Lecture 1

The Internet and the World Wide Web

▪ Internet
➢ is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions of businesses, government agencies,
educational institutions, and individuals.
➢ a global wide area network that connects computer systems across the world.
➢ the user must have access to an Internet service provider (ISP).
➢ Internet lets you order the weekly shop, share your life on Facebook, watch on Netflix, email
your boss etc.
➢ As of January 2021, there were 4.66 billion active internet users worldwide.

▪ Very huge informal network

▪ The first billion was reached in 2005.
▪ The second billion on 2010.
▪ The third billion in 2014
▪ And as of 2016 3 billion where using the net.
▪ Asia is the larger user of the world internet with 1.8 billion as of 2016.

❖ Information Superhighway
❖ Major source of Information
❖ Major means of communication and platforms for information-based services.
❖ Philippines are linked to the US-Japan backbone in terms of using internet.

• World Wide Web

- A collection of webpages found on this network of computers
- Web browser uses internet to access the web.
- The Web is not the same as the Internet: the Web is one of many applications built on top of
the Internet.

• Website
- or simply site, is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content
- typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server.
Types of Website
❑ STATIC - site is one that can usually written in plain HTML and what is in the code of
the page is what is displayed by the use.
❑ DYNAMIC - site is one that written using a server-side scripting languages such as
PHP, ASP, or JSP.

The Web

• Web 1.0

▪ First stage of the World Wide Web pages and hyperlink.

▪ Most read – only web. It focused on companies and home pages.
▪ Web is use as “Information Portal”

• Web 2.0
▪ A term used to describe a new generation of web services
▪ It is a platform that gives users the possibility (liberty) to control their data.
▪ User-generated content the read-write web such as blog or sites like Flicker,
Youtube, etc.
• WEB 2.0 FEATURES STATIC AND DYNAMIC
➢ FOLKSONOMY- allows user to categorize and classify or arrange information using
freely chosen key word.
➢ Use tags start with the pound sign (#) This is also referred to a HASHTAGS
➢ Ex. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram etc.

• RICH USER EXPERIENCE

• Content is dynamic and responsive to user’s input.
• In the case of social networking sites, when logged on, your account is used to
modify what you see in their website.

• USER PARTICIPATION

• The owner of the website is not the only one who is able to put content. Other are
able to place a content of their own by means comment, reviews, and
evaluations.
• Ex. Lazada, Amazon etc.

• LONG TAIL

• Service that are offered on demand rather than on one-time purchase.

• This is synonymous to subscribing to a data plan that changes you for the
amount of time you spent in the internet.
•

• SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE

• User will subscribe to a software only when needed rather than purchasing them.

• When you need software, like word processor, you can purchase it for a one-time
huge amount and install it in your computer and it is your forever.
• MASS PARTICIPATION

• Diverse information sharing through universal web access.

• Since most users can use the internet, web 2.0’s content is based on people from
various cultures.

• WEB 3.0 (Semantic Web)

• It is a Web of Data.
• Changing the into a language that can be read and categorized by the system
rather then humans.
• The SEMANTIC WEB is a movement led by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C).
• The term was coined by the inventor of the Word Wide Web, Tim Berners – Lee.

Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee

➢ Born 8 June 1955 in London, England, invented the World Wide Web which is the
system that delivers webpages over the Internet.
➢ He created a new computer language called HTML which most web pages are
written in. The first web page was available on August 6, 1991.

COMPONENTS OF THE INTERNET

- What is the use of the server?

• A server is a software or hardware device that accepts and responds to requests
made over a network.
• The device that makes the request, and receives a response from the server, is called
a client.
• When the servers fail, they can cause the network users and company many
problems.

- IP Adress
• An address of your network hardware. It helps in connecting your computer to other
devices on your network and all over the world.
• IP Address is made up of numbers or characters
• There are two IP versions, IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the older version which has a space
of over 4 billion IP addresses.
-Two Types of IP Address
 • Public - Your public IP address is the main IP address to which your home or business
network is connected. This IP address connects you to the world, and it’s unique for all
users.
• Private - A private IP address is the address of your device connected on the home or
business network. This IP address cannot be accessed from devices outside your home
or business network.

- Importance of Domain Name Server

• Domain Name System (or Service) is an Internet service that translates domain
names into IP addresses.
• Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to remember. The Internet,
however, is really based on IP addresses.

- Internet Service Provider (ISP)

• An internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides web access to both
businesses and consumers.
• Data may be transmitted using several technologies, including dial-up, DSL, cable
modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed interconnects.
• Today, ISPs are usually cable companies or telecommunications companies that offer
Internet subscriptions in addition to TV or mobile communications services.

- Chat Messaging
• The first online chat system was called Talkomatic, created by Doug Brown and David
R. Woolley in 1973.
• Online chat may refer to any kind of communication over the Internet that offers a real-
time transmission of text messages from sender to receiver.
• Chat messages are generally short in order to enable other participants to respond
quickly.
• Real-time text transmission.

- Major Protocols
• In networking, a protocol is a standardized way of doing certain actions and formatting
data so that two or more devices can communicate with and understand each other.
5 Common protocols when browsing the internet:
a. Internet Protocol
- is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing and addressing packets of data so that they
can travel across networks and arrive at the correct destination.
b. HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
- HTTP request is the way internet communications platforms such as web
browsers ask for the information, they need to load a website.

c. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

- This is the protocol used for sending e-mail over the Internet.

d. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

- is a standard Internet protocol for transmitting files between computers on the
Internet over TCP/IP connections.

e. VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)

- a technology that allows you to make voice calls using a broadband Internet
connection instead of a regular phone line.
 Unit I
• Computer - is a programmable machine. It allows the user to store all sorts of information and
then ‘process’ that information, or data, or carry out actions with the information, such as
calculating numbers or organizing words.

Components:

1. Hardware - is the machine itself and its connected devices such as monitor, keyboard,
mouse etc.
2. Software - are the set of programs that make use of hardware for performing various
functions.

Characteristics:

1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Diligence
4. Versatility
5. Power of Remembering
6. No IQ
7. Storage

Capabilities:

1. Can do repetitive operations

2. Can process information at extremely rapid rates
3. Maybe programmed to calculate answers to whatever level of accuracy is specified by the
programmer
4. Can be programmed to solve various types of problems because of their flexibility
5. Can store large amount of data and information
6. Can restore or bring back the works that you have done
7. Can do multitasking
8. It is automatic
9. Can be improve and upgrade
10. Can suddenly find the answer to a problem without working out too many of the details

Limitations:

1. Dependent upon human beings

2. Doesn’t have brain
3. Can only detect syntax error and can’t detect flaw or error in logic
4. Doesn’t have intuition and cannot draw conclusion without going through all the
intermediate steps
5. Doesn’t learn from experience
• Data - is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and
video. Information conveys meaning and is useful to people.
• Data is the input
• Information is the output

Unit II
• Data Processing - conversion of raw data to meaningful information through a process.

