6

Electromagnetic Induction
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Q. 1 A square of side L metres lies in the xy-plane in a region, where the
magnetic field is given by B = B 0 (2$i + 3$j + 4k$ ) T, where B 0 is constant.
The magnitude of flux passing through the square is
(a) 2B0L2 Wb (b) 3B0L2 Wb (c) 4B0L2 Wb (d) 29B0L2 Wb
K Thinking Process
The magnetic flux linked with uniform surface of area A in uniform magnetic field is
given by
φ = B.A
Ans. (c) Here, A = L2 k$ and B = B0 (2 $i + 3$j + 4k$ ) T
φ = B.A = B0 (2 $i + 3$j + 4k$ ). L2k$ = 4B0 L2 Wb

Q. 2 A loop, made of straight edges has six corners at A (0, 0, 0), B (L, 0, 0),
C (L, L, 0), D (0, L, 0), E (0, L, L) and F (0, 0, L). A magnetic field
B = B 0 ($i + k$ ) T is present in the region. The flux passing through the
loop ABCDEFA (in that order) is
(a) B0L2 Wb (b) 2B0L2 Wb (c) 2B0L2 Wb (d) 4B0L2 Wb
K Thinking Process
Here, loop ABCDA lies in x-y plane whose area vector A 1 = L2 k$ whereas loop ADEFA lies
in y-z plane whose area vector A2 = L2 $i .
Ans. (b) Also, the magnetic flux linked with uniform surface of area A in uniform magnetic field
is given by
φ = B.A Y
2$ 2$
A = A1 + A 2 = (L k + L i ) D C
and B = B ( $i + k$ )T
0 E
Now, φ = B.A = B0 ($i + k$ ).(L2k$ + L2 $i ) X
A B
= 2 B0 L Wb
2
F
Z
 Q. 3 A cylindrical bar magnet is rotated about its axis. A wire is connected
from the axis and is made to touch the cylindrical surface through a
contact. Then,
(a) a direct current flows in the ammeter A
(b) no current flows through the ammeter A
(c) an alternating sinusoidal current flows through the ammeter A with a time
2π
period T =
ω
(d) a time varying non-sinusoidal current flows through the ammeter A
K Thinking Process
The problem is associated with the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
Ans. (b) When cylindrical bar magnet is rotated about its axis, no change in flux linked with the
circuit takes place, consequently no emf induces and hence, no current flows through
the ammeter A.

Axis
A
N

Bar
magnet ω

Q. 4 There are two coils A and B as shown in figure. A current starts flowing
in B as shown, when A is moved towards B and stops when A stops
moving. The current in A is counter clockwise. B is kept stationary when
A moves. We can infer that
(a) there is a constant current in the clockwise direction in A
(b) there is a varying current in A
(c) there is no current in A
(d) there is a constant current in the counter clockwise direction in A
A B

K Thinking Process
The induced emf in B is due to the variation of magnetic flux in it.
Ans. (d) When the A stops moving the current in B become zero, it possible only if the current in
A is constant. If the current in A would be variable, there must be an induced emf
(current) in B even if the A stops moving.
 Q. 5 Same as problem 4 except the coil A is made to rotate about a vertical
axis (figure). No current flows in B if A is at rest. The current in coil
A,when the current in B (at t = 0) is counter-clockwise and the coil A is
as shown at this instant, t = 0, is
(a) constant current clockwise
(b) varying current clockwise
(c) varying current counter clockwise
(d) constant current counter clockwise
A
ω B

K Thinking Process
Here, the application of Lenz’s law is tested through this problem.
Ans. (a) When the current in B (at t = 0) is counter-clockwise and the coil A is considered above
to it. The counterclockwise flow of the current in B is equivalent to north pole of magnet
and magnetic field lines are emanating upward to coil A. When coil A start rotating at
t = 0, the current in A is constant along clockwise direction by Lenz’s rule.

