v4 ‘© The present perfect continuous, the future con- tinuous, the past perfect continuous and the future perfect continuous are not normally used In the passiv ‘© We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday speech when we talk about things that happen by accident or unexpectedly. e.g, Mary got run over by a car while she was Crossing the street. ‘Stonehenge was builtin prehistoric times. It was probably constructed as a place of worship. Many ofits stones have been stolen over the years. Itis visited by a lot of tourists every year. The passive is used: We orm the passive withthe verbto be and thepast _®) When the person who caries out the ation is participle ofthe main ver. uae unmpot piaihaly to be + past participle (pp) ‘Mrs Archer's ruby ring was stolen 6 The penne rms ore: om prune nt ga present simple amvis/are + pp Role Royce crs are ‘My car Is serviced twice a year. in Engl aura noon present contin anfefare bong + BP Seared itvea i beiog sowed no ioe pan ste Sanaseer ice eee icra cae ee pesicontinious washer belay + pe rece ny ae ‘My car was being serviced when | went obvious that the farmer pose ’ mae cone) present perfect simplnhave/nas been + BP thy ar has altedy been sored Past perfect simple: had been + pp b) when the action itself is more important than the ‘My car had been serviced by two o'clock. person who carries it out, as in news headlines, Ses ee NT loa comaper ses, trmal occ hetnisions advertisements, etc. ‘My car will be serviced tomorrow. future perfect simple: will have been + pp ‘My car will have been serviced by Monday. Two teenagers were resent infinitive: (to) be + pp seriously injured in a My car needs to be serviced soon. car accident lastnight. Perfect infinitive: (to) have been + pp ‘My car should have been serviced last month -ing form: being + pp ‘€) when we want to make statements more polite. insist on my car being serviced today. e.g. My new blouse Is ruined. (more polite than modale: anda Gaon saying, You've ruined my new blouse.’ My car must be serviced before the trp Note: The passive is used more often in written English than in spoken English.a a What happens to a car when it is taken for a service? Look at the prompts and make sentences using the present simple passive, as in the example. the ol / change The oll Is changed, the brakes / test the fiters/ replace air [put /in the tyres the battery / check the lights / test broken parts / repair it/ take / fora test drive the radiator /fil/ with wa ‘Mr Sullivan, who is a director, is preparing 2 scene for his new film. Read the orders land respond using the present continuous passive, as in the example. ‘Move that scenery, please. t's being moved now, Mr Sullivan. Put those props in place, Call the actors, please. CCheck their costumes, Turn on the lights, please. Detective Maguire Is talking to a police officer ‘about a burglary which happened early yester- ‘day morning. In pairs, ask and answer ‘questions using the prompts below, as in the example. Have you dusted the house for fingerprints yet? the house / dust /for fingerprints yesterday Yes, the house was dusted for fingerprinte yesterday. Have you found any evidence yet? {piece of material find / this morning Have you interviewed the house owners yet? they / interview / last night Have you questioned the neighbours yet? they / question / this morning Have you arrested any suspects yet? two men / arrest / yesterday evening Have you interrogated the suspects yet? they / interrogate / last night Have you recovered the stolen goods yet? they / recover / this morning Have you written your report yet? it complete / an hour ago oe Helen and Chris moved house two years ago. Yesterday, they drove past their old house and ‘saw that it looked very different. Describe the outside walls / paint The outside walls have been painted. new windows / put in a garden pond / make the trees / cut down a lot of flowers / plant the old gate / replace ‘Ayyoung actress is hoping to star in a new film. Her friend is asking her what is going to hap- pen. Respond to her questions using the Passive infinitive, as In the example. Will they audition you for the new film? Well, | hope to be auditioned. Will they give you a leading role? Will they pay you a lot of money? Will they send you to Hollywood? Will they introduce you to all the stars? Will they ask you to give a TV interview? Will they give you an award? Put the verbs in brackets Into the correct passhve tense. Who looks after your garden for you? a B: tt_.Ie looked after... look after) by my brother. ‘A: That's a beautitul dress. Where did you buy it? B: Actually, it (make) for me by my aunt ‘A: Have you typed that letter yet, Miss Brown? Bit (type) right now. st ‘A: Did you make the coffee when you got to work this moming? B: No, it {alreadyimake) by the time | got there. A: Ae you going to pick up the children today? B: No, they (ick up) by Roger. I've already arranges it. ‘A: Where is your watch? B: I broke it It (repair) at the moment ‘A: Has the new furniture for my bedroom arrived? B: No, it (otideliver) yet. A: They are building a new sports centre in town, B: Iknow. It (open) by the mayor next month, rhsive Changing from active into passive 76 To change a sentence from the active into the passive: 48) The object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence. ') The active verb remains in the same tense, but changes into a passive form. ©) The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, and is elther introduced with the preposition by or omitted. © Only transitive verbs (verbs followed by an object) can be changed into the passive. 