A40B

Precision AC Current Shunt Set

Instruction Manual

July 2008 Rev. 2, 11/15

© 2008-2015 Fluke Corporation. All rights reserved. Specifications are subject to change without notice.
All product names are trademarks of their respective companies.
 LIMITED WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
Each Fluke product is warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship under normal use and
service. The warranty period is one year and begins on the date of shipment. Parts, product repairs, and
services are warranted for 90 days. This warranty extends only to the original buyer or end-user customer of
a Fluke authorized reseller, and does not apply to fuses, disposable batteries, or to any product which, in
Fluke's opinion, has been misused, altered, neglected, contaminated, or damaged by accident or abnormal
conditions of operation or handling. Fluke warrants that software will operate substantially in accordance
with its functional specifications for 90 days and that it has been properly recorded on non-defective media.
Fluke does not warrant that software will be error free or operate without interruption.
Fluke authorized resellers shall extend this warranty on new and unused products to end-user customers
only but have no authority to extend a greater or different warranty on behalf of Fluke. Warranty support is
available only if product is purchased through a Fluke authorized sales outlet or Buyer has paid the
applicable international price. Fluke reserves the right to invoice Buyer for importation costs of
repair/replacement parts when product purchased in one country is submitted for repair in another country.
Fluke's warranty obligation is limited, at Fluke's option, to refund of the purchase price, free of charge repair,
or replacement of a defective product which is returned to a Fluke authorized service center within the
warranty period.
To obtain warranty service, contact your nearest Fluke authorized service center to obtain return
authorization information, then send the product to that service center, with a description of the difficulty,
postage and insurance prepaid (FOB Destination). Fluke assumes no risk for damage in transit. Following
warranty repair, the product will be returned to Buyer, transportation prepaid (FOB Destination). If Fluke
determines that failure was caused by neglect, misuse, contamination, alteration, accident, or abnormal
condition of operation or handling, including overvoltage failures caused by use outside the product’s
specified rating, or normal wear and tear of mechanical components, Fluke will provide an estimate of repair
costs and obtain authorization before commencing the work. Following repair, the product will be returned to
the Buyer transportation prepaid and the Buyer will be billed for the repair and return transportation charges
(FOB Shipping Point).
THIS WARRANTY IS BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AND IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER
WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY
OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. FLUKE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE
FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSSES,
INCLUDING LOSS OF DATA, ARISING FROM ANY CAUSE OR THEORY.
Since some countries or states do not allow limitation of the term of an implied warranty, or exclusion or
limitation of incidental or consequential damages, the limitations and exclusions of this warranty may not
apply to every buyer. If any provision of this Warranty is held invalid or unenforceable by a court or other
decision-maker of competent jurisdiction, such holding will not affect the validity or enforceability of any other
provision.
Fluke Corporation Fluke Europe B.V.
P.O. Box 9090 P.O. Box 1186
Everett, WA 98206-9090 5602 BD Eindhoven
U.S.A. The Netherlands

11/99

To register your product online, visit http://register.fluke.com

 Table of Contents

Title Page

Introduction and Specifications ............................................................. 1

About the Manual .............................................................................. 1
Safety Information ............................................................................. 1
General Safety Summary .............................................................. 1
Symbols ......................................................................................... 3
Product Description ........................................................................... 4
Electrical Specifications ......................................................................... 5
Current Shunt Basic Specification ..................................................... 5
Resistance Specifications.................................................................. 6
Maximum AC-DC Difference at time of Manufacture ........................ 7
Maximum Overload Current .............................................................. 7
Typical Phase Displacement ............................................................. 7
General Specifications .......................................................................... 8
Dimensions (maximum) ..................................................................... 8
Physical/Mechanical Parameters ...................................................... 8
Operating Environment...................................................................... 8
Safety ................................................................................................ 8
Storage and Transit Environments (for models other than the
1 mA Current Shunt).......................................................................... 8
Additional 1 mA Current Shunt Specifications ................................... 8
Preparing for Operation ......................................................................... 9
Unpacking and Inspecting the Shunts ............................................... 9
Accessories ....................................................................................... 9
Table.............................................................................................. 9
How to Contact Fluke Calibration .......................................................... 10
Shipping Information.......................................................................... 10
Storage Information ........................................................................... 10
Acceptance Test ................................................................................ 10
General Maintenance/Cleaning ......................................................... 11
Operating Information ............................................................................ 11
Feature Descriptions ......................................................................... 11
Input/Output Connectors ................................................................... 13
Maximum Current .............................................................................. 14
Operating Environment...................................................................... 14
Correcting for Current Shunt Error Contributions .............................. 14
Output Voltage Measurement Using a Fluke Calibration 5790B ....... 15

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A40B
Instruction Manual

Output Voltage Measurement – Loading Effect................................. 15

Output Voltage Measurement Using a Fluke Calibration 5790A ....... 16
Output Voltage Measurement Using a Fluke Calibration 8508A ....... 17
Operating Instructions ........................................................................... 18
Introduction ........................................................................................ 18
Measuring Current ............................................................................. 18
Direct Read-out When Measuring Current ........................................ 20
Theory of Operation .............................................................................. 20
Coaxial Shunts .................................................................................. 21
Boxed Shunts .................................................................................... 22
Introduction ........................................................................................ 22
An Overview of Calibration Methods ................................................. 22
Potential Voltage Measurement Devices ....................................... 23
DC Considerations ........................................................................ 24
AC Considerations ......................................................................... 25
The Fluke Calibration Method ........................................................... 26
Recommended Tools and Equipment ........................................... 27
System Calibration for AC-DC Difference ..................................... 27
TVC Sensitivity Characterization ................................................... 28
UUT AC-DC Difference Measurement Sequence and
Calculations ................................................................................... 29
Current Source DC Noise .............................................................. 30
UUT DC Resistance Measurement ............................................... 30
Repair Procedures Including Disassembly and Reassembly ................ 31
Repair Limits...................................................................................... 31
List of Tools Required for Repair ....................................................... 32
End Plates and Guard Binding Post Replacement (Coaxial Shunts) 32
Input N-type Connector Replacement (Coaxial Shunts).................... 33
Output N-Type Connector Replacement (Coaxial Shunts)................ 35
Verification of Operation after Repair ................................................ 35
List of Replaceable Parts ...................................................................... 36

ii
 List of Tables

Table Title Page

1. Contents of the Current Shunt Set Packaging .......................................... 9

2. A40B Accessories ..................................................................................... 9
3. Features and Connectors .......................................................................... 13
4. Typical Loading Effect of a 5790B, 2.2 V Range ....................................... 15
5. Typical Loading Effect of a 5790A, 2.2 V Range ....................................... 16
6. Typical Loading Effect of an 8508A 2 V ACV Range ................................ 17
7. Estimating the Uncertainty of a 5790B Measurement ............................... 19
8. Sample Calculation of Measured Current ................................................. 20
9. Single Junction Thermal Voltage Converters ............................................ 23
10. Fluke Calibration 792A AC/DC Transfer Standard .................................... 23
11. Fluke Calibration 5790A/B Measurement Standard .................................. 24
12. Other Error Sources and Solutions ........................................................... 25
13. List of Recommended Equipment ............................................................. 27
14. Final Assembly .......................................................................................... 36

iii
A40B
Instruction Manual

iv
 List of Figures

Figure Title Page

1. Current Shunt Configurations .................................................................... 4

2. Features and Connectors .......................................................................... 12
3. Loading Effect of the Measurement Device .............................................. 16
4. Current Shunt - Simplified Electrical Diagram ........................................... 21
5. Circuit Using a Reference Shunt Resistor to Determine Source Current .. 22
6. Sources of Error in AC Measurements ...................................................... 25
7. The Fluke Calibration System ................................................................... 26
8. Calibrating Gain Difference ....................................................................... 27
9. Characterizing Sensitivity .......................................................................... 28
10. AC/DC Difference Sequence ..................................................................... 29
11. Exploded View of a Shunt ......................................................................... 33
12. N Type Input Current Connector ............................................................... 34
13. Output Voltage Connector ......................................................................... 35
14. Final Assembly – Typical Current Shunt from the Set ............................... 36

v
A40B
Instruction Manual

vi
Introduction and Specifications
About the Manual
This is the Instruction Manual for the A40B Precision AC Current Shunt Set
(hereafter referred to as the Current Shunt, Current Shunts, or Product). It
contains all of the information a Calibration Technician needs to operate and
maintain the Current Shunts. The manual is divided into the following sections:
• Introduction and Specifications
• Preparing for Operation
• Operation Instructions
• Theory of Operation
• Service Instructions
Safety Information
This section addresses safety considerations and describes symbols that may
appear either in this manual or on the Current Shunts.
A Warning identifies conditions and procedures that are dangerous to the user.
A Caution identifies conditions and procedures that can cause damage to the
Product or the equipment under test.
XW Warning
To prevent electrical shock, personal injury, or death, carefully
read the information under General Safety Summary before
attempting to install, use, or service the Current Shunts.
General Safety Summary
This manual contains information and warnings that must be observed to keep
the Current Shunts in a safe condition and ensure safe operation. Using or
servicing the Current Shunts in conditions other than as specified in the
Instruction Manual could compromise your safety.
To use the Current Shunts correctly and safely, read and follow the precautions
on the next few pages, as well as, the safety instructions or warnings given
throughout this manual. In addition, follow all generally accepted safety practices
and procedures when working with and around electricity.

