To express:

a) wish: Oh, if that were true.

If he hadn't been late then.
b) modality (with modal You could do it yourself.
verbs): You could have come earlier.
He should be more careful.
c) advice or preference: You'd better stay at home.
I'd sooner stay at home.
Complex sentences
1. Subject clauses after It's high time they were here.
It's (high) time:
2. Predicative clauses: It looks as if he knew nothing.
It looks as if they had left.
It seems as if it were going rain.
3. Object clauses
a) after expressions of wish: I wish he were here now.
I wish you had gone with us then.
I wish he would stay here.
b) in indirect questions: She has never asked me if it
were so or not.
4. Adverbial clauses
a) of comparison She behaved as if she were
a hostess here.
She spoke English as if she had spent
much time in England.
b) of concession (introduced Even if it did not rain I should
by even if, even though): stay at home.
Even if I had been informed
beforehand I shouldn't have gone there
Even if I had taken this medicine
yesterday I shouldn't be better today.
c) of unreal condition: If he came to me tomorrow, we should
discuss this plan.
If he had come yesterday, we should
have discussed this plan.

82
 The Conditional Mood
Simple sentences
1. To express ail action with I should like to speak to him.
implied condition. It would be very interesting.
2. To express an action with But for you, I shouldn't stay,
implied condition, expressed Except for the weather,
by an adverbial modifier the picnic would be a success,
introduced by but for, except for.
Complex sentences
1. In the principal clause of a complex sentence with an advert
clause of condition: If you came to me tomorrow we should discuss t
plan. If you had come to me yesterday we should have discussed t
plan.
In the principal clause of a complex sentence with an adverbial clause
concession introduced by even i f , even though: Even if I came th
tomorrow I shouldn't speak to him. Even if I had come there yesterde
shouldn't have spoken to him.
The Suppositional Mood
Complex sentences only
1. Subject clauses introduced It's necessary that everybody
by the anticipatory "it": should be present.
It's demanded that everybody
should come.
2. Object clauses
a) after expressions of
order and suggestion: I suggest that we should do it now
b) after expressions of fear: I fear lest she should be late.
3. Adverbial clauses
a) of purpose: We'll start early lest we should
be late.
b) of concession: However hard it should rain
we shall have to go.
c) of condition: If you should see him, ask him to
come.
Should he come, ask him to wait
me.
83
 Note: As has been mentioned before, the Future Perfect is not of
frequent occurrence in the Active. In the Passive its use is quite
uncommon.
The sentences The work is finished and The work has been
finished are somewhat similar in meaning. Yet there is a difference
between them: the former serves to express a state in the present which
is the result of the previously accomplished action; the latter denotes the
action proper which took place before the present moment.

MOOD

Introductory remarks

As it was already mentioned, MOOD is the category of the verb

which shows the relation between the action expressed by the
predicate verb and reality. This relation is established by the speaker
or the writer.
Actions or states represented as real facts are expressed by the
Indicative Mood, e.g.: I know this lady. I have known her for five years.
Commands, orders, requests, warnings are expressed by the
Imperative Mood:
e. g. Stay at home, don't leave today.
Let Jane do it herself, let Andrew not help her.
The Subjunctive Mood expresses unreal or hypothetical actions or
states which can be viewed upon as desired, necessary, possible,
supposed, imaginary or contradicting reality.
Different forms of the verb are employed for this purpose.
In Old English the Subjunctive Mood was expressed by a special
system of inflections, different from those of the Indicative Mood. But
in the course of time most of these inflections were lost and the
difference between the form of the Subjunctive and those of the
Indicative has disappeared in fact. In Modern English the Subjunctive
Mood has only two synthetic forms.
The Subjunctive Mood has four forms: Subjunctive I, Subjunctive
II, the Conditional Mood and the Suppositional Mood. Two of them

54
(Subjunctive I and Subjunctive II) are synthetic and the other two are
analytical (the Conditional Mood and the Suppositional Mood).
All of them are combined into one group and are traditionally called
Oblique Mood. With the exception of Subjunctive I, all of them have
tense, voice and aspect distinctions.
Subjunctive I in form coincides with the plain verb stem for all
persons in both the Singular and the Plural, e.g.:
I be (have, know, be kept)
You be (have, know, be kept)
He be (have, know, be kept)
She be (have, know, be kept)
We be (have, know, be kept)
They be (have, know, be kept).
Subjunctive II has two tense-forms: Present Subjunctive II and
Past Subjunctive II.
Present Subjunctive II coincides in form with the Past Indefinite
Indicative. The only exception is the verb to be, which has the form
were for all persons. These forms are used to denote an unreal or
hypothetical action referring to the present or future.
e. g. If I knew his address! - Якби я знав його адресу!
If I had such a dictionary! - Якби у мене був такий
словник!
If they returned in time! - Хоча б вони повернулися
вчасно!
If I were there now! - Якби я був там зараз!
If I were invited to that party! - Якби мене запросили на ту
вечірку!
If he were not sleeping now! - Якби ж то він не спав зараз!
If it were not raining now! - Якби ж то зараз не йшов
дощ!
Past Subjunctive II coincides in form with the Past Perfect
Indicative or Past Perfect Continuous Indicative. These forms are
used to denote unreal or hypothetical actions referring to the past,
e. g. If I had known it before! - Якби я знав це раніше!
If I had seen her yesterday! - Якби я бачив її вчора!

