Three phase Induction Motor

Introduction
• An electrical motor - electromechanical device
which converts electrical energy into a
mechanical energy.
• In case of three phase AC operation, most
widely used motor is Three phase induction
motor. (also known as an asynchronous motor)
• These motors do not require any starting device
or they are self starting induction motor.
• Induction motor works on the principle of
induction where electro-magnetic field is
induced into the rotor when rotating magnetic
field of stator winding cuts the stationary
rotor.
• Induction machines are by far the most
common type of motor used in industrial,
commercial or residential settings.
 What is synchronous speed?
• Synchronous speed is the speed of rotation of
the magnetic field in a rotary machine, and it
depends upon the frequency and number
poles of the machine.
• The induction motor always runs at speed
less than its synchronous speed.
• The rotating magnetic field produced in the
stator will create flux in the rotor, hence
causing the rotor to rotate.
• Due to the lag between the flux current in the
rotor and the flux current in the stator, the
rotor will never reach its rotating magnetic
field speed (i.e. the synchronous speed).
 Characteristics
• Simple and rugged construction.
• Low cost and minimum maintenance.
• Needs no additional starting.
 Types of Induction motor

• Single phase induction motors are not a self-

starting motor, and
• Three phase induction motor are a self-
starting motor.
• 3-Phase-These motors are self-starting and
use no capacitor, start winding, centrifugal
switch or other starting device.
• These are of two types,
– squirrel cage IM and
– slip ring IM
• Squirrel cage motors are widely used due to
their rugged construction and simple design.
• Slip ring motors require external resistors to
have high starting torque.
• Induction motors are used in industry and
domestic appliances
– because these are rugged in construction
– requiring hardly any maintenance,
– they are comparatively cheap,
– require supply only to the stator.
– Less armature reaction and brush sparking
because of the absence of commutators and
brushes that may cause sparks.
 Construction
• Stator: Stator is made up of numbers of slots
to construct a 3 phase winding circuit which is
connected to 3 phase AC source.
• The three phase winding are arranged in such
a manner in the slots that they produce a
rotating magnetic field after AC supply is
given to them.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQqyGN
OP_3o&t=1s
Rotating magnetic field
The resultant of these fluxes at that instant
(φr) is 1.5φm
• Rotor: Rotor of three phase induction motor
consists of cylindrical laminated core with parallel
slots that can carry conductors.
• Conductors are heavy copper or aluminium bars
which fits in each slots & they are short circuited
by the end rings.
• The slots are not exactly made parallel to the axis
of the shaft but are slotted a little skewed
because this arrangement reduces magnetic
humming noise & can avoid stalling of motor.
Squirrel-cage rotor
 Wound rotor
• It consists of a laminated cylindrical core and
carries a 3- phase winding.
• The rotor winding is uniformly distributed in
the slots and is usually star-connected.
• The open ends of the rotor winding are
brought out and joined to three insulated slip
rings mounted on the rotor shaft with one
brush resting on each slip ring.
• The three brushes are connected to a 3-phase
star-connected rheostat .
• At starting, the external resistances are included
in the rotor circuit to give a large starting torque.
• These resistances are gradually reduced to zero
as the motor runs up to speed.
• The external resistances are used during starting
period only.
• When the motor attains normal speed, the three
brushes are short-circuited so that the wound
rotor runs like a squirrel cage rotor.
 Advantages
• It has simple and rugged construction.
• It is relatively cheap.
• It requires little maintenance.
• It has high efficiency and reasonably good
power factor.
• It has self starting torque.
 Disadvantages
• It is essentially a constant speed motor and its
speed cannot be changed easily.
• Its starting torque is inferior to d.c. shunt
motor.
 Principle of working
• Induction motor is also called as
asynchronous motor because it runs at a
speed less than synchronous speed.

