Deflection of Aircraft Structures

MA3700 Aircraft Structures I

 The stress analysis procedure determines the level of safe stress and thus preventing
Deflection of Beams and Buckling of Columns material (perhaps the structural) failures in the design of structures.
• Review of Year 1 and 2 bending theories  The deflection and buckling analyses of the aircraft are equally important as these will
• Bending deflection of beams with symmetric shaped section affect the aerodynamic and the aero-elastic design.
• “Exact” approach and solution
• Bending deflection of beams with arbitrary shaped section
• “Exact” and Energy approach
• Shearing deflection of beams
• Buckling of Column and Beam-Column Analysis Dr Chai Gin Boay
Office: N3-2C-88
• Examples to enhance understanding Tel: 6790-5756
email: [email protected]

twisting bending 2

Deflection of Beams With Symmetric Shaped Sections Deflection of Beams With Symmetric Shaped Sections
p z 
The deflection of a beam under bending : Bending deflection of beams is obtained by successive integration :
d   Mc y
    4 v p z   3v
 p z  dz  C
1
dz E EI z
  3 
z z
4 1
EI EI
A M

  p z  dz  dz  C z  C
From geometry, dz M dz  2v 1
 M
Sy S y
z 
c d  d  z 2 EI
1 2
Sy  dz
z
v
 pz  dz  dz  dz  C2z
From equilbrium, 2

  
dz 1
d M S y  1
 C 2 z  C3
d  
dz EI
F y  0, S y  pdz  S y 
z
dz z EI

      p z  dz  dz  dz 

S y 1   C1 z 3 C 2 z 2
 p v  dz    C3 z  C 4
z EI 6 2
tan    
dv
M A  0,
dz  M 
dz M  S y dz  pdz M  dz  Alternatively, bending deflection of beams can be also obtained from the M eqn :
d
2  z 
 d d v 2
  M  2v M z  v
  Sy
 M z  dz
1
 dz dz 2 z     C5
dv z 2 EI z EI
dz
 4v
   M z  dz  dz  C z  C
d 2v  2M 1
z  EI M  p  EI  p v
dz 2 x 2 z 4 3 EI
5 6
4
 Boundary and support conditions Typical Examples of Boundary and Support Conditions
natural geometric Simply supported beam Cantilever beam
L
FZ w 0 v 0 L
v
0
MX
FY z
Fixed/Clamped support z z

vA  0 Simply supported beam vB  0

Cantilever beam

FZ
MA  0
 4 v p z 
MB  0  v 
  0
S  0
w 0 v 0
y B
  z  A MB  0
MX=0 z 4 EI
vA  0
FY  v 3

 p z  dz  C
Hinged/Knife edge/simple support 1
Shear force   geometric natural
z 3 EI
1

  p z  dz  dz  C z  C
 2v 1
Moment  
z 2 EI
1 2

    p z  dz  dz 
Slope 
v 1 C1 z 2
 dz   C 2 z  C3
MX=0 v 0 z EI 2

       p z  dz  dz  dz 
1   C1 z 3 C 2 z 2
FY FZ=0 Deflection  v  dz    C3 z  C 4
Roller support 5 EI 6 2 6

Example Bending Deflection of an Open Section Example An Approximate Approach for Shear Deflection
(THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)

Find the bending deflection of the free end of a cantilever 2m long having a channel
section shown. Vertical shear force of 4.8kN acts through its shear centre and at 4.8kN 2 1
200mm
the free end. All boom areas are 300mm2 and thickness is constant at 1 mm. vs

200

E=70GPa and G=30GPa. Sy n
qs  
I xx
B y r r

200
r 1
e
4.8kN 2 1 2m I xy  0 L
200mm 3 4
   0.2 
200

I xx  4 300  10 6  48  10 6 m 4 P
2

z
EI xx  70  10 9  48  10 6   3360000 Nm 2 Considering the web area only,
200

e vs
4.8kN tan  
3 4 L A  2  200  1  400 mm 2
vs
:   PL 4800  2000 
At a distance x from the free end : M  z   4800 z Nm L
for small deformation
vs  
GA 30 103  400 
 2v
EI xx   M  z   4800 z v  EI xx v  800 z 3  9600 z  12800 vs  vs
z 2 at z  2 m , 0     vs  0.80 mm
z L G L
v  C1  9600 at z  0,
EI xx  2400 z 2  C1
z L PL The total deflection is :
v 
12800
 0.00381 m  3.81 mm  vs  
at z  2 m , v  0 EI xx G GA v  vb  vs  3.81  0.80  4.61 mm
EI xx v  800 z 3  C1 z  C 2
 C 2  12800 7 8
 Bending Deflection of Arbitrarily Shaped Sections Bending Deflection of Arbitrarily Shaped Sections
O
y Suppose that at some section of an unsymmetrical beam, the
My
R
absolute deflection normal to the neutral axis is  The moments can be written as: Mx 
E
R A

