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 MAY 22, 2019  BY CORNELIUS

Design of Residential Buildings Using

CSC Orion (Step by Step with Eurocode
2)

b 138 j 10 s o 148 SHARES

CONTENTS [HIDE]

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT (G.A.)

My style of General Arrangement (GA)
MEMBER DATA
MODELLING ON CSC ORION
[1] GETTING STARTED

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 [2] CREATING AXES
[3] CREATING OF COLUMNS
[4] CREATION OF FLOOR BEAMS
[5] DESIGN PARAMETERS SETTINGS
[6] MODELLING OF FLOOR SLAB
Setting Slab Types Automatically
[7] COMPLETING THE MODEL
Generating Storey
Specifying Storey Height
Arranging the roof beam
[8] LOADING ON CSC ORION
Loading the oor beams with wall load
Loading the staircase oor beam
Loading the roof beam
[9] SPECIFIC MEMBER DESIGN SETTINGS
Column spanning more than one storey (Axis G columns)
[10] SLAB LOAD DECOMPOSITION
[11] FINITE ELEMENT FLOOR ANALYSIS
[12] FLOOR SLAB POST PROCESSING
[13] FULL BUILDING ANALYSIS
[14] SLAB DESIGN
[15] BEAM DESIGN

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 [16] COLUMN DESIGN
[17] FOUNDATION DESIGN
Combined Footings
Foundation Detailing
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Previously, I discussed the Structural Analysis and Design of Residential

Buildings Using Manual Calculations , today, I will clearly explain step by step
procedures on how to design residential buildings using CSC Orion. You should
be able to make use of CSC Orion for Design after reading this Article.

You don’t have CSC Orion, Download HERE

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GENERAL ARRANGEMENT (G.A.)

The architectural drawing enables the engineer to prepare what is normally

referred to as the ‘general arrangement’ of the building, popularly called the
‘G.A.’. The G.A. clearly speci es the disposition of the structural elements such as

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 the columns, beams, and the panelling of the oor slabs. The G.A. also contains
the labelling of the axes and the members, based on the grid lines. After
completing the GA, the engineer makes preliminary sizing of the structural
elements which may be governed by past experience or by de ection
requirements based on the code of practice. After the sizing, the engineer is
faced with the challenge of loading the structure. But let us brie y review how
we go about the G.A.

There are no spelt out rules about how to select the appropriate general
arrangement of a structure. To me, adequate presentation of the general
arrangement has more to with years of design experience.

In this article, a small residential building on a 10m x 15m plot of land has been
presented for the purpose of analysis and design. The ground oor plan of the
building is shown in the diagram below. From the architectural disposition, the
building is a two family occupancy arrangement, with each family occupying a
oor level. To minimise interruption, the staircase has been placed at the
extreme of the left-hand side of the building. The 1st oor of the building is also
shown below. It has a balcony at the kitchen, a cantilever sit-out/verandah, and a
little balcony by the staircase area. Apart from that, the general arrangement is
fairly the same.

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My style of General Arrangement (GA)

The architectural drawing of a building can come in many forms. If it comes as a

soft copy of a CAD drawing, then the work is made much easier. It is advisable to
place the ground oor plan side by side on the graphical user interface window of
your CAD program (e.g. AUTOCAD) with the oor plan of the subsequent stories
as shown in the diagram below:

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 Note that architectural drawings come with their own grid lines for different
axes. In the current building, we are trying to design here, some details (like
gridlines) have been removed from the architectural drawing (Ground & First
Floor Plan) for the purpose of clarity of very necessary details like dimension
lines. After placing the oor plans side by side on the window, you can start
noticing a few different things about the oor plans immediately. For more ideas
on how to proceed, copy the oor plans to another location on the window (still
leaving the ones you placed side by side). Now, copy the plan of the rst oor, and
paste it on the ground oor plan, so that the dimensions and axes are matching
perfectly.

You can choose a prominent corner of the building as a pick-up point for your
copy and paste operation. For more clarity, you can change the colour or
thickness (or both) of the ground oor elements and rst- oor elements and
gridlines, so that you can rightly distinguish between the two.

After you have pasted the rst oor on the ground oor, you can now see the
interaction of the two oors. All axes that are coincidental will be visible, and all
axes that are on the rst oor and are not on the ground oor and vice versa will
also become visible. At this point, you can also see the outline of block work on
the rst oor, and this is more critical for the general arrangement of the oor

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 slab. It will properly guide you on the selection of oor beam axis. The block work
axis of the ground oor will aid you on the design of the foundation plan. Do not
work on the ground oor alone without looking at the rst oor – the last thing
you will want to happen is to place a column somewhere on the ground oor, and
see it popping out through the lobby of the rst oor. So carefully make your
selections based on matching axes, and fair uniformity. And as I hinted earlier,
your arrangement must be consistent with what the architect has in mind. So this
is much like art, and you have to use your ingenuity here. (My supervisor during
my industrial training once told me that it is one of the hardest things to do in
structural design).