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A40B
Instruction Manual

XW Warning
To prevent possible electrical shock, fire, or personal injury, or
death:
• Read all safety information before you use the Product.
• Use the Current Shunts only as specified in this manual.
• To avoid damage to eyes, skin, and the respiratory system,
do not significantly exceed the maximum current rating of
a shunt. Doing so may cause tracks on the printed circuit
boards to vaporize. (See Maximum Overload Current in the
Electrical Specifications.)
• Do not use the Product around explosive gas, vapor, or in
damp or wet environments.
• Examine the case before you use the Product. Look for
cracks or missing plastic. Carefully look at the insulation
around the terminals.
• Do not use the Product if it is damaged.
• Do not use the Product if it operates incorrectly.
• Do not use test leads if they are damaged. Examine the test
leads for damaged insulation and measure a known
voltage.
• Use Product-approved measurement category (CAT),
voltage, and amperage rated accessories (probes, test
leads, and adapters) for all measurements.
• Do not connect directly to mains.
• Limit operation to the specified measurement category,
voltage, or amperage ratings.
• Have the Current Shunts serviced only by qualified service
personnel.
• When servicing the Current Shunts, use only specified
replacement parts.
• Do not touch voltages > 30 V ac rms, 42 V ac peak, or 60 V
dc.
• Only use probes, test leads, and accessories that have the
same measurement category, voltage, and amperage
ratings as the Product.
• Do not put battery cells and battery packs near heat or fire.
Do not put in sunlight.
• Remove the batteries if the Product is not used for an
extended period of time, or if stored in temperatures above
50 °C. If the batteries are not removed, battery leakage can
damage the Product.

2
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Introduction and Specifications

• If batteries are removed from the Shunt, ensure they are re-
inserted with the correct polarity.
• Use only the battery charger provided to charge the 1 mA
active shunt.
• Always connect the Battery Charger / Power Adapter to the
AC outlet before connecting it to the shunt.
• When replacing the batteries, replace them all together.
Use only Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries.
• Do not operate the batteries together with other types of
batteries, or batteries with different charge levels.
• The batteries in the 1 mA Current Shunt are always
connected to the charging socket, even when the Current
Shunt is turned off.
Symbols
The following safety and electrical symbols may appear on the Current Shunt or
in this manual.
Symbol Description Symbol Description

W WARNING. RISK OF DANGER.  Consult user documentation.

WARNING. HAZARDOUS
X VOLTAGE. Risk of electric shock.  DC (Direct Current)

O Power Off setting  WARNING. HOT SURFACE. Risk of

burns.

I Power on setting  Earth

Conforms to European Union

P directives.  Chassis ground

This product complies with the WEEE

Directive marking requirements. The
affixed label indicates that you must not
discard this electrical/electronic product
in domestic household waste. Product
Category: With reference to the
~ equipment types in the WEEE Directive  Recycle
Annex I, this product is classed as
category 9 "Monitoring and Control
Instrumentation" product. Do not
dispose of this product as unsorted
municipal waste.

3
A40B
Instruction Manual

Product Description
The A40B Precision AC Current Shunt Set consists of 14 Current Shunts,
adapters, and a rugged transit/storage case. The Current Shunts are designed
for laboratory use in making AC-DC current measurements or absolute AC or DC
current measurements. They exhibit outstanding resistance value stability,
excellent self-heating power coefficient, and a low temperature coefficient. Five
configurations of Current Shunts comprise the set. They are as follows:
• One boxed active shunt 1 mA
• Three boxed passive shunts 10 mA, 20 mA 50 mA
• Five small size coaxial shunts 100 mA, 200 mA, 500 mA, 1 A, 2 A
• Three medium size coaxial shunts 5A, 10 A, 20 A
• Two large size coaxial shunts 50 A, 100 A
The physical construction and the components used in the Current Shunts
ensure that amplitude displacement (error relative to DC resistance) and phase
displacement at 100 kHz are small enough to be neglected in all but the highest
accuracy measurements.
Voltage output is nominally 0.8 V for full-scale current input. The sizes of the
current shunts vary depending on the current range. A few examples of the
different current shunts are shown in Figure 1.

t
Inpu

t
Inpu

Inpu
t
20 mA

1A 10 mA

1 mA

fim002.eps
Figure 1. Current Shunt Configurations

4
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Electrical Specifications

Electrical Specifications
Current Shunt Basic Specification
These devices are precision calibration reference standards. In order to attain the best performance of the product, the
end-user should develop an uncertainty analysis based on their particular use. The uncertainty analysis should include
stability of the device over time (usually much better than the specification), humidity and temperature effects for the
laboratory, measurement uncertainty of the calibrated value at DC and the uncertainty of the AC-DC difference correction

When the best performance of the product is not needed, the following table provides an approximate uncertainty stated
at k=2, approximately 95 % confidence for the calibrated value. The approximate uncertainty includes 1 year stability,
temperature effects over TCal ± 1 °C, and the measurement uncertainty of the calibrated value.

Nominal [1][2][3][5]
Shunt Nominal Basic Specification ±μA/A, TCal ±1 °C, ≤50 % RH
Resistance
Current (Ohms)
DC 1 kHz 10 kHz 30 kHz 100 kHz
[4]
1 mA 800 20 55 75 75 150
10 mA 80 20 26 26 26 26
20 mA 40 20 26 26 26 26
50 mA 16 20 23 23 23 23
100 mA 8 20 24 24 24 24
200 mA 4 20 26 26 26 26
500 mA 1.6 21 27 27 27 28
1A 0.8 21 27 28 28 31
2A 0.4 21 27 30 30 48
5A 0.16 21 31 32 40 71
10 A 0.08 26 37 60 61 92
20 A 0.04 26 43 52 70 113
50 A 0.016 32 55 80 81 144
100 A 0.008 35 65 90 98 174
[1] The measured current is determined from:
I = (V /Rcalibrated) × (1 + (AC-DCcalibrated / 1,000,000)); where AC-DCcalibrated is expressed in μA/A
[2] Above 1 kHz interpolate the specification (si) between frequences fupper and flower using:
si = slower + ( f i − f lower ) × ( supper − slower ) ÷ ( f upper − f lower )
[3] Add 20 μA/A if relative humidity is outside specification limits.
[4] 1 mA specifications apply with the battery charger disconnected.
[5] Specifications assume no loading effects due to the voltage-sensing device. See Output Voltage Measurement - Loading
Effects in the operating information.

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A40B
Instruction Manual

Resistance Specifications
Approximate
Maximum Uncertainty of
Power
Nominal Deviation Calibrated 12 Month Temperature
Shunt Nominal Coefficient
Resistance from Nominal Value at 95 % Stability Coefficient
Current [1][2] [2] Multiplier
(Ohms) Resistance Confidence (±μΩ/Ω) (±μΩ/Ω/ºC) [2][3]
[2] (±μΩ/Ω)
(±μΩ/Ω) (±μΩ/Ω) TCal
±1°C
1 mA 800 250 8.2 18 5 1

10 mA 80 250 6.8 18 2.5 1

20 mA 40 250 8.2 18 4.5 1

50 mA 16 250 8.3 18 4.5 1

100 mA 8 250 8.3 18 2.5 2

200 mA 4 250 8.6 18 3.5 4

500 mA 1.6 250 9.6 18 4.5 13

1A 0.8 250 9.3 18 4.5 26

2A 0.4 250 9.4 18 4.5 26

5A 0.16 250 9.9 18 4.5 30

10 A 0.08 250 15 18 4.5 65

20 A 0.04 250 14 18 4.5 78

50 A 0.016 250 24 18 4.5 105

100 A 0.008 250 28 18 4.5 105

[1] Stability specification combines long term change due to aging (permanent) and short term fluctuation due to humidity
changes when shunts are used and stored within specified humidity limits. Add 20 (±μΩ/Ω) if humidity is >50 % RH).
[2] Assume rectangular distribution when combining with other uncertainty contributions.
[3] Calibrated resistance values include the effects of power coefficient at the nominal current. For currents other than nominal,
apply an additional uncertainty for the power coefficient from:
  I Applied 
2

Adder = Power _ Coefficient _ Multiplier × 1 −   
  I No min al  

6
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set

Maximum AC-DC Difference at time of Manufacture

[1][2]
Shunt Nominal Maximum AC-DC Difference (±μA/A)
Current
1 kHz 10 kHz 30 kHz 100 kHz
[3]
1 mA 53 72 72 150
10 mA 20 20 20 40
20 mA 18 18 19 30
50 mA 13 13 14 25
100 mA 14 15 17 37
200 mA 17 17 18 35
500 mA 17 17 17 25
1A 17 19 19 23
2A 17 22 22 47
5A 23 24 34 69
10 A 28 55 58 110
20 A 37 51 80 170
50 A 47 75 79 180
100 A 60 90 120 300
[1] Specifications indicate the maximum flatness deviation from DC, and include both measured AC-DC difference and the
uncertainty of measurement. They are stated at k=2, approximately 95 % confidence.
[2] Includes 1-year stability of the AC-DC difference.
[3] Specifications for the 1 mA Current Shunt are for ambient temperature equal to TCal ±1 °C.

