Atomic Structure:

Concept of Nuclear Atom – electron, proton and neutron (charge and

mass), atomic number. Rutherford’s model and its limitations; Extra nuclear
structure; Line spectra of hydrogen atom. Quantization of energy (Planck’s
equation E = hν); Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom and its limitations,
Sommerfeld’s modifications (elementary idea);
The four quantum numbers, ground state electronic configurations of many
electron atoms and mono â€“ atomic ions; The Aufbau Principle; Pauli’s
Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule. Dual nature of matter and light, de
Broglie’s relationship, Uncertainty principle; The concept of atomic orbitals,
shapes of s, p and d orbitals (pictorial approach).

Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Arithmetic:

Dalton’s atomic theory; Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volume;
Avogadro’s Hypothesis and its applications. Atomic mass; Molecular mass;
Equivalent weight; Valency; Gram atomic weight; Gram molecular weight; Gram
equivalent weight and mole concept; Chemical formulae; Balanced chemical
equations; Calculations (based on mole concept) involving common oxidation
– reduction, neutralization, and displacement reactions; Concentration in
terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality. Percentage
composition, empirical formula and molecular formula; Numerical problems.

The Periodic Table and Chemical Families:

Modern periodic law (based on atomic number); Modern periodic table based on
electronic configurations, groups (Gr. 1-18) and periods. Types of elements –
representative (s-block and p- block), transition (d-block) elements and inner
transition (f-block/lanthanides and actinides) and their general characteristics.
Periodic trends in physical and chemical properties – atomic radii, valency,
ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, metallic character, acidic
and basic characters of oxides and hydrides of the representative elements (up to
Z = 36). Position of hydrogen and the noble gases in the periodic table; Diagonal
relationships.

Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry:

Radioactivity α-, β-, γ rays and their properties; Artificial transmutation; Rate
of radioactive decay, decay constant, half-life and average age life period of radio-
elements; Units of radioactivity; Numerical problems. Stability of the atomic
nucleus – effect of neutron-proton (n/p) ratio on the modes of decay, group
displacement law, radioisotopes and their uses (C, P, Co and I as examples)
isobars and isotones (definition and examples), elementary idea of nuclear fission
and fusion reactions.
Coordination Compounds:
Introduction, Double salts and complex salts, coordination compounds
(examples only), Werner’s theory, coordination number (examples of
coordination number 4 and 6 only), colour, magnetic properties and shapes,
IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure:

Valence electrons, the Octet rule, electrovalent, covalent and coordinate covalent
bonds with examples; Properties of electrovalent and covalent compounds.
Limitations of Octet rule (examples); Fajans Rule. Directionality of covalent
bonds, shapes of poly – atomic molecules (examples); Concept of hybridization
of atomic orbitals (qualitative pictorial approach): sp, sp2 , sp3 and dsp2 .
Molecular orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species – bond
order and magnetic properties. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
concept (elementary idea) – shapes of molecules. Concept of resonance
(elementary idea), resonance structures (examples). Elementary idea about
electronegativity, bond polarity and dipole moment, inter- and intra-molecular
hydrogen bonding and its effects on physical properties (mp, bp and solubility);
Hydrogen bridge bonds in diborane.

Solid State:
Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic,
covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea).
Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density
of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit
cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties. Band
theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators and n & p type
semiconductors.

Liquid State:
Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no
mathematical derivations).

Gaseous State:
Measurable properties of gases. Boyle’s Law and Charles Law, absolute scale
of temperature, kinetic theory of gases, ideal gas equation – average, root mean
square and most probable velocities and their relationship with temperature.
Daltons Law of partial pressure, Grahams Law of gaseous diffusion. Deviations
from ideal behavior. Liquefaction of gases, real gases, van der Waals equation;
Numerical problems.
Chemical Energetics and Chemical Dynamics:
Chemical Energetics – Conservation of energy principle, energy changes in
physical and chemical transformations. First law of thermodynamics; Internal
energy, work and heat, pressure – volume work; Enthalpy. Internal energy
change (ΔE) and Enthalpy change (ΔH) in a chemical reaction. Hesss Law and
its applications (Numerical problems). Heat of reaction, fusion and apourization;
Second law of thermodynamics;
Entropy; Free energy; Criterion of spontaneity. Third law of thermodynamics
(brief introduction).
Chemical Equilibria – The Law of mass action, dynamic nature of chemical
equilibria. Equilibrium constants, Le Chateliers Principle. Equilibrium constants
of gaseous reactions (Kp and Kc) and relation between them (examples).
Significance of ΔG and ΔGº.
Chemical Dynamics – Factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions
(concentration, pressure, temperature, catalyst), Concept of collision theory.
Arrhenius equation and concept of activation energy.
Order and molecularity (determination excluded); First order reactions, rate
constant, half – life (numerical problems), examples of first order and second
order reactions.