55
 If I had been given this chance then! - Якби мені дали цей
шанс тоді!
If he had not been sleeping yet! -Хоча б він все ще не
спав!
The Conditional Mood has two tenses: the Present Conditional
and the Past Conditional.
In form the Present Conditional coincides with the Future
Indefinite in the past of the Indicative Mood (common aspect) or
Future Continuous in the Past of the Indicative Mood (continuous
aspect). The Past Conditional coincides with the Future Perfect in the
Past of the Indicative Mood (common aspect) or the Future Perfect
Continuous in the Past of the Indicative Mood (continuos aspect).
The Present Conditional is used to express an action referring to the
present or future while the Past Conditional is used with reference to
the past.
e. g. I should know what to do. - Я знав би, що робити.
Не would refuse, I'm sure. - Він відмовився б, я впевнена.
I didn't go to that concert because I should have been bored to
death. - Я не ходила на концерт, бо я нудьгувала б.
But for your brother we should have been sitting and waiting
for a car. - Якби не ваш брат, ми все ще сиділи б і чекали б
автомобіль.
The Suppositional Mood has two tense-forms too: the Present
Suppositional and the Past Suppositional.
The Present Suppositional is formed with the help of the auxiliary
verb should for all persons plus the Indefinite or the Continuous
Infinitive. It refers the action to the present or future.
The Past Suppositional is formed by the auxiliary verb should for
all persons plus Perfect or Perfect Continuous Infinitive. These forms
are used with reference to the past.
e. g. It's demanded that everybody should be present. -
Вимагається, щоб усі були присутні.
I fear lest he should be sleeping now. - Боюсь, хоча б він
не спав зараз.
It's strange that Olga should have said this. - Дивно, щоб
Ольга сказала таке.
56
 THE USE OF OBLIQUE MOODS
IN MODERN ENGLISH
The use of Subjunctive I
Subjunctive I represents an action as problematic, but
contradicting reality. It's used to express order, request, purpc
suggestion, supposition, wish or hope. In Modern English it is presen
only in elevated prose and poetry, in the language of official documei
Besides, it's used also with optative meaning in some set expressions.
Here are the main cases of the use of Subjunctive I:
To express wish or hope:
a) In exclamations, very often involving supernatural pow
(usually in prayers):
e. g. (God) bless you! - Боже мій! Батечки!
(God) save the king (queen)! - Боже, бережи короля!
God (Heaven) forbid! - He дай Боже!
(God) Heaven help us! - Нехай допоможе нам Бог!
b) In some set expressions:
Be it so! So be it! - Нехай буде так!
Far be it from me (to do something)... - У мене і в думках
було...
Suffice it to say that... - Досить сказати,що ...
c) In slogans:
е. g. Long live our freedom! - Нехай живе свобода!
Long live heroes! - Слава героям!
d) In oaths, imprecations, curses:
e. g. The devil take him! - Прокляття! Хай його чорт візьме!
Manners be hanged! - До біса манери!
Confound you! - До біса! Хай його чорт візьме!
Curse this fog! - Чорт би побрав цей туман!
Note I: То express wish may + Infinitive is used:
May success attend you! - Нехай тобі щастить!
May yours be a happy marriage! - Нехай ваш шлюб б;
щасливим!
May he win! - Хоча б він переміг!

57
 Note 2: To express concession parenthetical phrases with may and
let can also be used:
Happen what may. - Що буде, те й буде.
Be this (that) as it may. - За всяких обставин.
Let it be so. - Нехай буде так.
Note 3: Subjunctive 1 can also be used parallelly with the
Suppositional Mood (See the chapter dealing with the Suppositional
Mood).
The use of Subjunctive II
Subjunctive II is used both in simple and complex sentences.
Simple sentences
In simple sentences Subjunctive II is used to express:
1. Unreal wish, regret.
In English such sentences usually begin with "Oh, if only..." ,
"Oh, if...", "Oh, t h a t T h e y are rendered into Ukrainian as
"Ox, якби ...", "Хоча б ...".
PATTERN I

(Oh), if only were (were not)

Oh, if smb did (didn't do) smth
Oh, that it were (weren't) doing smth
had (hadn't) done smth
were (were not) done
had (hadn't) been done
could do; could be done
could have done
could have been done

E.g. If only I were there now! - Якби ж я була там зараз!

(I am sorry, I am not there now).
If only I knew for sure. - Якби ж то я знала напевно.
If only it didn't rain. - Хоча б дощ не йшов.
If only it were not raining now. - Якби ж дощ не пішов
If only I could do something for you. - Якби ж я могла
зробити що-небудь для тебе.

