Modul by: Sir Fakhri Math & Sir K

Chapter 9
Probability of
Combined Events

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CHAPTER 9: PROBABILITY OF COMBINED EVENTS
9.1: Combined Events

A. Write the sample space for the combine events below using the method of listing. Then, state the
n S 
number of outcomes for the events. SP9.1.1 TP1

EXAMPLE 1. A fair dice is tossed and then a card is taken

out randomly from a box which contains 3
A box has 3 different colours of marble which cards labelled “O, N, E”.
are red, blue and yellow. Two marbles are taken
out at random one by one without replacement.

{(red, blue), (red, yellow), (blue, red), (blue,

yellow), (yellow, red), (yellow, blue)}

n  S   3 2  6

2. In a reality TV show “I Can See Your 3. SN Café sells 3 types of cakes which are
Talent”, two participants are selected Brownies (B), Congobar (C) and orange
randomly, one from team A and one team B cake (O). Two customers want to order a
for a duet. Syak, Mark, Raj and Lee is from cake and each of them will order one cake.
team A while Jiha, Shanti dan Mei Hwa is List down the possible outcomes the order
from team B. from the first and the second customer.

4. Two shawls is selected randomly without 5. Two cans of drinking water are selected
replacement from a wardrobe that consist of randomly. First can of drinking water is
two pieces of shawl from brand Chiffon (C), selected from a fridge that contains one can
one piece of shawl from brand Arian (A) and of cocholate flavoured drink(C) and two
two pieces of shawl from brand Farda (F). cans of coffee flavoured(K) drink. The
second can of water is selected from the
second fridge that contains one can of
soda(S), two cans of plum flavoured
drink(P) and two cans of lemon flavoured
drink(L).

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B. Write the sample space for the combine events below using the method of tree diagram. Then,
n S 
state the number of outcomes for the events. SP9.1.1 TP1

EXAMPLE

Two coins are tossed simultaneously. (A and G represents number and picture respectively).

Coin 1 Outcomes
Coin 1

A (A, A)
A
G (A, G)

A (G, A)
G
G (G, G)
n S   2 2  4

1. A coin is tossed (A and G represents number and picture respectively) and then a stationary is
selected randomly from a jar that contains a pencil, an eraser and a ruler.

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2.
Kiosk 1 Kiosk 2 Kiosk 3
Cendol (C) Kaswi (K) Laksam (L)
Soya (S) Nekbat (N) Pasembur (P)
Katira (K) Satar (S)

Diagram above shows three kiosks that served foods and drinks in a charity program. One food or
drink from each kiosk is selected randomly starting from Kiosk 1, Kiosk 2 and Kiosk 3.

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3. Two school prefecs will be selected to attend a camp and marching competition where those two
programs will be held at the same date and time but in different venue. Four prefects are
shortlisted whose are Syam, Wong, Ainul dan Dewi to be selected.

C. Write the sample space for the combine events below using the method of table. Then, state
n S 
the number of outcomes for the events. SP9.1.1 TP1

EXAMPLE

Two cards are selected randomly one by one without replacement from a box that consist of
different shape of cards which are circle (C), triangle (T), square (S) and pentagon (P) each.

2nd card
st
1 card C T S P
C - (C, T) (C, S) (C, P)
T (T, C) - (T, S) (T, P)
S (S, C) (S, T) - (S, P)
P (P, C) (P, T) (P, S) -

n  S   4  3  12

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1.
General
Current issue
Sahabat
Covid - 19
Gajet
BPN
Inspirasi
Kegembiraan
Diagram above shows the news topic for the public speaking session for an interview. Each
candidate is required to choose a topic from current issue news and a topic from general issue.

2. Two numbers are selected randomly from a set P={x: x is an even number, 1 < x < 10} one by
one without replacement.

3.
N E W D O R M S

Box X Box Y
Two cards are choosen randomly one by one form Box X and Box Y respectively.

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9.2: Dependent events and independent events

A. Identify whether the following combined events below are dependent events or independent
events. Justify your answer. SP9.2.1 TP1

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE

A boy chooses two sweets randomly from a To have the outcome of getting “paper” for
jar that consist of 3 lollipops and 5 butter two students in a game of “Rock-Scissors-
sweets without replacement. paper”.