Q. 6 The self inductance L of a solenoid of length l and area of cross-section

A, with a fixed number of turns N increases as
(a) l and A increase
(b) l decreases and A increases
(c) l increases and A decreases
(d) both l and A decrease
K Thinking Process
The self inductance Lof a solenoid depends on its geometry (i.e., length, cross-sectional
area, number of turns etc.) and on the permeability of the medium.
Ans. (b) The self-inductance of a long solenoid of cross-sectional area A and length l, having n
turns per unit length, filled the inside of the solenoid with a material of relative
permeability (e. g ., soft iron, which has a high value of relative permeability) is given by
L = µ r µ 0 n2 Al
where, n = N/l
Note The capacitance, resistance, self and mutual inductance depends on the geometry of
the devices as well as permittivity/permeability of the medium.
Multiple Choice Questions (More Than One Options)
Q. 7 A metal plate is getting heated. It can be because
(a) a direct current is passing through the plate
(b) it is placed in a time varying magnetic field
(c) it is placed in a space varying magnetic field, but does not vary with time
(d) a current (either direct or alternating) is passing through the plate
K Thinking Process
This problem is associated with the heating effect of current as well as the phenomenon
of electromagnetic induction and eddy currents.
Ans. (a, b, d)
A metal plate is getting heated when a DC or AC current is passed through the plate, known
as heating effect of current. Also, when metal plate is subjected to time varying magnetic
field, the magnetic flux linked with the plate changes and eddy currents comes into
existence which make the plate hot.

Q. 8 An emf is produced in a coil, which is not connected to an external

voltage source. This can be due to
(a) the coil being in a time varying magnetic field
(b) the coil moving in a time varying magnetic field
(c) the coil moving in a constant magnetic field
(d) the coil is stationary in external spatially varying magnetic field, which does not
change with time
K Thinking Process
This problem is associated with the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
Ans. (a, b, c)
Here, magnetic flux linked with the isolated coil change when the coil being in a time varying
magnetic field, the coil moving in a constant magnetic field or in time varying magnetic field.
Note When magnetic flux linked with the coil change, an emf is used in the coil. This is
known as electromagnetic induction.

Q. 9 The mutual inductance M12 of coil 1 with respect to coil 2

(a) increases when they are brought nearer
(b) depends on the current passing through the coils
(c) increases when one of them is rotated about an axis
(d) is the same as M21 of coil 2 with respect to coil 1
K Thinking Process
Here, it is important to know that the mutual inductance of a pair of coils, solenoids, etc.,
depends on their separation, their relative orientation as well as the geometry of pair of
coils, solenoids, etc.
Ans. (a, d)
The mutual inductance M12 of coil increases when they are brought nearer and is the same
as M 21 of coil 2 with respect to coil 1.
 M12 i.e., mutual inductance of solenoid S1 with respect to solenoid S 2 is given by
M 21 = µ 0 n1n2 πr12 l

l r1

r2
rns S1
N 1 tu
rns
N 2 tu S2
where signs are as usual.
Also, M12 i.e., mutual inductance of solenoid S 2 with respect to solenoid S1 is given by
M 21 = µ 0 n1n2 πr12 l
So, we have M12 = M 21 = M

Q. 10 A circular coil expands radially in a region of magnetic field and no

electromotive force is produced in the coil. This can be because
(a) the magnetic field is constant
(b) the magnetic field is in the same plane as the circular coil and it may or may not vary
(c) the magnetic field has a perpendicular (to the plane of the coil) component
whose magnitude is decreasing suitably
(d) there is a constant magnetic field in the perpendicular (to the plane of the coil)
direction
K Thinking Process
The various arrangement are to be thought of in such a way that the magnetic flux
linked with the coil do not change even if coil is placed and expanding in magnetic field.
Ans. (b, c)
When circular coil expands radially in a region of magnetic field such that the magnetic field
is in the same plane as the circular coil or the magnetic field has a perpendicular (to the
plane of the coil) component whose magnitude is decreasing suitably in such a way that the
cross product of magnetic field and surface area of plane of coil remain constant at every
instant.
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Q. 11Consider a magnet surrounded by a wire with an on/off switch S (figure).
If the switch is thrown from the off position (open circuit) to the on
position (closed circuit), will a current flow in the circuit? Explain.

N N

Bar Bar
magent magent
Circuit open Circuit closed

K Thinking Process
The magnetic flux linked with uniform surface of area A in uniform magnetic field is
given by
φ = B. A = BAcos θ
So, flux linked will change only when either B, or A or the angle between B and A change.
Ans. When the switch is thrown from the off position (open circuit) to the on position (closed
circuit), then neither B, nor A nor the angle between B and A change. Thus, no change in
magnetic flux linked with coil occur, hence no electromotive force is produced and
consequently no current will flow in the circuit.