58
 If only I could have done something for you then. - Якб
то я могла зробити що-небудь (тоді).
If only I were given this chance. - Хоча б мені дали
шанс.
If only I had been given this chance last year. - Якби a
мені дали цей шанс в минулому році.
2. Advice, admonition.
To express some advice or admonition forms with had better, 1
best are used. Very often contracted forms are used.
Here some advisability of the action is expressed. It's implied
something may happen if somebody doesn't follow this advice,
action refers to the present or future. The Infinitive is used witl
particle "to". (See Patern II).
PATTERN II

Smb had better do smth

(had best) not do smth
e.g.: You'd better go there immediately. - Ти б краще nil
туди негайно.
You'd better not stay indoors but go for a walk. - T
краще не сидів удома, а пішов погуляти.
You'd best go to bed immediately. - Було б найкра
якби ти негайно ліг у ліжко.
3. Preference, wish.
То express somebody's preference or wish set phrases had rati
would rather, would sooner are used. They are the Subjunctive Mi
only by origin. They do not express actions depending on some un
condition. They merely lend the sentence a milder and more polite sh
of meaning. The Perfect Infinitive is used to denote an unrealized acti
unrealized wish. In negative responses the Infinitive can be omiti
(See Pattern III)
PATTERN III
had rather do smth (not do smth)
Smb would rather have done smth
would sooner not have done smth

59
 e.g.: I'd sooner go nowhere but stay at home. - Я охочіше
нікуди не йшла б, а залишилася б удома.
I'm sure she had rather have stayed at home then. (But she
didn't stay). - Я впевнена, вона краще залишилася б удома тоді.
Are you going to stay here? - I'd rather not. - Ти збираєшся
тут залишатись? Я б не хотіла.
Note 1: Preference in the past is expressed by the verb "to prefer"
plus the Gerund, e.g.:
I would rather read than watch TV (preference in the present).
But: I preferred reading to watching TV (preference in the past).
Note 2: Instead of the Infinitive the phrase may be followed by an
object clause in which Present Subjunctive or Past Subjunctive II is used
(it depends upon the time reference).
E. g. I'd rather you were present at this meeting.
I'd rather you spent the week-end with us.
I'd rather you didn't ask so many questions.
I'd rather you had not invited him but nothing can be done
now.
I'd rather she were not invited.
Note 3: In formal English the pattern "Rather than + the Infinitive
... smb would + the Infinitive" is possible:
e. g. Rather than go to prison I would pay the fine.
Я б охочіше заплатив штраф замість того, щоб попасти
у в'язницю.
4. Possibility, advisability, desirability, intention (with modal
verbs). If the action refers to the present or future the modal verb is
followed by the Indefinite Infinitive, but if the action refers to the past
the Perfect Infinitive should be used. (See Pattern IV).
PATTERN IV

Do smth
smb could/might/ be done
should/would have done smth
have been done
e.g.: Do you know him? Could you speak with him? - Ти знаєш
його? Могла б ти поговорити з ним?
60
 He could be invited too. - Його також можна було б
запросити.
You could have done it before my returning. - Ти міг би
зробити це до мого повернення.
You might have broken the vase. - Ти міг би розбити ваз
You should be more attentive. - Тобі слід бути уважніши
You should have warned everybody in time. -Тобі CJ
було попередити всіх вчасно.
I would not answer such a question. - А я не відповідала
на таке запитання.
Complex Sentences
The structure of complex sentences demands the use of Subjuncti
II in the subordinate clause.
1. Present Subjunctive II is used in Subject clauses after t
principal clause of the type "It's (high) time" - "Давно пора". In 1
principal clause the structure may be affirmative, interrogative, negati
or negative-interrogative. (See Pattern V).
PATTERN V

It's (high) time smb did smth

It's not time smth were doing smth
Is it time were done
Isn't it time

e.g.: It's time you knew such things. - Тобі пора знати n
речі.
Is it time they returned? - Чи пора їм повернутися?
Isn't it time the children were in bed? - Чи не пора дітз
бути в ліжку?
It's high time you were operated on. - Тобі давно по
прооперуватися.
Note 1.: The same idea can be rendered by the Infiniti
construction,
e.g.: It's high time you returned these books to the library = It's hij
time for you to return these books to the library. - Тобі давно по]
повернути ці книги в бібліотеку.

61
 However, there is a slight difference between these constructions: in
the first case we simply state that the time has come, while in the second
case we criticize somebody for not doing something, we imply that it is
a little late to perform this action.
Note 2.: Attention should be paid to the peculiar structure of the
principal clause which in fact has no subject, the subordinate clause
serving as such.
2. Subjunctive II is used in Predicative clauses.
In this case the clause has a comparative meaning and is accordingly
introduced by the comparative conjunctions as if, as though (неначе).
The peculiarity of complex sentences with a predicative clause is that
in the principal clause we find only one part of the predicate, i.e. a link
verb (to be, to look, to seem, to feel, to taste, to smell, etc.), which
together with the predicative clause forms, a compound nominal
predicate.
If the action in the subordinate clause is simultaneous with the action
in the principal clause, in the subordinate clause Present Subjunctive II
is used. If he action is prior to that in the principal clause, Past
Subjunctive II is used. Both, common and continuous aspects are
possible. (See Pattern VI)
PATTERN VI