As a hint, the next thing to do is to create a rectangular box (say 230 x 230mm)
on AUTOCAD and hatch it with any pattern appealing to you (I normally use
SOLID). This represents your columns on the oor plan. Now carefully copy this
element and start pasting it at the locations where you have decided to place
your columns (this usually occurs at intersections between axes). Also, I normally
start at the corners of the building; more often than not, columns must be there
irrespective of the arrangement. After that, move to the interiors and place your
columns as desired. After you are satis ed with what you have done, carefully
check the interaction of the arrangement, and make sure that they are

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 reasonable. Areas, where primary and secondary beams will interact, will also
become very visible.

To make some points clearer, let us look at a portion of the plan we are
considering in this article;

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 We wish to place columns along axis A. A little consideration will show that we
can place columns at points A1, A3, and A5. Also, we can alternatively place
columns at points A1, A2, A4, and A5. Without reading further, ponder on that
arrangement and see the alternative that you will prefer.

Obviously, A1 and A5 are certain (corner columns). If I should choose to place a

column at point A3 (neglecting A2 and A4), these are the implications:

I will have a larger span for A:1-3 and A:3-5

I will have a oor beam running along axis 3 (the beam will probably have to
run down to axis C before encountering another support, unless I extend
any other beam to act as primary beam to it). That’s a complexity on its own.
The oor slabs on the bedroom and kitchen will be subjected to block work
load from the walls on axis 2 and 4, which some part of it will be
subsequently transferred to the beams on axis 3. This is based on the
assumption that the ground oor block walls do not carry any load (so I have
neglected the effect of the ground oor axis 2 and 4 walls on this
assumption)

If I choose the second alternative;

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 I will have shorter spans, and three spans instead of 2. The bending moment
on Span A:2 – 4 will probably be hogging.
I will have a wall along axis 3, but by proximity and considering load sharing
implication, it will not be critical, and will not affect my designs like the
previous alternative.
My oor beam at axis 2 will stop at axis B, and my oor beam at axis 4 will
stop at the wall close to axis B. So I will not have a complex arrangement to
deal with.

Considering all these consequences, I preferred the second alternative.

However, if the building is being located in area where the soil is so bad that
constructing a single footing will be very expensive, we can settle for alternative
1. The nal GA I adopted for the whole model is shown diagram below;

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MEMBER DATA

Thickness of slab = 150mm

Dimensions of oor beams = 450mm x 230mm

Dimension of roof beams = 250mm x 230mm

Dimensions of columns = 230 x 230mm

All the elevation views of our case study building are as shown below;

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 Approach View

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 Rear view

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 Right Side View

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 Left Side view

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 Section through the building (section A – A)

MODELLING ON CSC ORION

Orion is a structural analysis, design, and drafting program developed for the
design of concrete building systems (CSC Orion Reference Manual). The
program consists of several modules for performing the following tasks;

[1] 3-D Analysis of the structural model of the building

[2] Column, Shear wall, Slab, and Beam reinforcement design

[3] Column, Shear wall, and Beam detailing

[4] Foundation design and detailing

[5] Analysis and Design of Stairs

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 [6] Concrete and Steel Quantity extractions

Unlike general purpose structural analysis program, Orion is concentrated on

accurate analysis, fast data preparation, automated reinforced concrete design,
and automated preparation of engineering drawings and details. In summary,
Orion model allows you to;

[1] Create GA drawing

[2] Design the oor slabs, and decompose oor loads onto the beams

[3] Analyse the building frame

[4] Design continuous beams, columns, walls, and foundation

[5] Automatically generate RC detail drawings

Having completed your general arrangement, you have to go into modelling of

the structure. GA is the rst step, irrespective of whether you are undertaking
manual or computer-aided analysis. It is assumed that you have already
purchased and installed Orion software package on your computer. There are

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 many approaches of modelling in Orion like importing from other software etc.
But in this text, I am concentrating on modelling from scratch.

The structure below is our end target.

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 Final Target Model on CSC Orion

[1] GETTING STARTED

Launch the Orion Software. On launching, this dialogue box below comes up;

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 Click on New Project.

Enter the Project Code of your choice. In this case, note that no spacing is
allowed on the project code. You can use underscore to separate words. Hit
the ENTER button

On hitting the ENTER button, the Settings Centre Dialog box comes up as shown

below. Select UK(Eurocode), and ensure that that all the parameters on ‘Current
Project Settings’ are checked. Then click on IMPORT.

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 Select your ‘sheet data as you desire, and click OK. Note that various sheet sizes
like A2, A3, A4, A5 etc are available from the drawdown menu. Specify as desired
and click ok.