xy sin   y 2 cos  dA   E
R
I xy sin   I xx cos  
 d 2v cos 
N The curvature is : 1 d 2

R dz 2

 dz 2

R
E
R A

M y   x 2 sin   xy cos  dA   E
R
I yy sin   I xy cos  
Mx  d 2u sin 
C The position of C’ is : v   cos   
dz 2 Solving simultaneously yields : sin  M y I xx  M x I xy d 2u M y I xx  M x I xy
x  R  
  -v

u   sin  R 
E I xx I yy  I xy2  dz 2 
E I xx I yy  I xy2 
or
C’ -u
 cos  M x I yy  M y I xy d 2v M x I yy  M y I xy
 
A At some point dA, the strain is :  z 
R R 
E I xx I yy  I xy2  dz 2

E I xx I yy  I xy2 
y The position of dA is :   x sin   y cos  d 2v d 2u
Rearranging the eqns to give : M x   EI xx  EI xy 2
My dz 2
dz

The stress is :  z  E z  E 
E
x sin   y cos   d 2u
M y   EI yy 2  EI xy 2
d 2v
N R R dz dz
x dA
The moments are :
y Mx d 2v
C  For a section having an axis of symmetry : M x   EI xx
x 
E

M x   z y dA  A xy sin   y 2 cos  dA
A R
 dz 2
 d 2u

E

M y   z x dA  A x 2 sin   xy cos  dA
A R
 M y   EI yy 2
9 dz 10
A

Example Bending Deflection of Unsymmetrical Section

(THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)
Example Bending Deflection of Unsymmetrical Section

y Sectional properties (use thin-walled approximation)

A uniform thin-walled beam ABD of open cross section shown in the figure is simply
t 2a   t a 2  a  3a   13 3
3 3 2
supported at points B and D with its web vertical. It carries a downward vertical a
I xx   2at a    t    a t
2

force P at the end A in the plane of the web. a/2 12  12 2  4   4

a
Derive expressions for the vertical and horizontal components of the deflection of the x 5 7
I yy  a 3t I xy   a 3t
beam midway between the supports B and D. Assume that E and t are constants. 3 4
a
a
a/2
I xx 
I I  I xy2
xx yy   113a t ; 3
I yy 
I I  I xy2
xx yy   113a t 3

y I xx 156 I yy 80
2L
L D
a
L 2L I xy 
I I I
xx yy
2
xy    113a t 3

a/2 A I xy 84
a B D
B x P
A P Rd Moment Mx between B and D is : M x  z
Rb 2
a z 0
d 2u M y I xx  M x I xy Mx M x I xy
a/2   
a
M D  0,  Rb 
3
P
dz 2

E I xx I yy  I xy
2
E I xx I yy  I xy
2
 E I xy  
2 0
P 1 d 2v M x I yy  M y I xy M x I yy M
 x
F  
y  0,  Rd  P
2 dz 2 2

E I xx I yy  I xy E I I
xx yy  I 
2
xy
E I yy  
11 12
 Example Bending Deflection of Unsymmetrical Section The Unit Load Method for Arbitrary Shaped Sections
d 2u P
The horizontal deflection between B and D is : E I xy  z
L 2L dz 2 2
A du P  P P The work done during an increase in deflection  (the
dz   2 
B D E I xy   z dz  z 2  C1
4 shaded area) can be approximated by :

