Arabic & Translation Studies Division

TECHNOLOGY FOR TRANSLATORS AND

INTERPRETERS
Student Handbook

This is a first draft of STTI101“Technology for Translators and Interpreters”

Student Handbook (Fall ’13)

All rights reserved. No part of this handbook may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information or retrieving system without permission in writing from the Arabic and Translation Studies Division, School of Continuing Education, The
American University in Cairo.
© 2007
ii
 Foreword

Changes in how translators practice their profession have been recently

frequent. They are not only derived by the growth of the young discipline of
translation, which is the success story of the 1980s, but also by changes in the
world around us such globalized societies and economies, the spread of
internet, and the need for intercultural communication, not to mention the
changes in the geography of translation with the move of the multi-million
industry towards the Middle East and the Arabic language. Translation in the
era of globalization requires interdisciplinary approach to translation that
stresses the need for a translator with background knowledge in various
fields. This necessitates training the learners in more than one field of
specialization. In the Professional Diploma of Legal & UN Translation,
learners study legal, UN and economics translation. In the Professional
Diploma of Media & Literary Translation, learners study media, literary and
audiovisual translation.

Taking a quick path unto automation and digitalization, the translation

profession nowadays looks into practical techniques to help translators
produce more and waste less. The course ‘Technology for Translators and
Interpreters’ in the Foundation Certificate in Translation and Interpreting
with a focus on CAT tools and translation software programs does not only
train learners on computer-assisted translation, but takes them directly into
the on-line translation environment. To satisfy a need for the translator as
intercultural communicator, also derived from globalization and the spread of
new technologies, new courses such as literary translation and audiovisual
translation were offered in the Professional Diploma of Media and Literary
Translation.

The changes in the translation market have been given due focus in the
advanced courses such as Advanced Translation Problem-Solving Strategies
and Translation and Project, which focus on topics such as translation market
and environment, project management in translation, code of ethics etc.
Learners in the Professional Diploma of Legal and UN and the Professional
Diploma of Media and Literary Translation are nourished from day one on
the highest standards of professionalism of translation as an activity in the
market of service, of translation as a translator/client relationship and
translation as a mental process.

iii
Furthermore, the translation diploma can be viewed as comprising three
stages. The first stage (The Foundation Certificate in Translation and
Interpreting) develops all basic translation skills required to produce an
acceptable translation including command of the language, familiarity with
culture, computer skills and e-tools for translators, background knowledge,
and contrastive and transfer skills between the source and the target
languages. Finishing this stage, a trainee can produce a good translation of a
general text but not necessarily of a specialized text such as legal, UN and
journalistic texts. The second stage focuses on the text-specific features in
translation so that a trainee may be able to produce a translation in a
specialized field. After this stage which comprises four courses, the trainee
can produce a sound translation in a certain specialization, but he may not be
aware of many factors related to the environment of translation such as
certain code of ethics, rates, project management etc.

The last two courses of the diploma cover issues at the level of
professionalism which makes the trainee ready to go to the market after being
enlightened on many issues related to translation theory and the translation
market.

Dr. Hussein Ali

Director, Languages Department

iv
 LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT

CURRICULUM DESIGN FORM

Course Title: Technology for Translators and Interpreters

Course Code: STTI101

Course Type (Scheduled / Customized): Scheduled/Customized

Number of Continuing Education Units (CEUs): 3.0

Target Audience:
Learners of translation and practicing translators.
Course Pre-Requisites (if any):
1. None
Course Description
This course is an exploration of the available tools for translators and interpreters on and off-
line; application of electronic resources on translation and interpreting; introduction to
website localization; and investigation of the on-line market and environment of translation
and interpreting.
Learning Outcomes:
By the end of this course, learners will be able to
1. identify electronic resources available for translators and interpreters;
2. employ electronic resources for translators and interpreters effectively;
3. identify the on-line market of translation and interpreting;
4. use industry-specific jargon to communicate better with players in the field of translation
world-wide;
5. explain fundamentals of localization;
6. contrast websites in Arabic and English; and
7. translate websites into Arabic.

Instructional Materials:
1. Technology for Translators and Interpreters. LD Student Study Guide. (Updated
Every Term)
2. Bernardini, Silvia. (2003). "Corpora in translator education: An introduction". Federico
Zanettin, Silvia Bernardini and Ddominic Stewart, eds. Corpora in translator education.
Manchester: St. Jerome. 1-14.
3. Bernardini, Silvia. (2005). "Tools for translators: Machine readable corpora as resources
for translators". The encyclopaedia of language & linguistics. 2nd Edition. London:
Elsevier.
4. Chiew, Quah. (2006). Translation and technology. France: Lavoisier.
5. http://www.proz.com/
6. http://www.translatorscafe.com/cafe/default.asp

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7. http://www.wordfast.net/?whichpage=anywhere
8. http://isg.urv.es/library/papers/BiauPym_Technology.pdf
9. http://benjamins.com/jbp/series/Target/20-1/art/05alc.pdf
Syllabus / Training Outline:

Session Learning Title / Subtitle Assignment

# Outcomes #
1  LO 1  Introduction to electronic Selected readings
resources in the field of
translation and interpreting

2  LO 1  Computer-based resources in Selected readings and

the field of translation and lab practice
interpreting

3  LO 1  Web-based resources in the Selected readings and

field of translation and lab practice
interpreting

 Assessment 1

4  LO 1  Terminology management Lab practice

 LO 2

5  LO 1  CAT tools Selected reading

 LO 2  Assessment 2 Lab practice

6  LO 1  CAT tools Selected reading

 LO 2 Lab practice

7  LO 1  Translation Memories Selected readings and

Lab practice
 LO 2

8  LO 3  Translation on-line market and Web Exploration and

environment search
 LO 4
 Assessment 3 Writing report

9  LO 1  On-line translation project Selected readings

management
 LO 2 Lab practice

 LO 3

 LO 4

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10  LO 5  Introduction to Localization Selected readings

 LO 6 Lab practice

Distribution of the final

project

11  LO 7  Product and website Lab practice

translation

12  Discussion of the project

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Instructional Methods
To ensure high quality learning environment through use of interactive learning through
instructor to learners, learners to instructor, group work communication, class discussion &
activities classes are scheduled in smart class rooms or educational labs.

Assessment of Learning Outcomes

Type: Written tests and/or projects.

Frequency: Three assessments and a project. (Exact dates will be announced in class two
sessions before the Assessment is due.)

 Classroom assessments should not take more than 30 minutes.

 The first two assessments should be recorded in the class folder by session 7.
 Learners’ grades are based upon three assessments during the course (70%) and an
end-of-term project (30%).
 Instructors are required to provide learners with appropriate feedback on their
performance throughout the course.
 For all written courses, three assessments at least should be conducted as follows:

Points
Assessment # 1 Session # 3 20 points
Assessment # 2 Session # 5 25 points
Assessment # 3 Session # 8 25 points
Final Assessment (Project) Session # 12 30 points
Final Score 100

For further information or Inquiries: Please see the Assistant Department Director
in Room 627, or call 2797-6916, or email [email protected]

viii
 FormC4-1October14

CLASSROOM GUIDELINES FOR SCE LEARNERS

(‫)إرشادات خاصة بالدارسين بكلية التعليم المستمر‬

:Attendance Policy :‫سياسة الحضور‬

 You must attend at least 75% of the class ‫ من عدد‬% 57 ‫ يجب أن تحضر نسبة ال تقل عن‬
sessions. Failure to do so will result in ‫ وفي حالة عدم االلتزام‬.‫محاضرات المادة الدراسية‬
failing the course, although you will be ‫ غيرأنه سيُسمح لك‬،‫ ستعتبر راسبا ً في المادة‬،‫بذلك‬
allowed to attend classes. .‫بحضور المحاضرات‬
:Punctuality Policy :‫سياسة االنضباط في المواعيد‬
 You are expected to arrive on time for all ‫ عليك مراعاة الحضور في الموعد المحدد لكل‬
scheduled classes and laboratory sessions. .‫المحاضرات والمعامل وفقًا للجدول المحدد‬
 You will be considered late if you enter the ‫متأخرا إذا دخلت الفصل في أي وقت بعد بدء‬
ً ‫ تعتبر‬
class any time after the start of instruction. .‫الدرس‬
 You are allowed to be late twice without ‫ وسيتم اعتبار‬.‫ يُسمح لك بالتأخر مرتين دون محاسبة‬
penalty. All successive instances of ،‫كل مرات التأخر التالية على أنها حاالت غياب‬
tardiness will be counted as absences, .‫غيرأنه سيُسمح لك بحضور المحاضرات‬
although you will be allowed to attend the
class.
Presentation of Course Curriculum: :‫عرض المنهج الدراسي‬
 Faculty shall present the curriculum of the (CDF) ‫ يعرض المدرس منهج الدورة الدراسية‬
whole course (Curriculum Design Form ‫خالل اللقاء األول بالطالب‬
(CDF)) in the first class session.
Grading System: :‫نظام التقويم والتقديرات‬
 Learners are assessed throughout the term ‫ يتم تقويم الدارسين خالل الدورة الدراسية عن طريق‬
by tests, quizzes, assignments, projects or ،‫ أو الواجبات‬،‫ أو االمتحانات الموجزة‬،‫االختبارات‬
other means of evaluation. End-of-term ‫ وتقيس‬.‫ أو أي وسائل أخرى للتقويم‬،‫أو المشروعات‬
achievement tests measure learners’
‫اختبارات التحصيل في نهاية الفصل الدراسي األداء‬
overall performance in the course.
.‫العام للدارسين خالل الدورة‬
 The final grade in each course is based on ‫ يعتمد التقدير النهائي في كل دورة على أداء‬
learners’ performance on continual ‫الدارسين في التقويم المستمر واالختبار النهائي كما‬
assessment measures and the final test as .)CDF( ‫هو موضح في المنهج الدراسي‬
demonstrated in the CDF.
 Final course grades are NOT based on ،"‫ ال يعتمد تقدير نهاية الدورة على نسبة "الحضور‬
attendance, since in accordance with SCE’s ‫فطبقَا لسياسة الكلية يتعين على جميع الدارسين‬
attendance policy, learners must attend at ‫ من عدد المحاضرات حتى يسمح لهم‬%57 ‫حضور‬
least 75% of the class sessions in order to
‫ نظام التقديرات متاح‬.‫بحضوراختبار نهاية الدورة‬
be allowed to take the final examination.
The Grading System is available in the http://scestudent.aucegypt.edu ‫على‬
Learner’s Handbook at
http://scestudent.aucegypt.edu.

ix
 At the end of each term, final course grades ‫ يتم الحصول على‬،‫ في نهاية أي دورة دراسية‬
are available on the web-based Self Service (Self Service) ‫التقديرات من خالل التطبيق‬
application at http://student.aucegypt.edu. :‫المتاح على الموقع‬
http://student.aucegypt.edu
Incomplete Grade: :‫التقديرات غير المكتملة‬
 An incomplete grade (I) for any scheduled )”I”, Incomplete( ‫ يسمح بمنح تقدير غير مكتمل‬
course may be given at the discretion of the ‫ وال يتم هذا‬.‫وذلك بنا ًء على تقدير مدرس الدورة‬
course faculty only to learners who have ‫اإلجراء إال مع الطلبة الذين انتظموا في الدورة لكنهم‬
attended the course, but cannot sit for the
‫ال يستطيعون أداء االختبار النهائي أو استكمال‬
final examination or cannot complete
course requirements due to circumstances .‫متطلبات الدورة لظروف خارجة عن إرادتهم‬
beyond their control.
 In order to record the final course grade, all ‫ من أجل تسجيل التقدير النهائي للدورة ينبغي استيفاء‬
requirements should be completed before ‫جميع المتطلبات قبل نهاية األسبوع الثاني من الفصل‬
the end of the second week of the following ‫ وفي حالة عدم تغيير تقدير "غير‬.‫الدراسي التالي‬
term. Failure to change an incomplete
‫مكتمل" سيتحول التقدير النهائي في التسجيل إلى‬
grade will result in the final grade being
recorded as "F". ."‫"راسب‬
Learner Evaluation of Instruction: :‫تقويم الدارس لعملية التدريس‬
 Learner evaluation of instruction is very ‫ فبنا ًء‬.‫ إن تقويم الدارس لعملية التدريس هام للغاية‬
important. Based upon your response and ‫ يُمكن عمل التغييرات‬،‫على استجابتك وتعليقاتك‬
comments, changes can be made. .‫الالزمة‬
 Please take these evaluations seriously and ‫ يُرجى مراعاة الجدية في عمليات التقويم واإلجابة‬
answer all the questions honestly. ‫ تذ َّكر أنه ال يُس َمح للمدرسين‬.‫عن كل األسئلة بأمانة‬
Remember that faculty members are not ‫برؤية نتائج التقويم إال بعد إعالن النتائج النهائية‬
permitted to see their evaluation results
.‫للدارسين‬
until after your grades are posted.
 SCE values your input. .‫ تقدِّر كلية التعليم المستمر مشاركتك في هذا التقويم‬
Learner Petitions and Grievances: :‫التماسات الدارسين وتظلماتهم‬
 You may appeal to a department ‫ من حقك أن تتقدم بشكوى ألحد مديري األقسام تتعلق‬
administrator in any aspect pertaining to ‫ أو‬،‫بأي من الجوانب الخاصة بالتدريس في الفصل‬
class instruction, learning environment, or .‫البيئة التعليمية أو اإلجراءات اإلدارية‬
administration processes.
 You may seek resolution at higher ‫ يجوز لك اللجوء إلى مستويات إدارية أعلى إذا لم‬
administrative levels if the matter is not ‫ ويكون قرار العميد المشارك‬.‫يتم حل المشكلة‬
resolved. The decision of the Associate .ً‫للشئون التعليمية قرارا ً نهائيا‬
Dean for Instructional Affairs is final.
 Anonymous complaints or petitions will be ‫ سيتم تجاهل كل الشكاوى أو االلتماسات التي ال‬
completely disregarded. All petitions are ‫ وتُعامل كل االلتماسات في‬،‫تتضمن اسم صاحبها‬
handled with discretion, protecting your best .‫إطار من السرية وبمايخدم مصالح الدارسين‬
interests.
Cheating: :‫الغش‬
 Cheating is not acceptable in an institution ‫ الغش غير مقبول في أي من المؤسسات التي تكرس‬
dedicated to learning. Cheating includes ‫ ويشمل الغش إعطاء أو تلقي‬.‫جهودها للتعليم‬
giving or receiving information during an ‫ واستخدام مواد يُحظـَر‬،‫معلومات أثناء االختبار‬
examination, using unauthorized material
‫ وصدور أي أفعال تتصف‬،‫استخدامها أثناء االختبار‬
during an examination, and other acts of
academic dishonesty, including plagiarism. ‫ بما في ذلك سرقة اإلنتاج‬،‫بعدم األمانة األكاديمية‬
.‫الفكري‬