At this point, the graphical user interface (GUI) comes up, shown in the diagram
below. The green rectangle on the screen represents the sheet size you have
selected in the previous dialogue box. Now, we wish to create the GA of the
building. By this time, you should have manually prepared your GA (could be a
rough sketch), and have accurately placed your beams and column where you

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 desire them to be. In this case, note that the GA we want to prepare has been
shown above, you must have carefully speci ed the preliminary structural
dimensions of your elements, and the concrete cover viz;

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Dimensions of columns (In this case 230 x 230 mm)

Dimensions of all oor beams (In this case 450 x 230 mm)

Dimensions of roof beams (In this case 250 x 230 mm)

Thickness of slab (h) = 150mm

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 CSC Orion main GUI page

[2] CREATING AXES

Having decided on all these things, go to Axes (circled in red in the diagram
above) by the left-hand side of the GUI, and right click on it. At this point, we wish
to create all our speci ed axes. So by right-clicking on it, select the Orthogonal
Axis Generator, and click on it. Our cursor at this point changes to a hairpin cross
with thin lines. Now move your mouse to the speci ed sheet on the GUI (the
green rectangle box) and click at a good location on it. The following dialogue box
comes up;

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 Dir-1 Axes represent your y-axis (vertical axes on your plan), while Dir-2 Axes
represent your x-axis (horizontal axes on the plan). You can interchange your
Axis Label as you wish. So to be consistent with our original plan, let us leave it
the way it is.

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 Axis spacing(s) refers to the spacing of the various axes (or our gridlines). Even
though it is not speci ed in the GA diagram, the edges of our cantilever slab must
have its own axis. This is to facilitate the modelling of our Cantilever slabs.

So from our GA, we can specify the axis spacings (each spacing is separated by a
comma, all dimensions in mm)

Dir-1 Axes

Axis Spacing(s): 823,3715,1285,3625 (entering values from bottom to the top)

Dir-2 Axes

Axis Spacing(s): 2000, 3225, 1400, 1960, 3400 (entering values from left to the
right)

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 Now you will discover that there are some gridlines that we have not captured.
Do not be bothered. If you wish, you can take your time and specify as accurately

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 as possible, the spacing of the gridlines. This is probably the best way. Otherwise,
there is a faster way of doing it, which is to offset the already existing axis by the
distance you want. The only difference is that your labels will become
alphanumeric. For instance, if you offset axis A, you will probably get axis label
A1. I guess this should not be a major concern since it is subsequently editable.
Leave the axis extension line the way it is (at 2000mm) and click OK.

On clicking OK, the gure below is obtained on the user interface, showing the
grid lines.

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 On looking at the diagram above, you can verify that Axis E on the interface
stands for the Axis A on our GA, and Axis 6 on the GUI stands for the axis 8 on
our GA. Now, if you look at our GA, we have axis 7, which we have not yet
captured. To create it, we know the distance between axis 7 and 8 to be 2035mm
on our manual GA. We wish to create axis 7 on Orion by offsetting axis 8.
Through this way also, we create all other axes, including the free edge of our
cantilever slabs. So right click on Axis 6 on the Orion GUI, and click on Offset
Axis.

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 Now, the dialogue box by the right above appears, and you have to specify the
offset distance by inputting 2035mm on ‘Offset from Previous’. After inputting
the value, click on the direction you wish to make the offset. In this case, you
have to click towards the left-hand side of axis 6 for the axis to be created.
Through this way, we create all other axis remaining on our GA.

The nal axes/gridlines that capture the entire model is shown below;

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[3] CREATING OF COLUMNS

After creating our axes, the next step is to place the columns at their exact
locations. We have to be careful to ensure that the columns are where they are
supposed to be.

Click on Column icon at the menu bar

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 Input the cross-section of the column (in mm) at the spaces provided at b1 and
b2. b1 and b2 are the depth and width of the column as de ned below. e1 and e2
de ne the eccentricity of the axes with the column. So in the cases where you are
modelling a column that will project out of a building, you should have a good
idea of how to manipulate your eccentricities. In this case, I want it to pass
through the centroid of the column, so I will have to divide the cross-section by
two; hence e1 = e2 = 230/2 = 115mm

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 Now, carefully move your columns to the GUI, and place the columns at the
locations they belong by clicking your mouse at the intersections where we have
our columns. Your nal output should be as shown below- carefully verify its
consistency with our GA.

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[4] CREATION OF FLOOR BEAMS

After creating our columns, the next step is to place the oor beams at the axes
where they belong.

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 Click on beam icon, and the dialogue box below comes up

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 Input b, which is the width of the beam. In the case we are treating, b =
230mm. b2 is the eccentricity of the axis with the beam, which we desire to pass
through the centroidal axis at b/2 = 230/2 = 115mm. hbot is the total depth of
the beam, and the value is 450mm for our present case study. Disregard htop by
leaving the value as zero.