Stages of Data Processing Cycle:

1. Collection
➢ first stage of cycle
➢ very crucial
➢ provides both the baseline from which to measure, and a target on what to improve
2. Preparation
➢ manipulation of data into a form suitable for further analysis and processing
➢ raw data cannot be processed and must be checked for accuracy
3. Input
➢ where verified data is coded or converted into machine readable form so that it can
be processed through a computer
4. Processing
➢ the data is subjected to various means and methods of manipulation, the point
where a computer program is being executed
➢ contains the program code and its current activity
5. Output and Interpretation
➢ processed information is now transmitted to the user
➢ output is presented to users in various report formats like printed report, audio,
video, or on monitor
6. Storage
➢ last stage in the data processing cycle
➢ data, instruction, and information are held for future use

Operations:

1. Recording - refers to the transfer of data onto some form of documents

2. Verifying - recorded data are carefully checked for any errors
3. Duplicating - consists in reproducing data unto many forms or documents
4. Classifying - separates data into various categories
5. Sorting - arranging data in a specific order
6. Calculating - arithmetic manipulation of the data
7. Summarizing and Reporting - a collection of data is condensed and certain conclusions from
the data are represented in a meaningful format
8. Merging - takes two or more sets of data, all sets having been sorted by the same key, and
puts then together to form a single sorted set of data
9. Storing - placing similar data into files for future references
10. Retrieving - recovering stored data and/or information when needed is the retrieving step
11. Feedback - comparison of the output(s) and the goal set in advance; and discrepancy is
analyzed, corrected, and fed back to the proper stage in the processing operation

Types of Computers:

1. According to purpose
▪ General-purpose computers
➢ used for various purposes like playing games, watching videos, doing
research, performing calculations etc.
➢ can store numerous programs, but lack in speed and efficiency
➢ used in homes, schools, and business centers
➢ notebooks, desktops, and tablets
▪ Special-purpose computers
➢ designed for performing a single task
➢ instructions that control it are built directly into the computer, which makes
for a more efficient and effective operation
➢ fast in processing
➢ cannot be used to perform other operations
➢ traffic lights control system, navigational system in an aircraft, weather
forecasting, satellite launch / tracking, oil exploration, and in automotive
industries
2. According to data analysis
▪ Analog Computers
➢ operate by measuring rather than counting
➢ measures continuous electrical or physical magnitudes like voltage,
pressure, water flow etc.
➢ used on the control systems and aircraft for scientific purposes
▪ Digital Computers
➢ computers operate directly on decimal digit that represents either discrete
data or symbols
➢ converts the data into digits and then all operations are done on these digits
at extremely fast rates
➢ calculator, adding machine, counting machine, etc.
▪ Hybrid Computers
➢ utilize the best qualities of both analog and digital
➢ can be used for both counting and measuring
➢ Modern computers are based on Hybrid Computers
3. According to capacity/size
▪ Super Computers
 ➢ capable of executing more than 10,000 million instructions per second and
have storage capacities of millions of bits per chip
➢ most expensive of all the computers
➢ used for highly calculation- intensive tasks
➢ weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling
▪ Mainframe Computers
➢ larger and can handle multiple users at a time
➢ can access and handle the massive amount of data and used by large
companies including government organization, institutions, and industries
➢ airline system
▪ Mini Computers
➢ smaller version of the mainframes
➢ important advantage of a is that it is cheaper, smaller, and reliable
➢ used in local government word processing etc., in business involving stock
payroll etc. and as server system on networks
▪ Micro Computers/Personal Computers
➢ designed for personal use of individual or individual small business units’
office automation unit or professionals

Types:
- Desktop Computers
- Laptop Computers
- Palmtop Computers, Digital Diaries, Notebooks

Unit III
• System Unit - case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data

Insides:
Drive bay(s) - standard-sized area for adding hardware to a computer
▪
Power Supply - a hardware component of a computer that supplies all other
▪
components with power
▪ Sound Card - an internal expansion card that provides input and output of audio
signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs
▪ Video Card - n expansion card that allows the computer to send graphical
information to a video display device such as a monitor, TV, or projector
▪ Processor - an integrated electronic circuit that performs the calculations that run a
computer
▪ Memory - any physical device capable of storing information temporarily, like RAM
(random access memory), or permanently, like ROM (read-only memory)
• Motherboard - main circuit board of the system unit
▪ A computer chip contains integrated circuits
• Processor
 - also known as Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- interprets and carries out the basic instruction the operate a computer
▪ Contains a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) which performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

Number of cores:

1. Multi-core processor – 2 or more cores

2. Dual-core processor – 2 cores
3. Quad-core processor – 4 cores

4 basic operations:

1. Fetch
2. Decode
3. Execute
4. Store
• Control Unit - is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the
operations in the computer
• Pipelining - organizes the execution of the multiple instructions simultaneously
• Memory
✓ any physical device capable of storing information temporarily, like RAM (random access
memory), or permanently, like ROM (read-only memory)
✓ Each location in memory has an address

Memory sizes:
1. Kilobyte
Abbreviation: KB or K
Approximate number of bytes: 1 thousand
Exact number of bytes: 1024
Approximate number of pages of text: 1/2
2. Megabyte
Abbreviation: MB
Approximate number of bytes: 1 million
Exact number of bytes: 1,048,576
Approximate number of pages of text: 500
3. Gigabyte
Abbreviation: GB
Approximate number of bytes: 1 billion
Exact number of bytes: 1,073,741,824
Approximate number of pages of text: 500,000
4. Terabyte
Abbreviation: TB
 Approximate number of bytes: 1 trillion
Exact number of bytes: 1,099,511,627,776
Approximate number of pages of text: 500,000,00

Types:

1. Volatile
• Loses its contents when power is turned off
• RAM
2. Nonvolatile
• Does not lose contents when power is removed
• ROM, flash memory, CMOS
Types of RAM:

1. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) - type of random-access semiconductor memory that stores each bit
of data in a memory cell consisting of a tiny capacitor and a transistor, both typically based
on metal-oxide-semiconductor technology

Variations:
▪ SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
- synchronized to the system clock
- much faster than DRAM
▪ DDR DRAM (Double Data Rate DRAM)
- transfers data twice, instead of once, for each clock cycle
- faster than SDRAM
▪ DDR2
- second generation of DDR
- faster than DDR
▪ DDR3
- third generation of DDR
- designed for computers with multi-core processors
- faster than DDR2
▪ RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)
- uses pipelining techniques
- much faster than SDRAM
2. Static RAM (SRAM) - is a type of random-access memory that uses latching circuitry to store
each bit
3. Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) - is a type of non-volatile random-access memory which
stores data in magnetic domains
• Memory cache - speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used
instructions and data
• Read-only memory (ROM)
- refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions
- Firmware
• Programmable read-only memory (PROM)
 - blank ROM chip that can be written to permanently
- EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM) can be erased
• Input
- any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer
- can be entered into the computer in the form of programs, commands, and user
responses
• Program - series of related instructions that tells a computer what tasks to perform and how to
perform them
• User response - an instruction a user issues by replying to a question displayed by a program
• Input Devices - any hardware component that allow users to enter data and instructions into a
computer
❖ Keyboard - is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and
instructions into a computer
✓ Wired Keyboard uses USB port
✓ Wireless Keyboard uses Bluetooth or IrDA
✓ Ergonomic Keyboard
has a design that reduces the chance of wrist and hand injuries
Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design
of the workplace
❖ Insertion point - also known as the cursor, is a symbol on the screen that indicates
where the next character you type will appear
❖ Pointing Devices
✓ an input device that allows a user to control a pointer on a screen
✓ a pointer is a small symbol on the screen whose location and shape change as a
user moves a pointing device
✓ Mouse
is a pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand comfortably
most widely used pointing device on desktop computers
can be wired or wireless
✓ Trackball - stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side
✓ Touchpad - small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure
and motion
✓ Pointing stick - pressure-sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser
that is positioned between keys on a keyboard
❖ Touch screen - is a touch-sensitive display device
✓ Microsoft Device
✓ Touch-sensitive pads
❖ Pen input - with it, you touch a stylus or digital pen on a flat surface to write, draw, or
make selections
❖ Game Controllers - input device that directs movements and actions of on-screen
objects
✓ Gamepads
✓ Joysticks and Wheels
✓ Light guns
 ✓ Dance pads
✓ Motion-sensing controllers
❖ Digital Camera - a mobile device that allows users to take pictures and store them
digitally
✓ Studio cameras
✓ Field cameras
✓ Point-and-shoot camera