• Because the rotating magnetic field which is

produced in the stator will generate flux in the
rotor.
• This flux will make the rotor to rotate.
• Flux current in rotor lags the flux current in
stator.
• Hence the rotor will never reach to its rotating
magnetic field speed i.e. the synchronous
speed.
• This difference in the speed is termed as SLIP.
• When 3-phase stator winding is energized
from a 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic
field is set up which rotates round the stator
at synchronous speed Ns (= 120 f/P).
• The rotating field passes through the air gap
and cuts the rotor conductors, which as yet,
are stationary.
• Due to the relative speed between the rotating
flux and the stationary rotor, e.m.f.s are induced
in the rotor conductors.
• Since the rotor circuit is short-circuited, currents
start flowing in the rotor conductors.
• The current-carrying rotor conductors are placed
in the magnetic field produced by the stator.
• Consequently, mechanical force acts on the rotor
conductors.
• The sum of the mechanical forces on all the rotor
conductors produces a torque which tends to
move the rotor in the same direction as the
rotating field.
• The rotor moves in the direction of stator
field- this can be explained by Lenz’s law.
• According to this law, the direction of rotor
currents will be such that they tend to oppose
the cause producing them.
• Now, the cause producing the rotor currents is
the relative speed between the rotating field
and the stationary rotor conductors.
• Hence to reduce this relative speed, the rotor
starts running in the same direction as that of
stator field and tries to catch it.
 Rotating Magnetic Field Due to 3-
Phase Currents
• When a 3-phase winding is energized from a 3-
phase supply, a rotating magnetic field is
produced.
• This field is such that its poles do not remain in a
fixed position on the stator but go on shifting
their positions around the stator.
• For this reason, it is called a rotating field.
• It can be shown that magnitude of this rotating
field is constant and is equal to 1.5 φm where φm
is the maximum flux due to any phase.
• The three phases X, Y and Z are energized
from a 3-phase source.
• The currents in these phases are indicated as
Ix, Iy and Iz
• Fluxes produced by these currents are