x
 If you are caught cheating on the final ‫ في حال ضبِّط الدارس وهو يقوم بالغش في االختبار‬
examination, your final course grade will be ‫ تُس َّجل درجته النهائية لهذه المادة الدراسية‬،‫النهائي‬
recorded as ‘F’. .)ً‫" (راسبا‬F" ‫بـ‬
 The penalty for a second offense is ‫ ِّعقاب الغش للمرة الثانية هو إيقاف الدارس تلقائيًا‬
automatic suspension from studying at SCE ‫من الدراسة في كلية التعليم المستمر لمدة فصل‬
for one 12-week term and failing the course. ‫ أسبوعًا والرسوب في المادة‬21 ‫دراسي واحد مدته‬
.‫الدراسية‬
 In instances of a third offense, you will be ‫ سيتم فصل‬،‫ وفي حالة تكرار الغش للمرة الثالثة‬
permanently dismissed from SCE. .‫الدارس نهائيًا من كلية التعليم المستمر‬
:Harassment :‫التحرش‬
 SCE does not tolerate any form of ‫ ال تسمح كلية التعليم المستمر بأي شكل من أشكال‬
harassment, including sexual harassment. .‫ بما في ذلك التحرش الجنسي‬،‫التحرش‬
 Sexual harassment is any conduct of a ‫ التحرش الجنسي هو أي تصرف ذي طبيعة جنسية‬
sexual nature that significantly impairs a ‫يُفسد بدرجة كبيرة قدرة الشخص أو فرصته للقيام‬
person’s ability or opportunity to perform his .‫بأنشطته الخاصة بالعمل أو الدراسة‬
or her job or educational pursuits.
 SCE is committed to providing a secure ‫ تلتزم كلية التعليم المستمر بتوفير بيئة آمنة للتعليم‬
educational and work environment for its ،‫ والعاملين بها‬،‫ ومدرسيها‬،‫والعمل لدارسيها‬
learners, faculty members, staff, and .‫ومديريها‬
administrators.
Photocopying: :‫النسخ‬
 Photocopying textbooks and original content ‫ يُعد نسخ كتب المقررات الدراسية والمحتوى‬
including computer software is a violation of ،‫ بما في ذلك نسخ برامج الحاسب اآللي‬،‫األصلي‬
AUC copyright and photocopying policies ‫مخالفًا لسياسات حقوق النشر والنسخ بالجامعة‬
and thus will not be allowed in SCE classes.
‫ وبالتالي غير مسموح بذلك في‬،‫األمريكية بالقاهرة‬
.‫فصول كلية التعليم المستمر‬
:Smoking :‫التدخين‬
 Smoking is not allowed in any SCE building, ‫ غير مسموح بالتدخين في أي مبنى من مباني كلية‬
including classes, lounges, workspaces, ‫ وقاعات‬،‫التعليم المستمر بما في ذلك الفصول‬
single-occupancy offices, balconies, ‫ وحتى‬،‫ واألماكن المخصصة للعمل‬،‫االنتظار‬
stairwells, open-areas within buildings, and
،‫ والشـُرفات‬،‫المكاتب التي يشغلها موظف واحد‬
outside the entrance of buildings.
،‫ والمساحات المفتوحة داخل المباني‬،‫وبئر السلم‬
.‫وخارج مداخل المباني‬
:Cellular / Mobile Phone :‫استخدام الهاتف المحمول‬
 SCE prohibits the use of cellular/mobile ‫ تمنع كلية التعليم المستمر استخدام الهواتف‬
phones in the classroom and during the ،‫ وأثناء اختبارات القبول‬،‫المحمولة في الفصل‬
administration of entrance and end-of-term .‫واختبارات نهاية الفصل الدراسي‬
testing sessions.
 You should turn off your phone during any ‫ يجب إغالق الهاتف أثناء أي محاضرة أو أثناء‬
class time and/or testing session. .‫االختبارات‬
Misconduct: :‫إساءة التصرف‬
 Acceptable adult behavior is expected of ‫ يُراعى من الدارسين بكلية التعليم المستمر التحلي‬
SCE learners in the classroom and on ‫بسلوك ناضج ومقبول في الفصول وداخل حرم‬
university campuses. .‫الجامعة ومبانيها‬
 Breach of such behavior will be reported by ‫ وسيقوم مدرس الفصل بإبالغ أي سلوك مخالف‬
the instructor to the Department Director, ‫ ويحول الدارسون المشتركون في هذا‬،‫لمدير القسم‬
and learners involved will be referred to the .‫السلوك إلى لجنة تأديب‬
Learner Disciplinary Committee.

xi
 Table of Contents
I Basic Dictionary Usage Skill .................................................................................................. 1
II American – British Dictionaries Search ............................................................................... 4
III How to Google! .................................................................................................................... 6
IV Web Evaluation (*) ........................................................................................................... 10
V Library Use ......................................................................................................................... 11
VI Translating Specialized Terms ........................................................................................... 14
VII Translating New Words .................................................................................................... 16
VIII Euphemisms ................................................................................................................... 22
IX Translating Proper Nouns ................................................................................................. 23
X Translation versus Transliteration of Proper Names ........................................................... 25
XI Translating Cultural Allusions ......................................................................................... 27
XII Quote Finding.................................................................................................................. 29
XIII Corpora in Translation ................................................................................................... 32
XIV Translation Memory Tools .............................................................................................. 37
XV Useful Links .................................................................................................................... 37
XVI More Exercises ................................................................................................................ 41

xii
 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
I Basic Dictionary Usage Skill
Attempt a research-informed
translation of the following One of the most useful sites for
sentences into Arabic paying English-English dictionaries is
www.onelook.com. It allows
special attention to the you to search a plethora of
different senses of the words English dictionaries, general &
in bold. First, find an English- specialized with a single click,
English dictionary. Use it to saving both time and effort. As
find the exact shade of for bilingual dictionaries,
meaning that matches the www.stars21.com is among the
context of the sentence. Then, best as well in this area of
search. If you are looking for
use an English-Arabic monolingual Arabic lexicons,
dictionary to help you find the you can easily find them on
suitable translation for the www.alwaraq.net.
words in bold.

 The ship was listing badly

 We are listing the requirements
 They gave a round of parties last summer
 They rounded the figures off to 3 million
 We had to turn round and fly home
 There is a good restaurant just round the corner
 I go for a run every morning
 The ball-player hit a home run
 We took the new car for a run
 He built a new run for his chickens
 He kept a civil tongue
 They fear Lebanon would witness civil disobedience
 His salary barely keeps body and soul
 He entered the body of the cathedral
 The body was washed up on the beach
 There is a growing body of evidence to prove his innocence
 The United Nations is a respected body all over the world
 This conditioner shall give your hair more body
 The body politic called for elections
 Some students of the faculty of Medicine resort to body snatchers

Technology for Translators and Interpreters Page 1

 Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Now, attempt to translate the following sentences into Arabic,

consulting an English-English dictionary first, to settle on the
sense of the words in bold, and then consult a bilingual dictionary
if the need still persists. Make sure you mention the sense you
have chosen from the English dictionary before you translate.

 I didn't think he was unfriendly. I put him down as shy.

 They put forward a number of suggestions.
 They put themselves down for a training course.
 I put in for a pay increase.
 Everyone gets rejected from time to time; put it down to experience.

 We have very little money in the bank.

 Banked clouds promised rain.
 The best part of the trip was the banks of the Willamette River.

 He had a bruise just above his left eye.
 Free medical care for pensioners aged 65 and above.
 You can always hear her voice above everybody else's.
 For the above reasons, the management has no choice but to close the
factory.
 His plans for opening a coffee shop are completely above board.

 He's been out of work for two years.
 I went out with the girls from work last night.
 The Collected Works of Shakespeare are amazing.
 He did his postgraduate work in Sociology.
 The official in charge of the engineering works is there.
 These guys do the grunt work in preparing tax returns.

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
This time, attempt to translate the following Arabic sentences into
English, paying special attention to the different senses of the
words in bold. Consult an Arabic-Arabic dictionary first, to settle
on the sense of the words, and then use an English –Arabic
dictionary to help you find the suitable translation, if needed.

.‫ وقعوا فى اللوالء‬-1
.‫ تقامص الصبيان‬-2
.‫ إن اإلحن تجد المحن‬-3
.‫ فاظ الرجل‬-4
.‫ مرق شعر الفتاة‬-5
.‫ مرق السهم من الهدف‬-6
.‫ مرق الرجل من الدين‬-7
.‫ مرق السارق الضحية‬-8
.‫ عكر الجيش على العدو‬-9
.‫ اعتكر الليل‬-11
.‫ اعتكر المطر‬-11
.‫ اعتكر الجنود فى الحرب‬-12
.‫ عكر موت زوجتة صفو حياتة‬-13
ً ‫ ن‬-14
.‫ضد الكتب على الرف‬
.‫ هذا رجل نَضَد‬-15
.‫ فى السماء نضد من السحاب‬-16
. ‫شيب فى رأسه‬
َّ ‫ الح ال‬-17
. ‫ هذا مكان الَح‬-18
. ‫شيء‬
ّ ‫ الح الفتى إلى ال‬-1 9
َ َ‫ استَن‬-02
.‫اص الفرس‬
َ َ‫ستَن‬
.‫اص فالن بعد انتصاره‬ ْ ‫ ا‬-21
َ َ‫ستَن‬
.‫اص عنه فغضب صديقة‬ ْ ‫ ا‬-22

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II American – British Dictionaries Search
There are two varieties of English, American and British. They are very similar except for a
few differences in Grammar, Spelling, and Vocabulary. Sometimes, the same word has two
different meanings in both varieties. However, Modern British English is heavily influenced
by American English, so some of the contrasts are disappearing

Attempt to translate the following Arabic words/phrases, giving the American and
British equivalent for each. Mention the steps you followed to find your information.

American British
‫الهاتف مشغول‬
‫المصعد‬
‫البطاطس المحمرة‬
‫الرصيف‬
‫مترو األنفاق‬
‫تقاطع الطرق‬
‫البنزين‬
‫األجازة‬
‫السكة الحديد‬
‫البريد‬
‫الخريف‬
‫البسكويت‬
‫الحلوى‬
‫الفاتورة‬
‫الطريق السريع‬
‫القمامة‬
‫زيادة في المرتب‬
‫يقطن في هذا الشارع‬
‫ينتمي إلى فريق ما‬
‫األلومونيوم‬
‫يحلل‬
‫البرنامج‬
‫المسافر‬ l ll

‫المسرح‬ er re

‫الشيك‬ check cheque

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Now that you have tried your hands with the previous exercise, learning how to make
sure whether the word/phrase you are using is British or American, and how to fish for
its alternative, try this exercise.

1. Orthographic Variation

British Spelling American Spelling

‫الطائرة‬
‫علم اآلثار‬
‫كتالوج‬
‫الدفاع‬
‫مناورة‬
‫اللون الرمادي‬
‫المتر‬
‫محراث‬
‫مجوهرات‬
‫يمارس‬
‫مالبس النوم‬

2- Lexical Variation

British Word American Word

‫الباذنجان‬
‫محامي‬
‫البوتاجاز‬
‫الجراج‬
‫الصيدلية‬ chemist's
‫منحنى‬ curve bend
‫سمسار عقارات‬ estate agent real estate
‫المطافئ‬ rirebregade
‫شقة‬ flat apartment
‫وزير الخارجية‬ forign minister secertary of stste
‫الهاتف المحمول‬ mobile cell phone
‫صنبور‬ tap
‫بنطالون‬ trouser pants
‫الزجاج األمامي للسيارة‬ wind screen w
‫سيارة أجرة‬ cab
‫غرفة الطوارئ‬ emergency room casualty
‫برنامج حواري‬ talk show

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III How to Google!
Search engines are software applications designed to seek out web pages using keywords. A
search engine returns “hits” which are titles or identification or URLs for relevant sites. The
way queries are entered and the way search is narrowed down varies from one engine to
another. It is advisable to read the user guide before using a specific search engine. One type
of search engines is called “meta-search engine”, which is a search engine that uses several
different search engines to scan the web before compiling the results. Google is the most
popular meta-search engine among translators. Other meta-search engines are Clusty.com
which searches free search engines, not Google or Yahoo, and Dogpile.com which searches
Google, Yahoo, LookSmart, Ask.com, and MSN and more. Both use Boolean operators.
You can also try SurfWax.com and Copernic.com. You can even make your custom search
engine using Google Custom Search at http://www.google.com/cse/
Since, so far, Google, a leader in the field, is translators’ favorite search engine, the following
document is Google’s Cheat Sheet, which your instructor will take you through, to learn how
to refine your search.

Google Help : Cheat Sheet

OPERATOR EXAMPLE FINDS PAGES CONTAINING...

vacation hawaii the words vacation and Hawaii .
Maui OR Hawaii either the word Maui or the word Hawaii
"To each his own" the exact phrase to each his own
virus –computer the word virus but NOT the word computer
Star Wars Episode +I This movie title, including the roman numeral I
~auto loan loan info for both the word auto and its synonyms: truck, car, etc.
define:computer definitions of the word computer from around the Web.
red * blue the words red and blue separated by one or more words.
I'm Feeling Lucky Takes you directly to first web page returned for your query.