Factors might affect the quality of digital camera photos:

1. Resolution - is the number of horizontal and vertical pictures in a display
device
Pixel – smallest element in an electronic display
2. Number of bits stored in each pixel
Each pixel consists of one or more bits of data
The more bits used to represent a pixel, the more colors and shades
of gray that can be represented
❖ Voice Input - process of entering input by speaking into a microphone
✓ Voice recognition - is the computer’s capability of distinguishing spoken words
✓ Audio Input - is the process of entering any sound into the computer
Speech
Music
Sound Effects
✓ Music production software allows users to record, compose, mix, and edit music
and sounds
❖ Video Input - is the process of capturing full-motion images and storing them on a
computer’s storage medium
✓ Record video on a digital video (DV) camera or use a video capture card to
convert analog signals to digital
✓ Connect the camera to a port on the system unit
✓ Transfer video and images
✓ Web cam - type of digital video camera that enables a user to:
1. Capture video and still images
2. Send e-mail messages with video attachments
3. Add live images to instant messages
4. Broadcast live images over the internet
5. Make video telephone calls
✓ Video conference - meeting between two or more geographically separated
people
❖ Scanners and Reading Devices
✓ Flatbed
✓ Pen or Handheld
✓ Sheet-fed
✓ Drum
 ✓ Optical character recognition (OCR) - involves reading characters from ordinary
documents
✓ turnaround document - a document you return to the company that creates
and sends it
✓ Optical mark recognition - reads hand-drawn marks such as small circles or
rectangles
✓ An OMR device scans the documents and matches the patterns of light
✓ bar code reader – also called a bar code scanner uses laser beams to read bar
codes
✓ RFID (radio frequency identification) - uses radio signals to communicate with a
tag placed in or attached to an object
✓ RFID reader - reads information on the tag via radio waves
✓ Magnetic stripe card readers - read the magnetic stripe on the back of cards
such as:
1. Credit cards
2. Entertainment cards
3. Bank cards
4. Other similar cards
✓ MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) devices read text printed with
magnetized ink
✓ An MICR reader converts MICR characters into a form the computer can process
✓ Banking industry uses MICR for check processing
✓ Data collection devices - obtain data directly at the location where the
transaction or event takes place
❖ Biometrics - authenticates a person’s identity by verifying a personal characteristic
✓ Fingerprint reader
✓ Iris recognition system
✓ Hand geometry system
❖ Terminals - a computer that allows users to send data to and/or receive information
from a host computer
✓ POS terminal - records purchases, processes, payment, and updates inventory
✓ Automated Teller machine (ATM) - allow users to access their bank accounts
✓ DVD kiosk - is a self-service DVD rental machine
• Output - Data that has been processed into a useful form
• Output Devices - any hardware component that can convey information to one or more people
• Display Device - Output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and video information
❖ Soft copy - information on display device
❖ Monitor - houses display device that is packaged as separate peripheral
✓ LCD Monitor
Uses liquid crystal display
has a small footprint
Notebook computer, Tablet PC, ultra-personal computer, portable media
player, smart phone, and PDA
Allow users to run multiple applications simultaneously
 ✓ Plasma Monitor - displays image by applying voltage to layer of gas
Larger screen size and richer colors than LCD, but are more expensive
✓ CRT Monitor
Contains cathode-ray tube (CRT)
Screen coated with tiny dots of phosphor material
Common sizes are 15, 17, 19, 21, and 22 inches
❖ Resolution
✓ Number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device
✓ Sharpness and clarity of image
✓ Higher resolution makes image sharper, displays more text on screen, makes
some elements smaller
❖ Printer
✓ Output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium
✓ Result is hard copy, or printout
✓ Two orientations: portrait and landscape
✓ Nonimpact printer - forms characters and graphics without striking paper
Ink-jet printer - sprays tiny drops of liquid ink onto paper
✓ Prints in black-and-white or color on a variety of paper types
✓ Photo printer - Color printer that produces photo-lab-quality pictures
Many photo printers have a built-in card slot
PictBridge - is a standard technology that allows you to print pictures
directly from a digital camera
✓ Laser printer – high speed, high-quality nonimpact printer
Prints text and graphics in high-quality resolution, ranging from 1,200 to
2,400 dpi
Typically costs more than ink-jet printer, but is much faster
✓ Thermal printer – Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against
heat-sensitive paper
Dye-sublimation printer (also called a digital photo printer) - uses heat
to transfer dye to specially coated paper
✓ Mobile printer - Small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows mobile
user to print from notebook computer, Tablet PC, smart phone, or another
personal mobile device while traveling
✓ Label printers and postage printers - small printer that prints on adhesive-type
material
Most also print bar codes
Postage printer has built-in digital scale and prints
postage stamps
✓ Plotter - Sophisticated printer used to produce high-quality drawings
Large-format printer creates photo-realistic-quality
color prints
✓ Dot-matrix printer - Impact printer that produces printed images
when tiny wire pins strike ribbon
 Impact printer - forms characters by striking mechanism against inked
ribbon that contacts paper
✓ Line printer - High-speed impact printer that prints entire line at a time
Speed measured in lines per minute (lpm)
Band printer prints fully formed characters using a hammer mechanism
Shuttle-matrix printer is high-speed printer that works like dot-matrix
printer
❖ Speakers, Headphones, and Earphones - Computer component that produces music,
speech, or other sounds
✓ Speakers and headsets are common devices
✓ Facsimile (fax) machine - Device that transmits and receives documents over
telephone lines
Converts an original document into a digitized image
Many computers include fax capability
✓ Fax modem - Modem that allows you to send and receive electronic documents
as faxes
✓ Multifunction peripheral - Provides functionality of printer, scanner, copy
machine, and fax machine
✓ Data projector - Device that takes text and images from computer screen and
projects them onto larger screen
DLP projector
LCD projector
✓ Interactive whiteboard - Touch-sensitive device that displays the image on a
connected computer screen
SMART board
✓ Force feedback - Sends resistance to device in response to actions of user
❖ Storage
✓ Capacity - is the number of bytes a storage medium can hold
✓ Storage device - is the computer hardware that records and/or retrieves items
to and from storage media
• Reading - is the process of transferring items from a storage medium
into memory
• Writing - is the process of transferring items from memory to a storage
medium
✓ Hard disks - contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic
particles to store data, instructions, and information
✓ Flash memory storage
• Memory card - is a removable flash memory device that you insert and
remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer
• USB flash drive - plug into a USB port on a computer or mobile device
(512 MB-100 GB)
• Express card module - is a removable device
that fits in an ExpressCard slot
- Developed by the PCMCIA
 - Commonly used in notebook computers
✓ Cloud storage - is an Internet service that provides storage to computer users
(may or may not be free)
✓ Optical discs - consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and
lacquer that is written and read by a laser
Typically store software, data, digital photos, movies, and music
Read only vs. rewritable
✓ Tape - a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing large amounts
of data and information
✓ tape drive - reads and writes data and information on a tape (sequential access)
✓ magnetic stripe card - contains a magnetic stripe that stores information
✓ smart card - stores data on a thin microprocessor embedded in the card
✓ Microfilm and microfiche - store microscopic images of documents on a roll or
sheet film
✓ Enterprise storage - stores huge volumes of data and information for large
businesses
Uses special hardware for heavy use, maximum availability, and
maximum efficiency
❖ Computer communications - describes a process in which two or more computers or
devices transfer data, instructions, and information
✓ Users can send and receive wireless messages using wireless messaging services
✓ Text messaging - allows users to send and receive short text messages on a
phone or another mobile device or computer
✓ Picture messaging - allows users to send pictures and sound files
✓ Video messaging - allows users to send short video clips
✓ Wireless instant messaging - allows wireless users to exchange real‐time
messages with one or more other users
✓ Wireless Internet access points - allow people to connect wirelessly to the
internet from home, work, school, and in many public locations
✓ Cybercafé - is a coffeehouse, restaurant, or other location that provides
personal computers with internet access to its costumers
✓ global positioning system (GPS) – is a navigation system that consists of one or
more earth-based receivers that accept analyze signals sent by satellites to
determine the GPS receivers’ geographic location
✓ GPS receivers are:
Built into many mobile devices
Available as a handheld device
Available with new vehicles
LONG QUIZ 1