x = m sin t
 y = m sin(t − 120 )
z = m sin(t − 240 )
• At instant 1, the current in phase X is zero and
currents in phases Y and Z are equal and
opposite.
• The currents are flowing outward in the top
conductors and inward in the bottom
conductors.
• This establishes a resultant flux towards right.
• The magnitude of the resultant flux is constant
and is equal to 1.5 φm.
 • Phasor sum of φx and φz is
m 120
 'r = 2 cos
2 2
m
=
2
• Phasor sum of φ’r and -φy is
• Note that resultant flux is displaced 30° clockwise
from position 1. m
r = + m
2
= 1.5m
• Studying all 4 instances
• It follows that a 3-phase supply produces a rotating
field of constant value (= 1.5 φm, where φm is the
maximum flux due to any phase).
• The speed of the rotating magnetic field is the
same as the speed of the alternator that is
supplying power to the motor if the two have
the same number of poles.
• Hence the magnetic flux is said to rotate at
synchronous speed.
120 f
Ns =
P
 SLIP
• The rotor rapidly accelerates in the direction of rotating
field.
• In practice, the rotor can never reach the speed of
stator flux. If it did, there would be no relative speed
between the stator field and rotor conductors, no
induced rotor currents and, therefore, no torque to
drive the rotor.
• The friction and windage would immediately cause the
rotor to slow down.
• Hence, the rotor speed (N) is always less than the
suitor field speed (Ns).
• This difference in speed depends upon load on the
motor.
• The difference between the synchronous
speed Ns of the rotating stator field and the
actual rotor speed N is called slip.
• It is usually expressed as a percentage of
synchronous speed i.e.,
Ns − N
% slip s = X 100
Ns
(i) The quantity Ns - N is sometimes called slip
speed.
(ii) When the rotor is stationary (i.e., N = 0), slip,
s = 1 or 100 %.
(iii) In an induction motor, the change in slip
from no-load to full-load is hardly 0.1% to 3% so
that it is essentially a constant-speed motor.
 Applications of 3phase IM
• Lifts
• Cranes
• Hoists
• Large capacity exhaust fans
• Driving lathe machines
• Crushers
• Oil extracting mills
• Textile and etc.
 Single phase Induction Motor
• Single-phase power system are more widely used than three
phase system for domestic purposes, commercial purposes
and some extent in industrial uses.
• Because, the single-phase system is more economical than a
three-phase system and the power requirement in most of
the houses, shops, offices are small, which can be easily met
by a single phase system.
• The single phase motors are simple in construction, cheap
in cost, reliable and easy to repair and maintain.
• Due to all these advantages, the single phase motor finds its
application in vacuum cleaners, fans, washing machines,
centrifugal pumps, blowers, washing machines, etc.
 CONSTRUCTION
• The construction of single phase
induction motor is almost similar to the
squirrel cage three-phase induction motor.
• But in case of a single phase induction
motor, the stator has two windings instead
of one three-phase winding in three phase
induction motor.
 Stator of Single Phase Induction
Motor
• As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction
motor. A single phase AC supply is given to the stator of single
phase induction motor.
• The stator of the single-phase induction motor has laminated
stamping to reduce eddy current losses on its periphery.
• The slots are provided on its stamping to carry stator or main
winding. Stampings are made up of silicon steel to reduce the
hysteresis losses.
• When we apply a single phase AC supply to the stator
winding, the magnetic field gets produced, and the motor
rotates at speed slightly less than the synchronous speed Ns.
 Rotor
• The rotor is a rotating part of an induction motor. The rotor connects
the mechanical load through the shaft. The rotor in the single-phase
induction motor is of squirrel cage rotor type.
• The rotor is cylindrical and has slots all over its periphery.
• The slots are not made parallel to each other but are a little bit
skewed as the skewing prevents magnetic locking of stator and rotor
teeth and makes the working of induction motor more smooth and
quieter (i.e. less noisy).
• The squirrel cage rotor consists of aluminum, brass or copper bars.
• These aluminum or copper bars are called rotor conductors and
placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor.
• The copper or aluminum rings permanently short the rotor
conductors called the end rings.
Why Single Phase Induction
Motor is not Self Starting?
• According to double field revolving theory, we
can resolve any alternating quantity into two
components.
• Each component has a magnitude equal to
the half of the maximum magnitude of the
alternating quantity, and both these
components rotate in the opposite direction
to each other.
• For example – a flux, φ can be resolved into
two components
• Now at starting condition, both the forward and
backward components of flux are exactly
opposite to each other.
• Also, both of these components of flux are equal
in magnitude.
• So, they cancel each other and hence the net
torque experienced by the rotor at the starting
condition is zero.
• So, the single phase induction motors are not
self-starting motors.
• AC supply is a sinusoidal wave and it produces a pulsating
magnetic field in the uniformly distributed stator winding.
• Since we can assume the pulsating magnetic field as two
oppositely rotating magnetic fields, there will be no
resultant torque produced at the starting, and hence the
motor does not run.
• After giving the supply, if the rotor is made to rotate in
either direction by an external force, then the motor will
start to run.
• We can make them self starting by making the stator
winding into two winding – one is the main winding, and
another is auxiliary winding.
• We connect one capacitor in series with the auxiliary
winding.
• The capacitor will make a phase difference when
current flows through both coils.
• When there is a phase difference, the rotor will
generate a starting torque, and it will start to rotate.
• Practically we can see that the fan does not rotate
when the capacitor gets disconnected from the motor,
but if we rotate with the hand, it will start rotating.
• That is why we use a capacitor in the single-phase
induction motor.
• It has high efficiency – which can go as high as 97%.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awrUxv7B-a8
• The main disadvantage of an induction motor is that
the speed of the motor varies with the applied load.
• The direction of rotation of induction motor can
easily be changed by changing the phase sequence
of three-phase supply, i.e., if RYB is in a forward
direction, the RBY will make the motor to rotate in
reverse direction [in the case of three phase motor].
• In single phase motor- the direction can be reversed
by reversing the capacitor terminals in the winding.
The types of single phase induction motors include:

• Split Phase Induction Motor

• Capacitor Start Induction Motor
• Capacitor Start and Capacitor Run Induction
Motor
• Shaded Pole Induction Motor
 Comparison between Single Phase and
Three Phase Induction Motors

1. Single phase induction motors are simple in

construction, reliable and economical for small power
rating as compared to three phase induction motors.
2. The electrical power factor of single phase induction
motors is low as compared to three phase induction
motors.
3. For the same size, the single-phase induction motors
develop about 50% of the output as that of three phase
induction motors.
4. The starting torque is also low for asynchronous
motors/single phase induction motor.
5. The efficiency of single phase induction motors is less
compared to that of three phase induction motors.
 Problems
1. The stator of a 3-phase, 4-pole induction motor is connected to a 50 Hz supply. The
rotor runs at 1455 rev/min at full load. Determine (a) the synchronous speed and (b) the
slip at full load.