is/was/wiil be smb did smth

It looks/looked/will look as if smb were doing smth
seems/seemed/will as though smb had done smth
Smb seem smb had been doing smth
feels/felt/will feel

e.g.: It is as if she knew something. - Скидається на те, що вона

щось знає.
It will be as if nothing had happened. - Буде так, ніби-то
нічого не трапилося.
It looks as if it were going to rain. - Скидається на те, що
піде дощ.
It seemed as if the child had been crying. - Здавалося, що
дитина плакала.
62
 Note: To refer the action to the future the phrase "to be going +
Infinitive" is used.
e. g. It looks as if the winter were going to be snow)
Скидається на те, що зима буде сніжною.
3. Subjunctive II is used in Object clauses after the verb to wisl
the action expressed in the object clause is simultaneous with that of
principal clause Present Subjunctive II is used. If the action expresse
the object clause is prior to that of the principal clause Past Subjunc
II is used.
The verb to wish can be used in the affirmative, interrogat
negative, negative-interrogative forms.
As all these forms express an unrealizable wish, they serve
expressions of regret rather than wish. That's why they may be rende
into Ukrainian in two ways: а) Добре було б, якби ...;
b) Шкода, що ....
If the actions in both clauses are simultaneous, these two ways
rendering are possible, but if the action of the subordinate cla
precedes that of the principal clause, there is only one way of renderi
namely the second one.
It's necessary to point out that when the verb in the object claus<
affirmative in English, it is negative in Ukrainian, and vice versa. (
Pattern VII).
PATTERN VII

Smb wishes/wished/ smb did (didn't do) smth

will wish smb were (were not) doing smth
Does smb wish smb had (hadn't) done smth
Did smb wish smb could/might do smth
Doesn't smb smb could/might have done smth
Didn't smb wish smth were (were not) done
I do/did wish smth had (hadn't) been done

e.g. : I wish I knew German. - а) Добре було б, якби я зі

німецьку ; Ь) Шкода, що я не знаю німецьку мову.
You will wish you had gone with us. - Ти пошкодуєш, і
не пішов з нами.
63
 I don't wish I hadn't come. - Я не шкодую, що прийшов.
Don't you wish you hadn't refused? - Ти не шкодуєш, що
відмовився?
I do wish I had joined you. - Я так жалкую, що не
приєднався до вас.
Note: If the desired action refers to the future and the subject of
the subordinate clause and that of the principal clause do not denote the
same thing or person one can use the form "would + the Infinitive". In
such cases the fulfilment of the wish usually depends on the will of the
person denoted by the subject of the subordinate clause.
e. g. I wish you wouldn't speak so loudly. - Добре було б, якби
ви не говорили так голосно.
I wish he would stay to dinner. - Добре було б, якби він
залишився на обід.
If the fulfilment of the wish depends more on the circumstances the
forms "might + the Infinitive", "could + the Infinitive" are used.
e. g. I wish he might be here. - Добре було б, якби він зміг
бути тут.
I wish he could understand me. - Шкода, що він не може
зрозуміти мене.

4. Subjunctive II is used in Adverbial clauses of Comparison and

Manner to express unreality, improbability or doubt. Such clauses are
introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though. In clauses of
comparison several forms of the Subjunctive Mood are used. Everything
depends upon the time-reference. If the action of the subordinate clause
is simultaneous with that in the principal clause, Present Subjunctive II
is used (It coincides with the Past Indefinite or Past Continuous
Indicative): He behaves as if he knew someting. If the action in the
comparative clause is prior to that in the principal clause, Past
Subjunctive II is used (It coincides with the Past Perfect or Past Perfect
Continuous Indicative): He behaves as if nothing had happened. If the
action of the subordinate clause follows the action of the principal
clause, would + the Infinitive is used. (See Pattern VIII).

64
 PATTERN VIII
does Smb did smth (didn't do smth)
did were (were not) doing smth
will do as if had (hadn't) done smth
Smb is doing had (hadn't) been doing smth
was doing as though were (were not) done
could (couldn't) do smth
could (couldn't) have done
smth

e.g. : She loves the girl as if she were her daughter. - B<
любить дівчинку так, нібито вона її дочка.
She behaved as if she didn't understand the importance
this question. - Вона вела себе так, ніби не розум
значимості цого питання.
I'll behave as if nothing had happened. - Я вестиму сі
так, ніби то нічого не трапилося.
From time to times he looked at his watch as if he w
hurrying somewhere. - Час від часу вона поглядала на години
нібито вона поспішає кудись.
They will reproach you as though anybody could have dt
more. - Вони докорятимуть тобі, ніби хтось зміг би зроб*
більше.
She began to weep as if her heart would break. - Be
почала ридати, наче її серце розірветься.
5. Subjunctive II is used in Subordinate clauses of Unreal conditic