P Rb Rd
z P  P P  W  P 
E I xy u    z 2  C1 dz  z 3  C1 z  C2
 4  12 The eqn is true if  is a virtual displacement assumed
P to take place at constant force P.
Apply the support conditions : at z  0, u0 C2  0
PL2
at z  2 L, u0 C1  
The vertical deflection at midpoint 3 W
between B and D can be solved in 2
The complementary work done during an increase in the
the same manner :  E I xy u 
P 3 PL
z  z   load P (the shaded area) is approximated by :
12 3 P
d 2v P  W *   P
E I yy 2   M x   z The horizontal deflection at midpoint between B and D is :
dz 2
P The eqn is true if P is a virtual force assumed to take
P 3 PL2 PL3
at z  L, E I xy u  L  L W* place at constant displacement .
20 PL3 12 3 4
v 
113Ea 3t
PL3 21PL3
u   
4 E I xy 113Ea 3t  
13 14

The Unit Load Method Deflections from Combined Loads

For a linear elastic material, =E and =G, the unit load eqn for thin-walled
In deformable bodies, the external work done causes the strain energy to be structure becomes :
absorbed by the bodies in the process of deforming.

  dV      dAdz and 

 dV  L A   dAdz
vol E L A E vol G G
 The complementary strain energy during an increase in
stress  is : Axial Force Bending Shear Torque
 U *      PA   M yI   Qs t   r J
U*
   p A    qs t    Tr J
Equating work done to strain energy for a body with a    m y
I
virtual load :
Pp L Q q 
L T
Mm T  
L
p  
L
 
  P      dV dz M   dz  q     s s ds dz dz
vol
0 EA 0 EI 0
 s Gt

0 GJ

Since P is a virtual load and can be arbitrary, P=1 is used to obtain real If the structure is subjected to combination of bending and shearing, then
displacement . the total transverse deflection is :

       dV        dV L Mm L Q q 
vol vol  combined  0 EI
dz     s s ds  dz
0
 Gt
s

15 16
 The Unit Load Method for Bending Deflection The Unit Load Method for Shearing Deflection

For the case of general bending, the deflection is:  M  zA  dAdz For the case of general shearing due to bending of both closed and open
E
section, the deflection is:
 Qq 
 
 z  M x I y y  I xy x  M y I x x  I xy y    
 z  mx I y y  I xy x  my I x x  I xy y   S     ds  dz

z s Gt


   
1  Mx I y  My I xy mx I y  my I xy y  My I x  Mx I xy my I x  mx I xy x
2 2
   The shear flow due to real shears is:
M    dAdz
    
E z A   Mx I y  My I xy mx I y  my I xy xy My I x  Mx I xy my I x  mx I xy xy
   
Qs   S y I y  S x I xy  B y  S I
n
 S y I xy  B x
n
 Q0
r r x x r r
r 1 r 1

Recall: I xx  A y 2 dA I yy   x 2 dA
A
I xy   xy dA
A
The shear flow due to virtual shears is:
   
1  M x I y  M y I xy mx I y  m y I xy I xx  M y I x  M x I xy m y I x  mx I xy I yy   
   B y  V I  B x
n n
M   dz
   
E z  M x I y  M y I xy mx I y  m y I xy I xy  M y I x  M x I xy m y I x  mx I xy I xy 
    qs   V y I y  Vx I xy
r 1
r r x x  V y I xy
r 1
r r  q0

1  M y m y M x mx 
E z I yy
For a section with an axis of symmetry, Ixy=0, then:  M    dz For opens sections, Qo and qo are ignored in the calculation.
I xx 

17 18

Unit Load Method for bending related deflection EXACT METHOD AND SOLUTION

P Exact method
y
The fundamental unit load method for bending related deflection : L
z  2v
EI EI   M   Pz
Bending z 2
Shear z

      B y  S I  B x
n n
 z  M x I y y  I xy x  M y I x x  I xy y Qs   S y I y  S x I xy  S y I xy  Q0 v P
real r r x x r r EI   z 2  C1
r 1 r 1
v 2 z 2
 m  I y  I x  m  I x  I y 
PL
  B y  V I  B x at z  L , 0  C1 
n n
virtual  z x y xy y x xy qs   V y I y  Vx I xy r r x x  V y I xy r r  q0 z 2
r 1 r 1 P 3
EIv   z  C1 z  C 2
  Qq  6
M    E   dAdz
L
total = +  q     s s ds  dz PL3
L A 0
 s Gt  at z  L , v  0  C2  
3
P 3 PL2 PL3
EIv   z  z
6 2 3
• For bending and shear deflection, apply transverse/lateral unit load.
• Only discrete point of deflection is obtained using this method.
• Unit load is applied at the specific point where deflection is to be solved. PL3
at z  0, v  
• Deflection follows direction of applied unit load. Exact solution
3 EI