To add the beams, click at the intersection point of any column you choose as
your starting point, and drag it to another column location. Keep clicking and
dragging it until you create all the oor beams. Note that a beam that is being
dragged can only terminate at a point where two orthogonal axes intersect. Your
nal arrangement should be as shown below;

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 To ensure that we are in order, click on 3D icon at the bottom of the GUI to see
the 3D view of our creation so far

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 If your arrangement is as shown above, let us proceed. Click on the plan icon and
return to the plan view.

[5] DESIGN PARAMETERS SETTINGS

Ideally, we should just go ahead and create our oor slab, but there are some
settings that I will like us to do. It will subsequently affect our results.

Take your mouse and click on Building on the menu bar. Select Parameters

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 On clicking Parameters, the dialog box below comes up;

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 Ensure once again that the Code for design is at Eurocode 2(UK), and that the
Loading Code is Eurocode 1(UK).

Click on Foundations, and set the allowable stress of soil to 150 KN/m2
(allowable bearing capacity).

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 Since we are not bothered about the effect of wind, you can neglect Lateral
Loading and Lateral Drift.

You can go to Title, and set project title and other information as you desire.

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 Close the dialogue box, and go to Building Analysis. We have some important
settings to take care of there.

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 Then click on Edit Materials, and another dialogue box comes up

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 We can select the concrete grade we are employing in our design by clicking on
the ‘concrete grade’ tab of any of the elements. In this case, fck = 25 N/mm2
(cylinder strength) for all elements. The default as you can see above is C35/45.
So select C25/30 of which the compressive strength is 25 N/mm2. Now check
the box for ‘Apply to All Member Types’ to apply it to all the structural Elements.

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 In the same vein, we can select the steel grade by clicking on the ‘steel grade’ tab
of any of the elements. In this case, we are adopting fyk = 460 N/mm2 for all
elements. The default steel grade as you can see above is Grade 500 (Type 2). So
select Grade 460(Type 2) of which the yield strength is 460 N/mm2. Now check
the box for ‘Apply to All Member Types’ to apply it to all the structural Elements.
Click OK

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 You can verify that the density of concrete is 25 KN/m3 by default. You can leave
the weight of block and coef cient of expansion the same way it is.

You can also select your desired bar sizes for various elements by clicking on the
‘Dia’ tab. For instance, if you desire the minimum bar sizes for your columns to be
16mm, you can specify it by checking and un-checking the bar sizes as you desire.
Click OK after all your selections.

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 After editing the materials, you can go the Parameters Tab. A little consideration
will show that we have already taken care of that. Now go to the load
combinations Tab. On clicking on it, we the following dialogue box below pops up.
We can see that the partial factor for dead loads is 1.25, instead of the 1.35 that
we know in Eurocode 2. We have to change that. You can start by editing them
one after another, or you click on ‘Loading Generator’ Tab.

On clicking the Load Generator Tab, the dialogue box below comes up. Now
change the Maximum G Factor from 1.25 to 1.35. You can see that the partial
factor for variable loads is 1.5. We will leave that the way it is. Then click ok

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On doing that, the dialogue box below comes up;

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 As you can see, the number of load cases has been reduced to just 8. These 8 load
cases are suf cient for our analysis. On going to the next tab, you can neglect,
‘Storey loads and Parameters’ tab.

After we are done with this, we can then start modelling of our oor slabs.

[6] MODELLING OF FLOOR SLAB

Click on the ‘Slab’ icon

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 On clicking the slab icon, the dialog box below comes up.

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 On the General Tab, Change the thickness of the oor slab (h) to 150mm

Specify the concrete cover (Con. Cov) = 25mm

On the Loads Tab, the self weight of the slab is automatically calculated based on
the density of the concrete, and the thickness of the slab. As you can see, it is
equal to 3.75 KN/m2

There are additional dead loads to be speci ed;

Weight of nishes = 1.2 KN/m2

Partition allowance = 1.5 KN/m2

The total dead load is 2.7 KN/m2

The speci ed imposed load (see chapter 2) is 1.5 KN/m2

After specifying all the data above, now move the cursor to the GA and start
clicking on each panel.

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 Due to the presence of gridlines at the edge of the cantilever panels (panels 10
and 11), the panels are automatically generated. But a little consideration will
show that PANEL 5 is very problematic due to the presence of multiple gridlines,
and the fact that we have some curved sections. See the sample dif culty below.

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 You can verify that the arrangement we have at PANEL 5 is very far from the
arrangement that we have in mind. Multiple panels have been created based on
the areas created from the gridlines. So how are we going to solve this problem?
We are going to apply a little trick. Also note that there is need for a new gridline
to adequately capture the edges of the slab of PANEL 5 (see the MANUAL GA).
We will offset axis B1 by 1200mm below to create the edge (this creates Axis
B2). Now, we have to delete the multiple slabs created in the region of interest
(simply click on each of them, and hit the delete button). We will now create
beams along the exterior edges of PANEL 5, including a curved beam where it is
required (follow the procedure described for beam creation). See what was done
below.