Answer Answer
Dependent events because the probability of Independent events because the probability of
choosing the first sweet affects the probability picking “paper” for the first student does not
of getting the second sweet. affect the probability of picking “paper” for
the second student.

1. A rack consists the list of movies from 2. Two male students are choosen randomly
different country. It has 3 movies from one by one from a group of 10 male
Thailand, 5 movies from Malaysia, and 5 students and 15 female students to do a
movies from Korea. The outcome of Aimi presentation.
chooses Malay movie and Tasha chooses
Korean movie.

3. A fair dice is tossed twice to get the 4. A tourist chooses two Malaysian food
outcome of both even numbers. form 2 packets of keropok lekor, 3 nasi
lemak, 3 nasi dagang and 4 ketupat.

5. Obtain a rose and a black card from a vase 6. Getting a prime number card from the
that consist of 2 roses and a tulip and then second pick when two cards are choosen
from a box that consist of one white card randomly one by one from a set of number
and 3 black cards. card 1,2,3,4,5 without replacement.

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B. Verify the conjecture about the formula of probability for the combined events below by
listing all the possible outcomes. SP9.2.2 TP2
Notes:
 Multiplication rule of probability (Formula method),
P( A  B  C )  P( A)  P( B)  P (C )
 Probability of an event A (Set method),
n( A)
P ( A)  , 0  P ( A)  1
n( S )
EXAMPLE
Two fair dices are tossed to obtain even number for the first dice and to obtain number 1 for
the second dice.
 Multiplication Rule of Probability
3 1

P(obtain even number for the first dice) 6 2
1

P(obtain number 1 for the second dice) 6
1 1 1
  
P(obtain even number for the first dice and number 1 for the second dice) 2 6 12
 Probability of an event
Represent, the possible outcomes obtaining even number for the first dice and number 1 for
the second dice.
A = {(2, 1), (4, 1), (6, 1)}  n( A)  3
n( S )  6  6  36
P  obtain even number for the first dice and number 1 for the second dice 
n( A) 3 1
P ( A)   
n( S ) 36 12
Both methods will produce the same answer.

1. Datin Amy chooses a motivational book and a newspaper from the first shelve and the
second shelve respectively. She chooses randomly from the first shelve which has 2
motivational books (B) and 3 novels (N). She does the same with the second shelve which
has 4 newspapers (A) and 4 magazines (M).

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2. Getting a card labelled with vowel when a card is picked randomly from a box that contains
6 cards labelled with the letters “C, A, C, T, U, S” and getting a perfect square number
when a number is choosen randomly from the set W= {x: x is an integer, 1 < x < 10}.

3. Getting a black pen and a red pen when two pens are choosen randomly one by one from a
box that contains five blue pens, a black pen and two red pens with replacement.

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C. Calculate the probability of combined events for the independents event below.
SP9.2.3 TP3 TP4
EXAMPLE
A fair dice is tossed and a card is choosen randomly from a box that contains cards labelled
with prime number range from number 1 to number 10. Calculate the probability of getting
even number for both events.
 Tree diagram method and multiplication rule of probability method

Dice Card Outcome

Even
(Even, Even)
Even
(Even, Odd)
Odd

(Odd, Even)
Even
Odd (Odd, Odd)
Odd

3 1 1
  
P(getting even number for both events) 6 4 8
 Method by listing down all possible outcomes.
Possible outcomes of getting even number for both events = {(2, 2), (4, 2), (6, 2)}
n( S )  6  4  24
3 1
 
P(getting even number for both events) 24 8
1. Diagram shows a disc that has been divided into three equal sectors
and one pointer. The location of the pointer is fixed. The disc is
spinned twice and the the result which the sector is pointed by the
pointer is recorded. By representing this situation using the tree
A
5 diagram, find the probability that
(a) both spins will get letter “A”.
(b) Getting a number during the first spin and a letter during the
second spin.

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2. Basket A contains 5 watermelons and 7 pineapples while Basket B contains 15 lemons,
14 mangosteens and 3 guavas. A fruit is choosen randomly from Basket A then from
Basket B. Calculate the probability of getting a pineapple and a mangosteen. (Give your
answer in two significant number).