Q. 12 A wire in the form of a tightly wound solenoid is connected to a DC

source, and carries a current. If the coil is stretched so that there are
gaps between successive elements of the spiral coil, will the current
increase or decrease? Explain.
K Thinking Process
Here, the application of Lenz’s law is tested through this problem.
Ans. When the coil is stretched so that there are gaps between successive elements of the
spiral coil i.e., the wires are pulled apart which lead to the flux leak through the gaps.
According to Lenz’s law, the emf produced must oppose this decrease, which can be done
by an increase in current. So, the current will increase.

Q. 13 A solenoid is connected to a battery so that a steady current flows

through it. If an iron core is inserted into the solenoid, will the current
increase or decrease? Explain.
K Thinking Process
Here, the application of Lenz’s law is tested through this problem.
Ans. When the iron core is inserted in the current carrying solenoid, the magnetic field increase
due to the magnetisation of iron core and consequently the flux increases.
According to Lenz’s law, the emf produced must oppose this increase in flux, which can be
done by making decrease in current. So, the current will decrease.
Q. 14Consider a metal ring kept on top of a fixed solenoid (say on a cardboard)
(figure). The centre of the ring coincides with the axis of the solenoid. If
the current is suddenly switched on, the metal ring jumps up. Explain

Ring

K Thinking Process
Here, the application of Lenz’s law is tested through this problem.
Ans. When the current is switched on, magnetic flux is linked through the ring. Thus, increase in
flux takes place. According to Lenz’s law, this increase in flux will be opposed and it can
happen if the ring moves away from the solenoid.
This happen because the flux increases will cause a counter clockwise current (as seen
from the top in the ring in figure.) i.e., opposite direction to that in the solenoid.
This makes the same sense of flow of current in the ring (when viewed from the bottom of
the ring) and solenoid forming same magnetic pole infront of each other. Hence, they will
repel each other and the ring will move upward.

Q. 15 Consider a metal ring kept (supported by a cardboard) on top of a fixed

solenoid carrying a current I (see figure of Question 14). The centre of
the ring coincides with the axis of the solenoid. If the current in the
solenoid is switched off, what will happen to the ring?
K Thinking Process
This problem is based on the application of Lenz’s law.
Ans. (b) When the current is switched off, magnetic flux linked through the ring decreases.
According to Lenz’s law, this decrease in flux will be opposed and the ring experience
downward force towards the solenoid.
This happen because the flux i decrease will cause a clockwise current (as seen from
the top in the ring in figure) i.e., the same direction to that in the solenoid. This makes
the opposite sense of flow of current in the ring (when viewed from the bottom of the
ring) and solenoid forming opposite magnetic pole infront of each other.
Hence, they will attract each other but as ring is placed at the cardboard it could not be
able to move downward.
Q. 16 Consider a metallic pipe with an inner radius of 1 cm. If a cylindrical bar
magnet of radius 0.8 cm is dropped through the pipe, it takes more time
to come down than it takes for a similar unmagnetised cylindrical iron
bar dropped through the metallic pipe. Explain.
K Thinking Process
This problem is based on the concept of eddy current and application of Lenz’s law.
Ans. When cylindrical bar magnet of radius 0.8 cm is dropped through the metallic pipe with an
inner radius of 1 cm, flux linked with the cylinder changes and consequently eddy currents
are produced in the metallic pipe. According to Lenz’s law, these currents will oppose the
(cause) motion of the magnet.
Therefore, magnet’s downward acceleration will be less than the acceleration due to gravity
g. On the other hand, an unmagnetised iron bar will not produce eddy currents and will fall
with an acceleration due to gravity g.
Thus, the magnet will take more time to come down than it takes for a similar unmagnetised
cylindrical iron bar dropped through the metallic pipe.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 17 A magnetic field in a certain region is given by B = B 0 cos(ω t) k$ and a
coil of radius a with resistance R is placed in the x–y plane with its
centre at the origin in the magnetic field (figure). Find the magnitude
and the direction of the current at (a, 0, 0) at
π π 3π
t= , t = and t =
2ω ω 2ω
y

x
(0, 0, 0) (a, 0, 0)