2.9. active: Peter feeds the cows. (ransiive verb) passive: The cows are fed by Petr. They leave for work early every day. (The verb leave in this sentence is intransitive; that i, iis not followed by an object. The sentence cannot be changed into the passive.) ‘She wert the reports, present continuous ‘She Is writing the reports. past simple ‘She wrote the reports. ;past continuous ‘She was writing the reports. present perfect simple ‘She has wrlten the reports, past perfect simple ‘She had writen the reports. future simple She will write the reports. ‘The reports will be written, future pertect simple ‘She will have written the reports. | The reports will have been written. Infinitive She has to write the reports. ‘The reports have to be writen ‘modals (modal + be + pp) She may write the reports. ‘The reports may be written. @ We use by + agent to say who or what carries out the action. We use with + instrumentmaterial/ ingredient to say what the agent used. e.g. Akile was made by John. It was made with paper, paint and string. ‘© The agent is often omitted in the passive sentence when the subject of the active sentence is one of the {following words: people, one, someone/somebody, they, he, etc. ‘2,9. active: People eat alot of junk food nowadays. passive: 4 lot of junk food is eaten nowadays. ‘ Object pronouns (me, you, him, ete.) become subject pronouns (I, you, he, etc) in the passive. 2g. active: They rescued me. "passive: / was rescued. ‘© With verbs which take two objects such as bring, tell, send, show, teach, promise, buy, throw, write, ‘award, hand, sell, owe, grant, allow, feed, pass, post, read, take, offer, give, pay and lend, we can make two different passive sentences. However, it Is more usual for passive sentences to begin with the person. Jessica showed Rod some photos. a) Rod was shown some photos by Jessica. (more usual) ) Some photos were shown to Rod by Jessica.‘© When the verb of the active sentence is followed by a preposition, the preposition is kept in the passive sentence as well, e.g. active: Jane looks after the baby. ® When we want to find out who or what did something, then the passive question form is as follows: \Who/What ... by? €.g. Who was the camera invented by? What was the explosion caused by? Rewrite the sentences In the passive, where possible. 1. John opened the door. The door was opened by John. 2 They didn't come home late last night. It cannot be changed. 3. Their nanny takes them to the park every day. 4. Left very early yesterday afternoon, 5. Meg asked the policeman for directions. 6 Charles is moving house next month, 7. The letter arrived two days ago. '8 Sam took these photographs. @y ramrvecuin. 1. The lock was broken ...with... a hammer. 2 This book was written ‘my favourite author. 3. The cake was decorated 4 The tiger was shot 5 6 icing, gun, Claire was shouted at her teacher He was hit on the head ‘an umbrella, y rowte tm semancos in he passive 11 Someone is repairing the garden fence. The garden fence Is being repaired. 2 Do they teach Latin at this school? ‘8. I don't like people pointing at me. 4 She hit him on the head with a tennis racquet. Michael has made the preparations. 6 Is Tim cleaning the house? 7 Who built the Pyramids? 10 " 2 1% “ 15 16 ” 8 19 @>O> BF OE a> Passi The baby Is looked after by Jane. ‘The boss is going to give us a pay rise. | expect they will deliver my new car soon ‘The police are questioning the suspects. Did your next door neighbours see the thieves? Paul remembers his teacher asking him to star in the schoo! play. Alot of children use computers nowadays. Who smashed the kitchen window? ‘They won't have completed the work by the end of the month, The children will pst the leters, People make pancakes from flour, eggs and milk Had Helen closed the windows before she left the house? Jill hasn't done the housework yet. ‘They may not deliver the parcel today, Put the verbs In brackets Into the correct passive tense. Do you still work at Browns and Co? Yes, do. | 1) have been employed... (employ) by Mr Brown for five years now, you know. ‘Oh. Do you still enjoy it? Oh yes! 1 2) (give) a promotion last year and I'm very happy. ‘A promotion? So, what is your job now? 13) (make) Head of European Sales So, what do you do? Well, sometimes | 4) ‘other countries on business. | see. Do they pay you well? Well, 1) ‘expect | 6) Good for you! (send) to (ay) quite well and | (give) a pay rise soon.Personal / Impersonal Construction 78 The verbs think, believe, say, report, know, expect, consider, understand, etc. are used in the following Passive patterns in personal and impersonal con- structions. active: People say tat he has lost his jb. Passive: a) It is said (that) he has lost his job. (impersonal construction) ») He is said to have lost his ob, (personal construction) ‘active: People know that she works har. passive: 0) Its known (that) she works hard. 1) She is known to work hard. active: People think he left the country last night. passive: 0) It's thought (that) he left the county last right. 1) He is thought to have left tho country fast right. ‘Complete the sentences, as in the ‘example. 1. Itis expected that he will win the race tomorrow, He ...is expected to win the race tomorrow. 2 Its thought that the schoo! has good teachers. The schoo! 3. Itis said that she speaks seven languages. She 4 It is believed that the missing jewellery has been found, The missing jewellery 5 Itis thought that she is a talented pianist She 6 Iti said that the athletes train for eight hours every day. The athletes: 7. tis expected that the American team will break the world record. The American team 8 Itis known that she is hiding somewhere in the city She : 9 Itis reported that the world leaders have reached an agreement. ‘The world leaders 10 It is reported that the thieves have escaped from prison. The thieves 11 tis expected that they wil give her the prize. She CB, rewrite 10 sentences inthe pasate 1 Elle wll take the chien to schoo. The children will be taken to school by Elle. 2 He cut the grass withthe new lawnmower yesterday 3. Did they show the fie on the news? 4. Emma is showing them the photographs. 5 When did the wind blow down the tee? 6 Who has to sign these papers? 7. Amanda hates people staring at her. 18 She expects her boss to offer her a promotion. 