L 5 PL3
at z  , v
19 2 48 EI 20
 UNIT LOAD METHOD
Example Bending and Shear Deflection of an Open Section
(THG Megson, “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students”)

L Mm Find the bending deflection of the free end of a cantilever 2m long having a channel
P 1  Z 0   dz section shown. Vertical shear force of 4.8kN acts through its shear centre and at
0 EI
L L the free end. All boom areas are 300mm2 and thickness is constant at 1 mm.
L  Pz  z 
EI EI
 dz E=70GPa and G=30GPa.
z z 0 EI
PL3 s
Real system : M x  Pz Unit Load system : mx  1z  4.8kN 2 1 2m I xy  0
3EI 200mm

200
I xx  4300200  48 106 mm 4
2
positive means the correct z
L Mm downward deflection.
 Z  L /2  

200
z-L 1 dz e 4.8kN
0 EI
L /2  Pz  0   Pz  z  L 2 dz 3 4
4800
 300  200   6 N mm
L/2
q12  
L
 dz  
EI 0 EI L /2 EI 48 106
z
The shear flow is : 4800
P  2 L  P  z3 L 2 
L
q23  6   300  200   12 N mm
48 106
L
L/2  z  2 z  dz  EI  3  4 z 
Unit Load system :  Sy n
4800 n

0 z
L
mx  0
EI L /2 qs   B y r r 
48 106
B y r r
4800
2
P   L L
3
 L / 2  L L / 2 2  5PL3
3
I xx r 1 r 1 q34  12   300  200   6 N mm
 L     L 
2
   48 106
L
zL mx  1  z   EI  3
 48EI
4 3 4
2  2 
21 22

Example Bending and Shear Deflection of an Open Section Example Bending and Shear Deflection of an Open Section

L Mm L  Qq 
Bending
Shearing The total deflection is : Total   m   q  0 dz     ds dz
 s Gt 
n 0
4800 EI
Actual system : M x  4800 z
Actual system : Q  
48  106
B y
r 1
r r

1 n
Q Bending
Unit Load system : mx  1z Unit Load system : q  
48 106
B y r r or q 
4800
Shearing
4800 n
r 1 Actual system : Actual system : Q  
48  106
B y r r

M  4800 z r 1

2m n
2 1 Q
B y
4.8kN 1
200mm Unit Load system : Unit Load system : q   or q 
Actual 48 106
r r
200

r 1 4800
z m  1z
 Qq 
L 1  Q2
2000 
q       s
200

e 4.8kN Deflection is: ds  dz  ds  dz

3 4
0
 s Gt
 Gt 0
 4800 
4800 z 2 1
 6  200  2   12  400  dz
2000
Mm
L 2000

m   dz  
2 2

1 2 2m
EI
0 0 70  103 48  10 6
dz
  4800 30  103 0 
 
1
200mm
Unit  3.81 mm  1.00 mm
200

z Load
 Total   m   q  4.81 mm
200

e Total deflection of tip is:

3 4 1
23 24
 BUCKLING OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES Flexural, Shear and Flexural-Torsional BUCKLING
 Compressive stresses within a long, thin structure can cause  Shear stresses due to torsion/bending in thin plated
structural instability or buckling. (flexural or bending). structure can cause shear buckling.
 Instability may be global or local. Local buckling may cause  The combination of in-plane and shear stresses can
permanent deformation but global buckling can be catastrophic. give rise to flexural-torsional buckling in long slender
thin walled structures.

global - column

local - plate
25 26

Flexural Buckling Responses EULER BUCKLING LOAD OF A SS COLUMN

 Assuming a perfect column and buckling has occurs, using
PCR PCR
the simple beam theory :
Imperfect  2v  2v
P plate y, v EI  M  EI   PCR v
Perfect z 2 z 2
plate
 2v P
z
 2   2v  0 where  2  CR
z EI
L
v The form of solution to the homogeneous ODE is :
PCR Perfect column M=PCRv v  A cos  z  B sin  z
Imperfect column PCR where the constants A and B are deflection coefficients.
bifurcation

column P Applying boundary conditions :

Substitute for  yields the buckling load : at z  0, v0  A0
PCR m  m 
2
at z  L, v0  B sin  L  0
wc
Maximum out-of-plane deflection  L  m    PCR    EI
EI L  L 
B  0 or sin  L  0
Buckling response  2
  L   , 2 , .....  m
plate The minimum critical buckling load is when m=1 : PEULER  2
EI
L
P
27 28
 BUCKLING LOADS AND MODES *Gere and Timoshenko, “Mechanics of Materials”, 4th edition, 1997.

