER
LINE TYPE REMARK
CIRCUIT
TX
RX
CB TRANSCEIVER Trainer Experiment Manual ERT-CBT-1

38