9 He has to tidy his bedroom 10 Will you have completed the task by Friday evening? 114 Tey offered her a lit to work 12 Who teaches traditional dance at this schoo? 413. People often stuff turkeys with chestnut stuting 44 They awarded him a prize for his competion enty 418 - Will hey play the tennis match on an indoor cour? 16 Tom doesn't like people asking him personal ‘questions. 17 Everyone must learn the poem by heart 18 Jean hadn't cleaned the house by the time her hus- band arrived. 49 Who is going to welcome the guests? We cook all the meals, 21. Grandmother takes care ofthe children 22. Kate is choosing a new carpet at the moment. 23. Had Stuart washed the car before he went to the cinema? 24 Peter gave Jane a letter. 25 Who made all these cakes?e Make a passive sentence from the words Put the verbs in brackets into the correct @> in brackets. active or passive tense. ‘That's a beautiul picture, Yes. (It/ paint / my mother) it wae painted by my mother. Have they caught the thieves yet? Yes. (two men / arrest / yesterday) 3: Did you build the garage yourselves? B: No, (the garage / build / before we moved in) 4A: Why is Paul afraid of dogs? B: (he / bite / a dog / when he was a litle boy) 5 A: Sarah is very il B: (che /take /to hospital lastnight) Tea 1) 16 made... (ake) rom te leaves of he ea lat. fs, it) (se) as a medicine, wan ee = 6 A This room is a disgrace {oecrte) an everyday dink in the ed ceriy AD. B: (it not clean / for weeks) a a (pick rom the plant and they are spread onto a. | ‘doth They 8) (leave) there fr up to twenty hous. | 7A: Bid you know about your surprise party? fad teaver oled up they 6) treat | B: No. (t/ arrange In Secret) io smal pecs, Fay, the eaves 7) (tp. Te | aa "gai rn conan ard serio leet com- | 8A: Are you gong to dive to work today? wate (cl) o customers a ose haves, 5 ta B cant the car / not x! yet) tags and as ntartica.Tomakeea, we 10) A) ward 11) (pou) Rovere dry tain ateapot 9 A: Has Tom got a job? is 2) (eave) for tree to five minutes. We can B: No. (he / make redundant / last month) Tr tod i lemon or Suga. In Bran, was he custom 1 Seve fran te atemoons wih sandvictes and cles, TS custom %) (sr) by te Os of et a | eal over erevseenscoret neers opi KS OOOO Put the verbs in brackets into the correct active or passive tense. ‘A: Did you visit many places when you were on holiday? B: Well, on the first day we 1) ..vere taken... (take) on {a tour of the historic monuments by our guide. ‘A: Oh. Did you go everywhere with him? B: No, we also 2) {g0) to some places by ourselves. ‘A: How did you manage to travel to the other places? B: We 3) (advise) to hire a car, but we 4) (choose) to travel on public transport because itis much cheaper. ‘A: How did you know which buses and trains to catch, though? B Wes) (ask) at the tourist Information centre and we 6) (give) an excellent book which 7) (tellus everything we needed to know. A: So, you enjoyed it then? B: Oh, yes! We had a really great time! 79sive Rewrite the following passage in the passive. a Someone broke into the National Gallery late last night. The thieves nad broken the alarm system before they climbed through a window. They stole some priceless works of art. They used a getaway car to escape. The police have questioned some ‘suspects. They have not caught the thieves yet Rewrite the following passage In the passive. @& A few days ago, somebody stole Keith Dunn's sotor- bike. Keith had left his motorbike outside his house. Keith reported the theft to the police. The police told hin they would try to find his motorbike. This morning, the police called Keith and asked him to go to the police station. They had found his notorbike. The thieves had painted it and then sold It to soneone else, The new owner had parked the motorbike outside ‘the police station. The police arrested the thieves. Rewrite the following passage in the passive. Yesterday afternoon, a volcanic eruption destroyed an entire village. Mount Sirius, which experts thought was dormant, erupted at 3 pe. Tourists had seen smoke ri- sing from the mouth of the volcano two days before. The police moved the villagers away from the area for their own safety. Tons of lava and rock cane out of the vol. cano and wrecked houses, roads and trees. although the blast physically injured only a few people, doctors are treating many for shock. The authorities are keep ing the area surrounding Mount Sirlus clear in case of further activity BO), nowite me sentences inte passive 1. | made this omelette with onions and cheese. This omelette was made with onions and cheese. 2. Everyone considers her to be the best student in the class. 3. Mary wants someone to help her when she paints the house, 4 They will have built the new bridge by the end of the year. 5. People ask Eve questions about her job all the time, 6 The detective had collected all the information before he handed in his report. 7 Do people expect Jane to get a promotion this year? 8 Frank doesn't ike people teling him what todo. 9 They washed the car with soapy water 10 Who will make the speech tomorrow? 11, What did they decorate the streets with?Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Passive tense. Do you think Marst) ..wll be colonised. humans one day? The planet Mars 2) (know) as ‘the red planet’. The soil there is red and its surface 3) (cover) in volcanoes. Until recently, it 4) (believe) that nothing ‘could live on Mars, but during a recent space mission, tests 5) (carry out), and now it 6) (think) that life on Mars might be possible one day. During the space mission, special (colonise) by equipment 7) {use} to examine the planet. No form of life 8) (find) yet. and so far. the planet 9) (consider) Unsuitable for inhabitation. However, we 10) (tel) by scientists that, by 2020, humans (send) to Mars, and that one day, special cities 2) (build) so that we can lve there. it 13) (hope) that by 2150, Mars will be a wondertul place to le, Ia colony 14) (build) on Mars, would you like to live there? 