Some general remarks on Conditional sentences

Complex sentences may include conditional clauses expressing r
condition and unreal condition. In the first case the Indicative Mood
used, in the second - the Subjunctive Mood. Both conditions may re
to the past, present or future.
Since the majority of conditional clauses are introduced by 1
conjunction if, they are often called if-clauses. Other conjunctions us
to introduce conditional clauses are: unless, in case, supposing (tha
providing (that), on condition (that), suppose (that), provided (tha
5. Зам. 1776. 65
 If has the most general meaning of all the conjunctions. Its use is not
restricted in any way, whereas all the other conjunctions are limited in
their application, each of them expressing a conditional relation with a
certain shade of meaning. Thus, unless has a negative meaning,
although it's not identical with "if not". Clauses introduced by unless
indicate the only condition which may prevent the realization of the
action in the principal clause. So it's meaning is that of exception, and
because of this meaning unless is always emphatic.
e. g. I shan't go there unless it's absolutely necessary.
The Ukrainian conjunction with negation "якщо не" can't be
rendered into English by unless if the negation refers only to the part of
the compound predicate. In this case if not should be used,
e. g. Одягнися тепло, якщо не хочеш застудитися. -
Put on warm things, if you don't want to catch cold.
The conjunction in case also has a specific shade of meaning
combining condition and purpose. It's rendered into Ukrainian as "y
випадку, якщо".
e. g. I'll see a doctor only in case I feel worse.
Supposing (that) and suppose (that) preserve the meaning of
supposition, their origin from the verb to suppose is still felt. They are
rendered into Ukrainian by means of "припустимо ".
e. g. What shall we do, supposing it's true?
Providing (that) and provided (that) are rather narrow in meaning
indicating a favourable and desirable condition. These conjunctions are
rather formal stylistically, being more typical of official documents.
Their Ukrainian equivalents are "при умові, якщо",
e. g. I'll do my best, provided it lies in my power.
On condition (that) is also connected with its original meaning. It's
more formal than if. It's rendered into Ukrainian as "при умові, якщо",
e. g. I'll agree on that condition that you give up smoking.
Types of Conditional sentences
Conditional sentences are usually divided into three types :
Type I Conditional sentences of real condition.
Type II Conditional sentences of unreal condition referring
to the present or future.

66
 Type III Conditional sentences of unreal condition referring
to the past.
Each type has it's own variants. Besides, there are also mixed te
sequences in conditional sentences. Thus, type I has the follow
variants:
Conditional sentences of the first type
1. Sentences which express relationships that are always true i
unchanging. These are absolute relations unbounded in time. As a ri
such relations are based on physical laws or habits. The same tense (
Present Indefinite) is usually used in both clauses.
e.g.: If oil is mixed with water it floats.
If I wash the dishes my younger sister dries them.
2. Sentences which express some inference about specific time boi
relationship. In such structures different tense forms are used,
usually the same ones in both clauses. The main clause often conte
modals "must" or "should"
e.g.: If it's Sunday today, it's Mary's birthday.
If their was a happy day in my life, it was my wedding.
If you come at seven, he should be at home.
3. Sentences expressing future plans. The action of the if-claus<
quite probable and the future outcome expressed in the principal cla
is quite certain. If it's not sufficiently certain, modals may or can
used to express possibility or permission.
e.g.: If you finish your dinner, I'll buy you ice-cream.
If you finish your dinner I may buy you ice-cream.
If you finish your dinner you may leave the table.
4. Sentences which express completeness or result of the action in
if-clause. In the subordinate clause the Present Perfect Indicative, am
the principal clause the Future Indefinite Indicative are used.
e.g.: If you have finished your dinner I'll give you ice-cream.
Conditional sentences of the second type
Conditional sentences of this type express unreal actions referring
the present or future. Present Subjunctive II is used in the subordir
clause and the Present Conditional in the principal clause. These foi
of the Oblique Mood are used to indicate some imaginary situation:

67
the if-clause and to speculate about their imaginary consequences in the
main clause.
Very often such structures are used to describe what is totally
impossible.
e.g.: If I were the queen, you would be the king.
Sometimes these sentences are used to express actions which will
possibly happen.
e. g. If I had time I should go with you.
One can use this structure to express some advice.
e.g.: If I were you I should go there (I advise you to go there).
Modal verbs express different shades of modality.
e.g.: If I knew French I could help you to translate this text.
(ability)
If you came tomorrow we could discuss this question.
(possibility)
If he were not sleeping now we might take him with us.
(possibility)
(See Pattern IX).
PATTERN IX

if smb did (didn't do) smth smb should/would do smh

if smb were (weren't) doing smth smb shouldn't/wouldn't do smth
if smb could/might do smth smb should/would be doing smth
if smb/smth were (weren't) done smb shouldn't/wouldn't be
if smb/smth could/might be done doing smth

e.g.: If you thought ill of me I should be sorry. - Мені було б

прикро, якби ти погано подумав про мене.
If he were not working now we should take him with us. -
Якби він не працював зараз, ми взяли б його з собою.
If I could help I should do it by all means. - Якби я міг
допомогти, то я обов'язково зробив би це.
Would you go there if you were invited? - Чи пішов би ти
туди, якби тебе запросили ?