K Thinking Process
This problem requires application of Faraday’s law of EMI and finding mathematical
values of emf at different instants.
Ans. At any instant, flux passes through the ring is given by
φ = B.A = BA cos θ = BA (Q θ = 0)
or φ = B0 ( πa2 )cos ωt
By Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.,
Magnitude of induced emf is given by
ε = B0 ( πa2 ) ωsinωt
This causes flow of induced current, which is given by
I = B0 ( πa2 ) ωsinωt / R
 Now, finding the value of current at different instants, so we have current at
π
t =
2ω
B ( πa2 )ω
I= 0 along $j
R
π π
Because sinωt = sin ω  = sin = 1
 2ω  2
π B( πa2 )ω
t = ,I =
ω R
 π
Here, sinωt = sin ω  = sin π = 0
 ω
3π
t =
2ω
B( πa2 )ω
I= along − $j
R
3π  3π
sinωt = sin ω  = sin = −1
 2ω  2

Q. 18 Consider a closed loop C in a magnetic field (figure). The flux passing

through the loop is defined by choosing a surface whose edge coincides
with the loop and using the formula φ = B 1 dA 1 , B 2 dA2 ..... . Now, if we
choose two different surfaces S 1 and S2 having C as their edge, would we
get the same answer for flux. Justify your answer.
S2

S1

K Thinking Process
This problem underline the concept of continuity of magnetic field lines. They can
neither be originated nor be destroyed in space.
Ans. The magnetic flux linked with the surface can considered as the number of magnetic field
lines passing through the surface. So, let dφ = BA represents magnetic lines in an area A to
B.
By the concept of continuity of lines B cannot end or start in space, therefore the number of
lines passing through surface S1 must be the same as the number of lines passing through
the surface S 2 . Therefore, in both the cases we gets the same answer for flux.

S2

S1

C
Q. 19 Find the current in the wire for the configuration shown in figure. Wire
PQ has negligible resistance. B, the magnetic field is coming out of the
paper. θ is a fixed angle made by PQ travelling smoothly over two
conducting parallel wires separated by a distance d.
B D P B

B B
R C v

θ
Q B B

K Thinking Process
The emf induced across PQ due to its motion or change in magnetic flux linked with the
loop change due to change of enclosed area.
Ans. The motional electric field E along the dotted line CD (∧ to both v and B and along V × B)
= vB
Therefore, the motional emf along PQ = (length PQ) × (field along PQ)
= (length PQ) × (vB sinθ)
= 
d 
 × (vBsinθ) = v Bd
 sinθ 

B D P B

B B
R C v

θ
Q B B
This induced emf make flow of current in closed circuit of resistance R.
dvB
I= and is independent of q.
R

Q. 20A (current versus time) graph of the current passing through a solenoid is
shown in figure. For which time is the back electromotive force (u) a
maximum. If the back emf at t = 3 s is e, find the back emf at t = 7 s, 15s
and 40 s. OA, AB and BC are straight line segments.
Current (A)

2A
A
1A
10 25
5 15 20 30 35 40
1A Time (s)

2A
B
 K Thinking Process
When the current is varied, the flux linked with the coil also changes and an emf is
induced in the coil. The induced emf is given by
d(Nφ B)
ε=−
dt
dI
ε = −L
dt
Thus, the self-induced emf always opposes any change (increase or decrease) of current
in the coil.
Ans. The back electromotive force in solenoid is (u) a maximum when there is maximum rate of
change of current. This occurs is in AB part of the graph. So maximum back emf will be
obtained between 5s < t < 10 s .
Since, the back emf at t = 3s is e,
Also,
the rate of change of current at t = 3, s = slope of OA from t = 0s to t = 5 s = 1 / 5 A/s.
So, we have
If u = L 1/5  for t = 3s, = 1 / 5 (L is a constant). Applying ε = − L
dI dI
 dt  dt
Similarly, we have for other values
3 3
For 5s < t < 10s u1 = − L = − L = − 3e
5 5
Thus, at t = 7 s, u1 = − 3 e
For 10s < t < 30 s
2 L 1
u2 = L = = e
20 10 2
For t > 30 s, u 2 = 0
Thus, the back emf at t = 7 s, 15 s and 40 s are − 3 e, e / 2 and 0 respectively.