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 We have created beams from axis 6:B1- B2, Axis B2: 5 – 6, and Axis 3: B –
B2. Now we will create a curved beam along Axis A: 3 – 5. To do this click the
beam creation cursor at3B2 axis intersection, hold the ‘shift’ button, and click at
the 5B2 intersection. The following dialog box comes up;

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 Place the Chord Offset (h) as – 450mm

Making it negative implies that you want the chord to curve in the reverse
direction. The centre offset (c) and radius (R) are automatically generated based
on the value input.

The result of this activity is shown below;

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 The beam outlining the exterior of the slab has been created as shown above.

Now, create a slab on the area by clicking on the slab icon as described above,
and clicking on the panel area. Now DELETE the exterior periphery beams that
we created for it. By implication, we have created the slab.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
  

Setting Slab Types Automatically

Now clear all selection by clicking on ‘clear selection’ icon

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Now, go to the slab icon by the left-hand side of the screen, and right-click on it.
On the options, click on ‘Set Slab Types Automatically’. When the ‘Slab Type
Determination’ dialog box comes up, click OK

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Now a message pop up comes up (shown below) to show that the slab type has
been set (based on edge conditions, and direction of spanning).

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 As you can see, 1S11 type (PANEL 9 of our GA) cannot be automatically
determined (the curved slab we created). The implication of this is that we will
use Finite Element Analysis for our oor slab load transfer, instead of Yield Line
method. Click OK.

Kindly refer to Orion Engineer’s handbook for more information on Finite

Element Analysis and Yield Line Methods of slab load transfer.

[7] COMPLETING THE MODEL

We wish to specify the number of storeys on our structure. Go to Storey by the

left-hand side of the GUI, right click on it, and click on Insert Storey. On the Add
Storeys dialogue box that pops up, enter the number of storeys as 2. Click ok.

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 Generating Storey

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 We wish to generate some of the elements on the ground oor to the 1st oor.
We will generate only the columns and the oor beams. However, we know that
roof beams are of different cross-section with the oor beams. So all we have to
do is to change their properties.

Go to Storey again, and right click on it. Select generate storey. When the

‘Generate Storey’ dialogue box pops up, click on St01 (Storey 1) as the Source
Storey, and St02(Storey 2) as the Target Storey (see the plates below). That is to
say, we are moving some elements from the ground oor to the 1st oor. As I
hinted earlier, we are generating only columns and beams. So you will have to
uncheck Slabs and its associated elements. Click OK

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Click on 3D view icon, our output should be like this;

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 Specifying Storey Height

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 Got to Storey again and right click on it. Select ‘Edit Storey’, and the following
dialogue box comes up.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 The height of each storey is 3000mm which is desirable, and we are extending
the foundation depth to 1500mm. 1000mm is actually the real depth of the
foundation, while 500mm is the height of the Damp Proof Course (DPC) above
the ground level. We should account for this for the purpose of ground oor
column design. Click OK. You can view the effect of this on 3D view if you wish.

Arranging the roof beam

Go back to the plan view;

Click on St02 twice, to switch your plan to the roof beam removing some
unnecessary beams, adding some important beams, and editing the depth from
450mm to 250mm. I am removing beams I marked X, and drawing some green
lines in the areas that I am adding new beams.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 We need to add the roof beams to the front area to adequately brace the front
columns. The roof beams will aid in resisting possible wind loads, even though we
are not explicitly accounting for it in this design. Also edit the depth of the beam
to 250mm, by right-clicking on it, and changing hbot to 250mm. For aesthetics
and to represent the architectural disposition, leave the beams at the front
column as 450mm. The nal 3D disposition should be as shown below.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
  

[8] LOADING ON CSC ORION

This where we specify the loads acting on the oor beams and roof beams.

Loading the oor beams with wall load

Click on St01 twice, to return to the rst- oor plan. Right-click on any beam that
will carry any block workload. Click on ‘Edit Beam Wall Load’. On Clicking on it,
the Load Pro le Editor (Wall Load) dialogue box comes up. The unit weight of
block work and nishes in Nigeria averages 3.47 KN/m2 (Oyenuga, 2009), and
the height of the wall is 2.75m. As you know, the height of the storey is 3.0m and
the roof beam is dropping by 250mm (0.25m), so the height of the wall is 3.0m –
0.25m = 2.75m. The thickness of our wall is 230mm. Note that we are neglecting
the effects of opening on the wall load, so as to easily relate with our manual
analysis results. On the other hand, it is more conservative. With the data
generated, the dead load is automatically generated. Click OK

Note: You can specify the wall opening dimensions (doors and windows) at the
locations speci ed.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 The colour of the beam carrying the wall load now changes to purple (see the
pictures above). We can copy the beam wall load to the other beams where it
applies. Right click on the beam and click on ‘Copy Beam Wall Load’. Hold the
control button and click on all the beams where you want the load to be applied.
Then right click your mouse, and click on ‘Paste Copied Beam Loads’. To verify
that you are successful, all the beams affected will change to purple. You can
verify that I did not load the beams crossing the lobby area with wall load.