ADVANCED OPERATORS MEANING WHAT TO TYPE INTO SEARCH BOX (& DESCRIPTION OF RESULTS)
Search only one admission site:www.stanford.edu
site:
website (Search Stanford Univ. site for admissions info.)
Search within a DVD player $100..150
[#]…[#]
range of numbers (Search for DVD players between $100 and $150)
Olympics date: 3
Search only a
date: (Search for Olympics references within past 3 months; 6 and 12-month
range of months
date-restrict options also available)
safesearch: sex education
safesearch: Exclude adult-content
(Search for sex education material without returning adult sites)
link:www.stanford.edu
link: linked pages
(Find pages that link to the Stanford University website.)
info:www.stanford.edu
info: Info about a page
(Find information about the Stanford University website.)
related:www.stanford.edu
related: Related pages
(Find websites related to the Stanford University website.)

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GOOGLE SERVICES URL DESCRIPTION

Google Books books.google.com Find books related to your search term.
Google News news.google.com Read the most up-to-date news stories about your search term.
(*) Adapted from Google Help: Cheat Sheet - www.google.com/help/cheatsheet.html

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Now that you have studied the Google Cheat Sheet, attempt answering the following
questions. Mention the research steps that you have followed to reach your answer.

1. Locate sites that help you find : (1) Titles of Egyptian Ministries in both English and
Arabic, and (2) Names of United Nations 6 main bodies and 15 specialized agencies in
both English and Arabic
2. Locate sites that help you find information about government departments in the UK and
the US.
3. Find information on the following: (1) the long and winding road, and (2) This was their
finest hour.
4. Find quick definitions of the following using Google: (1) good governance, and (2)
organizational structures.
5. Find two adjectives, two nouns, and two verbs that tend to collocate with "forces". [Hint:
Wildcard Search]
6. Find the URL for Al-Ahram Weekly, and then use Google to find articles written by
Hassan Nafaa on this site alone.
7. Find sites that deal with Islamic history during the period 622-700 AD.
8. Find sites that link to the site: www.onelook.com
9. Find information about the site: www.stars21.com
10. Find sites related to the site: www.onelook.com
11. Produce a list of sites for each of the following: (1) English-English Dictionaries, (2)
English/Arabic dictionaries and (3) Thesauri.
12. Using Google Books give full citation for a book that includes the following quotation:
“Tahrir is and will remain totemic in the Arab Spring, whatever comes next, a sparkling
moment when crowds of millions were beautiful. Its imagery may outlive and even
replace Che Guevara as the iconography of right-on revolt, at least in this part of the
world.”
13. Use Google to locate the latest press release on the situation in Iran.
14. Use Google Translate to find the way ‫ ميخائيل جورباتشوف‬is spelled in English.

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Now attempt the following exercise. Mention the search steps you have followed:

1. Find information about:

a) The history of Georgia (country).
b) Equality excluding gender equality.
c) Alienation as a sociological concept.

2. Translate the term "good governance".

3. Give as many synonyms as possible of the word analgesic.

4. Give a research-based definition of the term technical assistance.

5. Find research based information about this quote “With malice

toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God
gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are
in; to bind up the nation's wounds.”

6. Find the URL for the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and

then use Google to find its four specialized institutions on this site

7. Provide a list of:

a) The western philosophers from 1800 to 1850 CE.
b) Longman publications over the past 12 months.

8. Find websites related to Boston College site.

9. Use Google Translate to:

a) Find the correct English spelling of the educationalist
‫إيفان إيليتش‬
b) Find the Arabic translation of Cheops.

10. Using Google Book Search:

a) Give full citation of The Road Less Traveled: A New
Psychology of Love, Traditional Values and Spiritual
Growth.
b) Cite the page numbers in Gerlad Corey’s Theory and
Practice of Counseling Psychotherapy including Carl
Rogers.
c) Attempt an advanced search of Can You Hear Me
Now? by Dallas Demmitt, 2003

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division

IV Web Evaluation (*)

Anyone can publish a web site. Therefore, researchers in general, and researchers for
translation purposes in particular, should evaluate the quality of information appearing online
or in print based on five criteria--scope of coverage, authority, objectivity, accuracy and
timeliness. Before you rely on information, you should:

1. Determine the origin.

In order to determine the source of a web site, type the URL in one of the following
source detectors to uncover ownership of Web sites using the domain of their hosting
service.
Whois Source <http://www.whois.sc/>
BetterWhois <http://www.betterwhois.com/>
ICANN-Accredited Registrars <http://www.icann.org/registrars/accredited-list.html>
ALLWHOIS <http://allwhois.com/>
2. Discover the author AND the publisher.
Read "about us" and author biographies, and examine links to and from other Web sites.
Look for other publications by the author or publisher. Ascertain the author's and
publisher's credentials. Authors recognized as experts amongst their peers are usually
cited and reviewed in the literature. Examine grammar and spelling.

Amazon.com <www.amazon.com>
U.S. Copyright Search < http://www.copyright.gov/records/>
Library of Congress Online Catalog < http://catalog.loc.gov/>

3. Establish the Date of Publication

Examine creation and revision dates. Assess the writing for time-sensitive information.
Be cautious about descriptive words such as always, never, all, none and most. Stay away
from undated information whether it is presented as fact or commentary.

4. Verify the source.

Find another reputable source that provides similar information. Look for cited
references.

(*) Adapted from Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll, LLP (1996-2007)
http://www.virtualchase.com/quality/index.html
For more information and practical examples on web evaluation, visit:
 Lesley University Guide to web evaluation
http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/research/evaluating_web.html

 Western State College of Colorado

http://www.western.edu/lib/guides/examples.html

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
V Library Use
A library is an integral part of a researcher’s toolbox. Most library catalogues are now digital.
A researcher needs to enter keywords in the catalogue search box in order to locate a book
whether online or on shelf. Most library catalogues use Boolean operators. They are as
follows: (the following table is extracted from http://catalog.loc.gov/help/boolean.htm)

You can also use Wildcard symbols in your search. (The following table is extracted from
http://www.csa.com/help/Search_Tools/boolean_operators.html)

Use For
* Truncation. This expands a search term to include all forms of a root word, e.g.,
patent* retrieves patent, patents, patentable, patented, etc.
* Multi-character wildcard for finding alternative spellings. Use to indicate an
unlimited number of characters within a word, e.g., behavi*r retrieves behaviour or
behavior.
? Single-character wildcard for finding alternative spellings. The ? represents a single
character; two ?? represent two characters; three ??? represent three characters, and so
on. Use within or at the end of a word, e.g., wom?n finds woman as well as women,
and carbon fib?? finds carbon fiber or carbon fibre.

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division

AUC Library One Search

As of Fall 2010, the AUC Library shall release Library One Search, a new service that provides
researchers a single, Google-like search of books, journals, newspapers, articles, chapters,
dissertations, DVDs, music recordings and scores available to the AUC community. It has a full-text
filter. It also gives clear and immediate results, with “Did you mean?” suggestions.

For Search Query Tips, visit libguides.aucegypt.edu/content.php?pid=125839&sid=1105608

For Library One Search, visit http://library.aucegypt.edu/one/

Bibliotheca Alexandrina
Bibliotheca Alexandrina (BA) is another breakthrough. It has an online catalog that uses the above-
mentioned Boolean Operators. The BA catalog is available at http://cwg.bibalex.org:8000/cgi-
bin/chameleon?skin=default&lng=en.

The BA has an online service called DAR which is short for Digital Assets Repository accessible
at http://dar.bibalex.org/#AdvancedSearch. DAR is a system developed at the BA, to create, reserve,
and maintain the Library's digital books and collections. For instance, under the category Language, a
researcher has online access to 5416 books related to language, 39 of which are online copies of
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias.

The BA also has another impressive service called the Internet Archive, which is a recorded
memory of the all the web pages on every website on the Internet since it started in 1996. The
BA Internet Archive is the first center of its kind established outside US borders. It is
designed not only as a backup for the mother archive in San Francisco, but also as a hub for
Africa and the Middle East1. It is available at
www.bibalex.org/isis/frontend/archive/archive_web.aspx.

For live and archived access to all the conferences, lectures and presentations that take place
in Bibliotheca Alexandrina, you can go to http://webcast.bibalex.org/home/home.aspx. This
can especially valuable to simultaneous interpreters who would wish to practice with live
conferences.

1
Adapted from http://www.bibalex.org/InternetArchive/IA_en.aspx

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division

VI Translating Specialized Terms

Availability of terminological sources is a must to guarantee high quality service.

Monolingual and bilingual dictionaries and glossaries, whether paper or online, can be of
some help to a translator. However, sometimes the need arises when a translator has to search
for a document that is translated into either English or Arabic in order to be able to find the
equivalent for a certain specialized term.

Attempt a research-informed translation of the following statements paying due

attention to the parts in bold. Use a reliable search engine to browse through the Web,
and locate a relevant website that provides an Arabic-English-Arabic glossary. It is
common sense to search for a relevant UN organization website that might be providing
an Arabic-English-Arabic glossary of animal and agriculture terms.

‫ بما‬،‫ مرض الحمى القالعية من األمراض الفيروسية شديدة العدوى وتتعرض له جميع الحيوانات مشقوقة الظلف‬.1
.‫في ذلك جميع الحيوانات المزرعية المستأنسة والحيوانات البرية ذات الحوافر‬
‫ وعلى الشريط‬،‫ وعالمات اإلصابة الرئيسية هي ارتفاع درجة حرارة الحيوان المصاب يليها ظهور بثور في الفم‬.2
‫ ويمكن أن تكون نسبة النفوق بين الحيوانات الصغيرة والرضيعة عالية نظراً لتعرضها‬.‫التاجي وفيما بين الظلفين‬
‫للموت جوعا ً عندما تمنعها االلتهابات التي تظهر في الفم من الرضاعة كما ترفض اإلناث إرضاع الحيوانات‬
.‫الرضيعة لوجود التهابات مؤلمة في الضرع‬
،‫ والدنيس‬،‫ والبلطي‬،‫ وقشر البياض‬،‫ والقراميط‬،‫ القاروس‬:‫ وتنتشر أنواع من أسماك الصيد في المياه المصرية مثل‬.3
.‫ والبربوني‬،‫ والمرجان‬،‫والبوري‬

.‫ تنقسم األعالف إلى أعالف خشنة و أعالف خضراء و أعالف مركزة‬.4

5. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) was a Swedish naturalist. He is considered the "Father of

Taxonomy" because he developed the system by which we name organisms today: the
taxonomy he devised classifies living kingdoms into five main categories: Monera,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

Attempt a research-informed translation of the following statements paying due

attention to the parts in bold. Use a reliable search engine to browse through the Web,
and locate a relevant website that provides an Arabic-English-Arabic glossary. It is
common sense to search for a relevant organization website that might be providing an
Arabic-English-Arabic glossary of IT terms.

1. The memory on a graphics card that stores information not being displayed onscreen is
called a frame buffer.

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
2. This programming technique uses two buffers to speed up any computer task when the
hardware can process and push information around at the same time. In graphics cards,
double buffering is often used to store the next frame in a video clip in an off-screen
frame buffer while displaying the current frame. This way, when the present frame is
finished, the next frame is ready to write to the displayable portion of the buffer.
3. Why file or disk fragmentation occurs? How does defragmentation work?
4. S-HTTP (Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol) was designed by E. Rescorla and A.
Schiffman to secure HTTP connections.
5. The router sends IGMP membership reports on the upstream interface when queried,
and sends unsolicited reports or leaves when the database changes.
6. Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) is a simple authentication protocol in which
the user name and password is sent to the remote access server in a plaintext
(unencrypted) form.
7. Current methods for designing embedded systems require tospecify and design hardware
and software separately.
8. Note that this does not protect against an "upstream loop," where one router's upstream
interface is considered to be another's downstream interface and vice versa. A
spanning-tree algorithm is required to resolve loops like this.

Attempt a research-informed translation of the following statements paying due

attention to the parts in bold. Use a reliable search engine to browse through the Web,
and locate a relevant website that provides Arabic/English texts in this domain. It is
common sense to search for a relevant organization website where you can find such
relevant texts.

‫ عقدت جلسة العمل الوزارية للدورة الحادية والعشرين للكومسيك (اللجنة الدائمة للتعاون االقتصادي‬.1
‫ تشرين الثاني‬/‫ نوفمبر‬42 ‫والتجاري فيما بين الدول األعضاء بنمظمة المؤتمر اإلسالمي) يوم‬
.4002
‫ عقدت لجنة المفاوضات التجارية المشكلة بموجب اتفاقية اإلطار بشأن إنشاء نظام األفضليات‬.2
‫ جلسة خاصة على هامش الدورة‬،‫التجارية فيما بين الدول األعضاء في منظمة المؤتمر اإلسالمي‬
)4002 ‫ تشرين الثاني‬/‫ نوفمبر‬42 ‫ يوم‬،‫ تركيا‬،‫ في اسطنبول‬،‫الحادية والعشرين للكومسيك‬
‫ انتهت لجنة المفاوضات التجارية من إعداد بروتوكول خطة التعريفة التفضيلية الخاصة بنظام‬.3
‫ ورفعته إلى‬،)‫األفضليات التجارية فيما بين الدول األعضاء في منظمة المؤتمر اإلسالمي (بريتاس‬
.‫الدورة الحادية والعشرين للكومسيك العتماده‬

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VII Translating New Words

New words enter the English language all the time - the exact number is uncertain but there
are thousands appearing every year. It is mandatory that a translator knows how to research
new words especially that sometimes dictionaries fail to keep abreast of them. Below are
some of the ways in which new words come into being.

1. Coinage
2. Blending
3. Clipping
4. Abbreviations & Acronyms

(1) Coinage
This is the creation of entirely new words - quite unusual given
the competition from all the other, perhaps easier ways of
creating words. These can be based on similar sounding words
- 'Hobbit' was based on rabbit - or change from a brand or
product to common usage - Kleenex and Hoover. They can
also of course have no roots in anything, such as the scientific
terms 'googol' and 'quark', or slang terms such as to 'chug' a
drink. Another way of coining new words is Derivation. It is
accomplished by means of a huge number of affixes as un-,
mis-, pre-, -ful, -less, -ish, -ism, -ness which appear in words
like unhappy, misrepresent, prejudge, joyful. careless, boyish.
terrorism and sadness.