Q. 21There are two coils A and B separated by some distance. If a current of 2A

flows through A, a magnetic flux of 10 −2 Wb passes through B (no
current through B). If no current passes through A and a current of 1 A
passes through B, what is the flux through A?
K Thinking Process
A current I 1 is passed through the coil A and the flux linkage with coil B is,
N2φ2 = M21I 1
where, M21 is called the mutual inductance of coil A with respect to coil B andM21 = M12
And M12 is called the mutual inductance of coil B with respect to coil A.
Ans. Applying the mutual inductance of coil A with respect to coil B
N φ
M 21 = 2 2
I1
Therefore, we have
10−2
Mutual inductance = = 5 mH
2
Again applying this formula for other case
N1φ1 = M12 I 2 = 5 mH × 1A = 5 mWb.
Long Answer Type Questions
Q. 22A magnetic field B = B 0 sin(ωt) k$ covers a large region where a wire AB
slides smoothly over two parallel conductors separated by a distance d
(figure). The wires are in the x-y plane. The wire AB (of length d) has
resistance R and the parallel wires have negligible resistance. If AB is
moving with velocity v, what is the current in the circuit. What is the
force needed to keep the wire moving at constant velocity?
y

A
C

O x
B

K Thinking Process
The emf induced across AB due to its motion and change in magnetic flux linked with
the loop change due to change of magnetic field.
Ans. Let us assume that the parallel wires at are y = 0 i.e., along x-axis and y = d . At t = 0, AB
has x = 0, i.e., along y-axis and moves with a velocity v. Let at time t, wire is at x(t ) = vt .
Now, the motional emf across AB is
= (B0 sinωt )vd (− $j )
emf due to change in field (along OBAC)
= − B0ω cos ωt x(t ) d
Total emf in the circuit = emf due to change in field (along OBAC) + the motional emf across
AB
= − B0d [ωx cos(ωt ) + v sin(ωt )]
Electric current in clockwise direction is given by
Bd
= 0 (ωx cos ωt + v sinωt )
R
The force acting on the conductor is given by F = ilBsin90° = ilB
Substituting the values, we have
Bd
Force needed along i = 0 (ωx cos ωt + v sinωt ) × d × B0 sinωt
R
B02d 2
= (ωx cos ωt + v sinωt )sinωt
R
This is the required expression for force.
Q. 23A conducting wire XY of mass m and negligible resistance slides smoothly
on two parallel conducting wires as shown in figure. The closed circuit
has a resistance R due to AC. AB and CD are perfect conductors. There is
a magnetic field B = B (t)k$
y

A x B

B
R l
B

X
C x (t) D

(i) Write down equation for the acceleration of the wire XY.
(ii) If B is independent of time, obtain v(t), assuming v (0) = u0
(iii) For (ii), show that the decrease in kinetic energy of XY equals the heat
lost in .
K Thinking Process
This problem relates EMI, magnetic force, power consumption and mechanics.
Ans. Let us assume that the parallel wires at are y = 0, i.e., along x-axis and y = l. At t = 0, XY
has x = 0 i.e., along y-axis.
(i) Let the wire be at x = x (t) at time t.
The magnetic flux linked with the loop is given by
φ = B.A = BA cos 0 = BA
at any instant t Magnetic flux = B(t )(l × x(t ))
Total emf in the circuit = emf due to change in field (along XYAC) + the motional emf
across XY
dφ dB(t )
E=− =− l x (t ) − B(t ) l v(t ) [second term due to motional emf]
dt dt
Electric current in clockwise direction is given by
1
I= E
R
The force acting on the conductor is given by F = ilBsin90° = ilB
Substituting the values, we have
IB(t )  dB(t )
Force = − I x (t ) − B(t )Iv(t ) $i
R  dt 
Applying Newton’s second law of motion,
d 2x I 2 B(t ) dB I 2 B2 (t ) dx
m 2 =− x(t ) − ...(i)
dt R dt R dt
which is the required equation.
(ii) If B is independent of time i.e., B = Constant
dB
Or =0
dt
 Substituting the above value in Eq (i), we have
d 2x I 2 B2 dx
2
+ =0
dt mR dt
dv I 2 B2
or + v=0
dt mR
Integrating using variable separable form of differential equation, we have
 − I 2 B2t 
v = A exp 
 mR 
Applying given conditions, at t = 0, v = u 0
v(t ) = u 0 exp(− I 2 B2t / mR )
This is the required equation.
(iii) Since the power consumption is given by P = I 2 R
B2 I 2 v 2 (t )
Here, I 2R = ×R
R2
B2 I 2 2
=
u 0 exp(− 2 I 2 B2t I mR )
R
Now, energy consumed in time interval dt is given by energy consumed = Pdt = I 2 Rdt
Therefore, total energy consumed in time t
B2 I 2 2 mR 
1 − e −( l B t / mr )
t 2 2
= ∫ I 2 Rdt = u0 2 2 
0 R 2I B 
m 2 m 2
= u 0 − v (t )
2 2
= decrease in kinetic energy.
This proves that the decrease in kinetic energy of XY equals the heat lost in R.