68
 If this work could be done in two days we should try
but it's impossible. - Якби цю роботу можна було виконати за ;
дні, ми постаралися б, але це неможливо.
Conditional sentences of the third type
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses of Condition of the th
type express unreal conditions and represent an event or state of thii
as a mere conception of the mind, as a mere speculation of the past
the speaker.
In the subordinate clause the Past Subjunctive II is used and in
principal clause the Past Conditional is used.
Modal verbs are often used to express different modal meanin
ability possibility, permission. (See Pattern X).
The phrase "to be for" is often used to explain why something did
happen in the past.
e. g. If it hadn't been for the weather, the party would have bt
a great fun. - Вечірка вдалася б, якби не погода.

PATTERN X

if smb had (hadn't) done smth smb should/would have dc

if smb had (hadn't) been doing smth smth
if smb could/might have done smth smb shouldn't/wouldn't he
if smb couldn't/mightn't have done done smth.
smth smb should/would have be
if smb/smth had (hadn't) been done doing smth
if smb/smth could/might have been smth shouldn't/wouldn't ha
done been done
if smb/smth couldn't/mightn't have
been done

e.g.: If 1 had seen him there yesterday I should have told him
the truth - Якби я побачив його там вчора, то я сказав би йому в<
правду.
If they had been working yet when we came we shou
have taken them with us. - Якби вони все ще працювали, коли і
прийшли до них, ми взяли б їх з собою.
69
 If I had been warned earlier I should have come. - Якби
мене попередили зарання, я прийшов би.
If they couldn't have warned us in time we should have
been waiting for them yet. - Якби вони не зуміли попередити нас
вчасно, ми все ще чекали б на них..
The actions in the principal and subordinate clauses may have
different time-reference. Sentences of this kind are said to have split
condition. The subordinate clause may refer to the present and future
and the principal clause may refer to the past and vice versa. The
condition may also refer to no particular time, and the consequence may
refer to the past.
e.g.: If you had taken this medicine yesterday you wouldn't be
coughing now. - Якби ти прийняла ці ліки вчора, то не кашляла б
зараз.
If I knew French I should have spoken with a Frenchman
yesterday. - Якби я знала французьку, то поговорила б з французом
вчора.
If you were not so indifferent to him you would have noticed
that there was something wrong with him. - Якби ви не були такі
байдужі, то помітили б, що з ним щось негаразд.
6. Subjunctive II is used in adverbial clauses of Concession
introduced by conjunctions even if, even though.
Concessive clauses introduced by even if, even though are built up
on the same pattern as conditional clauses and the same forms of the
Oblique Mood are used (See Pattern X).
e.g.: Even if you came tomorrow I shouldn't be able to help you.
- Навіть якби ти прийшов завтра, я не зміг би тобі допомогти.
Even if he were sleeping now we should wake him up. -
Навіть якби він і спав зараз, ми розбудили б його.
Even if I were invited there I should not go. - Навіть якби
мене і запрошували, я не пішов би туди.
Even if I had taken this medicine yesterday I should not be better
today. - Навіть якби я прийняв ці ліки вчора, мені не було б краще
сьогодні.
Even if I knew French I should not have spoken with that
Frenchman yesterday as I am veiv shy. - Навіть якби я знав
70
французьку, я не поговорив би з тим французом вчора, бо я д
сором'язливий.
The use of the Conditional Mood
The Conditional Mood is used both in simple and com
sentences.
Simple sentences
1. The Conditional Mood is used in simple sentences with imj
condition. The tense-form depends upon the time-reference.

PATTERN I

I, We should (shouldn't) do smth

should (shouldn't) have done smth
You, he, she, they would (wouldn't) do smth
would (wouldn't) have done smth

e.g. I should like to speak to you. - Я хотіла б поговори:

тобою.
I shouldn't change anything. - Я нічого не міняла б.
Î shouldn't have come yesterday. - Я б не прихол
вчора.
Не wouldn't answer such a question. - Він не відповії
на таке запитання.
They wouldn't have done anything either then. - В
також нічого не зробили б.
2. The Conditional Mood is used in simple sentences of Imp
condition expressed by an adverbial modifier of condition introduce(
but for, except for (якби не, якщо не зважати на). They in
unreal condition with an opposite meaning. In this case both tenses
occur, everything depends on the time reference: if the action refers t
the present or future moment the Present Conditional is used, but if
action refers to the past moment the Past Conditional is used. (
Pattern II).

71
to demand, to urge, to order, to require, to request, to insist, to
recommend, to decide, to arrange, to make up one's mind.
The action of the subordinate clause follows the action of the
principal clause. Therefore, only the Present Suppositional can occur in
such cases. In other words, should is never combined with the Perfect
Infinitive. Subjunctive I is also possible here. (See Pattern I).

