SINGH AMANDEEP SAINI

Student

Portfolio
Information Infrastructure Engineering Orienting

Address Fontys University of Applied Science :

Rotterdamsedijk 199B Think Bigger
Schiedam 3112AE
Netherlands
Student
Telephone
0626466986 A.S. SINGH
Email Student Card: 960223802
[email protected]
[email protected] Student Number: 4400437
[email protected]
Teacher: Papachristodoulou Louiza
Date of Birth/Place
22/02/2001 Mentor: Reuther Aljoscha
Rethymno, Crete Greece
Class: PCB06 (3)

Nationality
Greek
Address: Rachelsmolen 10
5612 PE Eindhoven
Language

English Characteristics
⚫⚫⚫⚫⚪
Hindi 1. Perfectionist
⚫⚫⚫⚪⚪ 2. Methodical
Greek 3. Reliable
⚫⚫⚫⚫⚫ 4. Timid
Punjabi 5. Ambitious
⚫⚫⚫⚫⚫
Dutch
⚫⚫⚪⚪⚪

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 Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................4
PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT WEEK 7 - NETWORK BASICS..................5
TASK 1: INSTALL AND TEST NETKIT TOOL.........................................................................5
Describe the steps you took and provide screenshot of the started node...............................................5
TASK 2: TCP/IP LAYERS IN WIRESHARK...........................................................................6
What is the source and destination MAC address of this HTTP packet?...................................6
Source MAC address: 08:d2:3e:dc:4f:e2................................................................................................6
Destination MAC address: 44:fe:3b:bd:65:7b........................................................................................6
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight these addresses:.....................6
What is the source and destination IP address of this HTTP packet?.........................................6
Source IP address : 192.168.1.175.........................................................................................................6
Destination IP address : 85.214.212.192................................................................................................6
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight these addresses:.....................6
What is the source and destination port of this HTTP packet?...................................................7
Source port : 52093.................................................................................................................................7
Destination port: 80................................................................................................................................7
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight these addresses:.....................7
What is the host name of this HTTP Get packet?......................................................................7
Host name: courses.codemax.net\r\n......................................................................................................7
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight the host name:.......................7
Find the HTTP Response belonging to the HTTP Get packet. How much time elapsed between
the HTTP Get and HTTP response?...........................................................................................8
Time elapsed for 1st Request – Response : 0.022807000 seconds..........................................................8
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight the elapsed time:...................8
Time elapsed for 2nd Request – Response : 0.025193000 seconds.........................................................8
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight the elapsed time:...................8
TASK 3: DO LINUX TUTORIAL..............................................................................................9
Provide screenshots of all exercises in section 3.4.................................................................................9

PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT WEEK 8 – INTERNET PROTOCOL.......10

LINUX, STATIC IP ADDRESS/SUBNETS CONFIGURATION...................................................................10
TASK 1A: DO LINUX TUTORIAL.........................................................................................10
Provide screenshots of all exercises 2a and 2b.....................................................................................10
TASK 1B: NETWORKING EXERCISE....................................................................................12
Provide screenshots of all exercises.........................................................................................12
1. Classful IP Addresses – Address Class............................................................................................12
2. Classful IP Addresses – Classful Subnets........................................................................................12
3. Classless IP Addresses – 8 Bit Aligned Subnets..............................................................................13
4. Classless IP Addresses – Arbitrary Subnets.....................................................................................13
5. Classless IP Addresses – Network Address Ranges.........................................................................14
6. Classful – Classless IP Addresses – Completed Exercises...............................................................14
TASK 2: BUILD A SIMPLE NETKIT NETWORK...................................................................15
A) Configure the IP addresses of the 2 nodes by using the “ifconfig” command explained in
the theory lesson......................................................................................................................15
1. Node1 has an IP address 102.10.2.1/24............................................................................................16
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2. Node2 has an IP address 102.20.2.1/24............................................................................................17