Q. 24ODBAC is a fixed rectangular conductor of negligible resistance (CO is not

connected) and OP is a conductor which rotates clockwise with an
angular velocity ω (figure). The entire system is in a uniform magnetic
field B whose direction is along the normal to the surface of the
rectangular conductor ABDC. The conductor OP is in electric contact with
ABDC. The rotating conductor has a resistance of λ per unit length. Find
the current in the rotating conductor, as it rotates by 180°.
A B B

B B
l

l l ω
P O P
C D
2l

K Thinking Process
The pattern of rate of change of area (hence flux) can be considered uniform from
π π 3π 3π π
0 <θ < ; <θ < and < θ < . Hence, forth finding emf and current.
4 4 4 4 2
Ans. Let us consider the position of rotating conductor at time interval
π
t = 0 to t = (or T/8)
4ω
P
A 2l B A 2l B
Q

l P
Q l x l
x
θ
θ
C O l D C O R D

the rod OP will make contact with the side BD. Let the length OQ of the contact at sometime
π T
t such that 0 < t < or 0 < t < be x. The flux through the area ODQ is
4ω 8
1 1
φ = B QD × OD = B l tanθ × l
2 2
1
= Bi 2 tanθ, where θ = ωt
2
Applying Faraday’s law of EMI,
dφ 1 2
Thus, the magnitude of the emf generated is ε = = Bl ωsec 2 ωt
dt 2
ε
The current is I = where R is the resistance of the rod in contact.
R
where, R ∝ λ
λl
R = λx =
cos ωt
1 Bl2ω Blω
∴ I= sec 2ωt cos ωt =
2 λl 2 λ cos ωt
π 3π T 3T
Let the length OQ of the contact at some time t such that <t < or < t < be x. The
4ω 4ω 8 8
rod is in contact with the side AB. The flux through the area OQBD is
 1 l2 
φ =  l2 + B
 2 tanθ 
Where, θ = ωt
Thus, the magnitude of emf generated in the loop is
dφ 1 2 sec 2 ωt
ε= = Bl ω
dt 2 tan2 ωt
ε ε εsinωt 1 Blω
The current is I = = = =
R λx λl 2 λ sinωt
3π π 3T T
Similarly for < t < or < t < , the rod will be in touch with AC.
4ω ω 8 2
A 2l B

P
l
l x
θ
C O l D
 The flux through OQABD is given by
 l2 
φ =  2 l2 − B
 2 tanωt 
And the magnitude of emf generated in loop is given by
dφ Bω l2 sec 2 ωt
ε= =
dt 2 tan2 ωt
ε ε 1 Blω
l= = =
R λx 2 λ sinωt
These are the required expressions.

Q. 25Consider an infinitely long wire carrying a current I (t), with

dI
= λ = constant. Find the current produced in the rectangular loop of
dt
wire ABCD if its resistance is R (figure).
l
A B

dr
x
D C
x0 r

I(t)

K Thinking Process
This question need the use of integration in order to find the total magnetic flux linked
with the loop.
Ans. Let us consider a strip of length l and width dr at a distance r from infinite long current
carrying wire. The magnetic field at strip due to current carrying wire is given by
µ I
Field B(r ) = o (out of paper)
2 πr
Total flux through the loop is
µ I x dr µ o I x
Flux = 0 l∫ = ln ...(i)
2 π xo r 2 π x0
The emf induced can be obtained by differentiating the eq. (i) wrt t and then applying Ohm’s
law
ε
=I
R
1 dφ ε µ 0 I λ x Q dI = λ 
We have, induced current = = = ln  
R dt R 2 π R x0  dt 
Q. 26A rectangular loop of wire ABCD is kept close to an infinitely long wire
carrying a current I (t) = I 0 (1 − t/T ) for 0 ≤ t ≤ T and I(0) = 0 for t > T
(figure.). Find the total charge passing through a given point in the
loop, in time T . The resistance of the loop is R.
L1
A B