Physical Chemistry of Solutions:

Colloidal Solutions – Differences from true solutions; Hydrophobic and
hydrophilic colloids (examples and uses); Coagulation and peptization of
colloids; Dialysis and its applications; Brownian motion; Tyndall effect and its
applications; Elementary idea of emulsion, surfactant and micelle.
Electrolytic Solutions – Specific conductance, equivalent conductance, ionic
conductance, Kohlrausch’s law,
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, applications. Numerical problems.
Non-electrolytic Solutions – Types of solution, vapour pressure of solutions.
Raoult’s Law; Colligative
properties – lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression
of freezing point, osmotic pressure and their relationships with molecular mass
(without derivations); Numerical problems.

Ionic and Redox Equilibria:

Ionic equilibria – ionization of weak electrolytes, Ostwald’s dilution law.
Ionization constants of weak acids and bases, ionic product of water, the pH –
scale, pH of aqueous solutions of acids and bases; Buffer solutions, buffer action
and Henderson equation.
Acid-base titrations, acid – base indicators (structures not required).
Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), solubility product, common ion effect (no
numerical problems).
Redox Equilibria: Oxidation – Reduction reactions as electron transfer
processes, oxidation numbers, balancing of redox reactions by oxidation number
and ion-electron methods. Standard electrode potentials (E°), Electrochemical
series, feasibility of a redox reaction. Significance of Gibb’s equation: ΔG° =
– nFΔE° (without derivation), no numerical problems. Redox titrations with
(examples); Nernst equations (Numerical problems).

Hydrogen:
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation,
properties and uses of hydrogen, hydrides-ionic covalent and interstitial; physical
and chemical properties of water, heavy water, hydrogen
Peroxide – preparation, reactions and structure and use; hydrogen as a fuel.

Chemistry of Non-Metallic Elements and their Compounds:

Carbon – occurrence, isotopes, allotropes (graphite, diamond, fullerene); CO
and CO2 production, properties and uses. Nitrogen and Phosphorus –
occurrence, isotopes, allotopes, isolation from natural sources and purification,
reactivity of the free elements. Preparation, properties, reactions of NH3, PH3,
NO, NO2, HNO2, HNO3, P4O10, H3PO3 and H3PO4. Oxygen and Sulphur –
Occurrence, isotopes, allotropic forms, isolation from natural sources and
purification,
properties and reactions of the free elements. Water, unusual properties of water,
heavy water (production and uses). Hydrogen peroxide and ozone (production,
purification, properties and uses).
Halogens – comparative study, occurrence, physical states and chemical
reactivities of the free elements, peculiarities of fluorine and iodine; Hydracids of
halogens (preparation, properties, reactions and uses), inter- halogen compounds
(examples); Oxyacids of chlorine.

Chemistry of Metals:
General principles of metallurgy – occurrence, concentration of ores,
production and purification of metals, mineral wealth of India. Typical metals
(Na, Ca, Al, Fe, Cu and Zn) – occurrence, extraction, purification (where
applicable), properties and reactions with air, water, acids and non-metals.
Manufacture of steels and alloy steel (Bessemer, Open-Hearth and L.D. process).
Principles of chemistry involved in electroplating, anodizing and galvanizing.
Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. Lanthanoids – Electronic
configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction
and its consequences.
Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with
lanthanoids.
Chemistry in Industry:
Large scale production (including physicochemical principles where applicable,
omitting technical details) and uses of Sulphuric acid (contact process),
Ammonia (Haber’s process), Nitric acid (Ostwald’s process), sodium bi-
carbonate and sodium carbonate (Solvey process).

Polymers:
Natural and synthetic polymers, methods of polymerization (addition and
condensation), copolymerization, some important polymers – natural and
synthetic like polythene, nylonpolyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and
non-biodegradable polymers.

Surface Chemistry:
Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of
gases on solids, catalysis, homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity;
enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions, colloids and
suspension; lyophilic , lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids;
properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis,
coagulation, emulsion – types of emulsions.