 What is the result of the ping? Can you explain it?..............................................................................17
Provide a screenshot of your configured interfaces..............................................................................18
Look at the ARP entries of your Node1 and Node2.............................................................................19
Which command do you use?...............................................................................................................19
Which ARP entries are there?..............................................................................................................19
B) Configure the IP addresses of the 2 nodes by using the “ip” command explained in the
theory lesson............................................................................................................................20
1. Node1 has an IP address 102.10.2.1/10............................................................................................21
2. Node2 has an IP address 102.20.2.1/10............................................................................................22
What is the result of the ping? Can you explain it?..............................................................................22
Provide a screenshot of your configured interfaces..............................................................................24
Look at the ARP entries of your Node1 and Node2.............................................................................25
Which ARP entries are there?..............................................................................................................26
The Arp Table Explanation..................................................................................................................26
C) Configure both nodes to have a subnet mask 255.255.255.0, and change the IP address of
Node2 in such a way that the ping between them is successful................................................27
Provide a screenshot of your configuration and successful ping..........................................................30
After successful ping ARP entries of both nodes should be changed. Provide a screenshot of the new
ARP situation........................................................................................................................................31
Explain the new ARP situation.............................................................................................................31
The Arp Table Explanation..................................................................................................................32
What is the command to clear the ARP cache again?..........................................................................32
TASK 3: CONFIGURING NETWORK.....................................................................................33
The network of the lab is as follows:....................................................................................................33
Provide the network flow chart - Diagram of your lab.........................................................................33
Provide screenshots of the pings which are possible WITHIN LANA, LANB and LANC (PC1A to
PC2A, PC1B to PC2B and so on)........................................................................................................33
TASK 4: CIDR IP ADDRESSING EXERCISES......................................................................39
1. Suppose we have IP address 122.33.196.145/24..................................................................39
1. Network Address: 122.33.196.0.......................................................................................................39
2. Broadcast Address: 122.33.196.255.................................................................................................39
3. Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0............................................................................................................39
2. Suppose we have IP address 163.249.223.229/25................................................................39
1. Network Address: 163.249.223.128.................................................................................................40
2. First Host: 163.249.223.129.............................................................................................................40
3. Last Host: 163.249.223.254..............................................................................................................40
4. Broadcast Address: 163.249.223.255...............................................................................................40

PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT WEEK 9 – ROUTING.................................41

TASK 1A: ONLINE EXERCISES.............................................................................................41
Provide screenshots of all exercises.........................................................................................41
1. Direct – Indirect Routes....................................................................................................................41
2. Route Configuration.........................................................................................................................42
3. Routing Table...................................................................................................................................43
4. Network Routing Completed Exercises...........................................................................................43
TASK 1B: A BIT MORE COMPLEX NETWORK: PART 2.......................................................44
Provide the network flow chart - Diagram of your lab.............................................................44
Provide screenshots of the following pings:.............................................................................45
1. PC1A to PC1B..................................................................................................................................45
2. PC2B to PC2A..................................................................................................................................49
3. PC2A to PC1C..................................................................................................................................53
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 Give a list of all nodes where you had to adjust the routing tables and the screenshots of their
configured routing tables.........................................................................................................58

PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT WEEK 10 - TRANSPORT PROTOCOLS

TCP & UDP.......................................................................................................59
TASK 1: TCP IN NETCAT....................................................................................................59
Netcat can also be used to copy the contents of a file from one place (file, folder, computer) to
another. Find out how and try it out.........................................................................................59
Provide screenshots of the sending and receiving command...............................................................59
Construct an appropriate Netcat command to listen to a port on your HTTP server (e.g. PC1A) and
send the contents of the file response.txt to the HTTP client (Gateway) when a connection is made to
this port.................................................................................................................................................61
Provide a screenshot of the Netcat command you used and of the links browser output....................62
Task 2: Find 2 TCP uses...............................................................................................................................63
Describe the chosen scenarios and a proof of TCP use in them by attaching a Wireshark trace
showing TCP packets...........................................................................................................................63
Provide a screenshot of this Flow Graph..............................................................................................64
Explain what is happening during various stages (begin, middle, end) of the communication. Explain
SYN, SYNACK and ACK. Explain the Len, Seq and Ack numbers...................................................64
Task 3: Find 2 UDP uses..............................................................................................................................65
Describe the chosen scenarios and a proof of UDP use in them by attaching a Wireshark trace
showing UDP packets...........................................................................................................................65

CONCLUSION.................................................................................................66
RECAP OF THE PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT WEEK 7...........................................................66
RECAP OF THE PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT WEEK 8...........................................................66
RECAP OF THE PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT WEEK 9...........................................................66
RECAP OF THE PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT WEEK 10.........................................................66
PERSONAL REFLECTION...........................................................................67
APPENDIX – RESOURCES...........................................................................68

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Introduction
I would like to take the opportunity to introduce myself as the new student at Fonty’s
University of Applied Science. My name is Singh AmanDeep Saini and I’m 20 years old. I
was born and raised in Greece. I have only been in the Netherlands the past 2 years.

In June 2019, I have finished my High School diploma at the 1st Diurnal General Lyceum of
Rethymno in Greece. My diploma is mainly aimed in an Orientation Group of: Finance and
Computer Studies, (which contain Sociology, Mathematics, Application Development in
Programming, Principles of Economic Theory and History).

My interest in ICT began around 10 years ago when I first came into contact with computer
in school. From there on, I was captivated. I started learning more about computer by doing
some basic courses like Computing Fundamentals, Key Applications and Living Online
(IC3). Throughout these courses I was hereby granted for having demonstrated basic
computer hardware, software and Internet knowledge and skills. Furthermore, in May 2015 I
had successfully completed the requirements to be recognized as a Microsoft Specialist for
(Office PowerPoint, Word, Excel, Access and Outlook 2007).