L2 + X
D C
x

K Thinking Process
The charge passes through the circuit can be obtained by finding the relation between
instantaneous current and instantaneous magnetic flux linked with it.
Ans. The emf induced can be obtained by differentiating the expression of magnetic flux linked
wrt t and then applying Ohm’s law
E 1 dφ
I= =
R R dt
We know that electric current
dQ dQ 1 dφ
I(t ) = or =
dt dt R dt
Integrating the variable separable form of differential equation for finding the charge
Q that passed in time t, we have
1
Q(t 1 ) − Q(t 2 ) = [φ(t 1 ) − φ(t 2 )]
R
µ L 2 + x dx'
φ(t 1 ) = L1 0 ∫ I(t 1 ) [Refer to the Eq. (i) of answer no.25]
2π x x'
µ L L + x
= 0 1 I(t 1 )ln 2
2π x
The magnitude of charge is given by,
µ L L +x
= 0 1 ln 2 [I 0 + 0]
2π x
µ L L + x
= 0 1 I1 ln 2 
2π  x 
This is the required expression.
Q. 27 A magnetic field B is confined to a region r ≤ a and points out of the
paper (the z-axis), r = 0 being the centre of the circular region. A
charged ring (charge = Q) of radius b, b > a and mass m lies in the x-y
plane with its centre at the origin. The ring is free to rotate and is at
rest. The magnetic field is brought to zero in time ∆t. Find the angular
velocity ω of the ring after the field vanishes.
K Thinking Process
The decrease in magnetic field causes induced emf and hence, electric field around ring.
The torque experienced by the ring produces change in angular momentum.
Ans. Since, the magnetic field is brought to zero in time ∆t, the magnetic flux linked with the ring
also reduces from maximum to zero. This, in turn, induces an emf in ring by the
phenomenon of EMI. The induces emf causes the electric field E generation around the
ring.
 The induced emf = electric field E × (2 πb ) (Because V = E × d ) ...(i)
By Faraday's law of EMI
The induced emf = rate of change of magnetic flux
= rate of change of magnetic field × area
Bπa2
= ...(ii)
∆t
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
Bπa2
2 πbE = emf =
∆t
Since, the charged ring experienced a electric force = QE
This force try to rotate the coil, and the torque is given by
Torque = b × Force
 Bπa2 
= QEb = Q  b
 2 πb∆t 
Ba2
=Q
2∆t
If ∆L is the change in angular momentum
Ba2
∆L = Torque × ∆t = Q
2
Since, initial angular momentum = 0
Now, since Torque × ∆t = Change in angular momentum
QBa2
Final angular momentum = mb 2ω =
2
QBa2
ω=
2 mb 2
On rearranging the terms, we have the required expression of angular speed.

Q. 28 A rod of mass m and resistance R slides smoothly over two parallel

perfectly conducting wires kept sloping at an angle θ with respect to the
horizontal (figure). The circuit is closed through a perfect conductor at
the top. There is a constant magnetic field B along the vertical
direction. If the rod is initially at rest, find the velocity of the rod as a
function of time.

v
B

θ
d

K Thinking Process
This problem combines the mechanics, EMI, magnetic force and linear differential
equation.
Ans. Here, the component of magnetic field perpendicular the plane = Bcosθ
Now, the conductor moves with speed v perpendicular to Bcosθ component of magnetic
field. This causes motional emf across two ends of rod, which is given by = v(Bcos θ)d
 v(Bcos θ) d
This makes flow of induced current i = where, R is the resistance of rod. Now,
R
current carrying rod experience force which is given by F = iBd (horizontally in backward
direction). Now, the component of magnetic force parallel to incline plane along upward
v (Bcos θ)d 
direction = F cos θ = iBd cos θ = 
dx
 Bd cos θ where, v =
 R  dt
Also, the component of weight (mg) parallel to incline plane along downward direction
= mg sinθ.
Now, by Newton’s second law of motion
d 2x Bcos θd  dx 
m 2 = mg sinθ −   × (Bd )cos θ
dt R  dt 
2 2
dv Bd
= g sinθ − (cos θ)2 v
dt mR
dv B2d 2
+ (cos θ)2 v = g sinθ
dt mR
But, this is the linear differential equation.
On solving, we get
g sinθ  B2d 2 
v= 2 2 + A exp − (cos 2 θ) t 
B d cos θ 2
 mR 
mR
A is a constant to be determine by initial conditions.
The required expression of velocity as a function of time is given by
mgR sinθ   B2d 2 
= 2 2 2 
1 − exp − (cos 2θ) t  
B d cos θ   mR  

Q. 29 Find the current in the sliding rod AB (resistance = R) for the

arrangement shown in figure. B is constant and is out of the paper.
Parallel wires have no resistance, v is constant. Switch S is closed at
time t = 0.
X A