Maximum Overload Current

Maximum Maximum Maximum
Shunt Nominal Maximum Current Shunt Nominal
[1] Sustained Current <5 Sustained
Current <5 Seconds [2] Current [1] [2]
Current Seconds Current
[3]
1 mA 3 mA 2 mA 1A 3.9 A 1.3 A
10 mA 150 mA 20 mA 2A 5.5 A 2.2 A
20 mA 250 mA 40 mA 5A 17 A 5.5 A
50 mA 450 mA 100 mA 10 A 24 A 11 A
100 mA 1.2 A 200 mA 20 A 42 A 22 A
200 mA 1.7 A 400 mA 50 A 95 A 55 A
500 mA 2.7 A 1A 100 A 190 A 110 A
[1] Longer than 5 seconds may cause permanent damage to the shunt. The output voltage may be considerably higher than 0.8
V.
[2] Exceeding maximum sustained current may cause a resistance value step change.
[3] 1 mA shunt batteries should be fully charged to ensure performance at 2 mA.

Typical Phase Displacement

Typical Phase Displacement

Shunt Nominal Current 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz

1 mA to 200 mA < 0.001 ° < 0.006 ° < 0.060 °

500 mA to 2 A < 0.003 ° < 0.030 ° < 0.300 °

2 A to 20 A < 0.008 ° < 0.075 ° < 0.750 °

20 A to 100 A < 0.013 ° < 0.125 ° < 1.250 °

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A40B
Instruction Manual

General Specifications
Dimensions (maximum)
[1]
Height Width Overall Length
Shunt Value
mm (inches) mm (inches) mm (inches)
1 mA to 2 A 70 (2.75) 70 (2.75) 124 (4.9)
5 A to 20 A 130 (5) 130 (5) 210 (8.25)
50 A and 100 A 200 (7.9) 200 (7.9) 343 (13.5)
[1] Includes input and output connectors; subject to change by component vendor.

Physical/Mechanical Parameters
Weight (maximum)
Shunt Value Input Connector Output Connector
kg (lb)
1 mA to 20 A 0.7 (1.6) Type-N (female) Type-N (female)
50 A and 100 A 3.4 (7.5) Type-LC (female) Type-N (female)

Operating Environment
Temperature ....................................................... 13 °C to 33 °C
Calibration Temperature (TCal) Range............... 18 °C to 28 °C
[1][2]
Humidity Range for best specification ........... ≤50 % RH
Altitude ................................................................ 0 m to 3,000 m
[1] Resistance stability is affected by humidity, but changes are reversible.
[2] If the shunts are calibrated outside this RH, stability specifications will be met as long as the shunts are stored and used at the
same relative humidity ±10% RH.

Safety
General ............................................................... IEC 61010-1: Pollution Degree 2

Storage and Transit Environments (for models other than the 1 mA Current Shunt)
Temperature to avoid damage ............................ -20 °C to 140 °C
Temperature and Humidity to maintain
[1]
performance ................................................ 5 °C to 45 °C; 15% to 80 % RH
Non-operating Altitude ........................................ 0 m to 12,000 m
[1] Storage at extremes of temperature or humidity will cause a temporary change of shunt resistance by up to ±20 ppm. When
subsequently stored or used within the limits of the operating environment, the shunts will recover to their original resistance value
within 30 days.

Additional 1 mA Current Shunt Specifications

Battery Charger Specifications
Input .................................................................... 100 V to 240 V, 50 Hz / 60 Hz. Output 4.8 V dc to 12 V dc, 800 mA
Output Resistance ............................................. 8 mΩ
Maximum Safe Output Current .......................... 11 mA (e.g., 1 V output into 90 Ω )
Maximum Capacitive Load ................................ 800 pF
Output Voltage Regulation ................................. 15 ppm / 100 pF
Maximum Output DCV Offset ............................. ±100 μV (typical ± 25 μV)
Typical Error @ 1 MHz........................................ <2 %
Battery Specifications
Battery Size ................................................... AAA (44.5 x 10.5 mm)
Battery Technology ......................................... Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH)
Number of Batteries Required ........................ 8 (in 2 groups of 4)
Nominal Battery Voltage ................................. 1.2 V (4.8 V per group of 4)
Typical Battery Capacity ................................. 800 mAh
Storage and Transit Environment to preserve the batteries
Less Than 90 days ..................................... -20 °C to 40 °C
Less Than 1 year ........................................ -20 °C to 30 °C
Charging Time (from fully discharged) ........... 100 minutes

8
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Preparing for Operation

Maximum Operating Time Between Charges:

Maximum Output Load (11 mA) ................ 18 hours
High Impedance Load ............................... 24 hours
Recommended cooling period ....................... 100 minutes
To prevent loss of battery capacity recharge at least twice per year.

Preparing for Operation

This section of the manual describes how to unpack and prepare the Current
Shunts for operation.
Unpacking and Inspecting the Shunts
Note
The coaxial Current Shunts are robust when handled correctly by their
ends. Take care not to damage the horizontal struts of the coaxial shunts.
Upon receiving the Current Shunts from the carrier, carefully unpack and inspect
them for damage. If there is any sign of physical damage, notify the carrier
immediately.
As part of the inspection process, check the contents against the list shown in
Table 1. Report any shortages to the nearest Fluke Calibration Technical Service
Center. See How to Contact Fluke Calibration.
Save the container and any packing material for future use in storing or shipping
the Current Shunts

Table 1. Contents of the Current Shunt Set Packaging

Description Quantity
A40B-Case ............................................. Transit/storage case for the A40B Current Shunts 1
Packing List of Items ............................. Includes the serial number of the Current Shunts 1
Current Shunts 14
one boxed active shunt with battery charger ...... 1 mA
three boxed passive shunts ................................ 10 mA, 20 mA 50 mA
five small size coaxial shunts ............................. 100 mA, 200 mA, 500 mA, 1 A, 2 A
three medium size coaxial shunts ...................... 5A, 10 A, 20 A
two large size coaxial shunts .............................. 50 A, 100 A
Connector Adapters
A40B-ADAPT/LC ................................. LC Male to LC Male adapter 1
A40B-ADAPT/LCN ............................. LC Female to N Male inter-series adapter 1
A40B-LEAD/N ..................................... N Male to N Male lead 1
A40B-LEAD/4mm ................................ N to 4 mm double banana connector 2
Battery charger for 1 mA active shunt 1
CD containing the Instruction Manual (PDF) 1

Accessories
The LC and N adapters described in Table 2 are available as accessories:

Table 2. A40B Accessories

Accessory Description
A40B-CAL/LC High current adapter to connect two shunts in series for measurement (LC to LC)
A40B-CAL/N Low current adapter to connect two shunts in series for measurement (N to N)

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A40B
Instruction Manual

How to Contact Fluke Calibration

To contact Fluke Calibration, call one of the following telephone numbers:
• Technical Support USA: 1-877-355-3225
• Calibration/Repair USA: 1-877-355-3225
• Canada: 1-800-36-FLUKE (1-800-363-5853)
• Europe: +31-40-2675-200
• Japan: +81-3-6714-3114
• Singapore: +65-6799-5566
• China: +86-400-810-3435
• Brazil: +55-11-3759-7600
• Anywhere in the world: +1-425-446-6110

To see product information and download the latest manual supplements, visit Fluke
Calibration’s website at www.flukecal.com.
To register your product, visit http://flukecal.com/register-product.
Shipping Information
To prepare the Current Shunt Set for shipping, place them in the appropriate pre-
cut foam insert positions in the transit/storage case and secure the lid.
When shipping individual Current Shunts, completely enclose them within at least
5 cm (2 inches) of polyurethane foam cushioning and pack them in a crush-proof
container.
Storage Information
To prepare the Current Shunts for storage, place them in their transit/storage
case, and secure the lid. Then, store the container in a location that complies
with the environmental specifications described earlier in the General
Specifications. Storage outside these conditions may reduce the battery life of
the 1 mA shunt or cause a temporary change in the resistance of the Current
Shunts by up to ±20 ppm. When returned to an acceptable operating
environment, the Current Shunts will recover to their original resistance value
within 30 days.
Acceptance Test
Upon initial receipt of the Current Shunts, perform the following acceptance test
to ensure that they are functional:
1. Inspect the physical condition of the Current Shunts for obvious physical
damage, including connector damage as described under General
Maintenance/Cleaning. Repair any damage before proceeding.
Instructions for contacting Fluke Calibration are provided earlier in this
manual.
2. Functionally test each Current Shunt by applying the nominal current to its
input. At nominal current, the output voltage for each Current Shunt should
be approximately 0.8 volts.