My current goal is to start and develop knowledge and skills on the Data Science & Analysis
field.

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Practical Assignment Week 7 - Network Basics

Task 1: Install and Test Netkit Tool

Consult this week’s theory presentation and use the Netkit commands to start and halt a network node
as described in the presentation. Netkit and Wireshark are already installed in the preconfigured
Linux. If you installed the Linux yourself, then you need to install these tools yourself. (there is a
guideline in the Canvas)
Describe the steps you took and provide screenshot of the started node.

Create and Start 2 Virtual Machines: vstart command

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Task 2: TCP/IP Layers in Wireshark
Start capturing the network traffic of the website: http://courses.codemax.net/w2.html

What is the source and destination MAC address of this HTTP packet?

Source MAC address: 08:d2:3e:dc:4f:e2

Destination MAC address: 44:fe:3b:bd:65:7b
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight these addresses:

What is the source and destination IP address of this HTTP packet?

Source IP address : 192.168.1.175

Destination IP address : 85.214.212.192
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight these addresses:

 
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What is the source and destination port of this HTTP packet?

Source port : 52093

Destination port: 80
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight these addresses:

What is the host name of this HTTP Get packet?

Host name: courses.codemax.net\r\n

Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight the host name:
 

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Find the HTTP Response belonging to the HTTP Get packet. How much time
elapsed between the HTTP Get and HTTP response?

Time elapsed for 1st Request – Response : 0.022807000 seconds

Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight the elapsed time:

Time elapsed for 2nd Request – Response : 0.025193000 seconds

Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight the elapsed time:

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Task 3: Do Linux Tutorial
Go to http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/index.html and do the tutorial three.
Provide screenshots of all exercises in section 3.4

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Practical Assignment Week 8 – Internet
Protocol
LINUX, STATIC IP ADDRESS/SUBNETS
CONFIGURATION

Task 1a: Do Linux Tutorial

Go to http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/unix2.html and do the 2nd basic Unix tutorial.
Provide screenshots of all exercises 2a and 2b.

2a) I created a backup of my science.txt file by copying it to a file called science.bak

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2b) I created a directory called tempstuff using mkdir and then I removed it using
the rmdir command.

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Task 1b: Networking Exercise
Do the networking online exercises via this link https://courses.codemax.net/w8.html.

Provide screenshots of all exercises.

1. Classful IP Addresses – Address Class

2. Classful IP Addresses – Classful Subnets

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3. Classless IP Addresses – 8 Bit Aligned Subnets

4. Classless IP Addresses – Arbitrary Subnets

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5. Classless IP Addresses – Network Address Ranges

6. Classful – Classless IP Addresses – Completed Exercises

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Task 2: Build A Simple Netkit Network
Read the explanation of the basic Netkit commands and use them to build a simple network of two
nodes connected to a LAN interface.

A) Configure the IP addresses of the 2 nodes by using the “ifconfig” command

explained in the theory lesson.

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1. Node1 has an IP address 102.10.2.1/24

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2. Node2 has an IP address 102.20.2.1/24

Check whether your configuration was successful by using ping command between these two nodes.

What is the result of the ping? Can you explain it?

The result of the ping was: connect: Network is unreachable. First of all, we have to understand the
ping and how it works. “ The ping works by sending an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
request to an interface on the network and then sent out replies to validate the connection ~ Sabeer
Ali, IT Systems Engineer, Department of Transport Abu Dhabi ”. By this I mean, “that you can’t find
a route for that destination (you don’t have Gateway Or your Gateway can’t find a route for that
destination ~ Ahmed Sami, Servers and Systems Administrator, Saudi Electricity Company”. From the
above quotation, I have understood that they are not actually connected with the same router
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and they both have a different Network Id. That’s the main reason why they can’t ping
together. Another reason will be “When we try to ping unknown network which is not available
in our routing table ~Ahmed Abdul Aziz, System Administrator, Saudi Binladin Group”. Then this
message shows up: connect: Network is unreachable. (Appendix – Resources 1.*)

Provide a screenshot of your configured interfaces.

They are not actually connected with the same router and they both have a different Network
ID. The node 1 has 102.10.2.1/24 while node 2 has 102.20.2.1/24. That’s the main reason why
they can’t ping.

The Node 1 102.10.2.1/24 : Network ID: 102.10.2.0/24 Netmask: 255.255.255.0

Broadcast: 102.10.2.255
2

Host Min: 102.10.2.1

 Host Max: 102.10.2.254

The Node 2 102.20.2.1/24: Network ID: 102.20.2.0/24 Netmask: 255.255.255.0

Broadcast: 102.20.2.255
Host Min: 102.20.2.1
Host Max: 102.20.2.254

Look at the ARP entries of your Node1 and Node2.

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Which command do you use?