The Following are sentences with coinages. Using your research skills, attempt to find
what these coinages mean, then translate them into Arabic. (N.B. Mention your search
string):

1. English dramatic poets have been shakespearizing now for two hundred years.

2. He Xeroxed a copy for everyone in the meeting.

3. If ebooks have ejackets then I can perhaps add an ewarning about elanguage.

4. Looking at Michael Jackson, you would think you were looking at a multi-facelifted
old woman.

5. The Camillagate has become the talk of the hour.

6. I never saw my uncle’s Ferrari, but I could always hear it going vroom as it flew past
by my house.

7. I am googling at the moment.

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
8. The Americans seem to be suffering from an Iranophobia.

9. The tabloidification of American life - of the news, of the culture, and of human
behavior - is such a sweeping phenomenon that it can't be dismissed as merely a joke.

10. Straw is only a demi-Blairite. He does not like Liberal Democrats much, and is an
opponent of electoral reform.

11. Today California saw its first court case brought under a 'cyberstalker' law that came
into force on 1 January.

12. Oprah Winfrey has barnstormed Iowa for Barack Obama in what can only be
described as "Oprahpalooza", complete with fainting fans, all the usual trappings.

(2) Blending
Blends are words created by combining elements from two
words - normally beginning and end - and so combining their
meaning to create a new one. (e.g. breakfast + lunch =
brunch). There are also newer words such as 'dancercise'
which is the outcome of blending “dancing” and “exercise”.

The Following are sentences with blends. Using your research skills, attempt to find
what these blends compose of, and translate them into Arabic. (N.B. Mention your
search string):

1. As our car broke down, we can spend our night in a nearby motel.

2. Every researcher in the field of the US economics has to be familiar with the
Reagonomics.

3. The Peters are good at Spanglish.

4. Brave Heart will be telecasted next Friday.

5. Carbon dioxide is a real hazmat.

6. Agribuiness are very profitable.

7. The attack was carried out by a shuicide bomber.

8. He has an extensive wordrobe.

9. The carjacking incident has left the local residents shocked.

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
10. Investors and netizens alike were left wondering what went wrong.

11. Producers of teen-oriented movies are accused of teensploitation.

12. This is the latest edutainment video.

13. This new docu-soap follows day-to-day lives of hairdressers.

14. The public school plus Oxbridge system has never perceived any need for vocational
education.

15. She plunged the house into darkness one night trying to electrocute herself.

16. The Central Statistical Office has reduced its guesstimate of the expected monthly
surplus from £300million to £100million.

17. There are rules of email Netiquette that help us communicate better via email.

18. Parascending cruises are fun for all the family.

19. In the last few months, protests have sprung up all over Europe, against products they
called ‘Frankenfood’.

(3) Clipping

This is the shortening of a longer word, often reducing it to one

syllable. Examination becomes exam, laboratory lab. Many
examples are very informal or slang, like 'bro' from brother

The following sentences have Clippings. Using your research skills, state
their origin then translate them into Arabic: (N.B. Mention your search
string)

1. The UK grad Program provides support, advice and resources to postgraduate

research students.
2. Training to be a computer wiz may be easier than you ever imagined.
3. When I registered I made a typo on my email address and now I cannot get into my
account to confirm.
4. It is doubtful that decaf coffee is any better than regular coffee.
5. Wellesley College offers a co-ed summer program for college students and graduates.
6. The appointment of a large number of ex-cons as school teachers was largely due to
the poor levels of education in Australian schools.
7. This project was concerned with an evaluation of the role of co-ops and other rural
institutions.

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Abbreviations & Acronyms

Clues:
Acronyms and initialisms are specific types of  There are search engines dedicated to
abbreviations. An acronym is a word formed the purpose of abbreviation finding.
from the first (or first few) letters ofmust Use your research skills to locate
several words. It is pronounceable as a normal them. However, do not depend upon
word. An abbreviation is merely the shortened them solely. Use them as an initial
form of a word. An initialism is a type of step in your search for abbreviations.
abbreviation pronounced one letter at a time. (e.g. www.acronymfinder.com and
For instance, PGA, AARP, IOU, etc. Basic www.thefreedictionary.com).
abbreviations are pronounced like the full word  The United Nations website has a
it represents. So "St." is pronounced "Street" (or multilingual dictionary of terms. It is
"Saint") and "Ct." is pronounced Court and of great help when you are translating
"Mr." is pronounced "Mister," etc. These basic UN terms and abbreviations
abbreviations are usually followed by a period.

Using your online research skills, find the full meaning of the following abbreviations as
they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation, and check
your translation in the search engine Google.

1. National policies must control emissions of ODS and POPs.

2. The CPU is the main component in a computer, where all operations take place.
3. The World Bank provides financial support to developing countries civilian leader the
through development
IDA
‫ﺗﻧﻣﯾﮫ ﻣﮭﺎرات اﻟﻘﺎدة اﻟﻣدﻧﯾﯾن ة‬
credits and the IBRD loans. us marine corpse
4. CLD Program is developing civilian leaders for the future of the USMC. ‫ﻗوات اﻟﻣﺷﺎة اﻟﺑﺣرﯾﺔ اﻻﻣرﯾﻛﯾﺔ‬
‫ﯾﮭدف اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻲ ﺗطوﯾر ﻣﮭﺎرات اﻟﻘﺎدة اﻟﻣدﻧﯾﯾن ﻟﻼﻧﺿﻣﺎم اﻟﻲ ﻗوات اﻟﻣﺷﺎة اﻟﺑﺣرﯾﺔ‬
5. CLD tries to help post-secondary students with disabilities to complete a high quality
post-secondary education. ‫ﻣﺟﻠس ﻟﺻﻌوﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻌﻠم‬
6. CLD International provides training to legislatures, government agencies, and non-
governmental organizations. ‫ﻣرﻛز اﻟدوﻟﻲ ﺗطوﯾر اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﻊ‬
7. The Third TAF supported the advance of Fourteenth Army against the Japanese forces. ‫ﻻ‬
8. TAF has increased the professionalism of trade associations. ‫ﯾرﺗﻘﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوي اﻻﺣﺗﻠراف ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺣﺎدات اﻻ‬
9. The United States—one of Turkey’s NATO allies—lists the PKK as a foreign terrorist
organization. ‫ﺣزب اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﺑﻛﺳﺗﺎﻧﻲ‬
10. Andrews AFB is the home of Air Force One in MD. ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة اﻧدروز اﻟﺟوﯾﺔ ﻣﯾرﯾﻼﻧد‬
11. AFB Expanding possibilities for people with vision loss.
12. SEATTLE, WA - A federal court has ruled in favor of a widely recognized researcher
seeking detailed statistics from the IRS about how the agency enforces the nation's tax
laws.
13. There are three principle types of civilian organizations which are IO, NGO, and IHO.
14. UNDP helps countries to build the institutional capacity, policies and programmes
needed to achieve the MDGs.
15. UN is involved in the entire spectrum of "humanitarian assistance" including UNDRC
and UNHCR.
16. AFESD provides development assistance only to the members of the LAS, whereas the
BADEA extends development financing to African countries.

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
17. Upon the events of 9/11, the AUC-IMD announced a comprehensive program for USA-
OSHA.
18. OWS protests against corporate greed began in Canada a month ago and moved to US,
Asia and Europe
19. In 1988 the UNEP and WMO established the IPCC to assess the human induced climate
change

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
Now, try your hands with the following abbreviations and acronyms exercise. Using
your online research skills, find the full meaning of the following abbreviations as they
appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation, and check your
translation in the search engine Google.

1. IRA is one of the most effective ways to accumulate retirement savings.

2. After the Easter Rising, the IRA emerged to fight for the Independence of Ireland.

3. The IRA in Italy is engaged in the development of the next generation radio telescopes.

4. The IRA supports the government of Tanzania in the assessment of human and natural
resources.

5. The IRA represents students living within the residence halls at the University of
Vermont.

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
VIII Euphemisms

Clues:
A Euphemism is "A mild word or phrase  There are sites that provide lists of
that substitutes for another that would be euphemisms and their intended meaning.
undesirable because it is too direct, Use your research skills to locate them.
unpleasant, or offensive. For instance, the Otherwise, depend on your research skills.
word joint is a euphemism for the word (http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/eup
prison, and WC is a euphemism for hemism.html and
bathroom. It can also be the substitution of a http://www.proz.com/personal-
mild or less negative word or phrase for a glossary/46939?glossary=15369)
harsh or blunt one, as in the use of pass  There are print dictionaries of Euphemism
away instead of die.(*) that you can resort to as well. Research the
AUC library catalogue to locate them.

Using your online research skills, find the full meaning of the following euphemisms as
they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation, and check
your translation in the search engine Google.

1. I had no idea that she has gone to meet her maker.

2. Doctors are calling for a debate over proposals for the "mercy killing" of severely
disabled babies.
3. "The more the electorate expects from the politicians they elect, the more likely it is that
politicians will be economical with the truth," says Dr Newey.
4. The defense department budget includes $130 billion to support overseas contingency
operations, primarily in Iraq and Afghanistan.
5. Deputy National Security Adviser Ben Rhodes said that protecting the Libyan people
“obviously involves kinetic military action.”
6. The Latvian foreign ministry has expelled the first secretary of the Belarussian Embassy
in Riga, Latvia's capital, for actions incompatible with diplomatic status
7. He received orders to service the target
8. The director of the plant reported a spontaneous energetic disassembly
9. He was remanded in protective custody
10. The recent economic crisis has led to massive rightsizing
11. I have joined the long row of job-seekers
12. Three soldiers were killed by friendly fire when a mortar bomb hit their truck.
13. They suspect he has the big C
14. The soldiers returned home in transfer tubes
15. Solid wastes are put in sanitary landfills
16. The prime minister authorized a pre-emptive air strike against the rebels
17. We received orders of executive action
18. The Bush administration prosecuted the “few bad apples” stationed in the Abu Gharib.
19. Obama has pledged to wind down Operation Iraqi Freedom within 16 months.

(*) Adapted from the University of Victoria Writer's Guide

<www.baylorschool.org/academics/english/studentwork/stover/toolbox/figlang.html>

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
IX Translating Proper Nouns

A challenge that translators often face in their Clues:

work comes from proper names. People and  Try Google Language Tools in
places have their own names. Any translating proper names
organization, institution, or agency has its own  Don't forget to use the clues
set of titles, as well as publication titles, found in the sentence you are
departments, projects, products, etc. A translating. (e.g. dates, titles, etc.)
translator, thus, has to acquire the skill to find  Try Noodle Tools: Choosing the
the way a certain proper name is spelled in Best Search Strategy – "I need
English or Arabic. Usually, this is a common Facts"
problem encountered in translating into http://www.noodletools.com/deb
English names that are not originally Arabic. bie/literacies/information/5locate
Translators must be very careful where they /adviceengine.html
get their information, as anyone can publish a
website.

Using your online research skills, find the proper spelling of the following proper names
as they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation, and check
your translation in the search engine Google.

.‫ تعد رواية دافيد كوبرفيلد أفضل ما سطر ديكنز من روايات‬.1

.1541 ‫ مارس‬9 ‫ ُو ِلد المالح الشهير أمريكو فيسبوتشي في فلورنسا في‬.2
.‫ ميالدية‬161 ‫ إلى‬131 ‫ امتدت فترة حكم اإلمبراطور الروماني أنطونيوس بايوس من‬.3
.‫ كان القديس توما األكويني راعيًا للعديد من الجامعات الكاثوليكية الوسيطة‬.5
.‫ أنهى صالح الدين الوجود الصليبي الغربي في القدس‬.4
.‫ تعد أوبرا حالق أشبيلية لروسيني من أجمل األوبرات الكوميدية‬.6
.‫ كان ماثيو أرنولد ناقدًا رائدًا في العصر الفيكتوري‬.7
.‫كثيرا من ِسما المجتمع اليهودي الذي عاش فيه السيد المسيح‬
ً ‫ يكشف إنجيل متى‬.1
.1174 ‫ افتُتِحت أوبرا كارمن لجورج بيزيه عام‬.9
‫دونها ابن رشد على كتب أرسطو أعادت تقديم الفيلسوف اإلغريقي ألوروبا في عصر‬
َّ ‫ إن التعليقات التي‬.11
.‫النهضة‬
.‫ يقع المعبد الجنائزي إلى الشرق من هرم منقرع‬.11
.1172 ‫ نشر الفيلسوف األلماني نيتشه كتابه األول (مولد المأساة من روح الموسيقى) سنة‬.12

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 ‫‪Arabic and Translation Studies Division‬‬
‫‪Using general internet search engines or specialized websites give the proper spelling of‬‬
‫‪the proper names in the following passages. Document your sources.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬في ‪ 24‬يوليو من عام ‪ 1943‬اجتمع المجلس الفاشستي األعلى ألول مرة منذ بداية الحرب وعارض بتسعة عشر‬
‫عضوا موسوليني في حين لم يؤيده سوى سبعة فقط‪ ،‬فسقط حكمه وكلف الملك فكتور عمانوئيل الثاني الجنرال‬
‫باروغلو بطل الحملة على الحبشة بتأليف الوزارة‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬يعمل البروفيسور برنارد لويس أستاذا ً لدراسات الشرق األدني بجامعة برنستون االمريكية‪ ،‬وهو األب الشرعي‬
‫لتعبير "صدام الحضارات" الذي اتخذه الكاتب األمريكي الشهير صمويل هنتنجتون عنوانا ً لكتابه األشهر‪ ،‬الذي اقتبس‬
‫منه الكاتب األمريكي الشهير أيضا ً فرانسيس فوكوياما الكثير من األفكار في كتابه "نهاية التاريخ" الذي يشرح فيه‬
‫فوكوياما النصر النهائي للحضارة الغربية التي تمثلها أمريكا بالرأسمالية االقتصادية والديمقراطية السياسية علي‬
‫غيرها من الحضارات‪.‬‬