3.
Diagram shows a cylindrical jar that contains three objective
questions that will be choosen randomly by Umar. Each question
Q1 Q2 has four options and only one of them is the correct answer.
Calculate the probability that Umar getting Q2 and his answer is
Q3 incorrect by listing all possible outcomes.

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D. Calculate the probability of combined events for the dependents event below.
SP9.2.3 TP3 TP4
EXAMPLE
Diagram shows the letters in a box. In a game of “WORD”, two
students are required to choose randomly one letter each from the
box without replacement. Calculate the probability that the first
PERLIS student getting a vowel (V) and the second student getting a
consonant (K).

 Tree diagram method and multiplication rule of probability method

Student 2 Outcome
Student 1
K
(K, K)
K
(K, V)
V

(V, K)
K
V (V, V)
V

P(the first student getting a vowel and the second student getting a consonant
1 4 4
  
3 5 15

 Method by listing down all possible outcomes.

List of outcomes that the first student getting a vowel and the second student getting a
consonant = {(E, P), (E, R), (E, L), (E, S), (I, P), (I, R), (I, L), (I, S)}
n( S )  6  5  30

P(the first student getting a vowel and the second student getting a consonant)
8 4
 
30 15

1. Two students are choosen randomly one by one from class 4 Anggun that has 13 male
students and 12 female students to answer the questions. Calculate the probability that both
of them are male students.

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2. Diagram shows thirty B-Grade eggs bought by Mak Leha.
Two eggs are choosen randomly to be used in her cooking. If
there are three rotten eggs, by using the tree diagram,
calculate the probability that

(a) Mak Leha picks a rotten egg and a good egg during
the first and the second pick respectively.

(b) Mak Leha picks both good eggs during her first and
second pick.

Give your answer in three significant figures.

3. A box contain six containers of paprika and a bottle of cheese seasoning. Hadi selects two
containers randomly one by one without replacement. Draw a tree diagram to show the
outcomes of that events and then calculate the probability that the selection of the first
container will be cheese seasoning.

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9.3: Mutually exclusive events and non-mutually exclusive events.
A. Determine whether the following pairs of events are mutually exclusive events or
non-mutually exclusive events. SP9.3.1 TP1 TP2
Nota:

Has intersection, A  B   No intersection, A  B  

EXAMPLE:
A fair dice is tossed once and given that,
X is the event of getting the prime number
Y is the event of getting multiple of 2
Z is the event of getting odd number.
Determine whether the following pairs of events are mutually exclusive events or non-
mutually exclusive events.
(a) Y and Z (b) X and Y (c) X and Z
Y X Answer:
4 (a) Y and Z are mutually exclusive events because
2 no intersection of Y and Z means that the event
6
Z cannot occur together, .
3 (b) X and Y non-mutually exclusive events, .
5 1 (c) X and Z non-mutually exclusive events, .

1. A student is selected randomly from class 4 Alfa. Given that,

A = Student stays at hostel.
B = Male student.
C = Puteri Islam member.
D = Student who come to school by car.
Determine whether the following pairs of events are mutually exclusive events or non-
mutually exclusive events.
(a) A and B (b) A and C (c) B and C (d) A and D (e) B and D

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2.
Diagram shows a hexagonal wheel. The wheel is spinned and the
C A outcome is recorded. Given that
5 T W is an event of getting factor of 20.
4 9 X is an event of getting consonant.
Y is an event of getting a perfect square number.
Z is an event of getting a letter after the alphabet H in
alphabetical order.
Determine whether the following pairs of events are mutually exclusive events or non-
mutually exclusive events.
(a) W and X (b) X and Z (c) W and Z (d) Y and W (e) Y and X

3. A fruit is choosen randomly from a basket that contains various fruits including
mangosteens, apples, other local fruits and also rotten fruits. Given that
P is an event of getting mangosteen.
Q is an event of getting local fruit.
R is an event of getting an apple.
S is an event of getting a rotten fruit.
Determine whether the following pairs of events are mutually exclusive events or non-
mutually exclusive events.
(a) P and Q (b) R and P (c) P and S (d) Q and R (e) R and S

