BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Module 1

INTRODUCTION TO
CHEMISTRY
GENERAL CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC)

ENGR. ABIGAEL D. RUBIANO

Department of Engineering and Architecture
GENERAL CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC)/MODULE 1
ENGR. ABIGAEL D. RUBIANO Page 0
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Module 1: Introduction to Chemistry

Module Description
This module discusses the basic concepts of chemistry, the states, properties,
and changes of matter, and the proper writing of element representation.

Objectives of the Module:

At the end of this module the students should be able to:
1. Explain the basic concepts of chemistry;
2. Differentiate states, properties, and changes of matter; and
3. Write the proper element representation.

CHEMISTRY
✓ “Central science”- important to many other sciences
✓ study of matter- its properties, the changes it undergoes, and the energy changes that
accompany those processes

1.1. MATTER
✓ anything that occupies space and has mass
1.1.1. States/Phases of Matter
A. Solids- do not change shape easily; do not
change
shape when placed in a container

B. Liquids- adapt to the shape of the container;

may
not fill the entire volume of the container

C. Gases- adapt to the shape of the container and container

expands to occupy the whole volume of the
States/Phases of Matter Source: Silberberg, 2009
GENERAL CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC)/MODULE 1
ENGR. ABIGAEL D. RUBIANO Page 1
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

1.1.2. Properties of Matter

A. Physical Properties- those which the substance shows by itself without interacting with
another substance
✓ e.g. density, color, length

B. Chemical Properties- those which the substance shows as it interacts with, transform
into, other substances
✓ e.g. reactivity, flammability

C. Extensive Properties- those affected with the amount of the substance

✓ e.g. mass, volume, energy

D. Intensive Properties- those not affected with the amount of substance

✓ e.g. temperature, density
NOTE:
• Volume is considered as extensive
➢ Illustrative Example: 500 mL glass of water
PROPERTY EXAMPLE
1.1.3. Changes in Matter
Physical Color Colorless property since when you add more water into the glass
the volume also increases (affected with the amount of
substance)
Chemical Flammability Non-flammable
• Density is considered intensive property since even you
add or remove water in the glass the density of water
Extensive Volume 500ml remains to be 1 g/ml (not affected with the amount of
substance)
Intensive Density 1 g/ml

A. Physical Change- occurs when substance alters its

physical form, not its composition (reversible
change and phase change)
✓ e.g. Melting of ice & crushing a can

B. Chemical Change- occurs when a substance

 undergo chemical reactions and is converted into a different substance (irreversible
change)
✓ e.g. burning of wood & rusting of metals

GENERAL CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC)/MODULE 1

ENGR. ABIGAEL D. RUBIANO Page 2
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

1.1.4. Components of Matter 1.1.5. Fundamental Particles

✓ Atoms- extremely small indivisible particles ✓ A. Electron (e-)- negatively charged (-1) particle -
Element- simplest type of substance discovered by Joseph John Thompson
- Consist of only one type of atom
- Cannot be broken down into simpler substances
by physical or chemical means
✓ Molecule- consist of 2 or more atoms that are
chemically bound together thus behaves as an Compone

independent unit nts of Matter

✓ Compound- composed of 2 or more elements
which are chemically combined ✓ Mixture-
group of 2 or more elements
and/or compounds that are physically
intermingled Source:
Parney’s Science Site

B. Proton (p, p+)- positively charged (+1) particle

- discovered by Ernest Rutherford
C. Neutron (n, n0)- no charge; neutral (0)
particle - discovered by James Chadwick

1.2. Element Representation

 X= Element
A= Mass number; A=Z+N
Z= atomic number
(# of protons in the nucleus)
N= number of neutrons in the nucleus

GENERAL CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC)/MODULE 1

ENGR. ABIGAEL D. RUBIANO Page 3
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

✓ Isotopes- atoms of the same element but with different number of neutrons (e.g. 1H, 2H, 3H)

1.3. Ions
✓ Ions- are species with net charge, its protons and
electrons are not equal
*atoms are considered electrically neutral, meaning that
the
number of protons and electrons present are equal.
✓ Monoatomic Ion- an ion derived from a single Anion and Cation Source: Get Body Smart
atom (e.g. sodium ion- Na+, chloride ion- Cl-)

✓ Polyatomic Ion- group of atoms that carry a charge(e.g. Ammonium- NH4+, Carbonate
CO32-)
✓ Anion- negatively charged ion; contains more electrons than protons (e.g. chloride ion- Cl-,
Carbonate- CO32-)
*In naming monoatomic anions, the names of the anion should end with -ide ✓ Cation-
positively charged ion; contains more protons than electrons (e.g. sodium ion- Na+,
Ammonium- NH4+)
*In naming monoatomic cations, simply add ion to the
name of the element

