A. In each of the following, obtain the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants.

1. 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝐶 3. 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 1 + 𝐶𝑥
Solution: Solution:
𝑑 3 Isolate constant
(𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝐶)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑦 − 1 = 𝐶𝑥
2 2 ′
3𝑥 − 3(𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦) = 0
𝑥2𝑦 − 1
2 2 ′
3𝑥 − 3𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 0 =𝐶
𝑥
3𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦) = 0 Differentiate:
3𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦) 0 𝑑 𝑥2𝑦 − 1
= ( = 𝐶)
3𝑥 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥𝑦) − (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 1)(1)
𝑑𝑦 =0
But 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
Simplify: Multiply by 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥−𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 1 = 0
Multiply by 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥3 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 1) = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒚 + (𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
(𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

4. 𝑐𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦
2. 𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝐶
Solution:
Solution:
𝑑 Isolate the constant
(𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝐶)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦
=𝐶
𝑦 cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 ′ sin 𝑥 − (2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2 ) = 0 𝑦2

(sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 0 Differentiate:

But 𝑦 ′ =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥2 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 ( 2 = 𝐶)
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
(sin 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦) + 𝑦 cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 0 𝑦 2 (2𝑥 + 𝑦 ′ ) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦)(2𝑦𝑦 ′ ) = 0
𝑑𝑥
Multiply by 𝑑𝑥 Simplify: Divide by 𝑦

(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 + (𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 𝑦(2𝑥 + 𝑦 ′ ) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦)(2𝑦 ′ ) = 0

2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦′ − 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥𝑦 − (2𝑥 2 − 𝑦) =0
𝑑𝑥
𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙 − (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
5. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 + 1 8. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
Solution: Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative

Let: Let:

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 + 1 → 𝐸1 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 → 𝐸1
Differentiate: 𝑦 ′ = 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 → 𝐸2
𝑑 Multiply 𝐸1 by 3
(𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
3𝑦 = 3𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
′
𝑦 =𝑐 → 𝐸2
Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1
Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1
3𝑦 = 3𝐶1 + 𝑦 ′ → 𝐸3
′ (𝒚′ )𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚 + +𝟏
Differentiate 𝐸3

3𝑦 ′ = 𝑦′′
2
6. 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝒚′′ − 𝟑𝒚′ = 𝟎
Isolate the constant

𝑦2
= 4𝑎 9. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥
Differentiate Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative

𝑑 𝑦2 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 → 𝐸1
( = 4𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 → 𝐸2
𝑥(2𝑦𝑦 ′ ) − 𝑦 2 (1) 𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶 2 𝑒 −𝑥 → 𝐸3
=0
𝑥2
Subtract 𝐸1 to 𝐸3
Multiply by 𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶 2 𝑒 −𝑥 → 𝐸3
′ 2
2𝑥𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦 = 0
−(𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 ) → 𝐸1
Divide by 𝑦
𝒚′′ − 𝒚′ = 𝟎
′
2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 −𝑦 =0 10. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 → 𝐸1

7. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 → 𝐸2

Solution: Subtract 3𝐸1 to 𝐸2

Obtain the third derivative 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 → 𝐸2

𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 −(3𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 3𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ) → 𝐸1

𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑎 𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸3

𝒚′′′ = 𝟎
Differentiate 𝐸3 13. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥

𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ = 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸4 Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative

Subtract 2𝐸3 to 𝐸4 Divide by 𝑒 2𝑥

𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ = 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸4 𝑦
= 𝐶1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 3𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
−(2𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 − 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 ) → 𝐸3
𝑦𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝐶1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 3𝑥 → 𝐸1
′′ ′ 𝟐
𝒚 − 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔𝒚 = −𝟔𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐
1st Derivative

𝑦(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝑦 ′ 𝑒 −2𝑥 = −3𝐶1 sin 3𝑥 + 3𝐶2 cos 3𝑥