I used the arp command which is used for manipulating the system arp cache. It shows the current
ARP cache entries.
Which ARP entries are there?

For the Node 1: 102.10.2.1 there is no entry

For the Node 2: 102.20.2.1 there is no entry

B) Configure the IP addresses of the 2 nodes by using the “ip” command

explained in the theory lesson.

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1. Node1 has an IP address 102.10.2.1/10

The Node 1 102.10.2.1/10 : Network ID: 102.0.0.0/10 Netmask: 255.192.0.0

Broadcast: 102.63.255.255
Host Min: 102.0.0.1
Host Max: 102.63.255.254
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The Node 2 102.20.2.1/10: Network ID: 102.0.0.0/10 Netmask: 255.192.0.0

 Broadcast: 102.63.255.255
Host Min: 102.0.0.1
Host Max: 102.63.255.254
2. Node2 has an IP address 102.20.2.1/10
They can ping together because they are on the same network.!

Check whether your configuration was successful by using ping command between these two nodes.

What is the result of the ping? Can you explain it?

The ping application allows a computer system to send a number of test message to another system on
a network. The receiving computer system is obliged to reply to this message. The ping command can
be started from the command prompt of a PC. In order to send a test message to another system you
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must know the other computer's IP address.

Here below we have the Pings statistics for "102.10.2.1" (IP address of the PC1) and "102.20.2.1" (IP
address of the PC2)

PC1:# ping 102.20.2.1

PING 102.20.2.1 (102.20.2.1) 56(64) bytes of data
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=11.9 ms
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.307 ms
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.214 ms
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.195 ms

--- 102.20.2.1 ping statistics ---

4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packets loss

PC2:# ping 102.10.2.1

PING 102.10.2.1 (102.10.2.1) 56(64) bytes of data
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.433 ms
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.249 ms
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.096 ms
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.100 ms

--- 102.10.2.1 ping statistics ---

4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packets loss

In this case, ping command is really useful to prove that the connection between these 2 PC’s is
successful. If the ping command does not get a reply, for example from PC1 to PC2 there might be:

“ A Destination Host Unreachable: This message indicates one of two problems:

1. Either the local system has no route to the desired destination or

2. A Remote Router reports that it has no route to the destination.

If the message is simply “Destination Host Unreachable” then there is no route from the local
system, and the packets to be sent were never put on the wire. If the message is “Reply From < IP
Address >: Destination Host Unreachable,” then the routing problem occurred at a remote, whose
address is indicated by the “< IP Address >” field.

Request Timed Out: “This message indicates that No Echo Reply messages were received within the
default time of 1 second. This can be due to many different causes:
1. The most common include:
2. Network Congestion
3. Failure of the ARP request
4. Packet Filtering
5. Routing Error
6. Silent Discard. ~ Ranjna Aggarwal, Senior Consultant in IT Industry”

(Appendix – Resources 2.*)

As I said previously: For the first 2 pings with the ifconfig they are not actually connected with
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the same router and they both have a different Network ID. The node 1 has 102.10.2.1/24 while
node 2 has 102.20.2.1/24. That’s the main reason why they can’t ping together. On the other hand
when I used the IP command they are actually connected with the same router and they both are
included in the same Network ID. The node 1 has 102.10.2.1/10 while node 2 has 102.20.2.1.10. The /
10 indicates the subnet mask. Since both of the them are included on the same network which means
that they are actually connected in the same LAN. So they can ping successfully together.

Provide a screenshot of your configured interfaces.

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Look at the ARP entries of your Node1 and Node2.

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Which ARP entries are there?

“ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used on Ethernet (LAN) to find the MAC address of another
host. When a host on the network doesn't know the MAC address of the device it wants to reach, it
will broadcast an ARP request. All hosts on the segment will receive this ARP request and one of
them will respond with an ARP reply. In this ARP reply, you will find the IP address and MAC
address of the destination host. Once the host that sent the ARP requests receives this information, it
will be able to reach the destination. ~ René Molenaar, Networklessons.com” (Appendix –
Resources 3.*)
The PC1 will sent an Arp Request which is a broadcast, so each computer connect to this network
either it is (LAN, WAN, WLAN etc) will receive this Arp request. The Arp request from PC1 to PC2
“arp 102.20.2.1” basically contains the IP Address of PC1, the MAC Address of PC1.
The PC1 then asks the PC2 through “arp 102.20.2.1” (since this IP Address 102.20.2.1 is for PC2),
the MAC Address of that IP Address “102.20.2.1”. In case the PC2 knows the IP address
“102.20.2.2”. Then the PC2 will sent an ARP reply to PC1 and an Arp Table as below will be shown
up.