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B. Verify the addition rule of probability for the mutually exclusive events below. SP9.3.2 TP2

Nota:

 Method 1 (Formula): addition rule of probability for the mutually exclusive events,
0
P ( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P ( A  B )
P ( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)

 Method 2 (Set): Probability for the union of set A and set B,

n( A  B)
P ( A  B) 
n( S )

EXAMPLE:
A card is choosen randomly from a container that has two yellow cards, two red cards and
six purple cards. Given that
A is an event of getting purple card.
B is an event of getting yellow card.
C is an event of getting red card.
Verify the addition rule of probability for the combined events below by listing all the
possible outcomes.
(a) P(A or B) (b) P(B or C)
Jawapan:
A  B    P  A  B   0  Mutually exclusive events
(a)
Method 1 (Formula) Method 2 (Set)
6 2 A  {U1 , U 2 , U3 , U 4 , U 5 , U 6 }
P ( A)  P( B)  
10 10 B  {K1 , K 2 }
4
 A  B  {U1 , U 2 , U 3 , U 4 , U 5 , U 6 , K1 , K 2 }, n  A  B   8
5
n( S )  10
n  A  B 8 4
 P( A  B)   
n S  10 5

Proven, P ( A  B )  P ( A)  P( B)
B  C    P  B  C   0  Mutually exclusive events
(b) Method 2 (Set)
Method 1 (Formula)
2 2 B  {K1 , K 2 }
P ( B)  P(C )  
10 10 C  {M1 , M 2 }

2 B  C  {K1 , K 2 , M1 , M 2 }, n  B  C   4
5
n( S )  10
n B C 4 2
 P( B  C )   
n S  10 5

Proven, P ( B  C )  P ( B )  P(C )

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 1. A number is selected randomly from set H = {x: x is an integer, 0  x  15 }.
Given that
W = getting the multiple of 4.
X = getting the factor of 6.
Y = getting the perfect square number greater than 5.
Z = getting an odd number greater than 5.
Represent the event above using a Venn diagram. Then, verify the addition rule of
probability for each of the following combined events by listing down all the possible
outcomes.
(a) P(X or Y) (b) P(X or Z) (c) P(W or Z)

C. Verify the addition rule of probability for the non-mutually exclusive events below.
SP9.3.2 TP2

Nota:

 Method 1 (Formula): Addition rule of probability for the non-mutually exclusive

events,
P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B )

 Method 2 (Set): Probability for the union of set A and set B,

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 n( A  B)
P ( A  B) 
n( S )

EXAMPLE:
A number is choosen randomly from a number set {2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 18, 22 , 30}.
Given that
D is an event of getting the prime number.
E is an event of getting one digit number.
F ia an event of getting an even number.
Verify the addition rule of probability for the combined events below by listing all the
possible outcomes.
(a) P(D or E)

Answer:
3
D  E  {2,3,5}    P  D  E    0  Non-mutually exclusive event
(a) 9
Method 1 (Formula) Method 2 (Set)
3 5 3 D  {2,3,5}
P( D)  P( E )  P( D  E )   
9 9 9 E  {2,3, 4,5,9}
5
 D  E  {2,3, 4,5,9}, n  D  E   5
9
n( S )  9
n D  E 5
 P( D  E )  
n S  9

Proven, P( D  E )  P( D)  P ( E )  P( D  E )

1. A number is choosen randomly from the word “EXTRAORDINARY”. Given that

B is an event of getting a vowel except “A”.
Q is an event of getting a vowel.
R is an event of getting a letter from eight letters from the back.
S is an event of getting a consonant except “R”.
Verify the addition rule of probability for the combined events below by listing all the
possible outcomes.
(a) P(Q or B) (b) P(R or B) (c) P(Q or R) (d) P(R or S)

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D. Determine the probability of combined events for mutually exclusive and non-mutually
exclusive events by representing the events using a Venn diagram. SP9.3.3 TP3 TP4

EXAMPLE
In a selection of speech contestant, the candidates will be voted by members of Pidato Club
where one member can only vote two candidates. The probability that Amni (A) and
5 1
Husna (H) been voted to be selected as the contestants are 8 and 4 respectively.
(a) Represent the probabilities that Amni and Husna be selected as contestants using a
Venn diagram.
(b) Calculate the probability that Amni or Husna be selected as contestants.
(c) If the total number of all votes are 64, calculate the number of votes not for Amni or
Husna.
Jawapan:
(a) P(Votes for Amni and Husna)

P(Votes only for Husna)

P(Votes only for Amni)

A H

P(Votes not for Amni or Husna)

(b)

(c) Number of votes not for Amni or Husna.