PEULER PCR PCR

 2v
S-S K=1.0 EI M
2 C-C K=4.0 z 2
PCR  K EI C-S K=2.05
L2 This is the “exact” approach
C-F K=0.25 that yields the “exact” solution.

S-S C-F C-C C-S

PEULER PCR PCR Ribs  increase buckling load of

the skin and stiffener.
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3
m=1 m=2 m=3

m 2 2
PCR  2
EI  m 2 PEULER 29 30
L

Understanding Flexural Buckling Responses EFFECT OF INITIAL IMPERFECTIONS

 In actual engineering structures, ideally straight columns do not exist. Imperfections exist
in shape and loading eccentricities.
 Consider the case of an initially bent column with hinged ends, the initial imperfection is
2 assumed as :
z
PCR  K 2
EI vo  a0 sin
L L
H P P
From the governing moment-curvature eqn :
y y, v
 2v  2v
EI M  EI 2   P  v  v0 
b x z 2
z
z
 2v z P
L  2   2 v   2 v0   2 a0 sin where  2 
W
v v vo z L EI
vo
M=P(v+vo)
The form of solution is :
2 L z
P P PCR  EI xx P v  A cos  z  B sin  z  C sin
L2 L
K=1
v   z
  A sin  z  B cos  z  C   cos
z  
2 L L
P PCR  0.25 EI yy  2v  
2
z
L2   A 2 cos  z  B 2 sin  z  C   sin …(i)
K=0.25 z 2
L L
31 32
 EFFECT OF INITIAL IMPERFECTIONS EFFECT OF INITIAL IMPERFECTIONS
Applying boundary conditions : at z  0, v0  A0
Substituting the form of the solution and its 2nd derivative of eqn (i) into the governing eqn yields :
at z  L, v0  B sin  L  0
  z z z
2

C   sin   2C sin   2 a0 sin

L L L L It can be deduced that B=0 since sinL=0 is a solution for the Euler column, so the solution is :
 z
   2  a0 v a0 sin
C     2    2 a0  C  …(ii) 1 L
 L    L   1
2

The total deflection from the assumed straight line
between supports is: 1
 
2

Recall the Euler load for a hinged perfectly straight column: PEULER    EI z  z 0.9
L vt  v0  v  a0 sin  a0 sin 0.8
1 L L
0.7
  EI    PEULER
2 2
z
The term in eqn (ii) can be rewritten as : 
1 1
        vt  a0 sin 0.6
 L  P L P  1 L
 0.5 a0
0.4 0.0001

From eqn (ii), the constant C is : C 

a0 
 a0 Take total deflection at the centre (z=L/2) as , then:
0.3 0.001
1  1 1  0.2 0.005
1 P a0 0.1 0.01
 z  a0    1
The form of solution is : v  A cos  z  B sin  z  a0 sin …(iii) 1 PEULER  0
1 L 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