1) By sowie ie sentences nthe passive 1. My sister told me the joke. Iwas told the joke by my eleter./The joke was told to me by my sister. 2. Has Chris sent those letters yet? 3. Mr Jones hates people giving him orders. 4 People hope that the President will ake control of the situation 5 My mother decorated this room. 6 What stung her? 7. Has Jane read that B00k yet? {8 We hope they will Send us an invitation too 9 They say that Richard has inherited a lat of money. 10 I can" stand people laughing at me. 11 Who is repairing John’s car? 12 Someone should tell Mary to stop being rude to people, @ crsre ne ere noe 1 10 1" 12 13 4 18 “Was Tom pleased with the newspaper article about bir? "No. He was angry because his name ...... wrong, A spelt B had been spelt C is spelt Did you buy that picture? ‘No, it to me for my birthday ‘A was given B gave Cis given ‘Are you going to buy a wedding dress? ‘No. My dress by my mother. A is being made B ismade —€ made “Have you arranged the party yet? ‘Yes. All the invitations ‘A are sent B have been sent € sent ‘So, have you had your book published?” "Yes. it in all bookshops from June 1st.” A willbe Bis Cis being ‘Do your cats eat a lot? ‘No. They ‘once a day, that's all. A isted Baeted Cted Paul is taking me to a ball this weekend, “would love toa ball! A take Btotake Ctobe taken ‘Did you hear about the burglary last week?” ‘Yes. The thieves ‘now, haven't they?” ‘A have been caught B caught C are caught ‘Can you swim?’ ‘Oh yes. 1 how to swim when | was five. A taught B amtaught — C was taught Doctors have to do a lot of work “Yes, but they well A bepaid —-Barepaid © pay ‘Where does that lady keep her jewellery? w ina safe somewhere in her house Ais kept B arekept —C was kept ‘What is happening over there? ‘Oh, anew cinema Ais being built B isbulk © was built How is Kevin?” ‘Well, his car last night, so he's upset today. A isstolen B has been stolen © was stolen ‘What should you do if you are lost?” ‘You should stay where you are and wait ‘A was found —B tofind © tobe found Have you got Claire's phone number? ‘Yes. it ‘on this piece of paper. Aiswritten 8 writen bewriten 8182 ive Put the verbs in brackets into the correct ee passive tense. 1m going to a party tonight. ..1vae invited... (invite) by my friend. 2. Tom didn't go to the meeting yesterday. It (cancel) 3 After (‘escue) from the river, the boys went to hospital 4 They (take) to hospital by ambulance, 5 Ihave a beautiful jumper which (knit) by my grandmother. 6 The new bridge (build) already. 7 The tables (set) betore the restaurant opens tonight, 8 Breakfast (serve) every day trom 7am to 10 am 9. This secret must not (reveal) to anyone. 10 He (consider) to be a very talented musician. 11 Tickets (sel) unti the day of the concert. 42. The instructions must (fotiow) very carefully Put the verbs in brackets into the correct active or passive tense. ‘A A burglary 1) was carried out... (carry out) in the high street yesterday morning. Two men 2) (enter) a jewellers shop and 3) (order) the assistant to hand over jewellery and money. The thieves 4) (escape) with jewellery worth £2,000, but 5). (arrest) later, as they 6) (try) to leave the country B Foods 4) (cause) when a river 2) {burt its banks. Ths can happen if there 3) (be) an unusual amount of rain, oF snow &) melt) and the river 8) (overtow). When a flood 6) (take pace), cxops 7) (estoy) and homes 8) (éamage) © Tony O'Connell 1) large company. Last year, he 2) (promote) to the position of manager. He 3) (give) a large office and a company (work) for a car. He now 4) (have) a secretary who 5) (answer) his calls, and he 6) (pay) a lot more money than before. He 7) (tee!) very happy ‘about his job now. D Dogs 1) (be) very loyal animals. They can 2) (keep) you company and 3) (protect) you. However, you {look after) your (take) for (feed) regulary. (find) that dogs are must 4) dog. They have to 5) Jong walks and 6) You may 7) ‘expensive pets, but they do 8) (make) great companions. Put the verbs In brackets Into the correct active or passive tense. 1. This tees very old. It..was planted... (plant) in the 49th century 2. This piece of music (2otiecord) yet. Ive just composed it 3 The thieves (steal) the jewellery from the safe yesterday. 4 We began work early, but we (Cottinish) unt late 5 Jenny {compain tothe manager about the faulty items at the moment 6 This photograph (take) by my gandiather when | was ive. 7 Don't touch the saucepan. You might (burn) yourselt 8 We (delay) because there was a lot of trafic this morning, 9 Not much (know) about this complicated subject, 10. I'm going home now because all the work (60). 11. The new nightclub council last week. 12. Jessica every day before work. 13. Jim's house is very modern. It (build) only two years ago. Don't stay up late tonight, or else you (close) by the (un) two kilometres “ (be) tired tomorrow. Make passive sentences using the prompts below. You can use any tense but you should introduce the agent @ wherever necessary. 9. Trousers are worn by both men and women, Trousers were first: worn by women In the ‘20s. 1 trousersiwear 6 gitotter 2 bills/pay 7 TV programme/show 3. computeriuse 8 curtainsiclean 4 thievesiarrest 9 cake/decorate 5 caridamage 10 tell offi 10 De Study these examples. The second sentence ‘similar meaning to the first sentence. Last Monday, we chose the new spokesman. was The new spokesman was chosen last Monday. Richard the Lionheart led the Crusaders in the ‘2th century by The Crusaders were led by Richard the| Lionheart in the 12th century They will fre you if you go on behaving lke this. get You will get fired it you go on behaving like ths. Sheila doesn't ike people interrupting her when ‘she is working. ‘being Shella doesn't like being interrupted when she is working Complete each sentence with two to five words, Including the word in bold. People say that a change is as good as a rest. be ‘Acchange ...