9
  64
32
 18 undian

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1. In a survey of form 4 students in a certain school, the probability that a student has a
3 2
laptop (K) and a handphone (T) is 8 and 5 respectively. A student is selected
randomly. Seorang pelajar telah dipilih secara rawak.
(a) Represent the probabilities that the student has laptop and handphone using a
Venn diagram.
(b) Calculate the probability that the student has laptop or handphone.
(c) If the number of form 4 students in that school is 120, what is the number of students
that only has handphone.

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2. In a group of 36 persons, 9 of them like to eat durian (D), 8 persons like to eat petai (P)
and two of them like to eat both. A person is selected randomly.
(a) Calculate the probability that the person is like to eat
(i) only durian.
(ii) only petai.
(b) Represent the probabilities that the person like to eat durian and petai using a
Venn diagram.
(c) Calculate the probability that the person likes to eat durian or petai.
(d) What is the number of persons who don’t like to eat both durian and petai.

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 7 5
3. In an archery training, the probability that Alia and Farhan hit the target is 12 and 7
respectively.
(a) Represent the probabilities that Alia and Farhan hit the target during the training
using a Venn Diagram.
(b) Calculate the probability of Alia or Farhan hit the target.
(c) If the number of unsuccessfull shot is 10, what is the total number of shots that both
of them do in the training.

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E. Determine the probability of the combined events by representing the events using the tree
diagram. SP9.3.3 TP4 TP5

EXAMPLE
Two alphabets are choosen randomly from the list from A to Z one by one. The first letter,
cannot be choosen for the second time. Draw a tree diagram to show all the possible
outcomes. Then, calculate the probability that the outcome is at least one consonant.

First pick Second pick Outcomes

K (K,
K)
K (K,
V V)

(V,
K K)
V
V (V, V)

P(at least one consonant)

 P ( K , K )  P ( K , V )  P (V , K )
 21 20   21 5   5 21 
       
 26 25   26 25   26 25 
63

65

Alternative method
 1  P(V , V )
 5 4 
 1   
 26 25 
63

65

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1. The probability of a patient allergics to Pill X is 0.2. Pill X has been given to two
patients one person by one person. Draw a tree diagram to show the possible outcomes
of the events. Then, calculate the probability that
(a) the first patient is allergic to Pill X.
(b) at least one patient is not allergic to Pill X.

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2.
Table shows the number of shirts in a wardrobe
according to its size. Two shirts are choosen randomly
Number of
Size one by one without replacement by Ahmad. Draw a
shirts
tree diagram to show all the possible outcomes. Then,
S 6
M 5
L 4

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3. Diagram shows two boxes that contains few cards labelled with
alphabets and numbers. A card is choosen randomly from Box 1
and a card is also choosen randomly from Box 2. The probability Box 1
2 ALPHABET

of getting a vowel from Box 1 is 5 and getting an even number

Box 2
NUMBER

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9.4: Aplication of Probability of Combined Events

Solve the following problem SP9.4.1 TP5 TP6

1. A brooch is choosen randomly without replacement from a box that has five red brooches,
three blue brooches and a green brooch. Then a fair dice is tossed and the outcome is
recorded.
(a) If this experiment is carried out 450 times, how many times the factor of 5 be obtained?
(b) Calculate the probability that not getting the blue brooch.

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2. Butik Manis has choosen two of its loyal customers to
spin a lucky wheel as in the diagram that contains
Kota holiday package to popular tourist spot in Malaysia.
Cameron (C) Kinabalu (K)
(2 packages) (2 packages) After the first customer makes a spin and take the
Pulau
Perhentian (P) Langkawi (L)
(2 packages) (2 packages)

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