33 34

EFFECT OF INITIAL IMPERFECTIONS ANALYSIS OF BEAM COLUMNS

 Beam columns are structural members that carries both transverse and axial loads.
1. If imperfections are minor, the Euler theory provides a satisfactory design Sometimes they are known as transversely loaded columns.
criterion for real imperfect column.  Consider the case of beam column with a concentrated transverse load, starting from
2. The result of the imperfect column shows that the buckling load of perfect the governing moment-curvature eqn :
column can be solved by imposing a small imperfection and setting the
deflection to a very large value or towards infinity.  2v  2v W
EI M  EI 2   Pv  z
1 z z 2
z 2
vt  a0 sin  infinity  v
2
1 L P  2   2v  
W
z where  2 
P
L/2 L/2
P z 2 EI EI
i.e. 1    0   1  P  PEULER W
PEULER
W/2 The form of solution is : v  A cos  z  B sin  z  Cz
3. Finally, the axial and bending stresses are present in the imperfect column P v
and hence these stresses can be used as a check for material failure in   A sin  z  B cos  z  C
columns with significant value of imperfections. z
P M=Pv+Wz/2
v  2v
z   A 2 cos  z  B 2 sin  z
 These deductions also apply to eccentrically loaded columns. z 2
W/2 The constant C can be obtained by substituting the function and its
P.a P.a derivatives into the governing eqn :
P P a 0 > Z < L/2 W W W
v P  2Cz   z C  
35 2 EI 2 EI  2 2P 36
 ANALYSIS OF BEAM COLUMNS ANALYSIS OF BEAM COLUMNS
W
The solution is thus : v  A cos  z  B sin  z  z WL3
2P Introducing a term 0 which represents the mid-span deflection of a beam 0 
carrying only a concentrated load W : 48 EI
v W
  A sin  z  B cos  z 
z 2P W WL3 24 EI 3  tan    
Rearranging eqn (i) to give:   tan       tan       0
Applying the boundary conditions and remember that moment eqn is valid only for the range of 2 P 48EI PL3 3
0 > z < L/2, the additional condition of zero slope at max deflection is used :
1 2 17 7
at z  0, v0  A0 The term tan() can be expanded as : tan      3   5    ........
3 15 315
L v L W W
at z  , 0  B cos  0  B 
2 z 2 2P 2 P cos   L 2   2
   0 1   2 
17 4 
  ........  24 EI 3  23 3
The simplified eqn for deflection is :  3 3  3
 5 105  PL  L 
3

W  sin  z 
The final form of the solution is then : v   z
2 P  cos   L 2   L  P L2  2
2
 Expanding out the term for  : 2     2.5
P
 2  EI 4  2 PEULER
Analysing the mid-span deflection  and introducing L/2 :
This further simplifies the eqn for deflection as :
L W  sin   L 2   L  W
at z  ,       tan      2

2 2 P  cos   L 2  2  2 P …(i)    0 1 
P  P  1
   ........   0
 PCR  PCR   1  P PEULER
37 38

ANALYSIS OF BEAM COLUMNS The Principle of Stationary/Minimum Total Potential Energy

WL3 1 W  1
Rearranging deflection eqn for plotting purposes:   
48 EI 1  P PEULER  k  1    The idea of a stationary potential energy was first used by the German
 physicist, Gustav Kirchoff in 1850.
W
W
 W  A conservative system is in equilibrium when the energy stored is equal to the
W
work done by the external loads.

W 
 Consider a virtual increment of displacement as a result of load applied and the
external work done then is We and the strain energy stored during deformation
is U. For a conservative system:


 U  W E  U  W E  0
k  U  W E   0
k
 The relationship between W and  is linear even when the axial load P≠0.  This means : U  We    constant
 The relationship between  and  is non-linear similar to that of a imperfect column.
 The resistance of the beam column to lateral deformation vanishes as the axial load  The above eqn is usually refers to as the total potential energy of a system.
approaches the buckling load.

39 40
 Rayleigh-Ritz Approach THE ENERGY APPROACH TO COLUMN BUCKLING
 The elastic strain energy of an element dz in a beam structure is:
Rayleigh (Rayleigh-Ritz) proposed a solution to the total potential energy eqn. An PCR
1 1 1  2 
admissible deflection function is first assumed in the form of: dU   z  z dV U    z z  dxdydz    z dAdz
2 2 2  E 
v  z    Am X m  z   A1 X 1  z   A2 X 2  z   ...........  Am X m  z 
 The stress, deflection and moment relationships for a beam in
bending is substituted into the above eqn:
Substituting the deflection function into the total potential energy expression and z 2 2
applying the principle of minimum total potential energy yields: 1
2
 My  1   2v   y 2  EI L   2v 
  