𝑥 𝑥
11. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒
(−2𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ )𝑒 −2𝑥 = −3𝐶1 sin 3𝑥 + 3𝐶2 cos 3𝑥 → 𝐸2
nd
Solution: Obtain 2 derivative
2nd Derivative
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 → 𝐸1
(−2𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ )(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′′ )
′ 𝑥 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 +𝑒 = −9𝐶1 cos 3𝑥 − 9𝐶2 sin 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝐸2 (−2𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ )(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′′ )
= −9(𝐶1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 3𝑥) → 𝐸3
substitute 𝐸1 to 𝐸2
Substitute 𝐸1 to 𝐸3
𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝐸3
(−2𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ )(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′′ ) = −9(𝑦𝑒 −2𝑥 )
Differentiate 𝐸3
′′ ′ 𝑥
Divide by 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝑒 → 𝐸4
(4𝑦 − 2𝑦 ′ ) + (−2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′′ ) = −9𝑦
Substitute 𝐸3 to 𝐸4
′′ ′
𝒚′′ − 𝟒𝒚′ + 𝟏𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑦 =𝑦 + (𝑦 ′ − 𝑦)
𝒚′′ − 𝟐𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟎
14. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥
Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative
12. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝐸1
Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝐸2
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸1
𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 → 𝐸3
′ 2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 )
𝑦 = 2𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵(2𝑥𝑒 +𝑒
Substitute 𝐸3 to 𝐸1
′ 2𝑥 2𝑥 ) 2𝑥
𝑦 = 2(𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒 → 𝐸2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝑦 ′′
Substitute 𝐸1 to 𝐸2
𝑦 − 𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶1 𝑥 → 𝐸4
′ 2𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑦 + 𝐵𝑒 → 𝐸3 Substitute 𝐸3 to 𝐸2
Differentiate 𝐸3 𝑦′ = 𝐶1 + 𝑦 ′′
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝐵𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸4 𝑦′ − 𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶1 → 𝐸5

Substitute 𝐸3 to 𝐸4 Substitute 𝐸5 to 𝐸4

𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑦 ′ + 2(𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦) 𝑦 − 𝑦 ′′ = (𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′′ )𝑥

𝒚′′ − 𝟒𝒚′ + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒚′′ − 𝒙𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟎

15. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 B. In each exercise, obtain the differential
equation of the family of plane curves
Solution: Obtain 2nd derivative
described.
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸1

𝑦 ′ = 2𝐶1 𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸2 1. Straight lines with slope and y – intercept

equal.
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝐶1 + 4𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 → 𝐸3
Substitute 𝐸1 to 𝐸2 Solution:

𝑦 ′ = 2𝐶1 𝑥 + 2(𝑦 − 𝐶1 𝑥 2 ) From: Slope-intercept form

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 → 𝐸1
𝑦 ′ = 2𝐶1 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝐶1 𝑥 2 Where: 𝑚 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 ; 𝑏 = 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2𝐶1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) But; 𝑏 = 𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦
= 2𝐶1 → 𝐸4 Differentiate:
𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑑
(𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚)
Substitute 𝐸1 to 𝐸3 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑚 → 𝐸2
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝐶1 + 4(𝑦 − 𝐶1 𝑥 2 )
Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝐶1 + 4𝑦 − 4𝐶1 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 = 2𝐶1 − 4𝐶1 𝑥 2 𝑦′ =
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 = 2𝐶1 (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 𝒚𝒅𝒙 − (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
= 2𝐶1 → 𝐸5
(1 − 2𝑥 2 )
Equate 𝐸4 and 𝐸5
2. Straight lines with slope and x – intercept
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 equal.
=
𝑥 − 𝑥2 (1 − 2𝑥 2 )
(𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦)(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) = (𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) Solution:

𝑦 ′ (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) − 2𝑦(1 − 2𝑥 2 ) = 𝑦 ′′ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 4𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) From: Point-slope form

0 = 𝑦′′ (𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) − 𝑦′ (1 − 2𝑥2 ) − 4𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + 2𝑦(1 − 2𝑥2 ) 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) → 𝐸1