Chemistry of Carbon Compounds:

Hybridization of carbon: σ – and π – bonds. Isomerism – constitutional
and stereoisomerism; Geometrical and optical isomerism of compounds
containing upto two asymmetric carbon atoms. IUPAC nomenclature of simple
organic compounds – hydrocarbons, mono and bifunctional molecules only
(alicyclic and heterocyclic compounds excluded).
Environmental Chemistry:
Common modes of pollution of air, water and soil. Ozone layer, ozone hole –
important chemical reactions in the atmosphere, Smog; major atmospheric
pollutants; Green House effect; Global warming pollution due to industrial
wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategies
for control of environment pollution. Conformations of ethane and n-butane
(Newman projection only). Electronic Effects: Inductive, resonance and
hyperconjugation. Stability of carbocation, carbanion and free radicals;
Rearrangement of carbocation;
Electrophiles and nucleophiles, tautomerism in β-dicarbonyl compounds, acidity
and basicity of simple organic compounds.

Compounds:

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes:

Haloalkanes – Preparation from alcohols; Nomenclature, nature of C -X bond,
physical and chemical
properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation. Formation of
Grignard reagents and their synthetic applications for the preparation of alkanes,
alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and acids; SN1 and SN2 reactions ( preliminary
concept ). Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane,
trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
Alkanes – Preparation from alkyl halides and carboxylic acids; Reactions —
halogenation and combustion.
Alkenes and Alkynes – Preparation from alcohols; Formation of Grignard
reagents and their synthetic applications for the preparation of alkanes, alcohols,
aldehydes, ketones and acids; SNl and SN2 reactions (preliminary concept).
Markownikoff’s and anti-Markownikoff’s additions; Hydroboration;
Oxymercuration-demercuration, reduction of alkenes and alkynes (H2/Lindler
catalyst and Na in liquid NH3), metal acetylides.

Alcohols:
Preparation of alcohols from carbonyl compounds and esters. Reaction –
dehydration, oxidation, esterification, reaction with sodium, ZnCl2/HCl,
phosphorous halides.
Ethers – Preparation by Williamson’s synthesis; Cleavage with HCl and HI.
Aldehydes and Ketones – Preparation from esters, acid chlorides, gem-
dihalides, Ca-salt of carboxylic acids. Reaction – Nucleophilic addition with
HCN, hydrazine, hydroxyl amines, semi carbazides, alcohols; Aldol condensation,
Clemmensen and Wolff – Kishner reduction, haloform, Cannizzaro and Wittig
reactions.
Carboxylic Acids – Hydrolysis of esters (mechanism excluded) and cyanides;
Hunsdicker and HVZ reactions.
Aliphatic Amines – Preparation from nitro, cyano and amido compounds.
Distinction of 1º, 2º and 3º amines
(Hinsberg method); Reaction with HNO2; Carbyl amine reaction.
Aromatic Compounds:
Amines – Preparation from reduction of nitro compounds; Formation of
diazonium salts and their stability;
Replacement of diazonium group with H, OH, X (halogen), CN and NO2,
diazocoupling and reduction.
Haloarenes – Nature of C -X bond, substitution reactions; Nucleophilic
substitution, cine substitution (excluding mechanism, Directive influence of
halogen in monosubstituted compounds only).
Phenols – halogenation, sulfonation, nitration, Reimer – Tiemann and Kolbe
reactions. Aromatic Aldehydes – Preparation by Gattermann, Gattermann-
Koch, Rosenmund and Stephen’s method. Reactions – Perkin, Benzoin and
Cannizzaro.
Benzene – Kekule structure, aromaticity and Hückel rule. Electrophilic
substitution – halogenation, sulfonation, nitration, Friedel Crafts reaction,
ozonolysis. Directive influence of substituents in monosubstituted benzenes.
Carcinogenicity and toxicity.

Application Oriented chemistry:

Main ingredients, their chemical natures (structures excluded) and their side
effects, if any, of common antiseptics, analgesics, antacids, vitamin-C.

Introduction to Bio-Molecules:
Carbohydrates – Pentoses and hexoses. Distinctive chemical reactions of
glucose. Aminoacids – glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine (structures).
Zwitterion structures of amino acids, peptide bond. ADP and ATP – structures
and role in bioenergetics; Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA skeleton structures.
Names of essential elements in biological system.

Principles of Qualitative Analysis:

Detection of water soluble non-interfering Acid and Basic Radicals by dry and
wet tests from among:
Detection of special elements (N, Cl, Br, I and S) in organic compounds by
chemical tests. Identification of functional groups in: phenols, aromatic amines,
aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.