10
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Operating Information

Note
Each Current Shunt produces 0.8 volts output for an input at nominal
operating current. The highest current shunts (10 A and above) get warm
when operating at full current. The 50 A and 100 A shunts may become
uncomfortable to touch; their operating temperature can be as high as
70 ºC (158 ºF).
General Maintenance/Cleaning
For General Cleaning, wipe the Carrying Case and Current Shunts with a damp
cloth and mild detergent. Do not use abrasives, isopropyl alcohol, or solvents.
W Caution
To prevent damage to the instrument:
• Do not use aromatic hydrocarbons or chlorinated solvents
for cleaning the Current Shunts.
• Do not spray liquid on or immerse the Current Shunts.
Other than calibration, the only maintenance the Current Shunts require is
inspection of the input and output connectors for wear or damage. The LC-type
input connectors of the 50 A and 100 A shunts are robust, but the N-type
connectors on the medium and small shunts are easily damaged by misuse or
mating with out-of-tolerance N-type male connectors. The center pins of male N-
type connectors are prone to moving, particularly when assembled onto cables. If
a center pin on an N-type connector protrudes too much, the female connector
on the shunt will be damaged by splaying the inner connector. If there is any
doubt about connector condition, gauge the connectors (see MIL-C-39012 for
details). Defective connectors can be replaced but it is recommended the work
be performed at a Fluke Calibration Service Center.

Operating Information
This section of the manual contains practical information the user needs to know
before and after making a current measurement. The material is intended to help
the user make high quality precision measurements.
Feature Descriptions
The features and connectors of the Current Shunts are shown in Figure 2 and
described in Table 3.

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Instruction Manual

Front Rear

3
4

Passive Shunt (100 mA)

Bottom 5 Top

Active Shunt (1 mA)

fim005.eps
Figure 2. Features and Connectors

12
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Operating Information

Table 3. Features and Connectors

Item Feature Description

Connector for applying current to the shunt. All of the

 Current Input Connector shunts use the N-type female connectors except the 50 A
and 100 A versions which use type LC female Connectors.

Connector for measuring voltage drop across the shunt.

 Voltage Output Connector
The output connectors are all N-type female.

Binding post terminal for making a guard connection to

 Guard Connection
Shunt Lo.

Low inductance connections carrying current to and from

 PCB Struts
the shunt resistors.

 Power on/off switch Switches power for the current Shunt on or off.

 LED indicators Green indicates power on. Red indicates low battery.

 Battery charger connector Input connector for the external battery charger.

Input/Output Connectors
XWWarning
To avoid skin burns and possible damage to the 50 A and 100 A
Current Shunts, make sure the current-carrying input
connectors are undamaged and fully tightened before applying
current to them.
The input connectors on the 50 A and 100 A shunts are of the LC-type. Under full
current conditions, the connectors will get hot to the touch. This is normal
because of contact resistance. If the connectors are not fully tightened, they will
get hot enough to burn skin and damage the shunt.
W Caution
To avoid pin damage to N-Type connectors on the Current
Shunts, make sure the male pin of a mating connector is in
tolerance and does not protrude.
All other coaxial connectors on the Current Shunts are 50 Ω, female, N-type.
These connectors are especially vulnerable to damage while being connected to
a male N-type connector. If the male connector is out-of-tolerance or its center
pin protrudes too far, it will splay the center pin of the female connector and lead
to a poor connection. If there is any doubt about the condition of the center pin in
a female N-type connector, gauge the connector (see MIL-C-39012 for details).
In extreme cases of connector damage, the connection resistance may be high
enough to prevent some current sources from driving the additional compliance
voltage, particularly at higher frequencies.
Another potential compliance voltage problem occurs when a Current Shunt is in
series with an inductance. The inductance can also burden current sources
beyond their capability. To help counter the effect, make sure the current
connections are coaxial and as short as possible.
A defective connector on a Current Shunt is replaceable. However, Fluke
Calibration recommends the work be done at a Fluke Calibration Service Center.

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A40B
Instruction Manual

Maximum Current
Each Current Shunt is marked at the input connector with its nominal (rated)
current. Similarly, markings at the voltage output connector indicate the nominal
voltage out for nominal current in. A table in the specifications section provides
maximum currents to maintain performance and to avoid irreversible damage.
XWWarning
To prevent possible electrical shock, fire, or personal injury do
not touch voltages >30 V ac rms, 42 V ac peak, or 60 V dc.
WWarning
To prevent personal injury, do not significantly exceed the
maximum overload current rating of a Current Shunt. Doing so
may cause traces on the printed circuit boards to vaporize. (See
Maximum Overload Current in the Electrical Specifications.)
W Caution
To avoid irreversible damage to the sense shunt resistors, do
not exceed the maximum sustained current for a Current Shunt
as shown earlier in the Electrical Specifications. (See Maximum
Overload Current.)
Operating Environment
The Current Shunts are designed to operate in a controlled environment such as
calibration and measurement laboratories. Temperature and humidity outside
specified storage and transit environment may affect their performance and, in
the extreme case, damage them.
The open coaxial shunts rely on natural convection for cooling. Adverse
performance will result if airflow is restricted.
Correcting for Current Shunt Error Contributions
The Current Shunts are designed for use with a voltage-measuring device to
measure current. When making a measurement, both instruments contribute
known measurement errors and usually require a measurement correction to
achieve the best accuracy. The Current Shunt can be used to directly measure
current without the need to make AC-DC difference comparisons to a DC current
reference. The Current Measurement Specifications table gives the specification
for a measurement where the calibrated DC resistance value and AC-DC
difference are corrected for and allowance is made for the shunt’s 12-month
stability.
Use the following formula to determine a measured current, I, from voltage, and
calibrated resistance (Rcalibrated) and AC-DC difference (AC-DCcalibrated) values:
Where: AC-DCcalibrated is expressed in ppm.

 V   AC - DC calibrated 
I =   × 1 + 
 R calibrated   1,000,000 
The formula above is based on the assumption that the voltmeter has infinite
input impedance at the frequency of interest.

14
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Operating Information

Output Voltage Measurement Using a Fluke Calibration 5790B

The typical input impedance of a 5790B (input 1 or 2) is a 10 MΩ in parallel with
100 pF. For lower-value shunts, the loading error is comparable with or exceeds
the shunt error when used to measure current directly.
Table 4 shows the loading effects of the 5790B on Current Shunts in the range of
the 1 mA to 200 mA.

Table 4. Typical Loading Effect of a 5790B, 2.2 V Range

DC 1 kHz 10 kHz 30 kHz 100 kHz

Current Loading Loading AC-DC Loading AC-DC Loading AC-DC Loading AC-DC
(mA) Error Error Diff. Error Diff. Error Diff. Error Diff.
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

1 0 0 0 -1 +1 -4 +3 -16 +11

10 -8 -8 0 -8 +2 -9 +10 -21 +49

20 -4 -4 0 -4 +1 -4 +5 -7 +23

50 -2 -2 0 -2 0 -2 +2 -2 +9

100 -1 -1 0 -1 0 -1 +1 -1 +4

200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +2

Note
The 5790B is optimized for use with the A40B shunts. For convenience,
these loading values are preprogrammed into the Loading Error tables
located in the shunt properties. Refer to the 5790B Operators Manual for
more information.
Output Voltage Measurement – Loading Effect
The published specifications for a Current Shunt represent its performance under
ideal conditions. In practical use, placing the input of the voltage measurement
device in parallel with the Current Shunt introduces an additional impedance
(loading effect) which will result in a measurement error. See Figure 3. The 1 mA
boxed Current Shunt has less than 8 mΩ output resistance, so resistive loading
effects are negligible. The capacitive loading effect is less than 15 ppm per
100 pF at 100 kHz. For the non-active Current Shunts, the loading effect
becomes more significant as the resistance value of the Current Shunt increases,
that is, as the nominal current value decreases. For the most accurate
measurements, the error due to this loading effect must be calculated and used
as a measurement correction.