|s said to be...as good as a rest ‘Sylvia is organising the wedding reception. by The wedding reception Sylvia ‘Tom needs someone to help him with his homework be Tom needs with his homework. Someone sent us an anonymous letter. were = We ‘an anonymous letter My father broke my mother’s glasses when he sat con them, got My mother's glasses when my father sat on them. Erica covered the sofa with an old sheet. was Thesofa an old sheet by Erica. Gina ikes the chautfeur driving her to work every day. being Gina to work every day by the chauffeur ‘Someone should inform the employees about the strike. be The employees. about the strike. ‘They will offer Mr Templer a more responsible post. to ‘A more responsible post Mr Templer. David hasn't signed the new contract yet been The new contract David yet 11 Is Tim producing a new film next year? produced Is anew fm Tim next year? 12 They expect Monica Smith to win the competition ‘expected Monica Smith the competition. GB), rewrite the sentence inthe atv. 1. The actor was paid £10,000 to make the commercial They paid the actor £10,000 to make the com- mercial. 2 Anew cinema is being builtin the city centre 3. Breakfast willbe served at eight in the morning 4 Aner best jewellery had been stolen by the burglar. 5 Alot of food was eaten at the party 6 An old shipwreck has been discovered by divers 7. She is going to be sent to Germany on business 18 The band's latest video was made in Prague. ® Designer clothes are sold inthis shop 10 The exam had been taken by all the children 11. The experiment was being done by the scientists 12. The exhibition will be opened by the mayor. 13. The Statue of Liberty was given to America by the French, 14 Chinese is spoken by more than one billion people. ‘There are seven unnecessary words In the text below. Cross them out. St Patrick's Hospital, which was been completed last week, is to be opened this aftemoon by the Minister (of Heath. The hospital it was built on the site ofthe old ‘Opera House and is then the largest hospital in the ‘county. The wards they are modem and spacious, and the building is filed by with the most up-to-date ‘equipment. The money for the hospital was been raised by charity organisations and the Minister did ‘congratulated them on their hard work. (eee onnve GR sDeaanaoomlona: AOR det hs Proud of sbisth worried about sbjsth sorry about sth warn sb of/about sbjsth sorry for doing sth reply to sbisth surprised atyby sth search for sb/sth Upset about sth smile at sb Q@ ~~~ \'m very worried aboutiwith failing my driving test Debbie was upset for/about not winning the prize. Chris was surprised about/at the cost of the meal ''m sorry aboutiby the misunderstanding, |'m sory forito breaking your favourite vase, Mum, She smiled to/at the postman as he passed by. Jerry's parents are very proud ofiwith him. They warned all ships foriof the coming storm Its polite to reply atito an invitation. | searched everywhere aboutfor my keys. go atter: 1) chase sbisth 2) aim for sth go infor: enter a competition, exam, etc. goon: 1) continue 2) happen {90 through: examine sth in detail go out: 1) to stop burning 2) to become less fashionable 1) explode, make a sudden noise 2) go bad. in the correct partic! @, « 1 They decided to go ..0".. walking even though they were tices. 2. I'matraid the milk has gone 3. The dog went the sheep, 4 Sam decided 10 go the poetry competition. 5 Wewatched the fire go «then went to bed. 6 The thieves went every desk in the office. 7 What is going here? 8 Long skirts went inthe 60's. 84 \ ReYsion Box Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Infinitive form or the -ing form. Carl decided 1) ...00 move... (move) to London. He hoped 2) (find) a job there. He looked forward to 3) (lve) in the city and imag- ined himself 4) (work) as a successful busi nnessman. He didn't expect 6) (have) any problems. After a month though, he regretted 6) (move) to London. He spent all day 7) (travel) to interviews, he couldn't get used to 8) (hear) so much noise all the time, and the pollution made him 9) (tee!) il Just when he thought there was no point in 10) (ty) any more, a company offered 11) (employ) him and agreed 12) (pay) him the salary he wanted CQ wren os ere ns pn 1 Paul signed for the parcel and took it inside, Having signed for the parcel, Paul took it inside. 2 Tony broke his leg while he was skiing, 3. The man who is carrying a black umbrella is my boss. 4 Because he was broke Peter borrowed some money from his friends, 5. The clothes which are kept inthe attic belong to my grandmother. 6 He was walking down the street and he was whistling a tune. 7 After they had made a guest lst, they sent out their wedding invitations. 8 Those children who are playing hockey are in my class. 9. Emily lost her passport while she was shopping. 10 Because she had missed the bus, she decided to take a tax\ Revision Box Put the verbs in brackets Into the correct tense. Dear Mum and Dad, You 1) ser U6 (neverques) what 2) | (happen) James 3) (ask me to mary him!“ Wea) on (0 out for dinne last ight, and Just We 8) sone have) our cofe, he 6 {bring out) a beautiful diamond ing. We 7) valk) about geting maried for along time, but twas sila surprise! Ofcourse, I agreed! sve plan) t0 get marie in the spring. (wear) a beautiful, long white dress and we ull have dhe bridesmalds who ull wear pink. James 10) (think) of taking me to Prague for our honeymoon, 'm sure you 11) (be) happy for me, and I can't wait ‘osee you and discus the wedding with you. We won't be abe to ‘come and vst you uni next month though. Sony. Meanie, rte and tell the rest ofthe family my wonderful news! 7 Love, Chloe Gy coors tne comect answer 1. “What are you doing tonight?” “1.6. tidy my bedroom. My mother told me to do it” A could Bhaveto —C can 2. "What do you want to do when you leave school? “Actually, hope avet A tobecome B become © becoming 3 "‘Where have you been? | haven't seen you for a while ‘Oh, | very hard recently.” ‘A amworking B have been working © work 4 Has Ciive just moved to the area?” ‘Yes, he has, but he about moving here for years, you