@ 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 (𝑎, 0)
𝑦 ′′ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑦 ′ (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) − 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑎)
𝑦 ′′ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑦 ′ (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) − 4𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 0 But: 𝑎 = 𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑚)
𝒙𝒚′′ (𝟏 − 𝒙) − 𝒚′ (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝟐𝒚(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚2 → 𝐸1
Differentiate:
𝑦 ′ = 𝑚 → 𝐸2
Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 ′ − (𝑦 ′ )2
(𝒚′ )𝟐 = 𝒙𝒚′ − 𝒚
3. Straight lines with algebraic sum of the 5. Circles with fixed radius 𝑟 and tangent to the
intercepts fixed as 𝑘 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Solution:
Solution:
From the standard equation of circle:
From: slope-intercept form:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 → 𝐸1
If circles are tangent to 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑘 = 𝑟
Solving for 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 set 𝑦 = 0 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 ± 𝑟)2 = 𝑟 2 → 𝐸1
0 = 𝑚(𝑥) + 𝑏 Obtain the 1st derivative

0 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 2(𝑥 − ℎ) + 2(𝑦 ± 𝑟)𝑦 ′ = 0

𝑥 − ℎ + (𝑦 ± 𝑟)𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑏 ℎ = 𝑥 + (𝑦 ± 𝑟)𝑦 ′ → 𝐸2
𝑥=−
𝑚 Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1
but: [𝑥 − (𝑥 + (𝑦 ± 𝑟)𝑦 ′ )]2 + (𝑦 ± 𝑟)2 = 𝑟 2
[−(𝑦 ± 𝑟)𝑦 ′ ]2 + (𝑦 ± 𝑟)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑥+𝑦 =𝑘
(𝑦 ± 𝑟)2 (𝑦 ′ )2 + 𝑦 2 ± 2𝑟𝑦 + 𝑟 2 = 𝑟 2
𝑏 (𝒚 ± 𝒓)𝟐 (𝒚′ )𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ± 𝟐𝒓𝒚 = 𝟎
− +𝑏 =𝑘
𝑚
−𝑏 + 𝑏𝑚 = 𝑚𝑘 6. Circles tangent to the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Solution:
𝑚𝑘
𝑏= → 𝐸2 From the standard form of circle
𝑚−1 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1 If circle is tangent to 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑟 = 𝑘
𝑚𝑘 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2 → 𝐸1
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + → 𝐸3 Two arbitrary constants, obtain the 2nd
𝑚−1
Differentiate derivative:
𝑦′ = 𝑚 1st derivative
Substitute 𝑚 = 𝑦 to 𝐸3
′ 2(𝑥 − ℎ) + 2(𝑦 − 𝑘)𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑘𝑦 ′ 𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 𝑘𝑦 ′ = 0 → 𝐸2
′
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 + ′ 2nd derivative
𝑦 −1
(𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚)(𝒚 − 𝟏) + 𝒌𝒚′ = 𝟎
′ ′ 1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑘𝑦 ′′ = 0
1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2
𝑘= → 𝐸3
4. Circles with center on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑦′′
Substitute 𝐸3 to 𝐸2 and solve ℎ
𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 𝑘𝑦 ′ = 0
Solution:
ℎ = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 𝑘𝑦 ′
From the standard equation of circle: ′
1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 ′
ℎ = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − ( )𝑦
𝑦 ′′
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦′′ + (𝑦 ′ )3
ℎ = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 ′ − ( ) → 𝐸4
If center is at 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑘 = 0 𝑦 ′′
Substitute 𝐸4 to 𝐸1
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2
Obtain the 2nd derivative 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦′′ + (𝑦 ′ )3
2
′
[𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − ( ))] + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2
𝑦 ′′
2(𝑥 − ℎ)(1) + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑥 − ℎ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0 2
𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦′′ + (𝑦 ′ )3
[𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 ′ + ( )] + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2
𝟏 + 𝒚𝒚′′ + (𝒚′ )𝟐 = 𝟎 𝑦 ′′
 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦′′ + (𝑦 ′ )3
2
Isolate 𝑘:
[−𝑦𝑦 ′ + ( )] + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2 (𝑥 + 𝑘)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 2𝑘 2
𝑦 ′′
𝑥 2 + 2𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑘𝑦 + 𝑘 2 = 2𝑘 2
2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑘𝑦 − 2𝑘𝑥
−𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 ′ 𝑦′′ + (𝑦 ′ )3
[( )] + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑦 ′′ 2𝑘 =
𝑥−𝑦
2 Differentiate:
𝑦 ′ + (𝑦 ′ )3 (𝑥 − 𝑦)(2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ ) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(1 − 𝑦 ′ )
( ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑘 2 → 𝐸5 0=
𝑦 ′′ (𝑥 − 𝑦)2
Substitute 𝐸3 to 𝐸5
Multiply by (𝑥 − 𝑦)2
2 2 2
(
′
𝑦 + (𝑦 ′ )3
) + (𝑦 − (
1 + 𝑦𝑦 + ′′ (𝑦 ′ )2
)) = (
1 + 𝑦𝑦 + ′′ (𝑦 ′ )2
)
(𝑥 − 𝑦)(2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ ) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(1 − 𝑦 ′ ) = 0
𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 ′′ (2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ ) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ ) = 0
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ = 0
2 2 2
(
𝑦 + ′ (𝑦 ′ )3
) +(
′′
𝑦𝑦 − 1 − 𝑦𝑦 − ′′ (𝑦 ′ )2
) =(
1 + 𝑦𝑦 + ′′ (𝑦 ′ )2
)
(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) + (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 ′′ 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) + (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 ) =0
2 2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ + (𝑦 ′ )3 −1 − (𝑦 ′ )2 1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2
( ) + ( ) = ( ) (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 ′′ 𝑦 ′′