PATTERN I

Suggests/recommends smb
Smb insists/demands/orders that should do
insists/requests etc. smth

Smb arranged/required/ requested that smb

should do
smth

e. g. The doctor recommends/recommended that I should go to

the south.
Лікар рекомендує/рекомендував, щоб я поїхав на південь.
2. The Suppositional Mood is used in Subject clauses introduced by
the anticipatory "it". These are sentences of the type: It's necessary
that you should come.
Subject clauses follow the principal clause, which is impersonal. The
predicate of the principal clause expresses some kind of modality,
estimate, or some motive for performing the action denoted by the
predicate in the subordinate clause.
If some modality is expressed (necessity or recommendation) the
predicative in the principal clause is expressed by adjectives necessary,
important, vital, imperative, essential, urgent, advisable, desirable
or by participles of some verbs expressing suggestion, order, decision,
such as suggested, required, demanded, requested, recommended,
decided, agreed, determined, arranged.
In all these cases the action of the subordinate clause follows the
dependce on the time reference. (See Pattern II). Action of the principal
clause, therefore should is never combined with the Perfect Infinitive.
74
 If some estimate is expressed the predicative in the principal
may be expressed by adjectives wonderful, natural, strange, al
terrible, monstrous, odd, cruel, funny, sad or by Parti
surprising, disappointing, astonishing. In these cases both tense
are possible (it depends upon the time-reference).
(See Pattern II).
PATTERN II

necessary/important/urge
nt/essential/ad v isable/
is desirable/strange
It was suggested/required/ that smb should do sm
will demanded/requested/ that smb should have d
be recommended/agreed smth
surprising/disappointing/
astonishing/puzzling

e.g. It is necessary that you should come to this meeting.

Необхідно, щоб ви прийшли на це зібрання.
It will be arranged that all the children should get a m
the middle of the day.
Буде домовлено (погоджено), що дітям даватимуть о(
It's strange that he should have said that.
Дивно, що він таке сказав.
It's surprising that the news should have effected h
much.
Дивно, що новина так вразила її.
Note 1: With the expressions it is possible, it is probable, it is 1
the Indicative Mood or a modal phrase is used after affirn
constructions, but after negative or interrogative construction
Suppositional Mood is used.
e.g.: It is possible that he may come tomorrow (he will com»
It's probable that it may rain (will rain) in the afternoo
It's hardly likely that anyone will bother you today.
It's hardly likely that anyone can believe her words.

75
 But: It's impossible that he should come.
It's unlikely that he should know so little.
Is it probable that it should rain today?
Is it possible that they should have behaved like that?
Is it probable that she should have fallen in love with him?
Note 2: Parallelly with the Suppositional Mood, Subjunctive I may
be used, mostly in American English.
E.g.: It's required that all be ready by 6.
3. The Suppositional Mood is used in Object clauses after
expressions of fear, apprehension, worry.
In Object clauses after expressions of fear, apprehension and worry
(to fear, to be afraid, to be terrified, to be fearful, to be in terror, to
be frightened, to be nervous, to be anxious, to worry, to be troubled,
to tremble, to dread, to have apprehension) we can find the Indicative
Mood or the Suppositional Mood. In the Indicative Mood conjunction
that is used after which the verb in the Indicative Mood or a modal
phrase may/might + the Infinitive or can/could + the Infinitive occur:
I am afraid that I can be late.
The rules of the sequence of tenses should be observed here:
He was afraid that he could be kate.
In the Suppositional Mood the subordinate clause is introduced by
the conjunction lest (щоб не, хоча б не). As the conjuction lest is
negative in its meaning, the auxiliary verb should is used in the
affirmative:
I feared lest I should be late. - Я боявся, хоча б мені не
запізнитися.
Не was afraid lest it should rain. - Він боявся, щоб дощ не пішов.
Rarely Subjunctive 1 is possible, i.e. it's possible to say:
I feared lest I be late. - Я боявся, хоча б мені не запізнитися.
Не was afraid lest it rain. - Він боявся, щоб дощ не пішов.
Subordinate clauses introduced by the conjunction lest with the verb
in the Suppositional Mood are used in literary style.
(See Pattern III, IV)

76
 PATTERN III

fears does smth

is afraid did smth
is nervous will do smth
worries have done smth
Smb is troubled That smb may/can do smth

feared had done smth

was afraid might do smth
worried would do smth

e.g. I fear that I shall miss the train. — Боюся, що я запізнк

на поїзд.
I fear that I may be late. — Боюся, що я можу запізнитися на поїзд
I am afraid that you have misunderstood me. - Боюся,
мене неправильно зрозумів.
I feared that he wouldn't come. - Я боявся, що він
прийде.
I feared that he might be late. - Я боялася, що він мо
запізнитися.
I was afraid that you had misunderstood me. - Я боялася, і
ти мене неправильно зрозумів.
PATTERN IV

fears
is afraid
worries should do smth
Smb feared lest Smb should have done smth
was
afraid
worried

e.g.I feared lest I should be late. - Я боялася, хоча б

запізнитися.
77
 I am afraid lest some evil should have befallen him. - Боюсь,
хоча б ніяка біда не звалилися на нього.
We worried lest they should lose the way in the fog. - Ми
переживали, хоча б вони не заблукали.
4. The Suppositional Mood is used in adverbial clauses of Purpose
introduced by the conjunction lest.
In clauses of purpose the form of the verb depends on the conjunction
introducing the clause.
a) After the conjunctions that, so that, in order that the predicate is
usually expressed by may/can + the Infinitive and the rules of the
sequence of tenses are to be observed. If the verb in the subordinate
clause is in the negative form should + the Infinitive is preferred.
These structures can also be followed by a present tense with a future
meaning.
In past sentences, should or could are normally used. The
Conditional (would) is also possible, and might is occasionally used in
a literary style, especially in American English.
b) Negative purpose is expressed by for fear that or by the
conjunction lest (rather archaic and very formal now). In this case the
Suppositional Mood is used. As the conjunction is negative in
meaning, the verb is used in the affirmative form. (See Patterns V, VI).