know.” ‘A had been thinking © wil have been thinking 5 ‘Did you watch the late film on TV last night?” "Yes, but | twice before.” A already saw B was already seeing had already seen 6 “You're going on holiday soon, aren't you?” "Yes. This time next week, | coffee in Brazil ‘A. will be drinking B will drink Cam drinking B is thinking Uy ORAL Ou ‘Trevor Cole is a newsreader for a national television ‘station. Every day, he is given notes on all ofthe stories inthe news bulletin. Look at the prompts and make full sentences using the passive, as in the example. ‘2.9. Japan was hit by a big earthquake during the night. — > {1 Japan / ita big earthquake during the right - a | | few people / hurt help /aready send /Red Cross 4 a (2 Burley Bank /rob tis moring - £500,000 / steal $= two suspects / question / the potice J fs iteoe Edi ace ee | ridge / open - a dinner party / give /to honour the Royal party cs i 8 dlamond rng / rid / Mrs Mary iver / in a gar- | den yesterday -it/ lose / for twenty years 55 another gold medal / win /Brsh athete, Tery | Black, yesterday he / award the medal for break {ing the world record in the 100m race } (eens cnn tat mach canoe rato | + players / take / to hospital suffering from food poi soning - a new date for the match / set/ tomorrow 4 net UBLUIN G ‘Activity Look at your notes from the Oral Activity again and complete the news bulletin below. Japan was hit by a big earthquake during the night. 89t SS The children had breakfast with their parents before they left for school. Their mother will have cleaned the house by the time they come back © Time clauses are introduced with the following time conjunction: when - as - no sooner... than - while - before - the moment that - since - ater - hardly ... when - ti until by the time - whenever - as long as - as soon as, etc. ‘© Time clauses are subordinate clauses and usual- ly go with a main clause. When the time clause recedes the main clause, a comma is used. e.g, Alter I have cleaned my room, | will watch TV, aiid Pete hed an time clause etn main clause | will watch TV after | have cleaned my room, AEN Ln Cee YO ‘main clause time clause ‘© We never use future tenses after time conjunc tions; we use the present simple or the present perfect instead when we are talking about the future. 2.9. Sharon will give us the money after she gets paid, (NOT: after she-wit-get paid) ‘Sequence of Tenses © Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of tenses. That is, when the verb of the main clause Is in a present or future form, the verb of the time ‘clause is in a present form. When the verb of the ‘main clause isin a past form, the verb of the time clause Is ina past form too. present / future / * present simple or Imperative Present perfect He watches the news before he goes to bed. 1 tidy up after we finishihave finished cooking, Lock the door when you leave. past simple / + past simple or past perfect past perfect ‘She had a nap after she had tidied up. Jim had fallen asieep before Ann got home. clause in each sentence. Add a comma a Identify the main clause and the time where necessary. 1 Fllcall you as soon as | get home ET oer main clause time Clause 2 Belore you go out to play tidy your bedroom. 3. As we were walking in the park we watched the child ren playing. 4 We went shopping after we had finished work. 5. The children will stay at the party until their parents come to pick them up. 6 While you are watching TV you can iron the clothes, y encore ine corset tense. 11 When we go/'ll go shopping, I'l buy you something rice. 2 Donna started looking for a new job after she will pass/had passed the exam, 3 | always will wake upiwal clock goes of 4 When we go/went tothe party, we took a gift with us. 5 After | have finished my homework, | wateh/will watch a film on TV. 6 | will paintipainted the walls after | had covered all the furniture with old sheets, 7 The children are going to the park. They will have ‘some ice cream while they will be/are there. 8 No sooner had she left the building than the fre broke/breaks out 9 By the time Sam finishes/will finish work, it will be dark outside. 10 Joan stayed at the office until she has done/had done all her work, 114. Lusually read)will read a book before | go to sleep, ‘up when the alarm© before = betore a past time ‘2.9. Melissa started work last year. ‘She had graduated two years before. (= two years before last year) © ago = betore now 9. Peter graduated four years ago. by the time + clause = betore, not later than the ‘moment something happens 9. |wil have arranged everything by the time you come back. (= before, not later than the ‘moment you come back) © until + clause/time adverb = up to the time when 8.9. He will wat for you untill you are ready. ‘up to the time when you are ready) 1i1be away until Tuesday. (= up to Tuesday) by = not later than 9. have to be back by Tuesday evening. ‘not later than Tuesday evening) Note: not... untill = not .. before 9. will not sign anything untitilibetore | have talked to my lawyer, while/as + clause = in the time period eg. The earthquake occurred while/as they were sleeping © during + noun = In the time period e.g. The earthquake occurred during the night no sooner ... than = hardly .. when We use these structures to show that one action happened almost immediately after another action. 9. Sheila had no sooner finished reading the letter than she burst into tears. | had harally opened the door when the cat got out. ‘© as soon as = the moment (that) 9. Call me as soon asithe moment (that) you arrive. ‘ when (time conjunction) + present tense ‘when (question word) + will 9. When | se@ Tom, lt him know. (time conjunction) | don't know when he will be back (question word) In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example. ‘SA: When will they go home? ‘SB: When they finish thelr exam, they'll go home. 1 O2 ¢ ata 1 go homertinish exam 2 pay billiget to desk 3 go homeldo shopping 4 inform bossicheck data '5 be paidirepair washing machine 6 serve dinnerfinish cooking ‘Match the items In column A to those in column B to make correct sentences. He went to university) a until 'm ready? 