1. What do call the data processing cycle that involves the filing of data and information for
future use.
- STORAGE

2. The function involves in identifying data which have common characteristics and grouping
them together.
- CLASSIFYING

3. Data which have been processed must be presented to user in a form that is
understandable and usable.
- REPORTING

4. Refers to recovering a stored data and for information when it is necessary.

- RETRIEVING

5. The careful checking of the recorder data or information for any discrepancy and/or
errors.
- VERIFYING

6. A collection of unorganized facts while information consists of data that have been
organized and made a meaningful to the person or person receiving it.
- DATA

7. It is defined as the information or raw data into useful information.

- DATA PROCESSING

8. A computer that definitely used for scientific engineering and process – control purposes.
- ANALOG COMPUTER

9. Incorporate in a single machine that capabilities of the analog and digital computers.
- HYBRID COMPUTERS

10. A machine, which are in the middle of microcomputers and mainframes in terms of cost
and capability.
- MINI COMPUTER/ MICROCOMPUTER
11. Refers to the step specifying the manner certain activities are to accomplished.
- DATAWARE

12. An electronic devices about a one inch square, covered by in plastic, contain 100 million
transistors.
- PROCESSOR

13. It interprets program instruction and direct the other parts of the CPU and
communicates with the external input/output device and secondary storage media.
- CONTROL UNIT

14. It consists of complicated set of logic circuit and accumulator.

- ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT / ALU

15. Refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions.

- READ-ONLY MEMORY / ROM

16. It is the basic kind of internal memory because the processor can access any location in
memory.
- RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY / RAM

17. What do you call the symbol on the screen that indicates where the next character you
type will appear.
- INSERTION POINT

18. A method of inputting characters that recognized by sensing light reflected from the
paper and the ink.
- OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION

19. A characters are printed using an ink which contain iron oxide.
- MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION / MICR

20. A system board, main printed flat circuit board in an electronic device such as
microcomputers.
- MOTHERBOARD
21. An external connecting socket on the outside of the computer.
- PORTS

22. An external input/output connectors used to attach modems, scanners, or other serial
interface devices to the computer.
- SERIAL PORT / COMPUTER PORT

23. Used to produce single or multiple colored images and drawings.

- PLOTTER

24. What do you call the process of transferring items from memory to storage medium.
- WRITING

25. Contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store
data, instructions and information.
- HARD DISK DRIVE

26. A type of storage devices that is magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing
large amounts of data and information.
- TAPE

27. It describes a process in which two or more computers or devices transfer data,
instructions and information.
- COMPUTER COMMUNICATION

28. Is the number of bytes a storage medium can hold.

- CAPACITY

29. A _______ chip is a blank ROM chip that can be written permanently.
- PROGRAMMABLE READ-ONLY MEMORY / ROM

30. ______ incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of the workplace.
- ERGONIMICS
TRUE OR FALSE

1. A processor may contain 100 million transistors.

TRUE
2. Ped drive can be used to copy data, and paragraphs from one computer to another
computer.
TRUE
3. The advantage of internal hard disc is that they have only a fixed amount of storage and
cannot be easily removed.
FALSE
4. The external drive that is a built into the system cabinet of microcomputers.
FALSE
5. Optical disk is a disk written and read by laser beam.
TRUE
6. Hard disk is the primary storage device that stores a large amount of data permanently.
FALSE
7. Memory chips of the computer can holds programs and data either permanent or
temporarily.
TRUE
8. A graphic tablet also known as a digitizing pad.
TRUE
9. The input hardware is used to present soft and hardcopy of information.
FALSE
10. A magnetic stripe is a long length of magnetic tape which may be stuck on the surface of
a tag, card or document.
FALSE
Unit 3.2 Components of A computer system • Common sizes – 15, 17, 19, 21,
22 inches.
Output – Data that has been processed into a
useful form. Energy Star Program – encourage
manufactures to create energy efficient
Output Device – hardware component that
devices.
convey information to other people.
PRINTERS
DISPLAY DEVICES
Printer – output device that produce text &
Display Device – device that visually conveys
graphics on a physical medium
text, graphics, and video.
• Hard Copy – result of a printer
• Soft copy – Information on
• Orientations: Portrait &
display device.
Landscape
Monitor – display device that is packaged as
Which printer to buy – depends on needs.
separate peripheral.
LCD – used Liquid Crystal Display and has • Budget
small footprint. • Speed
• Color
Mobile devices that contain LCD displays • Cost
• Notebook computer • Multiple Copies
• Tablet PC • Graphics
• Ultra personal computer • Paper types & size
• Portable media player • Compatibility
• Smartphones • Needs
• PDA • Capability

Multiple LCD monitors – allows users to run Nonimpact Printer – prints without striking
multiple applications simultaneously. paper.

Resolution – Number of horizontal & vertical Ink-jet Printer – sprays tiny drops of liquid ink
pixels, sharpness & clarity of image. onto paper.

Higher Resolution – makes the image • Prints in b/w or color on a variety of

sharper, display more text, and make some paper types.
elements smaller. Resolution of printer
LCD monitor with a video card – plug
• Sharpness & clarity
monitor into DVI port or HDMI port.
• Measured by number of outputs
Plasma Monitor – display images by applying
Photo Printer – produces photo lab quality
voltage to layer of gas
pictures
• Larger screen size & richer colors
PictBridge – standard technology, allows you
than LCD, but more expensive
to print pictures directly form a digital camera
CRT – contains cathode-ray tube (CRT)
Laser Printer – High speed & quality
nonimpact printer
 • Much faster & Cost more than ink-jet Multifunctional Peripheral – Provides
printer functionality of printer, scanner, copy machine
& fax machine.
Thermal Printer – Generate by pushing
electrically heated pins against heat-sensitive Data Projector – Device that takes text into
paper. images from computer screen & projects them
into larger screen.
Mobile Printer – Small printer that allows
mobile users to print using notebook computer, • DLP Projector
smartphones, etc. • LCD Projector
Label & Postage Printer – Small printer that Interactive Whiteboard- Touch-sensitive
prints on adhesive type material. device that displays the image on connected
computer screen
• Mostly print bar codes
• SMART board
Plotter – Sophisticated printer
Force Feedback – Sends resistance to device
• Used to produce high quality drawings
in response to actions of user
• Large-format printer
STORAGE
Dot-matrix Printer – Produces printed images
when tiny wire pins strike ribbon. Capacity – number of bytes a storage medium
can hold
• Forms characters by striking mechanism
against inked ribbon that contacts paper • Kilobyte (KB) – 1 thousand
• Megabyte (MB) – 1 million
Line Printer – High speed impact printer that
• Gigabyte (GB) – 1 billion
prints entire lines at a time
• Terabyte (TB) – 1 trillion
• Speed measured in lines per minute • Petabyte (PB) – 1 quadrillion
(LPM) • Exabyte (EB) – 1 quintillion
SPEAKERS, HEADPHONES & EARPHONES • Zettabyte (ZB) – 1 sextillion
• Yottabyte (YB) – 1 septillion
Audio Output Device – Computer component
that produces music, speech or other sounds. Storage Device – computer hardware that
records & retrieves data to and from storage
• Speakers and headsets media.
OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES • Reading – transferring items from a
Facsimile or Fax Machine – device that storage medium into memory
transmits & receives documents over • Writing – transferring items from
telephone lines. memory to storage medium

• Converts original document into Hard Disk – contains one or more inflexible,
digitalized image circular patterns that use magnetic particles to
store data, instructions, and information.
Fax Modem – Modem that allows to send &
receive electronic documents as faxes.
FLASH MEMORY STORAGE Microfilm & microfiche – store microscopic
images of documents on a roll or sheet film.
Memory Card – removable flash memory
device that you insert & remove from a slot in a Enterprise Storage – stores huge volumes of
computer, mobile device, or card reader. data and information for large business.