L U
2E   I  dAdz  2 E   EI z 2   I 2  dAdz  2 0
 2  dz
 z 
 0;  0 ; .................... 0
 A1  A2  Am
Thus giving a set of simultaneous equations to solve. Considered an element on the y-z plane being deformed by a
force PCR, the potential energy is:
Some well known common admissible deflection functions that satisfied the boundary dz
conditions are: z
v dWE  force  distance  Pdw …(i)
c
SS CC CS v
v dz
z From the figure, by geometry:
 m z    z   m z    z   m z 
X m ( z )  sin   X m ( z )  sin   sin   X m ( z )  sin   sin  
dz
 L   L   L   2L   2L   v 
2

 dz  …(ii)
2
m  1, 2,3,....... m  2, 4, 6,..... dw  dz  c  dz    dz 
m  1, 2,3,...... y dw  z 
41 42

n  n  1 n  n  1  n  2 
1  b 
n
 1  nb  b2  b 3  ......
Total Potential Energy
2 6
A simply supported column subjected to compression
n  n  1  n  2  .....  n  i  i
..........  b
i!
Using the total potential energy :
Expand eqn (ii) using the binomial expansion: y, v
2
L 1 L   2v   v 
2
P L

2 0 
 v 
2
dw  v 
2
 1  v 
2
1  v 
4
 1  v  2 PCR  EI  2  dz  CR   dz
 dz  z
2
dw  dz   dz    1 1    1  1       .............    …(iv) EI   z 
 z  z  2  z  8  z   z  2 0
 dz   2   z 

 z 
Substitute eqn (iv) into (i): 1  v 
2
1  v 
2
Assuming one term trigonometric series function of an admissible function : v  A sin  
dW E  PCR    dz
2  z 
  WE 
2 L PCR  z  dz L
Its derivatives are : v    z 
 A  cos  
The total potential energy in the buckled system is : z  
L  L
2
1 L   2v   v 
2

   z 
1  2v
2

2 0
  U  WE  EI  2  dz   PCR   dz
 z  2 L  z    A  sin  
z 2  
L  L geometric natural
b.c. b.c.
Similarly, the total potential energy in the beam carrying a transverse load W at z=a is :
Check if the function satisfies the boundary conditions : at z  0, v0 M  0, V  0
W
2 at z  L, v0 M  0, V  0
1 L   2v 
a L-a   U  W E   EI  2  dz  W v z  a
2 0  z  Substitute the derivatives of the function into the above energy eqn and analyzing each
integral separately.
z 43 44
 A simply supported column subjected to compression A simply supported column subjected to compression
a  mx   px   0 m p
2  sin  sin
a   a 
dx  
a / 2 m p
     z 
2 0
 v Putting them together in the total potential energy :
2 2
EI L EI L

2 
0
 2  dz 
 z  2 
 A  sin   dz
  L 
0
 L  b  ny   qy   0 nq 2
   2v   v  EI 2     L  PCR 2     L 
2 4 2
sin   sin   dy   EI L PCR L
 b   b  b / 2 nq    2  dz     dz  A     A    
0

EI L  2     z   z   z 
4
2 0 2 0 2 L 2 2 L 2
   A
2   L 
0
  sin 2  dz
 L 
    L    L 
4 2
EI 2     2  z  EI 2     L 
4 4
L

2
A  
L

0
sin  dz 
  L   2
A    
L 2
Apply the principle of MTPE :
A
 EI A      PCR A      0
L 2 L 2

 n y   q y   0 nq
 
b 2
  dy  
2
 v       z  cos   cos 
2
PCR PCR Solving for P yields the “exact solution” : PCR    EI  PEULER
L L
   dz    b   b  b / 2 nq
0
 A   cos    dz
2 0
 z  2 0
 L  L  a  mx   px   0 m p L
 cos  cos dx  
m p
PCR L  2    2   z 
2
 0
 a   a  a / 2

2  0
 A   cos 
  L 
  dz
 L   Think about why the result of the energy approach is exact. ?????

PCR 2     2   z  PCR 2     L 
2 2
L

2
A  
L

0
cos 
  L
  dz 
 2
A    
L 2
The chosen function satisfies both geometric and natural boundary conditions, and it is
also the exact deflected shape of this column.
45 46

Example Beam-Column using Energy Example Beam-Column using Energy

The beam-column beam shown is clamped on both ends. y, v pqoo The total potential energy is
y, v 2
2  z 
  2v  P L  v 
2
pqo o
 2  dz  p0  v dz     dz
EI L L
The given function is : w  A sin  
 L  EI, L
P   U  WE 
2  0
 z  0 2 0  z 
P
EI, L z
A
a) check the admissibility fo the function, z 2  z 
a) Bending with P=0.
b) Solve for the deflection of the beam-column, Admissible function v  A sin   p0 p0  z 
 L  A v  sin 2  
c) Solve for buckling load of the beam when po=0,   L
4
 