‫سا إلى األفالم التى أخرجتها السينما المصرية عن روايات‬ ‫‪ .3‬يعتبر فيلم "نهر الحب" لعز الدين ذو الفقار عمالً جيدًا قيا ً‬
‫الكاتب ليو تولوستوى‪ ،‬وقد سعى المخرج إلى االستفادة من األجواء الرومانسية لرواية تولستوى فقام بتغيير الكثير‬
‫من أحداثها على نحو يرضى المتفرج المصرى‪ .‬واألرجح َّ‬
‫أن عز الدين ذو الفقار رجع أيضًا إلى الفيلم الذى أخرجه‬
‫كالرنس براون لجريتا جاربو عام ‪ ،1934‬وإلى الفيلم الذى أخرجه جوليان دوفيفيه ولعبت بطولته فيفيان لى فى‬
‫بريطانيا عام ‪ . 1951‬وهناك اختالفات بين فيلم ذو الفقار وكل النصوص المأخوذة من رواية تولستوى‪ ،‬فالضابط‬
‫فرونسكى فى الرواية هو زير نساء يحاول أن يجرب حظه مع إحدى الزوجات التعيسات‪ ،‬أما الضابط عند عز الدين‬
‫ذو الفقار فهو رجل رومانسى يمر بتجربة حبه األولى‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬أهم رافد استقى منه نجيب محفوظ مكوناته الثقافية ورؤاه اإلبداعية هو الرافد األدبى‪ ،‬فقد قرأ التراث العربى قراءة‬
‫واعية متأملة وتأثر بالرواد األوائل من األجيال التى سبقته أو عاصرته‪ ،‬لكنها كانت بالنسبة له فى مقام األستاذية مثل‬
‫مصطفى لطفى المنفلوطى‪ ،‬وأحمد لطفى السيد‪ ،‬وطه حسين وغيرهم‪ ،‬وفى األدب العالمى قرأ الروائيين الكبار من‬
‫كتاب الواقعية األوائل مثل بلزاك وديكنز‪ ،‬وإن كان قد تأثر أكثر بتالميذهم مثل جوستاف فلوبير وستندال‪ .‬وقرأ‬
‫لكتاب روس وتأثر بهم كثيرا‪ ،‬وباألخص تولستوى فى رائعته‪- :‬الحرب والسالم‪ ،-‬ويستويفسكى فى أعماله العظيمة‪،‬‬
‫ولم يتوقف عند هؤالء وأولئك وإنما امتدت قراءاته إلى من أحدثوا منعطفات خطيرة فى فن الرواية مثل جويس‬
‫وكافكا وبروست وقرأ هكسلى وملفيل ودوس باسوس‪ ،‬وهيمنجواى قراءة واعية‪..‬‬

‫‪ .4‬أما هذا الصديق فهو ليس شخصية حقيقية‪ ،‬وإنما شخصية نسجها قلم الروائي والشاعر الفرنسي العظيم "فيكتور‬
‫هوجو" في رواية لم تنل شهرة باقي أعماله هي رواية "الكادحون في البحر" ففي هذه الرواية روى هوجو قصة‬
‫طويلة عن شاب اسمه جيليات أحب فتاة جميلة اسمها دورشيت حبا صامتا بال أمل‬

‫‪6. Andalusia is an autonomous region overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Atlantic‬‬
‫‪Ocean. It is Spain's largest and most populous region, it covers most of S Spain,‬‬
‫‪comprising the provinces of Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga,‬‬
‫‪and Seville (Sevilla). It is known for its Islamic architecture. Famous monuments include‬‬
‫‪the Alhambra in Granada and the Mezquita in Córdoba.‬‬

‫‪7. Alfraganus wrote Elements of Astronomy (the book on celestial motion and thorough‬‬
‫‪science of the stars), which was translated into Latin in the 12th century and exerted great‬‬
‫‪influence upon European astronomy.‬‬

‫‪8. Avenzoar made significant contributions to medicine. He wrote many titles including:‬‬
‫‪Book of simplification concerning Therapeutics and Diet, a detailed description of‬‬
‫‪pathological conditions and the therapies prescribed; Book of the Middle Course‬‬
‫‪concerning the Reformation of Souls and the Bodies, a summary of diseases, therapeutics‬‬

‫‪Technology for Translators and Interpreters‬‬ ‫‪Page 24‬‬

 Clues:
 It should be noted that certain
historical and religious names of
people or places should often retain
Arabic and Translation Studies
theirDivision
translated forms. There are
and hygiene written specially for the benefit other reasons for employing
of the layman; and Book on Foodstuffs, a transliteration, central to which is
description of different types of food and when a concept in the SL is too big
drugs and their effects on health. for a TL word or phrase to
accommodate. Transliteration,
X Translation versus thus, is used to create shortcuts.
Transliteration of Proper Names  A selection of the most frequently
used transliteration systems can be
The Writing of Arabic proper names in English found in the following links:
texts presents a number of difficulties, even for  ALA-LC Romanization
those who are familiar with both languages. A Tables (Adopted by the US
translator should avoid inconsistencies in the Library of Congress and the
spelling of proper names. One approach is to take American Library Association
Arabic words as they are pronounced and write for cataloguing books)
down approximately similar sounds in the Roman
alphabet. This is called transliteration or http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roma
Romanization. The ideal solution would be to nization/arabic.pdf
have a standard, internationally agreed, system.  UNGEGN System of
Several have been proposed but unfortunately Romanization (set by the UN
none has been universally accepted. (*) Group of Experts on
Geographical Names)
In the following sentences, decide on
translation/transliteration for rendering the http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_ar.
parts in bold. To inform your decision, look up pdf
the meaning of these words in online
dictionaries, and then browse through the Internet to see for which purpose each is
used:
HINT: In order to use transliteration codes in
an MS Word document, you need to click on
INSERT, and then choose SYMBOL. Search
for the symbol you are looking for in the
table that appears before you, and click on it
once you find it and click INSERT. CLOSE
the table. You will find the symbol you chose
on the page you are using.

‫يييل‬ ‫ت لألل‬ ‫لصيييولتلالييلشلتب ييلب ل رييهالوت تيريييل ي ي‬،‫ييي‬ ‫ فييظل ييرلا وأيييل ا‬.1
‫يسييي ت ل اييي وتيريلبليييتعماظلًتريييال يوتًل صييييولعريييي لتب يييلب لبمتيييرلل ارييييل‬
.ً‫ترااللبريل تلا تملإوت يريلًإو يأي‬
‫لفيظل‬ ‫لوت ل ت رلفظلكايأهلتبجري لفظلكايأهل شر عتةلتبحي‬ ‫ ابشلتب كابول ح‬.2
‫ل تبلي ضل‬ ‫لشرلعلتبجري لب لتبل تنلعنلتببطنل تلتوضل تبيمس‬:‫تلإرللمل يلنصه‬
.‫ل وءلتبسامةلعنلتب سه تن‬،‫يوراري‬ ‫تبلات ةل ل ةل‬

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 ‫‪Arabic and Translation Studies Division‬‬
‫‪ .3‬تللناسيضةلتبسهسطتمتةلتلت بىل ظلتناسيضةلشلاتةلفهسطتمتةلأ اتلفظلنبف ا ل‬
‫عيمل‪.1891‬‬
‫بسىل‬ ‫ل نلتلتناتيء‪:‬لإأ ت تمل لاب ل‬ ‫نلفظلكبنريل ا تلبهل‬ ‫ينةلتبا سلي‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫لعهترملتبسللم‪.‬‬ ‫ح‬ ‫إرحيقل برفل ت ل رهت ينل عتسىل‬
‫‪ .5‬ل ثمظلعتسىلأنلتبحسنلتببوتقلقيش‪:‬لل ثمظلرهت ينلأنلاأظلشتخلقيشل‪:‬لل ثمظل‬
‫اأبلتبصل تءلقيشل‪:‬لب يلق مل يو نلأنلرل ل تبتيلعهىل ترطل نلقارلإأ ت تمل‬
‫ه هلتبميسل اوذهلتلت بتشل ضلريل‬ ‫وطالتبميسل نلىلعهىلاأظلعلس لافليبهل‬
‫فظلغت ل بتضلري‪.‬‬

‫‪(*) Adapted from al-bab (Arab Gateway) http://www.al-bab.com/‬‬

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
XI Translating Cultural Allusions
Clues:
An Allusion is "a reference to a famous person, 1. There are several dictionaries
place, thing or part of another work of dedicated to allusions and their
literature. It is assumed that the reader meaning. Research them in the
understands the allusion."(*) Allusions are AUC library catalog.
either religious such as "the patience of Job", 2. In order to insert a footnote on
mythological such as "Achilles' heel", literary MS Word, click Insert, then
such as "Big Brother", philosophic such as Reference. Choose Footnote,
"cogito, ergo sum", or geographical such as then adjust the settings, and press
"Mecca". In translation, it is essential to be Insert
able to recognize allusions, to understand 3. You can use an online Thesaurus
them, and to be able to translate them in light to help you find a suitable
of their connotations. Due to the cultural gap communicative translation for the
between English and Arabic, an allusion can be allusions in Arabic after you
translated either literally (or semantically) research their meaning.
supported with a footnote that attempts to 4. Al-Waraq site offers a plethora
bridge the gap, or by means of paraphrase of books that can assist with
where the cultural element in the allusion is Arabic allusions especially
sacrificed and only the message is maintained. poetry. This site also has books
that help with Arabic proverbs
(*)http://contemporarylit.about.com/cs/literaryterm such as ‫كتاب جمهرة األمثال ألبي هالل‬
s/g/allusion.htm ،‫ مجمع األمثال للميداني‬،‫العسكري‬
‫المستقصى في أمثال العرب للزمخشري‬

Using your online research skills, find the meaning of the following Arabic cultural
allusions as they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation,
and check your translation in the search engine Google. If you choose to translate the
allusion semantically, add a brief footnote of not more than two lines.

‫ إن في حياتنا المعاصرة الكثير مما يدعونا إلى ترديد قول المتنبي "أغاية الدين أن تحفوا شواربكم يا أمة‬.1
َّ ‫ضحكت من جهلها األمم" وكذا قوله "نامت نواطير مصر عن ثعالبها فقد ب‬
."‫شمنَ وما تفنى العناقيد‬

.‫ تمضي جماعة العرب مسوقة إلى مصير مجهول مفتقدين لزرقاء اليمامة‬.2

ً‫ في حين ال يريد أحد منهم حال‬،‫ مواعيد عرقوب إذاً هي تلك التي يطلقها كل زائر إلى المنطقة العربية‬.3
.‫حقيقيا ً يضع حدا ً آلالم البشر المشردين والمحاصرين‬

.‫ بل أنه كان اجتما ًعا عقي ًما‬،‫ كان اجتماع وزراء الخارجية العرب في بيروت بيضة الديك‬.5

‫ إيران تدق عطر منشم بين شيعة العراق‬.4

‫ وهو‬،‫ وال أنسى أن أذكر بثالثة األثافي‬،‫ وأفغانستان ليس ببعيد عنا‬،‫ والعراق‬،‫ ما حدث ويحدث في فلسطين‬.6
.‫ما حدث ويحدث في سجن أبي غريب بالعراق‬

.‫ قلت في نفسي وجنت على نفسها براقش يا حكومــة‬.7

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
!! ‫ عباس غادر واشنطن فارغ اليدين حتى خفي حنين لم يحصل عليهما‬:‫ خبراء أمريكيون‬.8

.‫ تحكيم دولي‬،‫ سلميا‬،‫ كانت منطقة طابا «مسمار جحا» االنسحاب من سيناء الى ان اقتلعه‬.9

.‫ التي ساهم في خلقها إلى حد كبير‬،"‫ رفع عباس وحزبه قميص عثمان "أزمة رواتب الموظفين‬.11

.‫ تحرص سوريا على صون شعرة معاوية في العالقات مع الواليات المتحدة‬.11

‫ أال إني أكلت يوم اكل الثور االبيض‬:‫ واعملوا ليومكم ما يعفيكم من أن تقولوا غدا‬.12

Using your online research skills, find the meaning of the following English cultural
allusions as they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation,
and check your translation in the search engine Google. If you choose to translate the
allusion semantically, add a brief footnote of not more than two lines to explain the
context of the allusion.

1. It was a road to Damascus moment. His closest friends could hardly recognize him.

2. The extension of the Panama Canal project is much more than a mere apple of discord.

3. It was an occasion for memento mori as the preacher waxed eloquent on the vanity of
human wishes.

4. The Iranians are going ahead with their nuclear enterprise. They seem determined never
to go to Canossa.

5. He took no action as he found himself between Scylla and Charybdis.

6. Waving the bloody shirt characterizes all speeches of the new candidates for presidency.
7. When he made up his mind, his enemies knew that the die was cast.

8. Many third world countries put Draconian laws into effect.

9. Rising like Lazarus, the ex-prime minister nominated himself for the presidency.

10. New Labour is Dorian Grey, and Tony Blair is its portrait, but, in true post-modern
style, on the TV screens rather than in the attic.

11. The debate showed up the Achilles' heel of the government --; its excessively dictatorial
tendencies.

12. The new head of the division will have to clean the Augean stables.

13. The Camilla-gate tapes remain a sword of Damocles hanging over Prince Charles's head.

14. Nuclear fusion --; the process which powers the sun --; is the Holy Grail of energy
production.

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
XII Quote Finding
When a translator encounters translated Clues:
direct or indirect quotations, these  For researching biblical quotes, the
quotations should not be back- BibleGateway is a multilingual
translated as they have an original searchable database of the Bible
version which should be researched and with several versions available.
used instead. A quotation could be a <http://www.biblegateway.com/>
statement made by a politician, or an 5. Al-Waraq provides a searchable
extract from a contract or an agreement. database of the Holy Qur'an.
A quotation could also be a citation 6. For sites that offer several
from a holy book, the Qura'n or the translations of the meanings of the
Bible. In this case, there are certain Qur'an, try the QuranBrowser
sites that can be resorted to in order to http://quranbrowser.com/, and
get the exact quote or an authentic Islamicity.
translation.

Using your online research skills, attempt to locate the original quotation for the
following translated quotes (using the contexts provided if available), and document
your source of information.

1. Taking you back to Ancient Egypt, Rhadopis of Nubia starts with: “The first light of
dawn peered over the eastern horizon that morning in the month of Bashans, more
than four thousand years ago. The high priest of the temple of the god Sothis gazed
at the expanse of sky with tired eye, for he had not slept the whole night.”