• Compact Flash (CF) – 512 MB to 100 • Uses special hardware for heavy use,
GB maximum availability, and maximum
• Secure Digital (SD) – 512 MB to 8GB efficiency
• Secure Digital High Capacity (SDHC) -
COMMUNICATIONS
4-32 GB
• MicroSD – 1 to 2 GB Computer Communications – process of two
• MicroSDHC – 4 to 16 GB or more computers or devices transfer data,
• Xd Picture Card – 256 MB to 2 GB information, and instructions.
• Memory Stick – 1 to 16 GB Uses of Computer Communications – users
• Memory Stick Micro (M2) – 1 to 16 GB can send and receive wireless messages using
USB Flash Drive – plug into UST port on a wireless messaging services
computer or mobile device (512 MB to 100 GB) Text messaging – send and receive short
Express Card Module -removable device that messages on a phone or other mobile device
fits in an express card slot or computer
Picture messaging – send pictures and sound
• Developed by the PCMCIA
files
• Used in notebook computer
Video messaging - send short video clips
Cloud Storage – Internet service that provides
storage to computer users Wireless instant messaging – exchange real
time messages with one or more other users
Optical Discs – consists of flat, round,
portable disc made of metal, plastic and Wireless internet access point – connect
lacquer that is written and read by a laser wirelessly to the internet from home, work,
school, and in many public locations
• Store software, data, digital photos,
movies, and music Cybercafe – coffee house, restaurant, or other
• Read Only Vs Rewritable location that provides personal computers with
internet access to its customers
OTHER TYPES OF STORAGE
Global Positioning System (GPS) –
Tape – Magnetically coated ribbon of plastic
navigation system that consists of one or more
capable of storing large amounts of data and
earth-based receivers that accept and analyze
information.
signals sent by satellites in order to determine
Tape Drive – reads and writes data the GPS receiver’s geographic location
information on a tape.
GPS Receivers are:
Magnetic Stripe Card – contains magnetic
• Built into many mobile devices
stripe that stores information.
• Available as a handheld device
Smart Card – stores data on thin • Available with new vehicles
microprocessor embedded in the card.
Unit 3.3 Components of a Computer System System Control Programs (OS) – set of
specialized programs that are used to manage
SOFTWARE
overall resources and operations of computer
Software – Instructions, data or anything than
Main Functions
can be stored electronically. General name
given to all programs that run on computer. • Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Ms Word, Excel, Power point, spread
• Device Management
sheets.
• File Management
Types of Software • Security
• System Software • Control over system performance
• Application Software • Job Accounting
System Support Programs (Utility
1. System Software – collection of all Programs) – performs tasks that are common
programs designed to operate, control, to all data processing installations.
and extend the processing capabilities
of the computer. • Sorting Data
• Consist of operating system & all utilities • Editing the output
than enable computer to function. • Dumping of data to disc/tape
• Operating Systems • Tracing the operation program
• Compiler • Copying data from one recording
• Loader medium to another
• Linker System Development Programs (Language
• Interpreter Translators) – also called language
Types of System Software processors

System Control Programs – control the Translate high level language to low level
execution of programs, manage the storage language
and processing resources of computer Check for and identity syntax errors that may
be present in the program being installed
• OS
3 Types of Translator Programs
System Support Programs – provide routine
service function to other computer programs • Assembler
and users • Interpreter
• Utility Programs • Compiler

System Development Programs – assist in Assembler – translate source program to

the creation of publication programs corresponding object program

• Interpreter • Convert symbolic op codes to binary

• Compiler • Convert symbolic addresses to binary
• Assembler • Perform assembler services requested
by the pseudo-ops
 • Put translated instructions into a file for Word Processor – application software used
future use for documentation purposes, like composition,
letter writing, editing, formatting & printing
Interpreter – translate one program
statement at a time into machine code Features

Compiler – convert a complete program • Annotation

into machine language to produce a • Background
program that the computer entirely • Borders & Shading
processes • Bullets & Numbering
2. Application Software – includes all • Font Case
programs that do the real work for user. Spreadsheet – used mostly as simulation of a
Designed to help users with singular or table or records
multiple specific tasks
• Office document processing software Features
• Web browser • Worksheet Area
• Media player • Values
3 Main Categories of Application Software • Labels
• Formulae
• Tailor-made Software • Graphs & Charts
• General Purpose Software • Dynamic File Links
• Application Packages/Suite
Presentation & Graphic Software – (also
Tailor-made Software – designed for called as presentation graphics) used to
companies to facilitate their data processing create sequences of words, graphics & visuals
and accessing, usually very expensive that tell a story
• Business Management Software Features
• Academic Lab Software
• Slide Shows
• Industrial Automation Software
• Charts & Graphics Presentation
• Cybercafe Administrating Software
• Multimedia Elements
General Purpose Software – target the mass • Slide Design
market and are used in many different ways by • 3D Environment
users • Content Animations
• Word Processor Web Browser – interactive application that
• Media Player allow users to surf the internet and visit
• Disc Burner webpages
• Web browser
Features
Application Packages/Suite – collection of
software used to solve related tasks • Supports a wide range of language
• Can bookmark webpages & information
• Microsoft Office Package – for office • Interactive supports
documentation processing purposes • Support various media
• Adobe Premium Suite – for multiple • History of Last visits
imaging effects and editing purposes
Unit 4 – Operating System, Operating Structure of Operating System
System Function, and Types of Operating
System
Operating System – is a software consisting
of programs and data that runs the computer
and manage the computer hardware.
Example:

• Microsoft Windows
• Linux
• Unix
• Mac OS X
• iOS
• Android
Types of Operating System
OS Functions
• Mobile / Computer Operating System
• Manage & interact with computer
• Embedded Operating System
hardware
• Network Operating System (NOS)
• Process tasks
• Real-time Operating System (RTOS)
• Provides the User/Interface (CLI / GUI)
• Provides the interface for application Mobile / Computer Operating System –
software allows smartphones, tablet PCs & other mobile
• Input / Output Operations devices to run applications & programs
• Error Detection, Resource Allocation,
• Apple iOS
Security & Protection
• Google Android
OS Services • Blackberry OS
• Windows 10 Mobile
• I/O Operations, Controlling & Allocating
memory Types of Mobile Operating System
• Resource Allocator, Prioritizing System
• Symbian
Request, File System Manipulation,
• Android
Error Detection
• iOS (iPhone OS)
• Controlling I/O devices, Communication
• Windows Phone
• Managing file systems, Protection
• RIM Blackberry
Symbian – mobile OS developed by Symbian
Ltd, in June 1998. Runs exclusively on ARM
Processors.