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A40B
Instruction Manual

Z Connect

Shunt Resistor

Device Input Z
Current Voltage
Input output

Z Connect

feh004.eps
Figure 3. Loading Effect of the Measurement Device

Output Voltage Measurement Using a Fluke Calibration 5790A

The typical input impedance of a 5790A (input 1 or 2) is >10 MΩ (dc) in parallel
with 70 pF. The 10 MΩ in parallel with the shunt resistance has a small effect on
the lowest current value Current Shunts at DC. The 5790A impedance typically
decreases to approximately 1.5 MΩ in parallel with 70 pF at 100 kHz, and, at this
frequency, the loading effect is more pronounced. For the lower value shunts, the
loading error is comparable with or exceeds the shunt error when used to
measure current directly.
Table 5 shows the loading effect of the 5790A on Current Shunts in the range of
10 mA to 200 mA.

Table 5. Typical Loading Effect of a 5790A, 2.2 V Range

DC 1 kHz 10 kHz 30 kHz 100 kHz

Current Loading Loading AC-DC Loading AC-DC Loading AC-DC Loading AC-DC
(mA) Error Error Diff. Error Diff. Error Diff. Error Diff.
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
1 0 0 0 -1 +1 -3 +3 -11 +11
10 -6 -6 0 -8 +2 -16 +10 -56 +49
20 -3 -3 0 -4 +1 -8 +5 -26 +23
50 -1 -1 0 -2 0 -3 +2 -10 +9
100 -1 -1 0 -1 0 -2 +1 -5 +4
200 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -2 +2

16
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set

Output Voltage Measurement Using a Fluke Calibration 8508A

The input impedance of an 8508A on its DC function is >10 GΩ and the loading
effect for measuring DC current with any Current Shunt is negligible. The typical
AC function (DC coupled) low frequency input impedance of an 8508A is 1 MΩ in
parallel with 135 pF. The impedance reduces with frequency to typically 550 kΩ ||
135 pF at 100 kHz. For the lower-current Current Shunts, the loading error is
comparable with or exceeds the shunt error when used to measure current
directly.
Table 6 shows the loading effect of the 8508A on Current Shunts in the range of
1 mA to 1000 mA.

Table 6. Typical Loading Effect of an 8508A 2 V ACV Range

DC 1 kHz 10 kHz 30 kHz 100 kHz

Current Loading Loading AC-DC Loading AC-DC Loading AC-DC Loading AC-DC
(mA) Error Error Diff. Error Diff. Error Diff. Error Diff.
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

1 0 0 0 -2 +2 -6 +6 -20 +20

10 -80 -80 0 -82 +2 -92 +12 -172 +92

20 -40 -40 0 -41 +1 -45 +5 -80 +40

50 -16 -16 0 -16 0 -18 +2 -31 +15

100 -8 -8 0 -8 0 -9 +1 -15 +7

200 -4 -4 0 -4 0 -4 0 -8 +4

500 -2 -2 0 -2 0 -2 0 -3 +1

1000 -1 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0

Use the following formula correct for the loading effect:

Where: AC-DCcalibrated and Loading error are expressed in ppm.
 V   AC - DC calibrated   Loading error 
I =   × 1 +  × 1 − 
 R calibrated   1,000,000   1,000,000 

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A40B
Instruction Manual

Operating Instructions
XW Warning
To prevent possible electrical shock, fire, or personal injury,
remove circuit power before you connect the Product in the
circuit when you measure current. Connect the Product in
series with the circuit.
Introduction
This section of the manual describes how to measure both AC and DC current
using any one of the Current Shunts. The procedures are based on the
assumption that the user is familiar with the Operating Information and
Specifications presented earlier in this manual.
Measuring Current
Use the following procedure to measure current using one of the Current Shunts:
1. Analyze the circuit being tested and determine the following:
a. The approximate value of the current that flows in the circuit.
b. The frequency of the current to be measured (DC to 100 kHz).
2. Select a Current Shunt capable of safely handling the estimated current.
3. If using the 1 mA Current Shunt, switch it to On and verify that the battery low
(red) indicator is off. If the 1 mA Current Shunt has been charging, disconnect
the charger. The charging process creates heat in the battery so for the best
accuracy allows the shunt temperature to stabilize for 100 minutes after
charging completes.
4. Remove power from the circuit under test and connect the input of the
Current Shunt in series with the circuit.
5. Connect an appropriate voltage measuring device to the output of the Current
Shunt, and select the correct range. The output voltage of the Current Shunt
is proportional to the input current; 0.8 V for nominal rated current.
It is generally appropriate to set the measuring device to remote guard and
connect its guard terminal to the guard on the Current Shunt. Refer to the
measuring device documentation.
6. Apply current to the circuit and measure the resulting output voltage. This
output voltage is directly proportional to the current flowing in the circuit.
7. Use the voltage measurement and the Operating Information in the previous
section of this manual to accurately determine the current level.
Determine the current using the following formula:
Where: AC-DC calibrated and Loading error are expressed in ppm.

 V   AC - DC calibrated   Loading error 

I =   × 1 +  × 1 − 
 R calibrated   1,000,000   1,000,000 

18
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Operating Instructions

Example: Estimating the Uncertainty of a 5790B Measurement

The following example shows how to estimate the measurement uncertainty of a
calibration measurement (ambient temperature 23 °C). It illustrates one of the
performance verification tests for the Fluke Calibration 5730A calibrator.
Specifically it tests 200 mA at 1 kHz, as documented in the 5730A's full
verification procedure.
Source: Fluke Calibration 5730A – 200 mA output at 1 kHz.
Measurement Equipment: Fluke Calibration Current Shunt, 200 mA (calibrated
at 23 °C) and a Fluke Calibration 5790B.
Make the measurement and estimate the uncertainty using the information given
in Table 7. A sample calculation of Measured Current using arbitrary values is
shown in Table 8.
As described in the 5730A full verification procedure, evaluating the measured
current uses limits based on the specification at 200 mA, 1 kHz of ±135 ppm;
calculated by the 5730A's 1 year, 99 % confidence specification of ±(120 ppm of
output + 3 μA). As shown, the expanded measurement uncertainty is very
adequate to reliably confirm this level of performance.
Note
Cables in the measurement path can add error to the current measurement.
In the above example, cable error is not included in the analysis. To ensure
best performance, use either the A40B-Lead/4mm cable or A40B-Lead/N
cable.

Table 7. Estimating the Uncertainty of a 5790B Measurement

Value Value at Squared

Error Component Distribution Divisor
(ppm) k=1 Value

Standard deviation of measurement 5 normal 1 5 25

noise [1]
Shunt current measurement
26 normal 2 13 169
specification (95 %)
Shunt temperature coefficient 0 rectangular 1.73 0 0
Shunt power coefficient [2] 0 rectangular 1.73 0 0
5790B loading effect uncertainty [3] 1 normal 2 0.5 0.25
5790B specification (2.2 V range) 22 normal 2.58 8.53 72.71
Sum of squared value 266.96
Std uncertainty = square root of the sum 16.34
Expanded, rounded uncertainty in ppm (k = 2) 33
Expanded Uncertainty ±0.0000066 A

Notes:
[1] Value arbitrarily chosen for this example
[2] Power Coefficient = 0 as shunt is used at nominal current value
[3] Typical uncertainty at 1 kHz

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A40B
Instruction Manual

Table 8. Sample Calculation of Measured Current (Arbitrary Values)

Givens/Calculations Values Units

5790B reading 0.799977 V
Calibrated resistance value 3.999770 Ω
Uncorrected calculated 5730A current output (V/R) 0.2000058 A
Add A40B AC-DC difference error (ppm) +1 ppm
Subtract 5790B loading error (ppm) 0 ppm
Total measurement error +1 ppm
Corrected measurement result 0.2000060 A
Measurement uncertainty in Amperes ±0.0000066 A

Direct Read-out When Measuring Current

When using a Current Shunt with a meter that allows the displayed value to be
manipulated using math functions, the meter can be configured to give a direct
reading of current. For Example:
In the following scenario, a current source operating at a given frequency is
measured with a 100 mA Current Shunt and a Fluke Calibration 8508A.
Assumptions:
• Calibrated DC resistance of the Current Shunt (z) = 7.999600
• Calibrated AC-DC difference of the Current Shunt at this frequency = +7 ppm
• Loading effect at this frequency = -9 ppm
1. Combine the AC-DC difference and loading effect numbers:
Combined ppm errors = -(+7) -9 = -16 ppm
Note
AC-DC difference error is the amount the AC value would have to be
changed to make it the same as the DC value. To change this into a
frequency flatness error, reverse the sign.
2. Convert the combined ppm errors into a multiplier (m)

 − 16 
m = 1−   = 1.000016
 1,000,000 
3. Enter the z value (7.99960) into the z store of the 8508A
4. Enter the m value (1.000016) into the m store of the 8508
5. Activate divide by z and multiply by m on the 8508A
The 8508A now gives a direct reading of the current being measured.
To measure the same current level at a different frequency; calculate a new
value for m and enter the new value into the 8508A m store. The z value remains
the same.