2. On the 11th of February 2011, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces issued
a statement that declared that “At this historical juncture in the history of Egypt, and
in light of the decision by President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak to relinquish the
office of the presidency of the Republic and the tasking of the Supreme Council of
the Armed Forces with the administration of the affairs of the nation, and with
awareness of the seriousness of the demands of our great people everywhere for
fundamental change, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces is examining this
matter, asking the aid of God Almighty, to fulfill the aspirations of our great people.
The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces will issue further statements that will
announce forthcoming steps, measures and arrangements, and it affirms at the same
time that it is not a replacement for the legitimacy that is acceptable to the people.”

3. Gadhafi vowed in a live audio broadcast on state television on the 7th of June
2011 that "we will not surrender," even as NATO airstrikes bombarded his
compound in Tripoli. He added:"I am now speaking as planes and bombs fall around
me," Gadhafi said in a live audio broadcast on state television. "But my soul is in
God's hand. We will not think about death or life. We will think about the call of
duty."

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 ‫‪Arabic and Translation Studies Division‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪Saad Al Katatni addressed the first parliamentary session following the 25 th of‬‬
‫‪January Revolution, saying "Our revolution continues and we will not rest until all‬‬
‫‪the goals of the revolution are met and we avenge our martyrs", adding that "We will‬‬
‫"‪never betray the blood of our martyrs.‬‬

‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said at a press briefing in the Kenyan capital‬‬
‫‪“World leaders have a unique opportunity at this critical moment to evaluate‬‬
‫‪achievements and gaps in the global AIDS response. We must take bold decisions‬‬
‫‪that will dramatically transform the AIDS response and help us move towards an‬‬
‫”‪HIV-free generation.‬‬

‫‪6.‬‬ ‫‪Statement by Egypt’s Permanent Representative before the 65th Session of the‬‬
‫‪General Assembly on Agenda Item 122 (a) “The recent positive developments in‬‬
‫‪the situations in Guinea and Niger are examples of the significant impact of the‬‬
‫‪cooperation between the two organizations, as well as with other sub-regional‬‬
‫‪organizations, in supporting peace and stability on the African continent.‬‬
‫‪Furthermore, the African Union - United Nations hybrid operations in Darfur‬‬
‫‪(UNAMID) and UN support package for the AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) are‬‬
‫‪other prominent examples of cooperation between the two organizations in the field‬‬
‫”‪of peacekeeping.‬‬

‫‪ .7‬صرح الرئيس بوش في خطابه عن حال االتحاد الذي ألقاه ليل ‪ 2‬شباط‪/‬فبراير‪ 2002‬قاائالا‪" :‬كماا أن نظاام الهجارة‬
‫االميركي نظام باال وعفاا علياه الازمن‪ ،‬وال ياتالءم ماع احتياجاات اقتصاادنا وقايم بالدناا‪ .‬وعليناا اال نرضاى بقاوانين‬
‫تعاقب الناس الكادحين الذي يشاؤون مجرد توفير لقمة عيش لعائالتهم وتحرم مؤسسات األعمال من عمال مساتعدين‬
‫للعمل وتثير الفوضى على حدود بالدنا‪ .‬لقد حان الوقت النتهااج سياساة هجارة تتايح اساتقدام عماال ضايوف بصاورة‬
‫مؤقتة لملء وظائف يحجم عن شغلها أميركيون‪ ،‬وسياسة تنبذ العفو (عن مخالفي قوانين الهجرة) وتفيادنا بمان يادخل‬
‫بالدنا ومن يغادرها‪ ،‬وسياسة تغلق الحدود في وجه مروجي المخدرات واإلرهابيين‪".‬‬

‫في أول خطبة ألوباما حول المسألة العرقية منذ مجيئه إلى السلطة في الواليات المتحدة‪ ،‬قال إنه يتعين على‬ ‫‪.8‬‬
‫األمريكيين من أصول افريقية أن يأخذوا مصائرهم في أيديهم‪ ،‬وأن يتحموا مسؤولياتهم في إطار مجتمعاتهم‪.‬‬
‫وأوضح قائال‪ " :‬إن الخطط الحكومية لن تنقل أبناءكم إلى األرض الموعودة‪ ،‬إننا في حاجة إلى عقلية جديدة‪ ،‬وإلى‬
‫سلوكيات جديدة‪ ".‬وأضاف أوباما أن األمريكيون األفارقة "قد تقوقعوا على أنفسهم واصبحوا يتوقعون القليل من‬
‫العالم ومن أنفسهم‪".‬وأضاف أنه يتعين على أبناء األمريكيين من أصول افريقية أن يتطلعوا ألن يصبحوا علماء‬
‫ومهندسين وقضاة في المحكمة العليا ورؤساء للجمهورية‪.‬‬

‫‪" .9‬انفصام الحساسية" عبارة ابتكرها الشاعر الناقد األمريكي اإلنجليزي ت‪ .‬س‪ .‬إليوت فى أحد مقاالتاه قاال فياه‪" :‬إن‬
‫شااعراء القاارن السااابع عشاار‪ ،‬وهاام خلفاااء كتاااب المساارح فااى القاارن السااادس عشاار‪ ،‬كااانوا يتمتعااون بجهاااز ماان‬
‫الحساساية يسااتطيع أن يلاتهم أي نااوع ماان التجرباة ا نسااانية‪ "...‬وفااي القارن السااابع عشاار ظهار تفكااك أو انفصااام‬
‫للحساسية النزال نحن نعااني مناه‪" .‬ومماا زاد هاذا التفكاك تاأثير اثناين مان أقاوى شاعراء القارن الساابع عشار هماا‬
‫ملتون ودرايدان‪"...‬‬

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Attempt a research-based translation of the following quotes drawn from the Bible, the
Holy Qur'an, and the tradition of Prophet Muhamad (pbuh). Document the source of
your information.

1. The Holy Bible reads "The ear tests words as the tongue tastes food".

2. The Holy Bible reads "I tell you the truth, if you have faith as small as a mustard
seed, you can say to this mountain, "Move from here to there" and it will move."

3. The Holy Bible reads "Pairs of all creatures that have the breath of life in them
came to Noah and entered the ark"

4. The Holy Bible reads "Be not overcome with evil, but overcome evil with good"

5. The Quran addresses the issue of women giving the bai'ah to Prophet Muhammad
and God tells Muhammad to accept the pledge of the women:
"O Prophet! Whenever believing women come unto thee to pledge their
allegiance to thee...then accept their pledge of allegiance."

6. The Qur’an says about justice: "If you do judge, judge between them justly. God
loves the just."

‫ "ياا أيهاا النااس إناا‬،‫الرتباة باين الرجال والمارأة‬

‫ أما فيما يتعلق بالخلق فإننا ال نجاد فاي القارأن أي تميياز فاي ب‬.7
"‫ إن هللا عليم خبير‬.‫ إن أكرمكم عند هللا أتقاكم‬.‫خلقناكم من ذكر وأنثى وجعلناكم شعوبا ً وقبائل لتعارفوا‬

‫ " يأيها الذذين ممنذوا إن جذاءكم فاسذ بنبذأ فتبينذوا أن تصذيبوا قومذا بجهالذة فتصذبحوا علذى مذا‬:‫ يقول هللا تعالى‬.1
."‫فعلتم نادمين‬

َ ‫اّللُ بِ ِه أَن يُو‬

ِ ‫ص َل َويُ ْف ِسادُونَ فِاي األ َ ْر‬
‫ض‬ َّ ‫طعُونَ َما أ َ َم َر‬ ِ َّ َ‫ "الَّذِينَ يَنقُضُونَ َع ْهد‬:‫ قال تعالى‬.9
َ ‫اّلل ِمن بَ ْع ِد ِميثَاقِ ِه َويَ ْق‬
." َ‫أُولَئِكَ ُه ُم ْالخَا ِس ُرون‬

‫ (طلب العلام فريضاة علاى كال‬: ) ‫ حث اإلسالم المرأة على طلب العلم فقال رسول هللا ( صلى هللا عليه وأله‬.11
. ) ‫مسلم ومسلمة‬

.)‫ والكالم الموجع يهيج السخط" (اإلنجيل‬،‫ "الجواب اللين يصرف الغضب‬.11

.)‫ من يشحر شفتيه فله الهالك" (اإلنجيل‬.‫ "من يحفظ فمه يحفظ نفسه‬.12

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division

XIII Corpora in Translation “Putting a word in context means

breathing life into it. … If you want
Computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools are to know how words behave you
designed to increase the productivity of translators. must study them in their natural
Among these tools is “Corpus Data” (plural environment, and the natural
Corpora). An e-corpus is “a large collection of environment of words is text,
electronic texts that have been gathered according to context.” (Roumen and van der Ster,
explicit criteria” (Lynne Bowker, 2002, p. 44). 1993, p. 215)
There are different types of corpora designed to meet
the needs of translators. There are monolingual and
multilingual (bilingual) corpora.

Monolingual Corpora

A monolingual corpus is a corpus which consists of texts in one language.

Monolingual corpora can be general as the case is with the 100-million-word British
National Corpus (BNC) and the 400-million-word Bank of English, or specialized
corpora which are restricted to a particular genre and/or topic domain such as art,
politics, or medicine. Monolingual corpora can also be “enriched” with Part-of-Speech
(POS) tagging annotations, or “raw” without any. They can be ready made, or a
translator can do it him/herself.

Now, your instructor will take you on a tour to visit:

• English Monolingual General Corpora
 A raw version of the British National Corpus (BNC)
www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk
 An “enriched” version of the BNC corpus.byu.edu/bnc/
• Arabic Monolingual General Corpora
 Arabic Corpus Tool arabicorpus.byu.edu/
 Leeds Collection of Internet Corpora http://corpus.leeds.ac.uk/internet.html

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division

Multilingual Corpora

Multilingual corpora can be parallel corpora, i.e. a collection of texts, where the source texts
are aligned with their translations, or comparable corpora, i.e. a collection of texts where the
target texts are not translations of the source texts, but are texts originally written in the
target language of the same type text and on the same topic of the source texts.

Bilingual Dictionaries vs. Parallel Corpora

• Bilingual dictionaries are repertoires of lexical equivalents (general or
specialized). The translator has to assess the appropriateness of the candidate to
the context by referring to definitions
• Parallel corpora are repertoires of STRATEGIES deployed by past translators
when faced with similar problems that prompted the search.
• Parallel corpora also offer equivalents and non-equivalents at word level i.e. how
lacunae have been dealt with.

• The problem here is one of unavailability to the public of a free Arabic-English

parallel corpus unlike the case is with European languages e.g. Europarl
• Another problem occurs with the option of building a Do-it-Yourself parallel
corpus, as one needs a special piece of software called a Parallel Concordancer
for alignment purposes.
• With this software one can ask the computer to find all the examples of a word
or phrase in L1, along with all the corresponding translated sentences in L2.

• Two widely-used parallel concordancers are ParaConc and Multiconcord.

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
• Due to the unavailability of free parallel English-Arabic corpora, you are encouraged to
create a comparable text corpus from two document collections in English and Arabic.
The collections can be very different in origin.
• You can build a comparable corpus from articles by an Arabic news agency and a U.S.
newspaper, for instance.
• The keys with best resolution power are extracted from the documents of one collection,
the source collection, and are translated into the language of the other collection, the
target collection.
• The translated queries are run against the target collection.
• You will need to learn how to use certain corpus analysis tools to help you with your
self-made corpus!

Corpus-analysis Tools

Word-frequency Lists Concordancers Collocation Generators

• Word-frequency lists • Concordancers are a • Collocation generators

produce lists of words corpus-analysis tool that can produce lists where
that can be sorted retrieves all occurrences characteristic co-
according to the of a particular query in occurrence patterns of
its immediate contexts.
frequency of their words are located.
• They can operate
occurrence ascendingly monolingually or
or descendingly, or their • Collocations can be
bilingually.
alphabetical order. displayed in alphabetical
Monolingually, the most
common display format or frequency-ranked
is known as KWiC or order
“key word in context”
display.
• The benefit of
concordancing is that
they reveal the context in
which individual
occurrences of words are
found.

There are many corpus-analysis tools that you can use. Here is a list that your instructor will
take you through:

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division

• Mike Scott’s Wordsmith “Putting a word in context

• ConCapp (it supports Arabic) means breathing life into it.
• Simple Concordance Program (you can upload … If you want to know how
more than one file; it does not support Arabic) words behave you must study
• KWIC Concordance Tool (it does not support them in their natural
Arabic) environment, and the natural
environment of words is text,
context.” (Roumen and van
der Ster, 1993, p. 215)
Exercise (1):

A. All the examples below originally contained the word IMPORTNANT in the gap.
Try to choose a better word to use instead, using a monolingual English corpus.2

(a) But this Congress has refused to fight another [ ] battle here at home: the fight
against gun violence in America.
(b) The prosperous Disneyland Tokyo has become a(n) [ ] destination for many
tourists attracted by its magic.
(c) This system suffers from a(n) [ ] weakness, that is it does not keep secret the
political leanings of the citizens, and everybody knows for which candidate you will
vote during the Primaries.
(d) The gap between black and white income is still very [ ] and blacks in the service
industries still represent a minority.

B. Now, attempt to translate the pervious sentences into Arabic, paying special
attention to the way you are going to translate the word “important”. Use a
monolingual Arabic corpus to choose an adjective other than "‫ "هام‬that
collocates with the noun modified.

Exercise (2):

Translate the following phrases into English, choosing a suitable collocate using Mark
Davies' VIEW corpus. Mention your steps.