Loading the staircase oor beam

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 The staircase loading being transferred to the oor beam has been manually
de ned. A uniformly distributed load dead load of 10.837 KN/m, and a live load
of 4.9595 KN/m has been manually applied to Beam D:1-2.

Loading the roof beam

Knowing full well that the beam self-weight is calculated automatically. Let us
specify the roof dead load as 2 KN/m, and the weight of parapet (concrete fascia)
as 2.0 KN/m for the external beams.

Imposed load on the roof, let us take 0.85 KN/m.

Therefore total dead load for external roof beams (Gk) = 4 KN/m

Therefore total dead load for internal roof beams (Gk) = 2 KN/m

Switch to the St02 (roof beam) and right-click on any external beam of your
choice. From the drawdown list, select Edit Member loads, and the dialogue box
below comes up.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Click on ‘New Load’ Tab

When the ‘Load Pro le Editor’ Dialog box comes up, change the load to
uniformly distributed load. Enter the Dead Load and Imposed Load as speci ed.
Click OK

Now, right click on the beam and click on Copy Beam Manual Load. Paste on all
external roof beams. Repeat the process for internal beams (remember the dead
load is reduced to 2 KN/m).

[9] SPECIFIC MEMBER DESIGN SETTINGS

Before we go into analysis, there are some further speci c settings that I will like
us to look at.

Go to Settings, and select Beam Design Settings, and Select Storey beam

Settings

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 When the ‘Settings and Parameters (Storey Beams)’ dialogue box comes up, you
can make the adjustments as you wish;

For instance, the option of checking shear at the column face, or at ‘d’ from the
column face is available. It is better to leave other options the way they are. For
more information on this, you can read the Orion Engineer’s Handbook. Also, all
other settings regarding detailing, bar curtailment, etc can be adjusted here.
Note that leaving some values as zero means that code requirements should be
used. Otherwise, you can specify yours. The only adjustment I did was to specify
my minimum steel for beams as Y16mm and Hanger bars as Y12mm.

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 Also, go to slab design settings and set the minimum concrete cover to 25mm.

I recommend that you leave column design settings the way it is. You can make
adjustments on the steel bar sizes if you wish though. Note that the values we
input while editing materials in uences the number of options we have for steel
bar sizes in speci c member design settings.

Column spanning more than one storey (Axis G columns)

If you look at the previous 3D views, you will verify that the front columns at axis
G of our GA should be single without being broken at the 1st- oor level. We can
take care of this and change it to a single column length. This is necessary so that
in the design of the columns, the appropriate length of the column will be used
for the calculation of slenderness effects.

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 To do this, return to St02 (Storey 2) plan view

Right-click the column, and go to Properties

Change the Len(Storey) to 2, so that the column will span for 2 storeys. Update
this for the three columns concerned.

Now, go back to St01, and delete the columns at that level. The 3D view should
be as shown above.

[10] SLAB LOAD DECOMPOSITION

Now that the model has been satisfactorily completed, it is time to start the
analysis.

Somehow, I normally like to start with the decomposition of the slab load using
Finite Element Analysis.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Click on Load Decomposition by FE (pointed with red arrow above).

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 The dialog box above comes up. Check that you are currently on Storey 1. Click
on ‘Determine Loads Transferred from Slab’. Immediately, you are taken to the
nite element analysis page (see the picture below). On the FE analysis page,
click on ‘Generate Model’ to mesh the oor plate. Once the meshing is complete,
close the page to run the analysis. Click Close, and ‘Apply to all beams in the
current storey’.

Note that you can adjust the mesh sizes to suit the accuracy level that you are
looking for at this page.

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 Now, all the loads from the oor slab have been transferred to the oor beams

[11] FINITE ELEMENT FLOOR ANALYSIS

Click on ‘Finite Element Floor Analysis’. The dialog box below comes up.

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 On the Column/Wall Model Type, select Short Frame Model, where the
structure is represented as a sub frame with the upper and lower columns fully

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 taken into consideration. For other model types, refer to Orion technical
manuals.

Another point of interest is the stiffness factors. Orion carries out Finite element
analysis based on the input rectangular sections. Therefore, when you are
analysing your oor beams, you may want to increase the stiffness to account for
the anges, which are typical for reinforced concrete buildings.

For instance, consider beam A: 1 – 3 on our GA. The effective ange width
according to Eurocode 2 is 895mm. We will do a little comparison to show the
modi cation of stiffness that we are talking about.