The Arp Table Explanation

From Node 1 (102.10.2.1) we have requested an arp cache for Node 2 (102.20.2.1).
This is the Entry
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
102.20.2.1 ether 36:5f:5e:38:15:e3 C eth0

From Node 2 (102.20.2.1) we have requested an arp cache for Node 1 (102.10.2.1).
This is the Entry
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
102.10.2.1 ether f2:81:23:4d:f5:29 C eth0

Address  This is the IP Address of the arp we have requested. (102.10.2.1)

HWtype  ether  Ethernet
HWaddress  Mac Address (36:5f:5e:38:15:e3)
Flags Mask  “ The address has been learned, manually set by the user ~Tyler Carrigan, Community
Manager, Enable Sysadmin ) C
Iface  “ The name of the interface that is listed ~Tyler Carrigan, Community Manager, Enable
2

Sysadmin) eth0
(Appendix – Resources 4.*)

C) Configure both nodes to have a subnet mask 255.255.255.0, and change the
IP address of Node2 in such a way that the ping between them is successful.

Default Configure IP Address: Node 1 : 102.10.2.1, Node 2: 102.20.2.1, Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0
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I Configured the IP Address: Node 1 : 102.10.2.1,/24 Node 2: 102.20.2.1/24 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
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I Configured the IP Address: Node 2: 102.10.2.2/24 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
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Provide a screenshot of your configuration and successful ping.

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After successful ping ARP entries of both nodes should be changed. Provide a screenshot of the
new ARP situation.

Explain the new ARP situation.

“ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used on Ethernet (LAN) to find the MAC address of another
host. When a host on the network doesn't know the MAC address of the device it wants to reach, it
will broadcast an ARP request. All hosts on the segment will receive this ARP request and one of
them will respond with an ARP reply. In this ARP reply, you will find the IP address and MAC
address of the destination host. Once the host that sent the ARP requests receives this information, it
will be able to reach the destination. ~ René Molenaar, Networklessons.com” (Appendix –
2

Resources 3.*)
The PC1 will sent an Arp Request which is a broadcast, so each computer connect to this network
either it is (LAN, WAN, WLAN etc) will receive this Arp request. The Arp request from PC1 to PC2
“arp 102.10.2.2” basically contains the IP Address of PC1, the MAC Address of PC1.
The PC1 then asks the PC2 through “arp 102.10.2.2” (since this IP Address 102.10.2.2 is for PC2),
the MAC Address of that IP Address “102.10.2.2”. In case the PC2 knows the IP address
“102.10.2.2”. Then the PC2 will sent an ARP reply to PC1 and an Arp Table as below will be shown
up.

The Arp Table Explanation

From Node 1 (102.10.2.1) we have requested an arp cache for Node 2 (102.10.2.2).
This is the Entry
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
102.10.2.2 ether 36:5f:5e:38:15:e3 C eth0

From Node 2 (102.10.2.2) we have requested an arp cache for Node 1 (102.10.2.1).
This is the Entry
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
102.10.2.1 ether f2:81:23:4d:f5:29 C eth0

Address  This is the IP Address of the arp we have requested. (102.10.2.1)

HWtype  ether  Ethernet
HWaddress  Mac Address (36:5f:5e:38:15:e3)
Flags Mask  “ The address has been learned, manually set by the user ~Tyler Carrigan, Community
Manager, Enable Sysadmin ) C
Iface  “ The name of the interface that is listed ~Tyler Carrigan, Community Manager, Enable
Sysadmin) eth0
(Appendix – Resources 3.*)

What is the command to clear the ARP cache again?

The command to delete or clear the ARP cache entry is : arp -d

The arp -d 102.10.2.1 deletes the ARP Cache entry for the IP Address 102.10.2.1
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Task 3: Configuring Network
The network of the lab is as follows:

1. PC1A, PC2A and RouterAC are connected to LANA

2. PC1B, PC2B and RouterBC are connected to LANB
3. PC1C, PC2C, RouterBC, RouterAC and Gateway are connected to LANC

Provide the network flow chart - Diagram of your lab.

This Configuration Network Diagram is used for the following 2 ping between LANA - LANB
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Provide screenshots of the pings which are possible WITHIN LANA, LANB and LANC (PC1A
to PC2A, PC1B to PC2B and so on).

Author’s Note: It is clearly indicated that we need to provide screenshots within LANA, LANB AND
LANC. My Pair Group Number is 3.