• 32 bit & Native language is C++

• Multitasking operating system & very
less dependence on peripherals.
• June 2008, Nokia acquired Symbian
Ltd.
Android – platform & operating system for • iOS 8 & iOS 9 & iOS 10
mobile devices based on Linux Kernel.
Windows Phone (WP) – series of proprietary
Developed by google & later on Open handset
mobile OS developed by Microsoft
alliance
• Designed for mobile devices & based on
• Designed for touchscreen mobile
Microsoft 32
devices
• Closed source & proprietary
• Free & open source, large amount of
• 3rd largest installed base on
software on android devices are
smartphones
proprietary & licensed
• Java Programming Language RIM BlackBerry – OS made by Research in
• 1st largest base on smartphones Motion (RIM) for blackberry line of handhelds
History of Android • Provide multitasking & designed for use
of input devices such as track wheel,
• Alpha
ball & pad
• Beta
• Programmed in C++ & provide security
• Cupcake (1.5)
for data
• Donut (1.6)
• Operates in microkernel type of kernel
• Éclair (2.0-2.1)
• Froyo (2.2-2.3) Embedded Operating System – specialized
• Gingerbread (2.3-2.3.7) for use in computers built into larger system
• Honeycomb (3.0-3.2.6) such as cars, traffic lights, digital TV, ATMs,
• Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0-4.0.4) etc.
• Jelly Bean (4.1-4.3.1) • Designed to run on its own without
• KitKat (4.4-4.4.4) human intervention and respond in real-
• L release (developer preview) time
iOS (iPhone OS) – mobile operating system • Ex. Microprocessor, controls an
developed & distributed by Apple Inc, based on automobile engine
Mach Kernel Application Areas of Embedded Systems
• It has a preemptive multitasking • Consumer Electronics - Camcorders
environment & supports real-time • Household Appliances - Television
behavior • Home automation and security system -
• Released in 2007 for iPhone & iPod Air conditioners
touch • Automotive industry - Anti-lock braking
system (ABS)
• June 2010, Apple released iPhone OS
• Telecommunication- Cellular telephones
as “iOS"
• Computer peripherals- Printers, scanner
• 2nd largest base worldwide on • Computer Networking systems - Routers
smartphones • Health care - CT scanner, ECG, etc.
Evolution of iOS • Measurement & Instrumentation - Digital
multi meters
• iPhone OS 1 & iPhone OS 2 • Banking & Retail - Automatic Teller
• iPhone OS 3 & iOS 4 Machine (ATM)
• iOS 5 & iOS 6 & iOS 7
 • Card Readers - Barcode, smart card Types of Network Operating System
readers
Purpose of Embedded Systems Peer-to-Peer (p2p) – all nodes are equal to
each other in function & operation
• Data collection/storage/representation
All nodes have their own local memory &
• Data communication
resources. They can share data & resources
• Data (signal) processing
with each other
• Monitoring & Control
• Application specific user interface Advantages of Peer-to-Peer

Network Operating System – computer OS • It is fast and easy to share

that is designed to support workstation, information and resources.
personal computer and older terminals that are • It is easy to install and set up.
connected to Local Area Network (LAN) • It doesn’t need special software
Dis-Advantages of Peer-to-Peer
• Only OS that is designed to support
workstations, database sharing, • It is less secure.
application sharing, and file printer • It does not have backup functionalities.
access sharing • There is no centralized storage system.
• There is no centralized management.
Function of Network Operating System • The performance of autonomous
• It allows multiple users to share files & computers may not be so good when
resources via the network sharing some resources.
• It’s not transparent Client-Server – runs with a single server &
• It can distribute its tasks & functions multiple client computer, the server is the
among the connected nodes in the central hub of all client computers
network to improve systems overall Advantages of Client-Server
performance • It has a backup facility for lost data.
• It has better reliability and performance.
Advantages of Network Operating System • It has centralized control and
• New technology & hardware upgrades administration.
can be easily integrated into the system • The shared data and resources can be
• Server location can be access remotely accessed concurrently by multiple
from different locations & types of clients
systems Dis-Advantages of Client-Server
• Centralized server is very stable • The setup cost is very high.
• There is a need for an administrator to
• Security is managed by the server
administer the network.
Dis-Advantages of Network Operating • There may be network failure, in case of
System central server failure.
• A huge amount of client requests may
• Most operations depend on central
overload the server.
location
• There is a requirement of specialized
• Buying and running servers is expensive
software for client and server machines
• Regular maintenance and update is
to function properly.
needed
 Lecture 2
ONLINE SAFETY, SECURITY,
ETHICS, AND ETIQUETTE
 NETIQUETTE

■ A guide to online communication

■ Is a network etiquette, the do’s and
don’ts of online communication.
■ A combination of “net” (from
internet) and “etiquette”. It means
respecting other users view and
displaying common courtesy when
posting your views to online
discussion groups.
Netiquette
• Basic Rules of Internet Etiquette
a. Make Real People a Priority
b. Use Respectful Language
c. Share With Discretion
d. Respond to Emails Promptly
e. Choose Friends Wisely
f. Don't Email Large Files
g. Respect People's Privacy
h. Fact Check Before Reposting
 CORE RULES OF NETIQUETTE

■ Remember the human

■ Respect other people’s time and
bandwidth
■ Share yourself look good online
■ Share expert knowledge
■ Respect other people’s privacy
■ Don’t abuse your power
 E-Mail Netiquette

Make the attachment normal size (small).

Look good online

Do not type all in CAPS

Do not plagiarize
Respect and accept people’s differences
Keep your password secret.
Social Networking Netiquette

Do not LIE! Don’t HATE!

Sharing is Caring
Social Networking Netiquette

Be Careful what
No cursing!
you post!

Everything is
moderation!
SAFETY ON THE COMPUTER
Protect your identity

Protect your computer and

stay up to date with software

People online are not always

who they say they are.
 Never use bad language or
SAFETY ON THE COMPUTER send mean message online

Do not open emails or

attachments from unknown

Do not send pictures of

yourself to strangers
 What is Internet Safety

■It refers to the online

security or safety of
people and their
information when
using internet.
 Never give personal information
INTERNET SAFETY RULES

Do not meet in person someone you met

online

Do not give password to anyone/Protect

yourself online
 Respect other people online
INTERNET SAFETY RULES

Never respond to email with inaapropriate

materials

Use a non-gender specific name

 Emotions

■ Emotions are emotional graphics-

visual ways to express the way you
feel.
■ Emotions are popular with text
messaging and on social media.
■ Comes from the word emotion and
icon.
 Acronyms

■ An acronyms is
an abbreviation
formed from the
initial
components in a
phrase or a word.
WEB DEVELOPMENT USING
HTML/ CSS
 WEB DEVELOPMENT USING HTML

Text box
title

image
table
Links

alignment Font color, FACE, size, Spacing (columns and rows) etc…
 HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language.

Is a set of tags used to create a webpage. This

is why WebPages are sometimes called HTML
documents. These HTML tags are used to
format the content you want to appear on your
WebPages as well as to connect one Webpage
to another through hyperlink
 Two sections of HTML Page

<html>
Head
Section <head>
<title> HTML WORKBOOK </title>
HTML
</head>
page

Body
<body>
Section
This is the body section of this HTML document
<b>This is a part of the body displayed in BOLD
</b>
</body>
</html>
 HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language.

Things needed in creating a Web

Browser – This is where the syntax or commands
coming from the notepad will be displayed.
HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language.

Notepad/ Notepad++ – This is where you place the different

commands or syntax of html coding.
WEB DEVELOPMENT USING HTML

How to Open a file from Notepad?