4

4 EI   4 EI  
v    z   z      2z  L L
2  2  A sin   cos      A sin  
  2v  P L  v 
2
EI z L  L  L  L  L 
 2  dz  p0 0  v dz  0   dz
L L
The total potential energy is   U  WE 
2 
0
 z  2  z 
 2v    2z 
2

 2  A cos 
z  z 2 L  L  b) Buckling with A=infinity
Admissible function v  A sin 2   At z=0, v  0
 L  EI    2 L
4
L P  
2
 
2
v  4  A  p0 A    A2
L  PCR  4 EI  
0 L 
v    z   z      2z  z 2 L 2 2 2 L 2
 2  A sin   cos      A sin   (x4)
z L  L  L  L  L     L PL   
4 2
   
4 2
increasing qo
 2EIL  A  p0    A0 4 EI    P   0
At z=L, v  0 A L 2 2  L L L
 v    2z 
2 2

 2  A cos  v p0 p0
z 2  
L  L  0 A 
z      
4 2 4

4 EI    P   EI    4    
47 L L L 48
 SOME USEFUL MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS SOLUTION TO HOMOGENEOUS Ordinary Differential Equation

 Some important relations worth remembering: n y  n 1 y 2 y y

an  an 1 n 1  ...........  a2 2  a1  a0 y  0
Multiplication x n
x x x
 A X m  x     Am X m  x    Am X m  x 
2
of series m

  A1 X 1  A2 X 2  A3 X 3  .....   A1 X 1  A2 X 2  A3 X 3  ..... The characteristics eqn is : an m n  an 1m n 1  ...........  a2 m 2  a1m  a0  0

  A1 A1 X 1 X 1  A2 A2 X 2 X 2  A3 A3 X 3 X 3  A1 A2 X 1 X 2  A1 A3 X 1 X 3 .....
where m are the roots of the polynomial equation.
  Amn X m  x X n  x 

A m X m  x    An X n  x    Amn X m  x X n  x  Case 1 if m roots are real, then

Integrals of Trig functions y  C1e m1 x  C2 e m2 x  .......  Cn e mn x
Orthogonal functions
L  m x  L L  m x  L
a  mx   px   0 m p  sin 2 
 L 
dx   cos 2 
 L 
dx 
Case 2 if m roots are real and equal, then
0 sin  a  sin  a dx  a / 2
0 2 0 2
m p
L  m x  3L L  m x  3L y  C1e m1 x  C 2 xem1 x  .......  C n x n 1e m1 x
b  ny   qy   0 nq  0
sin 4 
 L 
dx 
8  0
cos 4 
 L 
dx 
8
 0
cos  cos
 b   b 
dy  
b / 2 nq 1 1
 sin 2  ax dx  x  sin  ax  cos  ax  Case 3 if m roots are complex, then
2 2a
 m x   p x   0 m  p  even
y  C1e m1 x  C2 e m2 x  .......  Cn e mn x
a
0
sin 
 a 
 cos 
 a 
 dx    2 a  m
  m 2  p 2 m  p  odd 
1 1
cos 2  ax dx  x  sin  ax  cos  ax 
2 2a
49 where mn   n  i n 50

EXAMPLES OF SOLUTION TO HOMOGENEOUS O.D.E

Real roots (unequal) complex roots

2 y 2 y
 k2y  0  k2y  0
x 2 x 2
The characteristics eqn is :
The characteristics eqn is :
m2  k 2  0
m2  k 2  0
 m  ik  m    i 
m  k m  k   0
 m   k and m  k  y  C1e ikx  C2 e  ikx

 y  C1e  kx  C2 e kx e ikx  cos kx  i sin kx Euler formula  

or y  C1 cosh kx  C2 sinh kx where k is a real number.
 y  C1  C2  cos kx  i C1  C2 sin kx
 A1 cos kx  B1 sin kx

sinh  hy  
1 hy
2

e  e  hy   sinh  hy   cosh  hy   e hy

cosh  hy   sinh  hy   e  hy
1
2

cosh  hy   e hy  e  hy  


51