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 The moment of Inertia (Ixx) of Figure (a) according to the theorem of the parallel
axis is 0.003 m4

The moment of Inertia (Ixx) of Figure (b) is 0.001746 m4

The ratio of the stiffnesses is about 1.76. Therefore, I normally take an

approximate beam stiffness factor of 1.5 as adequate. However, this actually
calls for more review.

For slabs, Orion advises that a reduction be made in the value of E to account for
creep and cracking on the long term since the cross section is used for the
calculation of Ixx. For at slabs, a range of 0.16 to 0.25 has been recommended.
0.16 is ideal for of ces and heavily loaded buildings, while 0.25 is ok for
residential buildings. For more information on stiffness factors, kindly read the
Orion Engineers Handbook (Page 132). So for this particular work, we are
increasing beam stiffness by 1.5, and reducing slab stiffness by about 75%.

Now, for this example, check all options except for including ‘Column Section in
FE Model’. It is more ideal for at slabs. Now click on Floor Mesh and Analysis. It
is however advisable to do for the 2nd storey rst (a kind of chase down)

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 Generate the model, and close to run the analysis.

After the analysis, check the AXIAL LOAD COMPARISON REPORT by clicking

on it.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
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 The axial load comparison report is satisfactory.

[12] FLOOR SLAB POST PROCESSING

Click on ‘Analysis Post-processing’

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 The post-processing page comes up.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Change it to plan view at the second icon at the top left corner of the screen.
Click on ‘standard Contours’. Now, you can view the stress contour for different
planes, such as Mx, My, Mxy, de ection (displacement) etc by clicking the
options by the right hand side of the screen etc. I will give a brief description of
the results to enhance your understanding.

Mx plot – This contour is displayed relative to a single global coordinate system

in the horizontal direction

My plot – This contour is displayed relative to a single global coordinate system

in the vertical direction

Mxy plot – This contour displays the torsion (twisting) of the slab panels

M1 plot – This is an Mx plot where the contours are displayed relative to a local
coordinate system for each slab panel

M1 plot – This is an Mx plot where the contours are displayed relative to a local
coordinate system for each slab panel

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 M2 plot – This is an My plot where the contours are displayed relative to a local
coordinate system for each slab panel

Md1-bot plot – This is the M1 sagging moments adjusted to account for plate
torsion using the Wood and Armer adjustments.

Md1-top plot – This is the M1 hogging moments adjusted to account for plate
torsion using the Wood and Armer adjustments.

As1-bot, As2-bot, As1-top, As2-top are the steel areas that are based on the M1
and M2 moments (not including Wood and Armer Adjustments)

As(d)1-bot, As(d)2-bot, As(d)1-top, As(d)2-top are the steel areas that are based
on the Md1 and Md2 moments (moments including Wood and Armer
Adjustments)

Orion recommends that you work with As(d) contour results

The displacement contour is shown below. Feel free to check all the other
contours.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Now close the Post Processing Page.

Now, if you click the Batch FE Chasedown Tab, you will see it has been carried
out for all the storeys. This is indicated by the green tick that shows that it has
been successfully carried out for each storey. Just in case anything suggests that
it has not been carried out. Click ok to run the analysis.

[13] FULL BUILDING ANALYSIS

Click on Building Analysis, and then, go to Analysis Tab.

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 Make sure that you check by clicking on the tiny boxes provided;

Column/Wall Reinforcement Design

Beam Reinforcement Design

Then click on Start to run the analysis.

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 When the Building Analysis is completed successfully, click OK.

[14] SLAB DESIGN

Click on Slab strips. By default, just leave it at General Strip. The rst direction is
the X direction. Now, I wish to draw the slab strip across Panels 1, 2, and 3. To
start with, I have to select the start and end conditions of the slab. Now, at the
start, the slab is simply supported or discontinuous, so I have to select the symbol
(bob) in the middle. The end of the slab is a cantilever panel, so I have to select
that accordingly by checking the option at the right (just follow the images). To
make your strip line straight, hold the Ctrl Key. Click somewhere outside Panel 1
by the left, drag the strip line till somewhere outside the cantilever area at Panel
10 and click there. Automatically, the reinforcements and their spacing are
displayed. Repeat the process for all the other panels, bearing in mind to respect
all the end conditions. Remember that for vertical directions, you have to use the
Y strip direction. Remember that you can also use the Finite Element Strip, but
you will have to go to FE Post processing for your design results. To do that, you
have to change from Analytical Strip to FE Strip. However, the differences in the
results for our case will not be pronounced. (See Orion Engineer’s Handbook).

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 The expected nal output is shown below.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Go to Run, and Select Slab Analysis and Design

Verify the Load Factors and click Design

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 The results of the oor slab are displayed immediately. To export the oor
detailing sheet, click on ‘Export DXF’ on Orion’s main GUI page

[15] BEAM DESIGN

Go back to Run, and Select Beam Section Design and Detailing, and

select Storey Beams

The beam design page comes up. Green ticks show beams where all major
requirements are satis ed.