1. Click on the start button found on the taskbar
2. Select Program, then Accessories, then Notepad
How to Save a file in HTML?
• A filename must be followed by an extension name by
means of
.html
• Without adding .html on your file name the output will not
be converted into browser, which means you would not
see the outcome of the INPUT.
 WEB DEVELOPMENT USING HTML
Viewing through Notepad
1. While in notepad, click on File and select Open……option.
2. Select the driver or folder where you previously saved the
file
3. If the filename is not displayed, click on the Files of type
button then choose the All Files to display all the files.
4. If the file name displayed has the Internet Explorer icon, it
means you have usefully done it.
 WEB DEVELOPMENT USING HTML

Editing the Internet Explorer

1. Click on the View button
2. Choose the Source option/ View page source/Ctrl + U. The
program codes will be displayed in the Notepad screen.
3. Edit and resave the file
4. Restore the Internet Explorer screen or any browser.
5. Click on the Refresh button to view the current changes
 WEB DEVELOPMENT USING HTML

Editing in Notepad/Notepad++
1. Open and view the same document in Internet
Explorer
2. Open the same in Notepad
3. Edit your document in Notepad/Notepad++
then resave it
4. Restore the Internet Explorer screen
5. Click on the Refresh button to view the current
changes.
 Basic Elements of HTML
Title
Syntax <title> </title>
is the most important part of a Webpage.

Headings
Syntax <Hn> </Hn>
used to indicate the hierarchy of topics in a
document
 Basic Elements of HTML
Links – navigation from page to page and Web site
to Web site is done through hyperlinks defined by
the <a> tag.

Address
a tag used to indicate the name and e-mail address
of the owner of a page.
Syntax
<address> </address>
 Basic Elements of HTML
Paragraphs
Syntax <p> </p>
Used to start a new paragraph. It insert a nonprintable
character called new line before it displays the text found
within the tags.
Emphasis
Syntax <em> </em>
used to emphasize the words
 STRUCTURE OF HTML CODING

<html> - means the beginning of html document

</html> and end of html document.

<head> - serves as the heading name of the page

</head>

<title> - display at the title page where it indicates the

</title> name of the file that you are working on it…

<body>- displays the content (s), regardless if its an

</body> image, table, lines, links, text, radio, check
boxes, default button…etc..
INPUT FROM THE NOTEPAD

<html>
<head>hello</head>
<title>sample</title>
<body>
CONTENTS TO BE DISPLAYED, GOES HERE…..
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT FROM THE BROWSER
 PROPER POSITIONING OF TAGS
1. Tags are composed of a < and > symbols where the text that
binds between < and > is known as…source code or commands
2. These tags is divided into 2 parts: open tag and close tag
< > - open tag
< / > - close tag
3. Text that are in between open tag and close is known as
CONTENTS.
4. In reading a tag (s) using html coding, user should start at the left
side for the opening tag. While close should be read at the right side.
left right
<b><u><i>Welcome to Web Page Design</i></u></b>

L R L R
 PROPER POSITIONING OF TAGS

Wrong Positioning of commands

<b><u><i>Welcome to Web Page</b></u></i>

Correct Positioning of commands

<b><u><i>Welcome to Web Page</i></u></b>

Overlapping
 The Header Tag <Hn>
Size order Applications
H1 – the biggest size for main title and section headings
H2 - the second biggest for chapter titles and important
subheadings
H3 – the third biggest for sub-headings
H4 – the middle size for most paragraph text (default text
size)
H5 – the second smallest for less important text
H6 – the smallest size for less important text (avoid using
this size)
The Header Tag <Hn>
 Address element

The <address> use to supply contact

information about a person, company or
organization responsible creating the
documents the user is viewing.
 Blockquote element

The <blockquote> element

provide a long quotations from
the work or review of other
people.
 Center Element

The <center> element sets its

content centered horizontally inside
the web browser.
 Horizontal Elements/Line

The <hr/>horizontal elements insert a horizontal

line that divides contents. The <hr> elements has
no ending but instead must be closed with a
trailing slash</>.
Are oftentimes used in the web pages to serve as
decoration at time to separate text found in the
web page’s body.
 Attributes may apply to horizontal
rules/line

ALIGN = “LEFT” or “ RIGHT” or “ CENTER”-

positions the horizontal line according to the
specified alignment.
SIZE = number in pixels or percentage value
defines the horizontal rule’s thickness.
WIDTH = number in pixels or percentage value
specifies the width across the page of the
horizontal rule
NO SHADE = omits the 3-D effect of thr
horizontal rules.
COLOR = “ color” can add color in
horizontal rules/lines wheter it is an
RGB or Hexa color.
 Hexadecimal Notation (HEX)

For the combination of Red, Green and Blue color

values (RGB).
The lowest value that given to one of the light
sources is 0 and the highest value is 255.
HEX are specified as 3 pairs of two-digit numbers.
Black = #000000
Navy = #000080
Green = #008000
Spring green = #00FF7F
Blue = #0000FF
Lime = #00FF00
Aqua = #00FFFF
Beige = #F5FF5DC
Color Name

Red

Orange

Yellow

Cyan

Blue
Color HEX

#FF0000

#FFFF00

#00FF00

#00FFFF

#0000FF
Color HEX

#000000

#404040

#808080

#CCCCCC

#FFFFFF
 Defining an HTML Table

An HTML table is defined with the <table> tag.

Each table row is defined with the <tr> tag. A table
header is defined with the <th> tag. By default,
table headings are bold and centered. A table
data/cell is defined with the <td> tag.
 Table Element
Use the HTML <table> element to define a table
Use the HTML <tr> element to define a table row
Use the HTML <td> element to define a table data
Use the HTML <th> element to define a table heading
Use the HTML <caption> element to define a table
caption
Use the CSS border property to define a border
 Table Element
Use the CSS border-collapse property to collapse cell
borders
Use the CSS padding property to add padding to cells
Use the CSS text-align property to align cell text
Use the CSS border-spacing property to set the spacing
between cells
Use the colspan attribute to make a cell span many columns
Use the rowspan attribute to make a cell span many rows
Use the id attribute to uniquely define one table
 Table Element
<colgroup> and <col> tag pairs.To start, the
<colgroup> and </colgroup> tags group the
set of columns.
Within the tag pair, you place one or more
<col> or more</col> tag pairs that define the
column formatting.
 HTML List Element
An Unordered List:
◦ Item
◦ Item
◦ Item
◦ Item
Tag Description

<ul> Defines an unordered list

<ol> Defines an ordered list

<li> Defines a list item

<dl> Defines a description list

<dt> Defines a term in a description list

<dd> Describes the term in a description list

 An Ordered List:

◦First item
◦Second item
◦Third item
◦Fourth item
 Unordered HTML List

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag.

Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with bullets
(small black circles) by default:
Unordered HTML List - Choose List Item Marker

Value Description

Disc Sets the list item marker to a bullet

(default)

circle Sets the list item marker to a circle

square Sets the list item marker to a square

none The list items will not be marked

 Ordered HTML List

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag.

Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with
numbers by default:
Ordered HTML List - The Type Attribute

Type Description

type="1" The list items will be numbered with

numbers (default)

type="A" The list items will be numbered with

uppercase letters

type="a" The list items will be numbered with

lowercase letters

type="I" The list items will be numbered with

uppercase roman numbers

type="i" The list items will be numbered with

lowercase roman numbers
 HTML Description Lists
HTML also supports description lists.
A description list is a list of terms, with a
description of each term.
The <dl> tag defines the description list,
the <dt> tag defines the term (name), and
the <dd> tag describes each term:
 Nested HTML Lists
List can be nested (lists
inside lists):
 Horizontal Lists
HTML lists can be styled in many different
ways with CSS.
One popular way is to style a list horizontally,
to create a menu:
 Summary
Use the HTML <ul> element to define an unordered list
Use the CSS list-style-type property to define the list item
marker
Use the HTML <ol> element to define an ordered list
Use the HTML type attribute to define the numbering
type
Use the HTML <li> element to define a list item
Use the HTML <dl> element to define a description list
Use the HTML <dt> element to define the description term
Use the HTML <dd> element to describe the term in a
description list
Lists can be nested inside lists
List items can contain other HTML elements
Use the CSS property float:left or display:inline to display a list
horizontally
 Marquee Element

Marquee tags <marquee></marquee> tags

will scroll to the direction you have specified.
Behavior = “scroll”, “slide” and “alternate”
◦ Scrolls text repeatedly
◦ Slide, text and halts when it reaches the margin
◦ Alternate, moves text back and fort.
Direction= “left” or “right” specifies the
number of times the text will scroll on the
screen.
Loop = value or “infinite” specifies the
number of times the text will scroll on the
screen
Scrolldelay = value specifies the number of
milliseconds before the next scrolling action.
 WEB DEVELOPMENT USING HTML

<font></font> <body bgcolor=“n”>

<hr> <body background=“n”>
<br> <marquee behavior>
&nbsp; <marquee direction>
<hy> </hy> <em></em>
<ol></ol> <strong> </strong>….etc…
<ul></ul>
<img src=“filename (+) extension name”>
<add></add>
<cite></cite>
THE ANCHOR TAG AND NAME ATTRIBUTE

The name attribute is used to create a named anchor. When using named anchors
we can create links that can jump directly into a specific section on a page, instead
of letting the user scroll around to find what he/she is looking for.
Below is the syntax of a named anchor:

<a name="label">Text to be displayed</a>

The name attribute is used to create a named anchor. The name of the
anchor can be any text you care to use. The line below defines a named
anchor:

<a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>

You should notice that a named anchor is not displayed in a special way.
To link directly to the "tips" section, add a # sign and the name of the
anchor to the end of a URL, like this:
DIFFERENT TEXT & IMAGE EFFECT

The Emboss and Engrave Filters

Use the Emboss and Engrave filters to apply an embossed or
engraved texture to Web content. Neither of these filters relies on any
parameters, which means you can’t customize the filters in anyway.
Syntax:
<img src=“filename of the image (+) ext. name” alt=“Embossed”
style=“filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Emboss( )”>
-code shows how to apply the Emboss visual filter to an image.-
The Glow Filter
The Glow filter adds a glow effect around the outside edges of Web
content. The filters allows you to control the color and strength of the
glow effect using the Color and Strength parameters.
 DIFFERENT TEXT & IMAGE EFFECT

Syntax:

<p style="width:100%; font-size:20pt;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Glow

(Color=green, Strength=5)"> </p>

See example of Text and Image Effects

THE BLUR FILTER
-use to blur the appearance of Web content. Blur filter can be used in special situations to
add a unique feel to a page-.
-Use the Pixel Radius parameter to control the degree to which content is blurred by the
Blur filter.
-The pixel radius is the radius of the area around a pixel that is blurred. Therefore, the pixel
radius determines how blurry the Blur filter makes the content.
-The Pixel Radius parameter is specified as number of range 1.0 to 100.0. With 1.0
resulting in a tiny bit blur and 100.0 maxing out the blurring effect.
 DIFFERENT TEXT & IMAGE EFFECT

Syntax
<div style=“width:100%; font-size:24pt;
filter:progid:DXImageTransform.
Microsoft.Blur(Pixel Radius=3.0)”>Text </div>
 DIFFERENT TEXT & IMAGE EFFECT

THE BASIC IMAGE FILTER

-The basic Image filter is different from the previous visual filters you’ve
seen; it applies only to images.
-It supports different sub-effects, which are carried out using the following
parameters:
• Mirror – this parameter is used to reverse the appearance of an image,
and applied by setting it to 1; a value of 0 results in no mirroring.
Syntax
<img src=“filename (+)ext.name alt=“Mirrored”
style=“filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(Mirror=“1”)”>
• Rotation – this parameters allows you to rotate an image in 90 degrees
increments. The values 0,1,2 and 3 correspond to 0, 90, 180 and 270
degrees.
 DIFFERENT TEXT & IMAGE EFFECT

Syntax
<img src=“filename (+) ext. name” alt=“text” style=“filter:progid:
DXImageTransform.Microsoft. BasicImage (Rotation=“2”)”>
• Invert – this parameter to invert the colors in an image, resulting in a negative of
the image.
-Setting the Invert parameter to 1, or turn it off by setting it to 0.
Syntax
<img src=“filename (+) ext. name” alt=“text” style=“filter : progid:
DXImageTransform.Microsoft. BasicImage (Invert=“1”)”>
• XRay – this parameters create a version of an image that looks much like an x-
ray. The effect is somewhat like black and white version of the invert effect.
- Turn on the x-ray effect by setting the XRay parameter to 1, or turn it off by setting
it to 0.
 DIFFERENT TEXT & IMAGE EFFECT

Syntax
<img src=“filename (+) ext. name” alt=“text” style=“filter : progid:
DXImageTransform.Microsoft. BasicImage (XRay=1)”>
• Opacity – this parameter, changes the transparency of an image. By
default, all images are completely opaque.
-Use the opacity parameter in a range of 0.0 to 1.0, where 0.0 is
completely transparent and 1.0 is completely opaque.
Syntax
<img src=“filename (+) ext. name” alt=“text” style=“filter : progid:
DXImageTransform.Microsoft. BasicImage (Opacity=0.25)”>
 FRAMES

Frames
With frames, you can display more than one HTML document in the same
browser window. Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is
independent of the others.

The disadvantages of using frames are:

•The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents

•It is difficult to print the entire page

The Frameset Tag

The <frameset> tag defines how to divide the window into frames
Each frameset defines a set of rows or columns
The values of the rows/columns indicate the amount of screen area each
row/column will occupy
 FRAMES

The Frame Tag

The <frame> tag defines what HTML document to put into each frame
In the example below we have a frameset with two columns.
•The first column is set to 25% of the width of the browser window.
• The second column is set to 75% of the width of the browser window.
•The HTML document "frame_a.htm" is put into the first column,
•and the HTML document "frame_b.htm" is put into the second column:

<frameset cols=“a, b">

<frame name=“label” src="frame_a.htm">
<frame name=“label” src="frame_b.htm">
</frameset>
Note: name=“name” where name is a word that identifies the particular
frame’s use, like banner, index, or contents.
src=“content.html”>where content.html is the URL of the page that you want
to be displayed.
 DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRAMES

•Mixed frameset
This example demonstrates how to make a frameset with three documents,
and how to mix them in rows and columns.
Ex.
<html>
<frameset rows="50%,50%">
<frame name=“label” src="frame_a.htm">

<frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame name=“label” src="frame_b.htm">
<frame name=“label” src="frame_c.htm">
</frameset>
</frameset>
</html>
 DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRAMES

• Frameset with noresize="noresize"

This example demonstrates the noresize attribute. The frames are not
resizable. Move the mouse over the borders between the frames and notice
that you can not move the borders.

<html>
<frameset rows="50%,50%">
<frame noresize="noresize" src="frame_a.htm">
<frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame noresize="noresize" src="frame_b.htm">
<frame noresize="noresize" src="frame_c.htm">
</frameset>
</frameset>
</html>
FRAMES using iframe

<iframe src=“frame.url”, where frame url is the page

that should be initially displayed in the inline frame.
Note: Type name=“name” where name is a word that
identifies the particular frame’s use, like banner, index,
or contents.
Type width=“x” and height=“y”, where x and y
represent the width and height, respectively, of the
inline frame in pixels.
</iframe>
FRAMES using Scroll Bars

Syntax:
<frameset rows=“65,*,60”>
<frame name=“name” src=“source.html”
scrolling=“no”/>