‫أدلى بشهادة – أدلى بصوته – أدلى بحديث‬ .1

‫ضرب مثال – ضرب موعدا – ضرب على العود – ضرب الكرة‬ .2
‫قام بأعباء – قام بدور – قام بالمصاريف – قام بواجبه – قامت الحرب – قامت الصالة – قام مقامه‬ .3
‫أضاع حقه – أضاع الوقت – أضاع الفرصة – أضاع صوابه – أضاع نقوده‬ .5

Exercise (3):

Translate the phrases in bold into English using a negative prefix with the assistance of
Mark Davies' VIEW corpus:

2
This exercise is adapted from Applied Corpus Linguistics: a Multidimensional Perspective (2004) by Ulla
Connor and Thomas Albin Upton, Amsterdam & Atlanta: Rodopi

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
‫تتسم تصرفاته بانعدام المسئولية‬ .1
‫لم تكن مالبسها بالالئقة‬ .2
‫كانت عائلة غير متدينة‬ .3
‫لم تكن راضية عن حياتها‬ .5
‫قالها في نفاد صبر‬ .4
‫هز رأسه في عدم تصديق‬ .6
‫يمكن للمحامي أن يعطيك رأيا موضوعيا‬ .7
‫كانت تجربة ال تنسى‬ .1

Exercise (4):

The following semantic groups of verbs and adjectives are usually confused. Use Mark
Davies’ VIEW corpus to compare the differences in their usages:

(a) Achieve, reach, acquire, obtain, gain

(b) Take on, assume, adopt, take over, accept
(c) Carry out, commit, undertake, perform
(d) Reject, refuse, oppose, disapprove of, object to
(e) Create, establish, set, set up
(f) Reduce, cut
(g) Kill, murder
(h) Increase, raise
(i) Legal, lawful, legitimate

Exercise (5):

Use the World Wide Web to find articles written about the Swine Flu in English and in
Arabic, with a minimum of ten articles for each language. Be selective in your choice.
Save them as Rich Text Format documents. Use your corpus-analysis tools to make a
list of the most frequent terms used in English, and then try to find their equivalents in
Arabic.

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
XIV Translation Memory Tools

Translation Memory (TM) is a technology that allows the user to store translated phrases or
sentences in a special database for future re-use. These tools work my matching terms and
sentences in the database with their counterparts in the source text. The system would
propose ready-made translations in the target language whenever a match is found during the
translation process. Not all TM tools support different file formats. Before using a TM tool,
make sure that it supports all required file formats.

Alignment is a feature provided by most Don’t Confuse TM and MT

translation memory systems, where the user
can match previously created translations. Translation Memory (TM) tools should not be
Alignment is used to enable translators to do confused with machine translation (MT). The
parallel concordancing of translations major difference is that in MT, a computer
previously created. Example of alignment does the translation automatically, whereas in
tools are WinAlign Trados and SDL Align, TM tools, a computer stores translated
and MuliTrans Alignment Agent. segments for further use by the translator. TM
tools support translators in their tasks, whereas
MT tries to replace the translator.

Now, points that must be borne in mind are:

- TM systems are not worth the expenditure of money and time unless
they have extensive memories to draw upon.
- TM tools are useful with repetitive materials which use a large number
of recursive, largely identical phrases or sets of documents.

The leading TM brands are MultiTrans, SDL Trados, Star Transit, Déjà vu,
Wordfast, IBM’s Translation Manager, and Trans Suite 2000, among others.

You can give Trados a try before you decide to buy it by downloading its 30-day
trial version available at
http://www.translationzone.com/en/landing/sdl-trados-studio-trial/default.asp

The aggressive marketing campaign launched by Trados sometimes blinds

translators to other TMs, and not only are they free of charge, but are also as
good as Trados. It is also surprising to know that so-called "only-Trados"
projects can be handled by one of these free TMs known as Wordfast.

Wordfast is free to download at http://www.wordfast.net/

Another free and easy-to-use TM tool is OmegaT. To download it, go to

http://sourceforge.net/projects/omegat/
Technology for Translators and Interpreters Page 37
 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
XV Useful Links
1. CyberBabel, compiled by Hazem Azmy, is "a site in constant flux, intended primarily to
serve the needs of students and lovers of translation looking for websites related to the
field. Like many sites of a similar nature, however, it is not meant to be exhaustive".
http://hazemazmy.8m.net/cyberbabel.html

2. A comprehensive site for Arabic sites including Arabic e-books, transliteration rules, and
links for interesting Arabic sites
http://www.uga.edu/islam/Arabic.html

3. Onelook - A powerful search engine in several online general and specialized

dictionoaries in English
http://www.onelok.com

4. Arabic Encyclopedia
http://mawsoah.net

5. The Arabic Alphabet and Its Transliteration

http://www.iqra.net/About/key.php

6. Arabic Classics - The best site for a huge list of Arabic e-books in all fields of life
including old authentic references
http://www.alwaraq.net/

7. Another excellent site with links to Arabic online books in all fields including Arabic-
Arabic dictionaries and Arabic dictionary of proverbs
http://www.al-eman.com/Islamlib/

8. Arabic Directory, with online Arabic dictionaries and links to Arabic newspapers from all
over the Arab world
http://language-directory.50webs.com/languages/arabic.htm

9. SYSTRAN – Translation Engine from and into Arabic

http://www.systranbox.com/systran/box

10. A list of important links for glossaries and multilingual online dictionaries
http://www.geocities.com/w2m14/

11. A list of sites for the translation of the meanings of Qur'an as well as multilingual
dictionaries and glossaries
http://www.expertwell.com/translation/Resources.html

12. Good collection of dictionaries and glossaries

http://www.mutarjim.homestead.com/dictionaries.html

13. Multidisciplinary dictionary (English <>Arabic)

http://www.arabicdictionaries.com/

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
14. Multilingual Dictionary
http://www.logos.it/language/translations_en.html

15. Sakhr Dictionaries

http://dictionary.sakhr.com/

16. Al Awal English <> Arabic Dictionary

http://www.al-awwal.com/alawwal.asp

17. Another English <> Arabic dictionary

http://www.grnaas.net/Qamoos/

18. Balqaa English <> Arabic Dictionary

http://dictionary.bau.edu.jo/Browse.aspx

19. Accounting glossary (English >Arabic)

http://arabic.microfinancegateway.org/section/glossary/

20. Investment-related terms (English)

http://www.investopedia.com/dictionary/

21. Dictionary of Islamic Investment

http://www.islamifn.com/basic/muagem.htm

22. Trading Glossary (English)

http://www.trading-glossary.com/

23. World Bank Term Base (Multilingual- Arabic included)

http://translate.worldbank.org/ambassador/ControlServlet?activityName=termviewer&TE
RMBASEID=44

24. Agricultural Terms from FAO (Multilingual- Arabic included)

http://www.fao.org/faoterm/search/index.jsp?lang=AR

25. Agricultural Terms (English<>Arabic)

http://www.fao.org/aims/ag_intro.htm

26. Agricultural Terms (English)

http://www.cnie.org/nle/AgGlossary/AgGlossary.htm

27. Dictionary of Islamic Terms (English <> Arabic)

http://dictionary.al-islam.com/default.asp?t=ARBIND

28. Glossary of Islamic Art (English)

http://www.islamic-art.org/Glossary/glossary.asp

29. English <> Arabic Legal Dictionary

http://muqtafi.birzeit.edu/dictionary.asp

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
30. Legal Glossaries (English)
http://dictionary.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/search.pl?s=plea

31. Law Dictionary (English)

http://dictionary.law.com/

32. English <> Arabic Psychology terms

http://www.filnafs.com/dicta.html

33. Psychology Terms (English<>Arabic)

http://psychiatre-naboulsi.com/mojam.html

34. Arabic Academy Termbase (English Arabic)

http://www.arabicacademy.org.eg/search.asp?sid=1

35. English <> Arabic Dictionary of Education

http://www.bdss.org/dic.htm#j

36. Medical Terms (English):

http://www.medterms.com/script/main/hp.asp

37. Unified Medical Dictionary (English<>Arabic)

http://www.emro.who.int/umd/

38. Another Medical Dictionary (English <> Arabic)

http://www.6abib.com/search.html

39. High Tech and IT glossaries (English):

http://www.computeruser.com/resources/dictionary/index.html

40. Fishery Terms (English <> Arabic)

http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/aquaculture/

Technology for Translators and Interpreters Page 40

 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
XVI More Exercises

American and British English

I Find the British equivalents of the following American words:

American British
Apartment flat

Argument arguement

Baby carriage baby buggy

Antenna aerial

Mad crazy

Thread thread

Sick ill

Peek
Alumnus
Zucchini courgette
Zipper zip

Zee (z) zed

Yard garden
Analog
Anesthesia

II Find what each of the following means in both American and British English:

Word American British

Asian
Bathroom
Homely of a person un attractive in appearance a place of surrounding

Indian
Mean
Pissed
Public school
Smart
Wash up
Bomb

III Using Google, find the following

I) Quick definitions of:

1- Amortization 2- Oncology 3- Tabula Rasa (theory)

Technology for Translators and Interpreters Page 41

 Arabic and Translation Studies Division

II) Find information on the following:

1- No Easy Walk to Freedom Speech
2- The 9/11 address to the Nation

III) Locate sites that help you find

1- A List of Central Banks all over the world.

2- A list of Egyptian Governorates

IV) Find two adjectives, two nouns and two verbs that tend to collocate with
"authority", "referendum" and "law".

V) Find URL for Al-Ahram Weekly Newspaper, and then use Google to find articles
written on Valentine's Day on this site.

VI) Using books.google.com, give full citation for a book that includes the following
quotation "it is a very sad thing that nowadays there is so little useless information …"

VII) Find the URL for Al- Ahram Newspaper, and then use Google to find articles written
by:

1- Salama Ahmad Salama

2- Ahmad Bahgat

VIII) Make good use of Google to find the following:

a) Verbs that collocate with "research"

b) Adjectives that collocate with "memory"
c) Definition of ADHD, and an accepted Arabic translation.
d) When translating Cote d'Ivoire into Arabic, which is more frequent ‫ كوت‬،‫ كوديفوار‬،‫كوت ديفوار‬
‫?دى إيفوار‬
e) Who said: "Boots and Shoes are the greatest trouble of my life"
And: ‫الشجاع من يخل من اليأس أمل‬
f) From Google home page, can you go directly to BBC news website, how?
g) From books.google.com, cite the page numbers in Sociological Perspectives on the New
Genetics that include the words "history of genetics"
h) Produce a list of 10 sites for each of the following: (1) Glossary of political terms, (2)
Glossary of economic terms, and (3) Glossary of social studies terms.
I) The latest press release on US foreign policy.
J) The way ‫ رجب طيب أردوغان‬is spelled in English.

Technology for Translators and Interpreters Page 42

 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
IV Using your online research skills, translate the following sentences providing the full
English name and the Arabic translation of the abbreviations or acronyms:

1. CARE is a leading humanitarian organization fighting global poverty.

CARE is a leading humanitarian organization f
2. The close working relationship with the MOE and the Integrated Care Society
further benefits the Egyptian education system by training librarians and
teachers to effectively use the new books and early reading materials.

3. According to the Law 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment, the
EEAA was restructured with the new mandate to substitute the institution
initially established in 1982.

4. REDEC works with businesses on projects that will have a positive impact on
employment and broaden our communities’ tax base.

5. HDI is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education, and

standard of living for countries worldwide.

6. The ADEA prohibits employment discrimination against persons 40 years of

age or older.

7. The Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE) is a pan African Non
Government Organization founded in 1992 to promote girls’ and women’s
education in Sub-Saharan Africa in line with Education for All.

8. Created in 2004, ALIVE provides a formal home for the international

community of educators who have been working with Living Values
Education Program since it was developed in 1997.

9. The BDB, ISBN 1-56563-206-0 is a standard reference for Biblical Hebrew.

10. Since that time, USAID has been the principal U.S. agency to extend
assistance to countries recovering from disaster, trying to escape poverty, and
engaging in democratic reforms.

11. UNESCO was founded on 16 November 1945.

12. In conjunction with the NEAP, the year 2000/2001 has witnessed the
development of a five-year action plan for MSEA and EEAA.

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 ‫‪Arabic and Translation Studies Division‬‬
‫‪V Using general internet search engines or specialized websites give the proper spelling‬‬
‫‪of the proper names in the following passages. Document your sources.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬فاز األديب المصري بهاء طاهر بجائزة “الزياتور” اإليطاليةة عةن روايتةه “الحب فبي المنفب ”‬
‫بعةد نن ترجمتهةا اإليطاليةة بباوال فيفيباني‪ ،‬وتعةد الجةائزة مةن نرفةج الجةوائز التةي تمنحهةا مدينةة‬
‫كالياري تكريما لألديب اإليطالي فرانشيسكو اليزاتور‪ .‬واألديب بهاء طاهر حصل على جوائز‬
‫عربية ونجنبية كثيرة‪ ،‬منها جائزة الدولبة التقديريبة فةي مصةر عةام ‪ 1991‬وجةائزة يونانيةة عةام‬
‫‪ 4001‬عةةن مجمةةل نعمالةةه‪ ،‬كمةةا فةةازت روايتةةه “خببالتي صببفية والببدير” عةةام ‪ 4000‬بجةةائزة‬
‫جيوسبيبي تشبيربي اإليطاليةة بوصةفها نفضةل روايةة مترجمةة إلةى اإليطاليةةا ونةال عةن روايتةه‬
‫األخيرة “واحة الغرو ” الجائزة العالمية للرواية العربية “بوكر العربية” في نولى دوراتها‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬انتهةةت الثةةورة العرابيةةة فةةي عهةةد الخببديوي توفي ب بقيةةام أحمببد عرابببي بتسةةليم نفسةةه إلةةى ثكنةةات‬
‫العباسةية‪ .‬وفةي ‪ 7‬نةوفمبر وصةل اللةورد دوفبرين إلةى القةاهرة ليرتةب للحكةم علةى ع اربةي بةةالنفي‬
‫إلةةى جزيةرة سببيالن‪ .‬وكانةةت هنةةاك بعةةا العناصةةر األجنبيةةة التةةي سةةاندت الثةةورة العرابيةةة مثةةل‬
‫الجنسةية وهةو نحةد الةيين فضةحوا نسةرار االحةت ل‬ ‫المسةتر الفريبد سبكاون بلنبت االيرلنةد‬
‫البريطةانى فةى كتابةه الشةهير " التباري السبر لالحبتالل البريطبان لمصبر" وهةو نيضةا الةي‬
‫اختار المستر" برودل "والمستر"نابير " للدفاع عن عرابى ‪ ،‬وقد كتةب برودلب كتابةه الهةام‬
‫دافعنبا عبن عرابب ورفاقب "‪ .‬وهنةاك نيضةا‬ ‫محاكمةة ع اربةى تحةت عنةوان " كيب‬ ‫الةي يصة‬
‫به الع اربيين سماه "عراب باشا"‪.‬‬ ‫الكاتب السويسري جون نيني اليي كتب كتابا يص‬

‫‪3- Averroes’ most important philosophical work was The Incoherence‬‬

‫‪of the Incoherence, in which he defended Aristotelian philosophy‬‬
‫‪against Algazel's claims in The Incoherence of the Philosophers. His‬‬
‫‪book Decisive Treatise on the Agreement between Religious Law‬‬
‫‪and Philosophy was and remains one of history's best defenses of the‬‬
‫‪legitimate role of reason in a community of faith. In addition,‬‬
‫‪Averroes wrote a series of commentaries on most of the works of‬‬
‫‪Aristotle, Plato, Galen, al-Farabi, Alexander of Aphrodisias,‬‬
‫‪Nicolaus of Damascus, and Ptolemy.‬‬

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 Arabic and Translation Studies Division
4- All the evidence indicates that the Phoenician Religion was rooted in
the ancient Canaanite cult and influenced by Egyptian,
Mesopotamian, Syrian, and Aegean religions. Each Phoenician city
had its chief god. The principal goddess of Byblos was Baalat Gebal,
probably a fertility goddess. Sidon's most important deity is Eshmun.
His mate was Astarte. The chief deity of Tyre was Melqart. In
addition, the Phoenicians worshipped Baal-Zephon, Dagon, Adonis,
Resheph, and others. (From The Biblical World by John Barton)

VI Using your online research skills, find the meaning of the following Arabic cultural
allusions as they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation,
and check your translation in the search engine Google. If you choose to translate the
allusion semantically, add a brief footnote of not more than two lines.