Theory of Operation
The Current Shunts are ideally a pure resistance through which a current is
passed to develop a voltage. They are intended for precision AC-DC current
measurements in the range 1 mA to 100 A at frequencies DC to 100 kHz.
Inductance tends to make accurate measurement difficult as current and
frequency increases.

20
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Theory of Operation

Coaxial Shunts
The coaxial shunts are especially designed for low-inductance. The design is
similar to that developed by Mendeleyev Institute, St Petersburg. The key
components of the coaxial shunts are the printed circuit board (PCB) construction
and the precision resistive elements. The design provides several parallel current
paths (struts) each with its own resistive element. Each current path is
symmetrical to minimize mutual inductance. Resistive elements comprise 1 to 8
discrete high precision bulk foil resistors per strut depending on the current rating
of the Current Shunt.
Individual PCB struts, collected in a cylindrical construction to reduce external
magnetic fields, form the path through the shunt. Figure 4 shows the current path
through one of the strut/resistor elements.

A B C

Current Input Voltage Output

Connector - Inner Connector - Inner

Current Input
Connector - Outer Segment Top
Side Copper

Segment Bottom
Side Copper

Bulk Foil Resistor

feh006.png
Figure 4. Current Shunt - Simplified Electrical Diagram
The PCB designated A in Figure 4 is copper clad on both sides. PCBs B and C
are single sided. Current flows into the shunt through the input connector,
through one side of the PCB A, along one side of the struts to the resistor. The
current return is through the resistor and along the other side of the struts and
end PCB to the input connector. The voltage across the resistor is carried by the
strut to the dual PCB end (B and C in Figure 4) and to the output connector.

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A40B
Instruction Manual

The parallel current paths provided by the PCB struts and ends minimize mutual
inductance. Using numerous bulk foil resistors reduces skin effect in the resistive
element and provides excellent stability.
Boxed Shunts
With the exception of the 1 mA Current Shunt, the boxed Current Shunts are
electrically simpler than the coaxial versions. Inductance and self heating
become less of a problem so the resistive elements can be enclosed to reduce
external influences. The 1 mA Current Shunt includes a battery powered
amplifier to buffer the shunt resistance from loading effects.

Calibration
Introduction
This section of the manual describes the calibration of the Current Shunts. The
description is presented in two parts:
1. An overview/discussion of the considerations for calibration of Current
Shunts.
2. A description of the Fluke Calibration Method.
Neither of the descriptions contains detailed step by step procedures for
calibrating the Current Shunts. Rather, the descriptions are meant to provide a
foundation for the seasoned calibration technician to work with and use the Fluke
Calibration method of calibrating Current Shunts.
An Overview of Calibration Methods
Current Shunts can be used in AC-DC difference or absolute AC or DC
measurements. This requires that both AC flatness and DC resistance
performance are calibrated. Both AC and DC calibration involves passing a
known current through the device being calibrated (UUT) and measuring the
voltage output.
The calibration method for the Current Shunts is to transfer calibration against
reference shunts. This eliminates the need for a calibrated current source.
However, the source current must be stable and able to provide the necessary
voltage compliance levels. Figure 5 shows the basic configuration.

Rs V measurement
Ref
Std ZL
shunt

V measurement

UUT
ZL
shunt
V source

feh014.eps
Figure 5. Circuit Using a Reference Shunt Resistor to Determine Source Current

22
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Theory of Operation

Potential Voltage Measurement Devices

TVC
The system could use thermal voltage converters (TVC) in conjunction with a DC
voltmeter to measure the voltage output from a Current Shunt. The TVC
produces a dc output voltage proportional to the ac or dc voltage applied and is
intrinsically flat across the entire frequency range required for this application.
The TVC can only be used to compare two signals and does not provide an
absolute measurement; hence its main use is AC-DC difference measurements.
There are various forms of TVC; Table 9 lists advantages and disadvantages of
the simplest: the single junction TVC (SJTVC).

Table 9. Single Junction Thermal Voltage Converters

Advantage Disadvantage

Frequency flatness errors are generally very small. Slow to reach thermal stability

Input impedance is mainly resistive Low input resistance (90 Ω)

Maximum input voltage is 0.45 V. Appropriate

Very good output / input isolation. Negligible errors
series resistor is required to increase input
due to common-mode current
voltage capability

Square law response offers poor amplitude

linearity

Nanovoltmeter or potentiometer /null detector

required to resolve mV output levels

Susceptible to small changes in local

environment (draughts, heat source)

Fluke Calibration 792A AC-DC Transfer Standard

The Fluke Calibration 792A can be used to make AC-DC difference
measurements and has many advantages over the SJTVC. See Table 10. It
does, however, have one disadvantage that reduces its usefulness for this
application. Unlike the single junction TVC, the 792A is subject to common-mode
interference, particularly when used as the measurement device for the
Reference Standard shunt.

Table 10. Fluke Calibration 792A AC-DC Transfer Standard

Advantage Disadvantage

Frequency flatness errors are generally very small. Common-mode errors [1]

Solid state TVC with 2 V output. Requires DC voltmeter to resolve output

Faster to settle than SJTVC Input impedance varies with frequency

Smaller DC reversal error

Linear response

High input impedance

[1] Common-mode errors are the biggest source of error for mains powered devices.

23
A40B
Instruction Manual

DMM / Measurement Standard

The output voltage of the Current Shunts is nominally 0.8 V making them ideal
for use with instruments such as the Fluke Calibration 5790A/B and Fluke
Calibration 8508A. The obvious advantages of this type of instrument are fast
settling time and absolute measurement capability. See Table 11. The 5790A/B
provides AC-DC difference measurement capability although the Current Shunts
allow direct AC measurements with accuracy adequate for many applications.
Instruments like the Fluke Calibration 5790B and 8508A have math functions that
allow the resistance value of the Current Shunt to be entered into memory so that
the reading displayed is the measured current.

Table 11. Fluke Calibration 5790A/B Measurement Standard

Advantage Disadvantage

Fast settling Common-mode errors [1]

Absolute (not comparative) measurements Overall accuracy lower than TVC / DC meter

Fast readings Input impedance varies with frequency

Good accuracy over a wide bandwidth Frequency flatness errors must be corrected

No additional equipment required

Two inputs; ratio measurements

Very good linearity

Not as sensitive to local environment as TVC

Can do AC-DC difference transfer

[1] Common-mode errors are the biggest source of error for mains powered devices.

DC Considerations
Note that the impedance of the measuring device is in parallel with the shunt,
causing a loading effect. Generally, the loading becomes more significant as the
resistance value of the Current Shunt increases, that is, as the nominal current
value decreases.
Example
Assume the UUT is the 10 mA Current Shunt with a resistance of 80 Ω. The
measuring device across the UUT is a 0.8 V, 5 mA SJTVC. Its input impedance
is typically 160 Ω. The Reference Shunt is also a 10 mA Current Shunt, but its
voltage is measured with a Fluke Calibration 792A, 700 mV range – input
impedance more than 10 MΩ. The entire 10 mA current generated by the source
passes through the Reference Shunt. Because of the shunting effect of the
SJTVC, 6.7 mA flows in the UUT and 3.3 mA flows in the SJTVC; the UUT
Current Shunt is operating at 66 % of nominal value. This would be unacceptable
for an absolute level measurement of DC (or AC). However, for an AC-DC
difference measurement, half current has long been the norm as this is how
shunts are traditionally used. Table 12 lists other potential sources of error and
recommended solutions.

24
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Theory of Operation

Table 12. Other Error Sources and Solutions

Potential Error Source Solution

Is the current stable, i.e., the same for both measurements?

Is the loading effect of the measuring device the same for each
measurement? It will not be if the Reference Shunt and the UUT
have significantly different resistance values resulting in a change of
the current in the circuit between measurements. The value of the
source resistance (Rs in Figure 5) influences the magnitude of the Careful selection of equipment.
error.

How significant is the difference between different measurement

devices? Switching would allow the same device to measure both the
UUT and the Reference Shunt, but switch impedance repeatability
may introduce more problems than it solves.

All Current Shunts experience I2R self-heating to some extent. The Careful selection of equipment.
temperature coefficient of the Current Shunt causes a change in its Allow all elements in the system
resistance value. to stabilize at normal operating
temperature before
measurements are started.

How will DC zero errors be compensated? Take the average of positive and
negative DC measurements (DC
How will the measurement overcome thermal emf?
reversal).

AC Considerations
Most of the DC considerations also apply to AC measurements. Figure 6 shows
the measurement device input impedance as a resistance and capacitance to
indicate that impedance changes with frequency. The low input resistance value
of SJTVC (160 Ω) is beneficial in this respect; it swamps the capacitance.
Devices with active input circuits generally have high input resistance and
capacitance becomes more influential on frequency flatness. Tables 5, 6, and 7
provide typical values and errors for Fluke Calibration 5790A, 5790B, and 8508A.