LANA 10.3.0.0/16
Router AC 10.3.0.1/16 255.0.0.0
PC1 A 10.3.0.2/16 255.0.0.0
PC2 A 10.3.0.3/16 255.0.0.0
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LANB Possible Pings: 1) PC1B to PC2B or PC2B to PC1B
2) PC1B to RouterAC or RouterAC to PC1B
3) PC2B to RouterAC or RouterAC to PC2B

LANB 172.16.3.1/24
Router BC 172.16.3.1/24 255.255.255.0
PC1 B 172.16.3.2/24 255.255.255.0
PC2 B 172.16.3.3/24 255.255.255.0
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 LANC 192.168.3.0/24
Gateway (eth0 = LANC) 192.168.3.1/24 255.255.255.0
Gateway (eth1 = LANA) 10.3.0.1/16 255.255.0.0
Gateway (eth2 = LANB) 172.16.3.1/24 255.255.255.0
Router AC (eth1 = LANA) 10.3.0.2/16 255.255.0.0
Router BC (eth2 = LANB) 172.16.3.2/24 255.255.255.0
PC1 C (eth0 = LANC) 192.168.3.2/24 255.255.255.0
PC2 C (eth0 = LANC) 192.168.3.3/24 255.255.255.0

This Configuration Network Diagram is used for following ping only LANC
2
IP Address Configuration for LANC
2
LANC Possible Pings: 1) PC1C to PC2C or PC2C to PC1C
2) PC1C to Gateway or Gateway to PC1C
3) PC2C to Gateway or Gateway to PC2C
4) Router AC to Gateway or Gateway to Router AC
5) Router BC to Gateway or Gateway to Router BC

Assignment Note: “You don’t need to be able to route between all nodes of this network; that is the
second part of the assignment, which will be done next week. ~ Fonty’s Teacher Said”
2
Task 4: CIDR IP Addressing Exercises

1. Suppose we have IP address 122.33.196.145/24

Fill in the following items for this address:

122 .33 .196 .145 /24
01111010 00100001 11000100 10010001

The Subnet Mask – Network Mask:

11111111 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
255 .255 .255 .0

The Network Address:

01111010 00100001 11000100 00000000
122 .33 .196 .0

The Broadcast Address:

01111010 00100001 11000100 11111111
122 .33 .196 .255

1. Network Address: 122.33.196.0

2. Broadcast Address: 122.33.196.255
3. Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

2. Suppose we have IP address 163.249.223.229/25

Fill in the following items for this address:

163 .249 .223 .229 /25
10100011 11111001 11011111 11100101

The Subnet Mask – Network Mask:

11111111 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
255 .255 .255 .128
2
The Network Address:
163 .249 .223 .128
10100011 11111001 11011111 10000000

The Broadcast Address:

163 .249 .223 .255
10100011 11111001 11011111 11111111

The First Host Address:

163 .249 .223 .129
10100011 11111001 11011111 10000001

The Broadcast Address:

163 .249 .223 .254
10100011 11111001 11011111 11111110

1. Network Address: 163.249.223.128

2. First Host: 163.249.223.129
3. Last Host: 163.249.223.254
4. Broadcast Address: 163.249.223.255

2
Practical Assignment Week 9 – Routing

Task 1a: Online exercises

Complete all the online exercises in the following URL https://courses.codemax.net/w9.html

Provide screenshots of all exercises

1. Direct – Indirect Routes

2
2. Route Configuration

2
3. Routing Table

4. Network Routing Completed Exercises

2
Task 1b: A bit more complex network: Part 2

Provide the network flow chart - Diagram of your lab.

2
Provide screenshots of the following pings:

1. PC1A to PC1B

Configuration of LANA to LANB

LANA to LANB Configuration

Gateway (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.4/16 255.255.0.0
Gateway (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.4/24 255.255.255.0
Router AC (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.1/16 255.255.0.0
Router BC (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.1/24 255.255.255.0
PC1A (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.2/16 255.255.0.0
PC2A (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.3/16 255.255.0.0
PC1B (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.2/24 255.255.255.0
PC2B (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.3/24 255.255.255.0
2
 Gateway Start Configuration

PC1B Configuration
2

Gateway Configuration to ping PC1A to PC1B

2
The Ping Configuration from PC1A to PC1B
2
2. PC2B to PC2A

Configuration of LANB to LANA

LANA to LANB Configuration

Gateway (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.4/16 255.255.0.0
Gateway (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.4/24 255.255.255.0
Router AC (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.1/16 255.255.0.0
Router BC (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.1/24 255.255.255.0
PC1A (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.2/16 255.255.0.0
PC2A (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.3/16 255.255.0.0
PC1B (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.2/24 255.255.255.0
PC2B (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.3/24 255.255.255.0
2
 Gateway Start Configuration

Gateway Configuration to ping PC2B to PC2A

PC2A Configuration
2
The Ping Configuration from PC2B to PC2A
2
3. PC2A to PC1C

This Configuration Network Diagram is used for following ping. This is the last and final diagram.
1. From PC2A to PC1C
2
 Configuration of LANA to LANC

LANA to LANB Configuration

Gateway (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.1/16 255.255.0.0
Gateway (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.1/24 255.255.255.0
Gateway (eth2 = LANC) 192.168.3.1/24 255.255.255.0
Router AC (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.2/16 255.255.0.0
Router BC (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.2.1/24 255.255.255.0
PC1A (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.3/16 255.255.0.0
PC2A (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.4/16 255.255.0.0
PC1B (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.3/24 255.255.255.0
PC2B (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.4/24 255.255.255.0
PC1C (eth2 = LANC) 192.168.3.3/24 255.255.255.0
PC2C (eth3 = LANC) 192.168.3.4/24 255.255.255.0
2
Gateway Start Configuration

2
Gateway Configuration to ping PC2A to PC1C

PC1C Configuration
2
2
The Ping Configuration from PC1C to PC2A
2
Give a list of all nodes where you had to adjust the routing tables and the
screenshots of their configured routing tables.