S
B
v d
C B

Y B

K Thinking Process
This problem combines the concept of EMI, charging of capacitor and linear differential
equation.
Ans. The conductor of length d moves with speed v, perpendicular to magnetic field B as shown
in figure. This produces motional emf across two ends of rod, which is given by = vB d.
Since, switch S is closed at time t = 0. capacitor is charged by this potential difference. Let
Q ( t) is charge on the capacitor and current flows from A to B.
Now, the induced current
vBd Q
I= −
R RC
On rearranging the terms, we have
Q dQ vBd
+ =
RC dt R
 This is the linear differential equation. On solving, we get
Q = vBdC + Ae − t / RC
⇒ Q = vBdC [1 − e − t / RC ] (At time t = 0, Q = 0 = A = − vBdc).
vBd − t / RC
Differentiating, we get I − e
R
This is the required expression of current.

Q. 30Find the current in the sliding rod AB (resistance = R) for the

arrangement shown in figure. B is constant and is out of the paper.
Parallel wires have no resistance, v is constant. Switch S is closed at
time t = 0.
X A

S B B
v d
L B B

B
B B

K Thinking Process
This problem combines the concept of EMI, growth of current in inductor and linear
differential equation.

Ans. The conductor of length d moves with speed v, perpendicular to magnetic field B as shown
in figure. This produces motional emf across two ends of rod, which is given by = vBd.
Since, switch S is closed at time t = 0. current start growing in inductor by the potential
difference due to motional emf.
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage rule, we have
dI dI
−L + vBd = IR or L + IR = vBd
dt dt
This is the linear differential equation. On solving, we get
vBd
I= + Ae − Rt / 2
R
At t = 0 I = 0
vBd vBd
⇒ A=− ⇒I= (1 − e − Rt / L ) .
R R
This is the required expression of current.

Q. 31A metallic ring of mass m and radius l (ring being horizontal) is falling
under gravity in a region having a magnetic field. If z is the vertical
direction, the z-component of magnetic field is B z = B 0 (1 + λ z). If R
is the resistance of the ring and if the ring falls with a velocity v, find
the energy lost in the resistance. If the ring has reached a constant
velocity, use the conservation of energy to determine v in terms of m, B,
λ and acceleration due to gravity g.
K Thinking Process
This problem establishes a relationship between induced current, power lost and velocity
acquired by freely falling ring.
Ans. The magnetic flux linked with the metallic ring of mass m and radius l falling under gravity in
a region having a magnetic field whose z-component of magnetic field is Bz = B0 (1 + λz)
is
φ = Bz ( π l2 ) = B0 (1 + λz) ( π l2 )
dφ
Applying Faraday’s law of EMI, we have emf induced given by = rate of change of flux
dt
Also, by Ohm’s law
dz
B0 ( π l2 )λ = IR
dt
πl2 B0 λ
On rearranging the terms, we have I= v
R
( πl2 λ)2 B02 v 2
Energy lost/second = I 2 R =
R
dz
This must come from rate of change in PE = mg = mgv
dt
[as kinetic energy is constant for v = constant]
( πl2 λB0 )2 v 2 mgR
Thus, mgv = or v =
R ( πl2 λB0 )2
This is the required expression of velocity.

Q. 32 A long solenoid S has n turns per meter, with diameter a. At the centre
of this coil, we place a smaller coil of N turns and diameter b (where
b < a). If the current in the solenoid increases linearly, with time, what
is the induced emf appearing in the smaller coil. Plot graph showing
nature of variation in emf, if current varies as a function of mt 2 + C .
K Thinking Process
This problem require an insight to magnetic field due to current carrying solenoid having
varying current which induces emf in coil of radius B.
Ans. Magnetic field due to a solenoid S, B = µ 0 nl where signs are as usual.
Magnetic flux in smaller coil φ = NBA, where
A = πb 2
Applying Faraday’s law of EMI, we have
− dφ − d
So, e= = (NBA)
dt dt
d (B)
= − Nπb 2
dt
where, B = µ 0 Ni
dI
= − Nπb 2 µ 0 n
dt
d
= − Nnπµ 0 b 2 (mt 2 + C ) = − µ 0 Nnπb 2 2 mt
dt
Since, current varies as a function of mt 2 + C.
e = − µ 0 Nnπb 2 2 mt