2 Aer she ed passed ee her deiving test, 3 Mcall you © she bought anew car. eee eee after he lett schoo news, 5 They locked allthe «before they left eee 1 assoon as |artve 6 While he was sleeping, 7 Willyou wait forme 9 Somebody broke i. ©} ewsertin tne cect ora 1 Sam got married last year. His brother had got mar ried two years agoibefore. 2 The storm broke asiduring the climbers were run- ‘ing for shelter. 3 lexpect Samantha will have woken up bylunti nine o'clock, 4. Welllstay in the house untiibefore it stops snowing. By/Atter I've finished my work, I'l go out You are welcome to stay in my flat as Jong asias soon as you like, 8788 7 Call me the momentuntil you arrive back home. 8 Since/When you go to the shop, don't forget to ask for a receipt 9. He was singing a song duringiwhile he was waking. 10 The thieves had escaped by the time/by the police artived. 11. Turn off the ights before/as long as you go to bed. 12 He offered to help no sooneriwhenever | was in trouble. 13, Please call me as soon asitil you get the results, ‘Could you do the shopping for me, please? B: Certainly, but only after | ..inish/have finished. (finish) washing the car. Have a safe journey. B: Thanks. | (call) you as soon as | (arrive) home. id you wash the dishes before you lett? B: No, but! (wash) them when 1 (get) home tonight. How did you break your leg? BI (fall ast (0) down the stairs. Did James walk the dog? B: No. He says he (oy it when he (come) back. When will they announce their engagement? B: They won't announce it until they (set) a date for their wedding, When did you realise your wallet was missing? B: | realised it the moment | (open) my briefcase. Have you listened to your new CD yet? No, but | (listen) to it after H (tidy) the garage. a 1. Iwas listening to the radi ..Wier.. heard the news. 2 Sharon waited in the car Sam was filing the petrol tank. 3 Ihad finished my dinner my frend knocked at the door. 4 Ihave to do my homework go out 5. You can keep this book 6 Jack has been friends with Seb they were at school together. 7 She fell asleep 8 I can't pay the bills me my wages. Fill in the gaps with since, until, while, before, hardly... when, as soon as, when oF ‘as long as. you tke, she closed her eyes, my boss gives (rcs ‘Study these examples. The second sentence| has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 1. She left the house. Her mobile phone rang. Sooner She had no sooner left the house than her mobile phone rang, 2 You can't go out. You have to do your homework fst until’ You can't go out until you have done| your homework. before You can't go out before you have done| your homework, 3. We wil finish our homework before we go to the party. after We will go to the party after we finishy hhave finished our homework 4. Simon talked tothe teacher during the break. while Simon talked to the teacher while he was having a break '5. Rob had no sooner set out than the storm broke. hardly Rob had hardly set out when the storm broke. ‘Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. 1. We can't leave. We have to wait for the rain to stop fist until We.can'tleave .until the rain has. stopped 2 Jessica opened the door. The bird flew out of the cage. hardly — Jessica had the bird flew out of the cage. 3. They returned home. They realised that their house had been burgled. sooner They had no they realised that their house had been burgled. 4 As soon as he saw the police, he started running, moment He started running the police. 5 She collected some information before she called the agency. after She called the agency ‘some information 6 Helen had no sooner set the table than the quests, artved, hardly Helen had the guests aried, 7 Paul fell asieep during the flm. while Paul fell asleep the fm, 8 They will come home at seven o'clock. Mary will hhave cooked dinner by then. time Mary will have cooked dinner by home.Clauses of Result Forests are being destroyed. As a resuttTherefore/ Consequently a lot of animals are losing their homes. Clauses of result are used to express the result of something. They are introduced with: 80 so/such .. (that) - as a result - therefore - consequentlyias a consequence, etc. # 80 e.g. | was tred, $0! went to bed cary. ‘© such alan + adjective + singular countable noun 8g, Sho is such a nice gi (at) everybody tikes he. © such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun 9. They are such frlendly people (tal they make you feel welcome. ‘hws such hot weather that) we went swimming. © such a lot of + plural/uncountable noun ‘eg. They gave me such a lot of presents (that)! ‘couldn't carry them home. © 50 + adjective/adver 8g. She is 80 clever (that) everyone admires her, He runs so fast (that) no one can compete with i, so muchilitle + uncountable noun 0 manyitew + plural ‘eg. There was 50 much smoke in the room (at) | Couto’ breathe There were so many people on the bus (hat) we couldn't move. He has so few friends (that) he feels lonely at times. ‘She earns so litle money (tat) she can't ive ‘on her salary very easily 1 resultitherefore/consequently €.g. Certain species of animals are being killed for their fur, and asa resufttherefore/consequently they are becoming extinct. Certain species of animals are being kiled for their fur. As a resutt/Therefore/Consequently, they are becoming extinct. ° Why didn't you come to work last week? | had ...6uch a... bad cold that | stayed in bed all week ‘Are you going to John's party tonight? No, | have ‘much work to do that | can't go. {really lke that new shop in town. So do |, but it sels Clothes that I never buy anything, A: [don't want to go out tonight. B: Oh, but it's lovely evening that it would be a shame to stay at home. ‘A: | didn't enjoy that film lastnight. B: Neither did I. It was boring that | almost fell asleep. er or o> expensive Complete each sentence with