Configuration of LANA LANB LANC

LANA to LANB to LANC Configuration

Gateway (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.1/16 255.255.0.0
Gateway (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.1/24 255.255.255.0
Gateway (eth2 = LANC) 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
Router AC (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.2/16 255.255.0.0
Router BC (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.2.1/24 255.255.255.0
PC1A (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.3/16 255.255.0.0
PC2A (eth0 = LANA) 10.3.0.4/16 255.255.0.0
PC1B (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.3/24 255.255.255.0
PC2B (eth1 = LANB) 172.16.3.4/24 255.255.255.0
PC1C (eth2 = LANC) 192.168.3.3/24 255.255.255.0
PC2C (eth2 = LANC) 192.168.3.4/24 255.255.255.0
2
Practical Assignment Week 10 - Transport
Protocols TCP & UDP

Task 1: TCP in Netcat

The List of Nodes Configuration

The Chat Session By Connecting 2 Netcat via a TCP connection.

Netcat can also be used to copy the contents of a file from one place (file,
folder, computer) to another. Find out how and try it out.
2
Provide screenshots of the sending and receiving command.

2
 Sending the file response.txt to PC1C

Receiving the file response.txt From PC1A

Construct an appropriate Netcat command to listen to a port on your HTTP server (e.g. PC1A)
and send the contents of the file response.txt to the HTTP client (Gateway) when a connection is
made to this port.

2
Provide a screenshot of the Netcat command you used and of the links browser output.

2
Task 2: Find 2 TCP uses
Describe the chosen scenarios and a proof of TCP use in them by attaching a Wireshark trace
showing TCP packets.

The First Scenario: Listening to YouTube Music

The Second Scenario: Visiting the Amazon Website

2
Provide a screenshot of this Flow Graph.

Scenario: Listening to YouTube Music Flow Graph

Explain what is happening during various stages (begin, middle, end) of the communication.
Explain SYN, SYNACK and ACK. Explain the Len, Seq and Ack numbers.

TCP 3 – Way Handshake (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK): “ is a process which is used in a TCP/IP
network to make a connection between the server and client. It is a three-step process that requires
both the client and server to exchange synchronization and acknowledgment packets before the real
data communication process starts.

1. My PC begins the connection by sending the TCP SYN packet to it’s host destination. The
packet contains a random sequence number in this case 1440 that indicates the beginning of
the sequence numbers for data that my PC should transmit.
2. After that, the Server will receive the packet, and it responds with its sequence number. It's
response also includes the acknowledgment number, that is my PC sequence number
incremented with 1 (Here, it is 1441).
3. My PC responds to the Server by sending the acknowledgment number that is mostly server's
sequence number that is incremented by 1.

After the data transmission process is over, TCP automatically terminates the connection between
two separate endpoints. ~ Guru99 – Krishna, 360 Operations of the company ”(Appendix –
Resources 5*)

“The client sends the first segment with seq=1 and the length of the segment is 1440 bytes. The server
2

responds with an ack=1441 which tells the client that the next expected segment will have a sequence
number is 1441. The next segment the client sends has seq=1441 and the len is now 1440 bytes. In
turn, the server responds with ack=2881 (1441 + 1440). This cycle continues until the end of the
TCP session. ~ Jake Howering, MacPackets, Hybrid Cloud Networking” (Appendix – Resources 6*)

Author’s Note: I have copied the above part from the correspondingly resource and I have modified
it so it will explain my solutions.

Task 3: Find 2 UDP uses

Describe the chosen scenarios and a proof of UDP use in them by attaching a Wireshark trace
showing UDP packets.

The First Scenario: Streaming A Movie

The Second Scenario: Visiting the Microsoft Website

2
Conclusion

Recap of the Practical Assignment Week 7

For this Week 7 of the Orienting Phase we were introduced to the Network Basics Chapter. In this
week we have learned how to setup and perform several tasks in our VMware Workstation. First of
all, we have installed and used the Netkit Tool commands to start and halt (shutdown) network nodes.
In my opinion, Netkit Tool is a wonderful environment to create several virtual network device to
connect to each other. Thenceforth, we have experienced with the network traffic using the tool
Wireshark in our virtual machine, in order to find out the Source MAC Address, Destination MAC
Address, Source IP Address, Destination IP Address and many more as demonstrated above. Last but
not least, we have successfully completed some beginners tutorial on the UNIX Operation System.