‫ دائمةا مةةا يةيكرنا المجتمةةج الةةدولى بقةول الشةةاعر "اذا رأيببت نيببو الليببة بببارزة فببال تظبنن ان الليببة‬.1
"‫يبتسم‬

.‫ ويكون المسئولون أفصح من سحبان عندما يتقايفون المسئولية فيما بينهم‬.4

‫ قطعبت جهيبزة ( المحكمةة الجنائيةة الدوليةة) قبول كبل خطيب بإصةدرها مةيكرة اعتقةال بحة الةرئي‬.2
.‫السوداني عمر البشير في نول سابقة وصفت بالخطيرة‬

VII Using your online research skills, find the meaning of the following English cultural
allusions as they appear in the contexts provided, provide your proposed translation,
and check your translation in the search engine Google. If you choose to translate the
allusion semantically, add a brief footnote of not more than two lines.

1. Would an enlarged Security Council help President Obama cut the Gordian
knot in the Middle East?

2. The political response to climate change could be likened to "fiddling while

Rome burns"

3. In the past few years, he seems to have learned that after hubris comes
nemesis

4. Tony Blair met his Waterloo in Iraq. Some believe that his Icarus-like fall
was of his own doing.

5. If the international community allowed a partition of Kosovo it would open a

Pandora’s Box.

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 ‫‪Arabic and Translation Studies Division‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬ ‫‪Good Samaritans could be shielded from lawsuits when they come to‬‬
‫‪someone's aid in California under a bill adopted by the state Assembly.‬‬

‫‪7.‬‬ ‫‪Barack Obama is not Africa's prodigal son; he is an American. Politician.‬‬

‫‪8.‬‬ ‫‪Now, the question is: Are both Iran and the United States willing to bite the‬‬
‫?‪bullet, and enter negotiations‬‬

‫‪9.‬‬ ‫‪"If the financial crisis had to happen, it could not have happened for Egypt at a‬‬
‫"‪better time. If Armageddon was to strike, now was the right time.‬‬

‫‪10. It was a Sisyphean task fit for Herculean policymakers.‬‬

‫‪11. Economists consider him a talented young businessman with the Midas touch.‬‬

‫‪VIII Attempt a research-based translation of the underlined phrases drawn from‬‬

‫‪Qur'anic (Arabic – English) and Biblical sources (English – Arabic), and document‬‬
‫‪your source of information.‬‬

‫نص كلمة قداسة البابا شنوده الثالث في لقاء الحوار المسيحي ‪ -‬اإلسالمي في الدوحة بتاريخ األحد ‪ 27‬حزيران‬
‫‪:2115‬‬
‫بسم اإلله الواحد الذي نعبده جميعا‪.‬‬
‫احييكم جميعا‬
‫نشكركم على كرم وحفاوة استقبالكم لنا وعلى هذه الفرصة للحوار االسالمي – المسيحي تجمعنا فيه قومية واحدة‬
‫هي القومية العربية ولغة واحدة‪ ،‬وايمان بآله واحد وتجمعنا في هذا الحوار ايضا مصالح مشتركة ومصير واحد‬
‫وقيم واخالقيات واحدة‪.‬‬
‫دورنا كرجال دين ان ننشر الخير على االرض وتوجيه التدين الى تحقيق الصالح العام وحل المشكالت‬
‫االجتماعية والبيئية والتنموية‪ .‬ونشر السالم والخير بين الناس ‪.‬فلنقترب من بعضنا البعض‪ ،‬ولنذكر في كل هذا‬
‫ما ورد في سورة الحجرات "إنا خلقناكم من ذكر وانثى وجعلناكم شعوبا وقبائل لتعارفوا ان اكرمكم عند هللا‬
‫اتقاكم‪ ".‬فالتعارف هو فضيلة كبرى ان يعرف كل منا اآلخر‪ .‬واذا تعارفنا مع بعضنا البعض فسوف نتقارب‬
‫ونتفاهم ويطمئن كل منا الى أخيه‪ .‬وتكون النتيجة ان نتعاون جميعا معا‪ .‬بالحوار تلتقي العقول واالفكار ويمكن‬
‫ع الى سبيل ربك بالحكمة والموعظة‬
‫تصحيح اية صورة مغلوطة او خاطئة‪ .‬والحوار فيه التعليم االسالمي "اد ُ‬
‫الحسنة وجادلهم بالتي هي احسن‪ ".‬الحوار ليس صراعا بين االديان والحضارات انما هو تعاون بين الكل‪.‬‬
‫ليس هو مناظرات عقائدية انما هو التفات نحو القيم الروحية المشتركة‪.‬‬
‫كلنا متدينون‪ .‬المسلم متدين والمسيحي متدين‪ .‬وكلنا نعبد هللا‪ .‬وكلنا نحب الفضيلة والخير‪ .‬بقي ان نعمل معا‪.‬‬
‫بالحوار يمكن لكل منا ان يفهم اآلخر‪ ،‬وان يكتشف الخير الذي فيه‪ ،‬ويحب الخير الذي فيه‪ .‬وبالحوار يمكن‬

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 ‫‪Arabic and Translation Studies Division‬‬
‫التعرف على نقاط التواصل ونقاط التالقي‪ .‬على ان المبدأ االساسي في الحوار‪ ،‬ان تحاور االنسان لكي تربحه ال‬
‫لكي تهزمه‪ .‬لذلك نرى بولس الرسول يقول‪" :‬كنت مع اليهودي كيهودي لكي اربح اليهودي‪ .‬ومع اليوناني‬
‫كيوناني لكي اربح ا ليوناني‪ .‬ومع الذين ال ناموس "اي بال شريعة" لكي اربح الذين بال ناموس‪ .‬كنت مع الكل‬
‫كل شيء لكي اربح على كل حال قوم‪".‬‬
‫فالحوار هو مفتاح تفتح به القلوب واالفهام‪ .‬وفي سفر االمثال لسليمان الحكيم "رابح النفوس حكيم"‪ .‬والدين‬
‫دعا الى السماحة في الحوار‪ .‬في االسالم "لو كنت فظا غليظ القلب النفضّوا من حولك‪ ".‬هنا ترى ان هناك‬
‫مساحة واسعة بيننا يمكن ان نعمل فيها‪ .‬يمكن ان نعمل معا في نشر الفضيلة والبر ومقاومة الرذيلة‪ .‬ويمكن ان‬
‫نعمل معا في قضايا وطنية كثيرة‪ .‬ويمكن ان ندعو الى االيمان‪ ،‬اما عن حرية الدين او الحرية الدينية‪ .‬فاهلل‬
‫تبارك اسمه‪ ،‬خلق االنسان حرا منذ البدء‪ .‬وخلق المالئكة احرارا‪ .‬وعن طريق الحرية امكن ان يخطىء االنسان‬
‫وامكن ان يخطىء مالك‪ .‬وهللا يخاطب موسى النبي في "سفر التثنية" فيقول هللا "قد جعلت امامك الحياة‪،‬‬
‫والموت امامك‪ ،‬البركة والنعمة‪ .‬فاختر الحياة لكي تحيا‪ ".‬لقد ترك هللا الناس احرارا‪ ،‬حتى في االوقات التي‬
‫انحرف فيها البعض الى انكار هللا او الى رفضه‪.‬‬
‫ولكن مع الحرية الدينية‪ ،‬توجد المسؤولية‪ ،‬ويوجد الثواب والعقاب‪ .‬ومع الحرية اوجد هللا الوحي‪ ،‬واوجد‬
‫الوصايا‪ ،‬واوجد النعمة التي تسند االنسان في جهاده الروحي‪ .‬والحرية الدينية هي حرية في العقيدة‪ ،‬وحرية‬
‫ايضا في السلوكيات‪ .‬ولكن ينبغي في السلواكيات ان تكون الحرية منضبطة‪ .‬فال يستطيع انسان ان يدعى‬
‫الحرية‪ ،‬وهو يعتدي على حريات اآلخرين‪ ،‬او على حقوقهم‪ .‬فالحرية مرتبطة باالنضباط ‪.‬مرتبطة بوصايا هللا‪.‬‬
‫مرتبطة بالنظام العام‪ .‬مرتبـطة بالقـانــون ايــضا‪ .‬ونحـــن نريد هذه الحرية الدينية المنضبطة‪ .‬وعملنا كرجال‬
‫دين هو ان نشرح الخير للناس لمنعهم عن الشر‪ ،‬دون ان نرغم احدا‪ .‬فالحرية الدينية هي عالقة بين االنسان‬
‫وهللا‪ .‬عالقة يحكمها الضمير‪ ،‬وعالقــة تتــعلق بالقلب من الداخل‪ .‬فالكتاب المقدس يقول "يا ابني" أعطــني‬
‫قلبك ولتالحظ عيناك طرقي"‪ .‬فاهلل يريد لقلب االنسان ان يكون قلبا طاهرا‪ .‬وكل خير يأتي عن طريق االرغام ال‬
‫اجر له على االطالق‪ .‬اننا نريد ان نعيش احرارا مع هللا‪ .‬حرية يربطنا فيه الحب وااليمان‪ .‬نحب بعضنا البعض‪.‬‬
‫والسالم سالم مع هللا‪ ،‬وسالم مع الناس‪ ،‬وسالم داخل النفس مع الضمير‪ .‬حيث يقول الكتاب‪" :‬ال سالم قال الرب‬
‫لالشرار" ‪ .‬فاالنسان الذي يعيش في الخطيئة ويعصى هللا يفقد سالمه مع هللا‪ ،‬ويفقد سالم ضميره‪ ،‬ويفقد راحة‬
‫قلبه‪.‬‬
‫نشكركم على هذا المؤتمر‪ ،‬ونرجو ان يعيش كلنا فاي ساالم ماع بعضانا الابعض‪ .‬نتعااون فاي نشار الخيار ونارتبط‬
‫باستمرار مع بعضنا البعض برباط الحب والسالم‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪Arabic and Translation Studies Division‬‬
‫‪IX Translate the following into English, paying special attention to the translation of‬‬
‫‪proper nouns whether names of people or committees, as well as to direct quotes cited.‬‬
‫‪Research the book mentioned in the AUC online catalogue and give its full citation.‬‬
‫‪Mention the internet sites you resorted to in order to authenticate your translation.‬‬

‫كان هانز بلايكس رئايس الوكالاة الدولياة للطاقاة الذرياة فاي الفتارة ماا باين ‪ .1997-1911‬وفاي أثنااء أزماة نازع‬
‫سالح العراق قبيل غزو العراق عام ‪ ،2113‬قام كوفي عنان أمين عام األمام المتحادة بتعياين بلايكس رئايس لجناة‬
‫الرصد والتحقق والتفتيش في العراق التابعة لألمم المتحدة‪ .‬وفي الرابع عشر من فبراير عام ‪ ،2113‬رفع بلايكس‬
‫تقرياارا لمجلااس األماان يؤكااد فيااه تعاااون العااراق مااع لجنااة المراقبااة قااائال "إن العااراق ماان واقااع التجربااة قااد قاارر‬
‫التعاون مع اللجنة والسماح بتفتيش كل المواقع المطلوبة بما في ذلك المواقع التي لم يسبق تفتيشها وكذلك المواقاع‬
‫الرئاسية‪ ".‬وأضاف أنه "لم يتم العثور على أية أسلحة دمار شامل‪ ،‬ماعدا القليال مان ذخيارة اسالحة كيمائياة خالياة‬
‫كان ينبغي االعالن عنها والقضاء عليها‪".‬‬

‫في عام ‪ 2113‬قام بليكس بنشر كتابا أسماه "نزع سالح العراق" يدين فيه الحارب علاى العاراق ويؤكاد أن األدلاة‬
‫التي أعانها كال من نائب الرئيس األمريكي ديك تشيني ووزير خارجيته كولن باول هاي أدلاة غيار كافياة‪ .‬ويقاول‬
‫فاااي كتاباااه "إن االزدراء الاااذي أباااداه كالهماااا للتفتااايش الااادولي أدى فاااي الواقاااع إلاااى حرمانهماااا مااان مصااادر قااايم‬
‫للمعلومات"‪ .‬وفي اعتقاد بليكس أنه كان أمام الدول الراغبة في اتخاذ اجراء مسلح ضاد العاراق فاي ربياع ‪2113‬‬
‫خيار أخر‪ ،‬أال وهو األخذ بعين االعتبار الطلب الذي قدمه مجلس األمن للسماح لهم بالمزيد مان الوقات للتفتايش‪".‬‬
‫وكان الثمن "افتقار الحرب للمشروعية‪ ،‬وتدميرمصداقية الحكومات المشاركة في الحرب‪ ،‬وكاذلك تقاويض سالطة‬
‫األمم المتحدة‪".‬‬

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