1.3.1.Difference of atoms and ions

A. Na- Sodium metal; Na+- component of table
salt

B. Cl2- yellowish green gas that can irritate the

lungs and can be toxic; Cl— - component of
 table
salt
Sodium (Na) metal (L); Chlorine (Cl)
gas (R)
Sources: Pixels, 2013; STEM
Connections, 2017

GENERAL CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC)/MODULE 1

ENGR. ABIGAEL D. RUBIANO Page 4
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

1.4. Chemical Bonding the array

1.4.1. Three Main Categories of Chemical

Bonds A. Ionic Bond- transfer of electron from
one species to another
- One substance loses an electron to become a
cation, while the other gains an electron to Ionic
become an anion
bonding of salt (NaCl) Source: Libretexts
- Formed between a metal and a non-metal
(Metals- lost e-; Non-metals- gain e-)

B. Covalent Bond- sharing of electron (e.g. H2O)

- Usually found between non-metals
- When 2 atoms of the same kind bond, neither of
Covalent bonding of water Source: Libretexts
them wants to lose or gain electron (e.g. Cl2)

C. Metallic Bond- atoms are also arranged in a

lattice but positively and negatively charged
species do not alternate Metallic Bonding

- There is a presence of positively charged core Source:VipPNG, 2019

and electrons that move around freely throughout
 Review Questions

I. Properties of Matter and Changes In Matter

A. Instruction: Determine whether the property is EXTENSIVE or
INTENSIVE. ____________1. Length
____________2. Boiling point
____________3. Freezing point

GENERAL CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC)/MODULE 1

ENGR. ABIGAEL D. RUBIANO Page 5
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

____________4. Weight
____________5. Color

B. Instruction: Determine whether the change is PHYSICAL or CHEMICAL.

____________1. Lighting of fireworks
____________2. Digestion of food
____________3. Freezing of water
____________4. Mixing of different sized marbles
____________5. Fermentation of milk

II. Element Representation

Instruction: Write the proper element representation of the
following: ____________1. Zinc (Zn) with 30 protons and 35
neutrons.
____________2. Antimony (Sb) with 51 protons and 71 neutrons.
____________3. Krypton (Kr) with atomic number=36 and mass number=84.
____________4. Rhodium (Rh) with an atomic number of 45 and has 58 neutrons.
____________5. Neon (Ne) with 10 protons and mass number=20.

Answers to Review Questions

I. Properties of Matter and Changes in Matter

A.1. Extensive; 2. Intensive; 3. Intensive; 4. Extensive; 5.
Intensive B. 1. Chemical; 2. Chemical; 3. Physical; 4. Physical; 5.
Chemical

II. Element Representation

1. 30���� 65
2. 51���� 122
3. 36���� 84
103
4. 45��ℎ
5. 10���� 20

GENERAL CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC)/MODULE 1

ENGR. ABIGAEL D. RUBIANO Page 6
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Assessment 1

I. Enumeration: Properties of Matter and Changes In Matter 1. Aside from those

mentioned in this module, enumerate three (3) intensive properties of matter.
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ 2.
Aside from those mentioned in this module, enumerate two (2) extensive properties of matter.
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ 3.
Aside from those mentioned in this module, enumerate three (3) chemical changes that can be
observed at home.
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ 4.
Aside from those mentioned in this module, enumerate two (2) physical changes that can be
observed at home.
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

II. Element Representation

____________1. Thallium (Tl) with 80 protons and 123 neutrons.

 ____________2. Gold (Au) with 79 protons and 118 neutrons.
____________3. Protactinium (Pa) with atomic number=91 and mass number=231.
____________4. Americium (Am) with an atomic number of 95 and has 148 neutrons.
____________5. Yttrium (Y) with 39 protons and mass number=89.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC)/MODULE 1

ENGR. ABIGAEL D. RUBIANO Page 7
BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

References

Get Body Smart. (n.d.). Ions- Cations and Anions. Retrieved from
https://www.getbodysmart.com/nervous-system/cations-anions
Libretexts. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://chem.libretexts.org
Parney’s Science Site. (n.d.). Elements, Compounds and Mixtures. Retrieved from
http://parneyssciencesite.weebly.com/elements-compounds-and-mixtures.html Pixels. (2013).
Tarnished Sodium Metal. Retrieved from https://pixels.com/featured/tarnished sodium-
metal-.html
Silberberg, M.S. (2009). Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change (5th ed.). New
York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Stem Connections. (2017). Three States of Matter. Retrieved from
http://stemconnections243.blogspot.com/2017/01/states-of-matter-we-are-starting
states.html
VipPNG. (2019). Metallic Circle Png - File - Metallic Bonding - Svg - Metallic Bond. Retrieved
from https://www.vippng.com/maxp/hwbRmio/
GENERAL CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC)/MODULE 1
ENGR. ABIGAEL D. RUBIANO Page 8