Recap of the Practical Assignment Week 8

For this Week 8 of the Orienting Phase we were introduced to the Internet Protocol Chapter. In this
week we have learned how to configure Static IP Addresses and Subnet Masks which were performed
in our virtual machine. First of all, we have learned how to build up a simple network of two nodes
connected to the same LAN interface using some basic beginners Netkit Commands. Thenceforth, we
have experienced to build up a more complicated networks of two or more nodes connected to the
same LAN interface using same standard Netkit Commands. Moreover, we have completed some
Network Exercises. For instance what is the class of an IP Address, what is the Network Mask or
Broadcast of a specific classful IP Address or even classless IP Address. Last but not least, we have
successfully completed some beginners tutorial on the Unix Operation System.

Recap of the Practical Assignment Week 9

For this Week 9 of the Orienting Phase we were introduced to the Routing Chapter. In this week we
have learned how to configure the Week 8 complicated network of two or more nodes connected to
the same LAN interface using same standard Netkit Commands. However, this week’s task is to add
in the already preconfigured “a bit complicated” network some routing information of all the nodes in
such a way, that every node can communicate through out ping to every node that is included in our
complex network.

Recap of the Practical Assignment Week 10

2
For this Week 10 of the Orienting Phase we were introduced to the Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) & User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Chapter. In this week we have used the Netcat tool to create
and use TCP/UDP connections. Netcat Tool is “ a computer networking utility for reading from and
writing to network connections using TCP or UDP. The command is designed to be a dependable
back-end that can be used directly or easily driven by other programs and scripts. ~Wikipedia
Researcher”. First of all, we have learned how to connect 2 nodes via a TCP Connection by sending
and receiving commands. Thenceforth, we have experienced to develop a basic one-page webserver
using the Netcat Tools. By his I mean. we have to construct a port on our HTTP Server (PC) and then
send files to our HTTP Client (Gateway). Last but not least, we have to find out 2 UDP & TCP
scenarios which were successfully completed in the Wireshark. Wireshark is “a packet sniffer and
analysis tool. It captures network traffic on the local network and stores that data for online analysis.
Wireshark captures network traffic from Ethernet Bluetooth, Wireless etc. ~ Jeff Petters, Researcher
on Data Security ” (Appendix – Resources 7 & 8*)

Personal Reflection
Dear Myself,
This portfolio will be the most effective way of evaluating my overall progress and performance for
this semester. From the portfolio I can evaluate my knowledge, skills and work habits gained from the
semester. Personally, portfolio is a way for me to criticize and evaluate my own work and academic
progress.
There are many advantages and disadvantages working in pairs. First of all, we had many complex
assignment which needed much time to do. So working in pairs here was really productive since we
had more resources available from both of us. We have developed a mutual understanding between
my pair and we had a great time working together. Everything in this assignment worked as we had
planned.
However, there are some major drawbacks to this portfolio use. This outstanding in my opinion
portfolio assignment took us a lot of time and organization. Furthermore, many assignments of this
subject have took us way too long to execute them for the reason that not only could we think
individually but also lack of scheduling and decision making was not possible or on the spot.
The assignments were flawless and well-constructed in terms of following part. Although, I would
like to mention here that some of the additional part and assignment tasks were way to sophisticated
and revolutionary for a new comer student to accomplish them. I see your point here is that we have
to learn new things but some of the assignment task could have be less or even could be on the
advance phase.
According to my way of thinking, I can declare that in this orienting phase I was well-educated in all
subjects of this semester. At the moment I am capable and skilful to operate a virtual machine and
carry out some basic Linux commands. Moreover, it was enthralling and fascinating to create a whole
complicated networks of two or more nodes (PC’s) connected to the same or different LAN interface
using some standard Netkit Commands. That was really intriguing! A huge number of tasks were
inconsiderable easy as piece of cake while others were burdensome, challenging, agonizing but at the
same moment appealing me to complete it.
To conclude, It was a pleasant and delightful experience! I would undoubtedly carry out several
associated courses for my future career. For the time being I’m eager to learn data science & analysis.
I anticipate that I have successfully complete the orienting phase with a high marks.
2

Your Sincerely,
Singh AmanDeep Saini

Appendix – Resources
1. https://specialties.bayt.com/en/specialties/q/41890/what-does-quot-network-unreachable-quot-
amp-host-quot-unreachable-quot-and-amp-quot-request-time-out-mean-in-ping-reply-command/
2. https://virtualization24x7.blogspot.com/2015/05/request-timed-out-vs-destination-host.html
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTOyZ6TWQdM
4. https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/arp-versus-ip
5. https://www.guru99.com/tcp-3-way-handshake.html
6. https://madpackets.com/2018/04/25/tcp-sequence-and-acknowledgement-numbers-explained/
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcat
8. https://www.varonis.com/blog/how-to-use-wireshark/