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 To view more details, let’s say for Axis 1 beams (Orion’s gridlines), click on it
twice, and the dialogue box below comes up.

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 You can view the bending moment diagram, and the detailing of the member at
the top left corner by clicking on ‘diagrams’. The typical bending moment and
shear force diagram (design envelope) for Axis A beams on our GA is shown
below;

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 If the member is not failing, and you are satis ed with the reinforcements
provided, Click on Detail Drawing to see the reinforcement sketches.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 For the entire oor beam or for the entire structure, go back to the main project
design and detailed sketches, by closing the Axis 1 Reinforcement Dialog box.
Now go to Detail Drawings, and Select Automatic Detail Drawing All Axis.
Select the storey beams you want to be detailed. The reinforcement details are
automatically detailed. For a very large building, and when a large number of
beams are having a problem, you may go to the Batch Design Mode, to
automatically re-select the bars provided to take care of the requirements. To
view the calculation sheet, click on Design Report.

[16] COLUMN DESIGN

Go back to Run, and Select Column Reinforcement Design.

The Column Reinforcement Design page comes up. Green ticks show beams
where all major requirements are satis ed.

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 To view a speci c member design detail, double click on the member, Say 1C1,
and the dialog box below comes up.

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 When the section size is not adequate, you can increase it and so on by the
bottom left hand side. By the bottom right corner, the Load Combination
highlighted in red is the critical one, while at the top right corner, you can
reselect the reinforcement and so on. If a column is failing, by clicking
the Interactive Design Tab, Orion Automatically selects the appropriate
reinforcement. In a case where you will need to increase the section size, you will
be warned also.

The Column Analysis Tab enables you to see the Moment and Axial Force
Interaction Diagram. You can also print these details if you so desire.

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 When you click on Save and Print, the following Calculation Sheet is generated.
To print the full Analysis Report page for all the columns, return to the main
Column Section Reinforcement Page.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
  

[17] FOUNDATION DESIGN

To design the foundations, go to St00 on the plan view

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 To design the footing for Column 1C1, click on the column, and right click on it.

Select Insert Pad Base

The dialog box below comes up;

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 Set the footing depth to a trial depth of 300mm

Select the surcharge height as suitable. In this case, we are taking 700mm

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 Now, let us try and use Y12mm bars

Click on Calculate after adjusting the settings to see the design calculation.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 With a bearing capacity of 150 KN/m2, a square footing of 1000 x 1000mm has
been provided.

The resultant soil pressure has also been shown with a minimum of 109.989
KN/m2 and a maximum of 180.377 KN/m2. With a footing depth of 300mm, all
shear requirements at the column face and at d from the column face were all
satisfactory. The provided reinforcement was Y12@225mm c/c in both
directions. Since this is satisfactory, you click OK. Note that you can adjust
footing dimensions as you wish, but you cannot go below the minimum required.

Using this procedure you can design all the footings one after another.

Combined Footings

Where two columns overlap each other, a combined footing may be the best
solution. To do this, click on the two columns involved, and group their
foundations together. Then insert Pad Bas as usual. This has been done on
columns 1C15 and 2C17. Where the columns are spaced too wide from each
other, you can consider designing the base as a strip footing.

Foundation Detailing

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 For detailing purposes, it is good adopt a group design. For instance, instead of
having footings of variable dimensions all through, you can group the designs for
ease in construction, and possible reuse of materials where applicable. For
example, the calculation gave the dimension of column base 1C2 as 1200mm x

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 1200mm, and base 1C6 gave dimensions 1100mm x 1100mm. Instead of having
footings of different variable dimensions, I will simply take footing 1C6 to
1200mm x 1200mm. So each group is now assigned a type – Say footing Type 1,
Footing Type 2, etc.

To view the detailing sheet, you can export the plan view just as you export slab
details (DXF Export). To view the reinforcement details, click on Foundation
details at the bottom left corner of the screen GUI. The Detail Sheets Dialog box
comes up. Click on New Detail Sheet, specify the paper size, and click on the GUI
for the sheet size to be displayed. Now, if you want the reinforcement details of
F1, click on F1, and click on the GUI for the details to be displayed.

The reinforcement detail of F1 is shown below;

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 The nal MODEL of the building in 3D is shown below.

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Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 This is the end of our modelling on CSC Orion. I strongly believe that you can
now play with it and manipulate it appropriately from now on. Individual results
of the structural members will now be displayed as we progress. I strongly
recommend that you go through the necessary technical manuals to be more
acquainted with Orion modelling and design guides.

Related Posts:

How to Install CSC Orion 18

Steps in Setting Out a Building Plan
Basic Steps in Laying of Concrete Block
Role of a Civil Engineer on Site
Building Team in Construction Industry

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