PATTERN V

does that smb may/can do smth

Smb will so that smb does/doesn't do smth
do in order that smb might/could/would do smth
did

e.g. I tell you this so that you may understand the situation. — Я
кажу тобі це, щоб ти могла розібратися в ситуації.
I'll leave her a message on the table in order that she can see it
at once. - Я залишу їй записку, щоб вона могла побачити її зразу.
We are ought to write to him in order that he doesn't feel

78
we're hiding things from him. - Нам слід написати йому, щоб і
думав, що ми приховуємо щось від нього.
I took my golf clubs so that I could play at the weekenc
взяв з собою битки, щоб я зміг пограти в гольф у вихідні.
We called them in order that they would not worry.
Ми зателефонували їм, щоб вони не хвилювалися.

PATTERN VI

does smth lest smb should

Smb did smth for fear that do smth
will do smth

e.g.: I say all this lest there should be a misunderstanding

кажу все це, щоб не було ніяких непорозумінь.
She buried her face in her hands lest we should notic
tears. - Вона закрила обличчя руками, щоб ніхто не помітив її с
I shall remind you lest you should forget. - Я нагадаю
щоб ви не забули.
They left early for fear they should (would) meet him. - ]
вийшли рано, щоб не зустрітися з ним.
5. The Suppositional Mood is used in adverbial clause
Concession introduced by the conjunctions though, altht
however, whatever, whenever, whichever, wherever, no matter
no matter when.
In concessive clauses introduced by these conjunctions
Suppositional Mood is used with reference to the future. It repre
the action as imaginary. The focus of the concessive meaning us
falls on the nominal or adverbial part of the clause.
Instead of the Suppositional Mood, may/might + the Infinitr
modal phrase) is used when the concession is uncertain and refers t
present or future.
The Indicative Mood can also be used in subordinate claus<
concession when the concession is not regarded to be problemat
contrary to fact. And this tendency seems to be increasing ste
nowadays. (See Pattern VII).
79
 PATTERN VII

though
although smb does/doesn't do smth
however smb did/didn't do smth
whatever smb should do smb will/won't do smth
whoever smb may/ smb can/can't do smth
whichever might do smb could/couldn't do smth
whenever smb must/mustn't do smth
wherever do smth
no matter how- don't smth
no matter when

e.g. Though he should make every effort, he cannot succeed. —

Хоч як би він не старався, у нього нічого не вийде.
However hard it should rain, we shall have to go. - Як би
сильно не йшов дощ, нам все одно доведеться йги.
Whatever the reason should be, the fact remains. - Якою б не
була причина, факт залишається фактом.
Whatever he should say, don't believe him. - Що б він не
сказав, не вірте йому.
No matter how he might try, he couldn't do it. - Як би він не
намагався, він не зумів би зробити це.
Note: Parallelly with the Suppositional Mood, Subjunctive I can also
be used.
E.g.: Though he make every effort, he cannot succeed.
However hard it rain, we shall have to go.
Whatever the reason be, the fact remains.
Whatever he say, don't believe him.
6. The Suppositional Mood is used in conditional clauses of
Problematic Condition. In these sentences the action of the conditional
clause is presented as possible, but very unlikely. The reference is made
to the future. They may be rendered in Ukrainian as "Якщо
випадково...", "На випадок, якщо...". The Present Suppositional is
used in the subordinate clause and the Future Indefinite Indicative or the
Imperative Mood in the principal clause. (See Pattern VIII).
80
 PATTERN VIII

If smb should do smth smb shall/will do smth

Should smb do smth do /don't do smth

e.g.: If I should meet her tomorrow, I shall speak to her. - Я

я випадково зустріну її завтра, я поговорю з нею.
Should you meet her tomorrow, speak to her, plea;
Якщо ти випадково зустрінеш її, поговори з нею, будь ласка.

Review of the use of the Oblique Moods

Subjunctive I
Simple Sentences
To express:
a) wish: Long live freedom.
May success attend you.
a) concession: Be it so. So be it.
b) command: Everybody leave the room.
Complex Sentences
1. Subject clauses introduced It's necessary that all be present,
by the anticipatory "it":
2. Object clauses after
expressions of:
a) order and suggestion: We insist that he go there alone.
b) fear; introduced by
the conjunction lest: I fear lest he be late.
c) in indirect questions: I'm not sure if this be true.
3. Adverbial clauses
a) of purpose: We'll start early lest we be late.
b) of concession: Whatever the reason be,
the fact remains.
c) of condition (of real
condition to express If it be necessary, I have no
a general truth): objections.
Subjunctive II
Simple Sentences
6. Зам. 1776.
81