Multiply both side by (𝑦 ′′ )2

2
(𝑦 ′ + (𝑦 ′ )3 )2 + (−(1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 )) = (1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 )2
8. Parabola with vertex on the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, with
[𝑦 ′ (1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 )]2 + [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 = [1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 axis parallel to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, and with
(𝑦 ′ )2 [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 + [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 = [1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 distance from focus to vertex fixed as 𝑎.
On the left side factor out [1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 Solution:
[1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2 [(𝑦 ′ )2 + 1] = [1 + 𝑦𝑦 ′′ + (𝑦 ′ )2 ]2
Thus, From the standard equation of parabola:
[𝟏 + (𝒚′ )𝟐 ]𝟑 = [𝟏 + 𝒚𝒚′′ + (𝒚′ )𝟐 ]𝟐
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)

Vertex @ 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑘 = 0
7. Circles with center on the line 𝑦 = −𝑥, and
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎𝑦 → 𝐸1
passing through the origin.
Solution: Differentiate:
From the standard form of circle
2(𝑥 − ℎ) = 4𝑎𝑦′
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
If center on the line 𝑦 = −𝑥 and passing through (𝑥 − ℎ) = 2𝑎𝑦 ′ → 𝐸2
the origin, ℎ = −𝑘
Substitute 𝐸2 to 𝐸1
(2𝑎𝑦 ′ )2 = 4𝑎𝑦
From the graph a
4𝑎2 (𝑦 ′ )2 = 4𝑎𝑦
right triangle was
formed; 𝒂(𝒚′ )𝟐 = 𝒚

𝑟 𝑟 2 = 𝑘 2 + (−𝑘)2
𝑘
𝑟 2 = 2𝑘 2
−𝑘

(𝑥 + 𝑘)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 2𝑘 2
9. Parabolas with axis parallel to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
and with distance from vertex to focus fixed
as 𝑎.
Solution:

From the standard equation of parabola:

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘) → 𝐸1

Obtain 2nd Derivative

2(𝑥 − ℎ) = 4𝑎𝑦′
(𝑥 − ℎ) = 2𝑎𝑦 ′

𝟏 = 𝟐𝒂𝒚′′

10. Parabola with vertex and focus on the 𝑥 −

𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Solution:

From the standard equation of parabola:

(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) → 𝐸1

Vertex @𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 , 𝑘 = 0

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)

Obtain 2nd Derivative

2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 4𝑎
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎
𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′ = 0
′′

𝒚𝒚′′ + (𝒚′ )𝟐 = 𝟎