I Gu
Rs Lo
Ref Std
Shunt
Hi

Zc

C Gu
Hi
UUT
Shunt
V Source
Lo Gu

C Gu

feh016.eps
Figure 6. Sources of Error in AC Measurements

25
A40B
Instruction Manual

Common-mode current can be very significant in Current Shunt measurements

especially when one or more of the voltage measuring devices is mains (line)
powered. The main cause of common-mode current is capacitance between the
measurement circuits and ground. Careful guarding can reduce, but not
eliminate, the effect. In Figure 6. Gu represents instrument guards and CGu the
capacitance to ground. Notice that CGu in the lower measurement circuit is
almost shorted out by the Gu / ground connections. The voltage drop caused by
connection impedances means that Gu in the lower circuit is not exactly at
ground and the difference changes with frequency. As a result, common-mode
current will cause small UUT measurement errors. Common-mode current errors
usually increase with frequency.
The errors caused by common-mode current in the Reference Standard
measurement circuit are potentially much greater. Zc in Figure 6 is the
impedance of the connection between the shunts. It can immediately be seen
that the Gu / ground potential difference in the upper circuit is higher so more
common-mode current flows in CGu of the Reference Standard measurement
circuit than in the UUT circuit. Note the connection of the detector in the upper
circuit. In this configuration CGu is driven by the source current reducing the effect
of common-mode errors associated with the Reference Standard shunt. The
voltage across the UUT, Zc and the Reference Standard will increase with
frequency because of inductance. This compounds the frequency dependence of
common-mode current errors. Careful design of this connection to minimize
inductance is essential.
Common-mode chokes are often used in the input of measuring devices to
reduce common-mode effects. However, care must be taken to avoid
resonances with CGu within the frequency range of interest.
The Fluke Calibration Method
This calibration method makes automated AC-DC difference and DC Resistance
measurements. See Figure 7. The voltage outputs from the reference and UUT
shunts are each detected with a 0.8 V, 5 mA SJTVC and a Keithley 2182A
nanovoltmeter. A single manual intervention during the calibration disconnects
the TVC assemblies and connects the shunt outputs to the nanovoltmeter
secondary inputs. A comparative measurement is made to calibrate resistance at
nominal current.

Clarke -Hess model 8100 I TVC assy

Rs R Keithley 2182A
Ref Std
Digital
Shunt SJTVC
Nanovoltmeter

TVC assy

R Keithley 2182A
UUT Digital
Fluke Shunt SJTVC
Nanovoltmeter
5730A

feh018.eps
Figure 7. The Fluke Calibration System
26
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Theory of Operation

The TVC assembly comprises a 5 mA SJTVC and a 70 Ω precision series

resistor to drop the 0.8 V output of the Reference Standard shunt to the 0.45 V
maximum of the SJTVC. The components of the TVC assembly are packed in
expanded polystyrene in a metal box to provide thermal stability. Construction is
coaxial. The TVC assembly input connector is an N-type plug (male) which
mates directly with the Reference Standard output connector.
Recommended Tools and Equipment
Table 13 provides a list of recommended equipment for using the Fluke
Calibration Method to calibrate the Current Shunts. When using substitutes for
the recommended models, make sure they meet or exceed the minimum use
specifications shown in the table.

Table 13. List of Recommended Equipment

Nomenclature Recommended Model Minimum Use Specifications

Multifunction Calibrator Fluke Calibration 5730A 0 to 10 volts, DC to 100 kHz

Transconductance Amplifier Clarke-Hess 8100 100 A, 100 kHz

Calibrated at a National Measurement

Precision AC Current Shunt Set A40B Institute or a Fluke Calibration Service
Center

A UHF, 5 mA Single Junction

thermocouple device or
thermal voltage convertor
TVC Assembly (two required) such as the Fluke Model 0.8V, 5 mA DC to 100 kHz
A55, Ballantine 1394A, or
Measuretech EL1200; A
70 Ω resistor.

Nanovoltmeter (two required) Keithley 2182A 10 mV DC, 1 nV resolution

System Calibration for AC-DC Difference

Periodic system calibration is required to compensate for the gain difference
between the two TVC assemblies. Figure 8 shows how this is achieved.

TVC assy

R Keithley 2182A
Fluke
SJTVC
Digital
5730A Nanovoltmeter 1

TVC assy

R Keithley 2182A
SJTVC
Digital
Nanovoltmeter 2

feh020.eps
Figure 8. Calibrating Gain Difference

The Fluke Calibration 5730A produces an output of 0.8 V. The relative AC-DC
difference of the SJTC assemblies is measured and applied as a correction.

27
A40B
Instruction Manual

TVC Sensitivity Characterization

The voltage output of a SJTVC output is proportional to the square of the applied
voltage. Thus the device is inherently non-linear and transresistance gain or
sensitivity changes with input current. Sensitivity characterization minimizes the
resulting errors by determining mean sensitivity in a narrow band ±500 ppm from
the nominal current. Sensitivity characterization is performed before UUT
calibration with the system configured as for UUT measurement (Figure 7).
Figure 9 shows the characterization sequence where:
Vin is the setting on the 5730A
Vin_1 = nominal + 500 ppm
Vin_2 = nominal - 500 ppm
Vin_3 = nominal + 500 ppm
Vout_1 , 2 and 3 are the voltages reported by the measuring devices.
The gain factor η is a measure of the sensitivity of the device used to measure
the output voltage

Start

Apply Nominal Vin_1

value + 500 ppm

Delay

Measure Vout Vout_1

Apply Nominal Vin_2

value - 500 ppm

Delay

Measure Vout Vout_2

Apply Nominal Vin_3

value + 500 ppm

Delay

Measure Vout Vout_3

End

feh022.eps
Figure 9. Characterizing Sensitivity

VOUT _ 1 + VOUT _ 3
−1
ΔVout (in ppm) 2 × VOUT _ 2
Gain factor η = =
ΔVin (in ppm ) VIN _ 1 + VIN _ 3
−1
2 ×V IN _ 2
The +500 ppm measurement is performed twice to counter drift in the
measurement.

28
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Theory of Operation

UUT AC-DC Difference Measurement Sequence and Calculations

In order to minimise the effects of drift, the measurement sequence is
symmetrical in the form AC1, +DC, -DC, AC2. The ±DC measurements cancel
thermal emf and zero offset. The two AC measurements compensate for drift
during the measurement. Figure 10 shows the sequence where:
VDCUUT = average of magnitude of VDC+UUT and VDC-UUT
VDCSTD = average of magnitude of VDC+STD and VDC-STD
VACUUT = average of VACUUT -1 and VACUUT -2
VACSTD = average of VASTDT -1 and VACSTD -2

Start

Apply AC signal
To overcome short term DC noise in the Clarke Hess 8100 the
output of the reference and UUT shunts are measured
Initial Delay simultaneously.

VACUUT_1
Simultaneous
measurement of
UUT and Std VACSTD_1

Apply DC+ signal

Delay

VDC+STD
Simultaneous
measurement of
UUT and Std VDC+UUT

Apply DC- signal VDCUUT

Delay VDCSTD

VDC-UUT VACUUT Calculations

Simultaneous
measurement of
UUT and Std VDC-STD VACSTD

Apply AC signal

Delay

VACUUT_2
Simultaneous
measurement of
UUT and Std VACSTD_2

End

feh024.eps
Figure 10. AC-DC Difference Sequence

29
A40B
Instruction Manual

The AC-DC difference of the UUT shunt in ppm is determined from:

(V ACSTD − VDCSTD ) * 10 6 (V ACUUT − VDCUUT ) * 10 6
δ UUT = δ STD + − + δ USTD:TVC − δ UUT :TVC
η STD × VDCSTD ηUUT × VDCUUT
Where:
δUUT = AC-DC Difference of UUT in ppm
δUUT:TVC = AC-DC Difference of UUT SJTVC at the test frequency in ppm
δSTD = AC-DC Difference of reference Shunt in ppm
δSTD:TVC = AC-DC Difference of STD SJTVC at the test frequency in ppm
VACSTD = Reference shunt voltage with AC current
VDCSTD = Reference shunt voltage, average of forward and reverse DC current
VACUUT = UUT shunt voltage with AC current
VDCUUT = UUT shunt voltage, average of forward and reverse DC current
ηUUT = Gain sensitivity of the UUT measurement system
ηSTD = Gain sensitivity of the Reference Standard measurement system
Current Source DC Noise
From some transconductance amplifiers, noise on DC can be problematic. The
Fluke Calibration system addresses this problem by triggering the two
nanovoltmeters at the same time so they integrate simultaneously to maximize
noise immunity.
UUT DC Resistance Measurement
The DC resistance of the UUT is determined by Ratio measurement against the
Reference Standard shunt. See Figure 7. The TVC assemblies are disconnected
and the outputs of the Reference Standard and UUT shunts are each connected
to the second input of their nanovoltmeter. DC reversal is employed to minimize
thermal emf and DC zero offset errors.

30
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Repair Procedures Including Disassembly and Reassembly

Repair Procedures Including Disassembly and Reassembly

XW Warning
For safe operation and maintenance of the product:
• Repair the Product before use if the battery leaks.
• Batteries contain hazardous chemicals that can cause burns
or explode. If exposure to chemicals occurs, clean with
water and get medical aid.
• Do not disassemble or crush battery cells and battery
packs.
• Do not put battery cells and battery packs near heat or fire.
Do not put in sunlight.
• Do not short the battery terminals together.
• Do not keep cells or batteries in a container where the
terminals can be shorted.
• Remove the input signals before you clean the Product.
• Use only specified replacement fuses.
• Remove circuit power before you connect the Product in the
circuit when you measure current. Connect the Product in
series with the circuit.
• Do not put metal objects into connectors.
Repair Limits
This section of the manual provides procedures for making minor repairs to the
Current Shunts. These procedures are limited to the following replaceable parts
as shown in Table 12 and Figure 14:
• Coaxial shunt guard Binding Post
• Coaxial shunt end plates
• N-Type Connectors
The N-type connectors of the 10 mA, 20 mA and 50 mA boxed Current Shunts
can be replaced after removing the cover plate on the underside, but it is
recommended the Current Shunts be returned to a Fluke Calibration Service
Center for repair. Other than battery replacement, do not attempt to service the
1 mA Current Shunt.
Replacement batteries for the 1 mA Current Shunt must be NiHM. See the
Battery Specifications earlier in the General Specification section of this manual.
A NiMH battery replacement kit is available from Fluke Calibration; see
Table 14. Read the Safety Information earlier in this manual before replacing the
batteries.
All other repair and/or parts replacement should be performed at a Fluke
Calibration Service Center. See How to Contact Fluke Calibration earlier in this
manual to find the location nearest you.

31
A40B
Instruction Manual

Note
A replacement procedure for the N-type connectors is included in this
manual. However, Fluke Calibration highly recommends having the work
performed at a Fluke Calibration Service Center.
The LC-type connectors (50 A and 100 A shunts) cannot be repaired or
replaced in the field. These connectors are very robust and do not need to
be replaced unless they are damaged or worn. (Excessive heat buildup
under load may indicate damage or wear.) If replacement of an LC
connector is necessary, have the work performed at a Fluke Calibration
Service Center.
List of Tools Required for Repair
A list of the tools required for disassembly, repair, and reassembly follows:
• 2.5 mm Allen wrench for Current Shunts rated at 20 A or less
• T25 Torx driver for Current Shunts rated at 50 A and 100 A
• 7 mm wrench (output end plate only)
• No. 10 Torx driver
• Magnetized slim line 5.5 mm wrench
• 50 W Soldering iron thin enough to work between the PCB struts
• Solder removal copper braid
• Solder suction tool
• T20 Torx driver for replacing the batteries in the 1 mA Current Shunt
End Plates and Guard Binding Post Replacement (Coaxial Shunts)
Note
The end plates have a small effect on the magnetic fields in the Current
Shunt and should always be in place during operation of the Current Shunt.
The magnetic effect increases with the current rating of the Current Shunt
and can change AC-DC difference by around 80 ppm at 100 A, 100 kHz.
Use the following procedure to replace the binding post and the Aluminum end
plates; see Figure 11.
1. To remove the binding post :
a. Remove the nut and washers from the back of the post  , and
b. Pull the post out and away from the end plate.
c. Catch and save the spacer  as the post is removed.
2. To remove the output end plate :
a. Remove the binding post as described in step 1.
b. Remove the four Allen head screws .
c. Pull the end plate off and away from the body of the Current Shunt.
3. To remove the input end plate :
a. Remove the four Allen head screws .
b. Pull the end plate off and away from the body of the Current Shunt.

32
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Repair Procedures Including Disassembly and Reassembly

To remount or replace the removed components, logically reverse the removal

procedure.

5 4x 7 4x
4
6

1
3

C 2 5 B A

feh008.eps
Figure 11. Exploded View of a Shunt

Input N-type Connector Replacement (Coaxial Shunts)

Use the following procedure to replace the type-N input connector:
1. Remove the input end plate (Figure 11-  ).
2. Remove the 3 mm screws, nuts and washers shown in Figure 11.
3. Using solder braid and the solder suction tool, remove the solder from the N-
type connector base plate/PCB joint.
4. Working between and taking care not to damage the PCB struts, melt the
solder attaching the N-type center pin from the back of PCB A and withdraw
the N-type connector. It may be necessary to repeat both solder removal
steps until both the base and the center pin are free.
5. Remove excess solder from the connector pad on PCB A.
6. Mount the new connector to the Current shunt with the original screws and
washers.
7. Position the nuts with the magnetized wrench and tighten the screws until
the connector is securely positioned. Do not fully tighten the screws as the N-
type connector may settle when residual solder melts.
8. Solder the N-type connector base to PCB B.
9. Working between the PCB struts, solder the center pin of N-type connector to
the back of the end PCB.
10. Fully tighten the 3 mm screws securing the connector.
11. Clean any flux residue from the soldered areas. Be careful not to get cleaning
fluids on the shunt resistors.
12. Replace the end plate.

33
A40B
Instruction Manual

feh010f.eps
Figure 12. N-Type Input Current Connector

34
 Precision AC Current Shunt Set
Repair Procedures Including Disassembly and Reassembly

Output N-Type Connector Replacement (Coaxial Shunts)

Use the following procedure to replace the N-type output connector:
1. Remove the output end plate (Figure 11-  ).
2. Remove the 3 mm screws, nuts and washers from the N-type connector.
3. Using solder braid and the solder suction tool, remove the solder from the N-
type connector base plate, PCB C.
4. The inner pin of the N-type connector is connected by 18 mm (0.71 inches) of
20 SWG tinned copper wire to PCB B. See Figure 13. Working between and
taking care not to damage the PCB struts, melt the solder attaching the wire
from the back of PCB B and withdraw the N-type connector. It may be
necessary to repeat both solder removal steps until both the base and the
center pin are free.
5. Remove excess solder from the connector pad on PCB B and C.
6. Mount the new connector to the Current Shunt with the original screws and
washers. Take care that the 20 SWD wire is correctly located through PCB B.
7. Position the nuts with the magnetized wrench and tighten the screws until the
connector is securely positioned. Do not fully tighten the screws as the N-
type connector may settle when residual solder melts.
8. Solder the N-type connector base to the end PCB. Then, working between
the PCB struts, solder the connector wire to PCB B.
9. Fully tighten the 3 mm screws securing the connector.
10. Clean any flux residue from the soldered areas taking care not to get
cleaning fluids on the shunt resistors.
11. Replace the end plate and binding post.
18 mm

feh012.eps
Figure 13. Output Voltage Connector

Verification of Operation after Repair

Apply limited input current within specifications of product and verify the correct
output.
Check to see that the ground connection is still connected to the chassis by
resistance measurement.

35
A40B
Instruction Manual

List of Replaceable Parts

User service is limited to replacing the parts identified in Figure 14 and listed in
Table 14. To order replacement parts refer to How to Contact Fluke Calibration
earlier in this manual.

H1

J3

H2

J2 J1

Figure 14. Final Assembly – Typical Current Shunt from the Set

Table 14. Final Assembly – Current Shunt Set

Fluke
Ref
Description Calibration Qty
Des
Part No.
End Plate, Front
100 mA Shunt 3275992 1
200 mA Shunt 3276007 1
500 mA Shunt 3276018 1
1 A Shunt 3276029 1
H1 2 A Shunt 3276034 1
5 A Shunt 3276041 1
10 A Shunt 3276052 1
20 A Shunt 3276065 1
50 A Shunt 3276076 1
100 A Shunt 3276083 1
End Plate, Rear
100 mA, 200 mA, 500 mA, 1 A, 2 A Shunts 3276090 1
H2
5A, 10 A, 20 A Shunts 3276104 1
50 A, 100 A Shunts 3276119 1
N-Type Connector, Female
J1, J2 (J2 on the 50 A and 100 A shunts use an LC-type connector, not 875435 2
replaceable in the field)
J3 Binding Post, Black (coaxial shunts) 3276128 1
-- Battery Charger for the 1 mA Current Shunt (not shown) 3359506 1
-- Replacement Battery Kit (not shown) 3359499 1
CD containing the manuals for the A40B Precision AC Current Shunt
-- 3356284 1
Set (not shown)

36