two to five words, Including the word in bold. It was raining heavily. We stayed in 50 IRwasraining ..20 heavily that we... stayed We had a great time because the people atthe hotel were very fnendly. such They were people at the hotel that we had a great time. Jackie spent a lot of money last week, so she can't pay the rent now. much Jackie spent last week that she can't pay the rent now. Kate doesn't pay much attention to the way she ‘dresses, She looks untidy. so Kate pays tothe way she dresses that she looks untidy There was a lot of noise last night and | couldn't sleep. such There was last night that | couldn't sleep. ‘The party wasn'ta success because Jack invited very few people $0 Jack invited to the party that it wasn't a success. ‘The cake was delicious. We ate it all such twas that we ate i all. ‘The instructions were confusing. | couldn't understand them, such They were | couldn't understand them, ‘The weather was bad, We didn't enjoy our holiday, such Itwas we didn't enjoy our holiday, 89Clauses of Reason The air is becoming polluted because of factories. The air is becoming polluted due to the fact that there are a lot of factories. Clauses of reason are used to express the reason for ‘something. They are introduced with: as/since - because - the reason foriwhy - because offdue to, etc. ® asisince e.g. She took a taxi home as/since it was late. As/Since it was late, she took a taxi home. © because e.g. | went to bed early because | was tired. Because I was tied, | went to bed early. @ the reason for + nouni-ing form the reason why + clause e.g. The reason for her delay was (the fact) that ‘she had missed the train, The fact that she had missed the train was the reason for her being delayed. The reason why she was delayed was (the fact) that she had missed the train, ‘@ because of/due to + noun because of/due to the fact that + clause e.g. They came home late because of the traffic. They came home late due to the trattlc. ‘She was promoted because of the fact that ‘she works hard. ‘She was promoted due to the fact that she works hard. Rewrite the sentences using the word{s) in brackets. 1. He wore a jacket because it was cold. (since) Since it wae cold, he wore a jacket. 2 She won the competition, so she was happy. (due to) 90 10 ‘There was a lot of noise, so she couldn't concen: trate. (because) He was new to the area, and therefore he didn't know anyone. (as) She missed the bus, 50 she was late for the ‘meeting. (the reason for) He worked hard, and as a result he passed the ‘exams with excellent grades. (because of) is best shit was dity, therefore he couldn't wear it to the party. (the reason why) Complete each sentence with two to five words, Including the word In bold. Tim tured on the lights because it was dark. since Tim turned on the lights ..since it was, ark. He didn't have any qualifications. As a result, he didn't get the job. because He didn't get the job any qualtications. ‘The fact that the job was poorly paid was the reason why she turned it down. for The fact that the job was poorly paid was it down, ‘They didn’t go because it was foggy. of They didn't go the fog. She didn't have enough cash with her, so she paid by credit card. a ‘She paid by credit card ‘enough cash with her ‘She didn't hear her alarm clock. AS.a result, she was late for work. due She was late for work she didn't hear her alarm clock ‘The reason why she wanted to be alone was the fact that she was upset. for The fact that she was upset was to be alone, They didn’t know the area well, so they asked for directions. as They asked for directions the area well David put more wood on the fire because t was cold since David put more wood on the fre cold. ‘Some trees fell down last night because t was windy. ot ‘Some trees fell down last night wind,Clauses of Purpose They went fo the beach to enjoy the sunset They went to the beach so that they could enjoy the sunset. Clauses of purpose are used to express the pur- ose of an action. That is, they explain why some- ‘one does something. They are introduced with: to - in order to(so as to - 0 thatiin order that - in case, etc. © to Anfinitive eg. im going out to get some fresh ai inorder to/s0 as to (format) 0g. He went to Harvard in order to/so as to ‘obtain a degree in economics. In negative sentences we use in order not to or 80 a not fo, We never use not to alone. ‘ata’ | Order not to He took a taxi | In order not (NOT: He took a taxi note be late) % 0 that + canvwill (present or future reference) so that + could/would (past reference) ‘0g. He works hard s0 that he can make a lot of ‘money. ‘She reserved a table so that she wouldn't have to wat in @ queve. be late, Note: In order that has the same structure as so that. However, itis not used very often as itis formal. 2g. We wil inform you of the final dates today in ‘order that you can make travel arrangements. © Incase + present tense (present or futur reference) in case + past tense (past reference) In case Is never used with will or would. eg Take a map in case you get lost. (NOT: Take a map in case you-wit-get lost) ‘She called her parents in case they ware wor- ‘ied about her. for + noun (when we want to express the purpose of an action) e.g. They went o an Indian restaurant for dinner. © for + -ing form (when we want to express the pur- pose or function of something) ‘2.9. We use an axe for chopping wood. Clauses of purpose follow the rule of the ‘sequence of tenses, lke time clauses (page 86). eg. Ann left some soup in the fridge s0 that Jim ‘could eat it later. (NOT: Ann left some soup in the fridge so that Jim ‘eX eat it ater) Match each picture to a suitable phrase from the box, and in pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the example. ‘SA: What's a broom used for? ‘SB: It's used for sweeping floors. 11 He went to the bank so that/fo get some money. 2 They walked slowly on the ice in order thatiso as ‘not to slip and fall 3. She's going to work very hard in order thatito pass her exams, 4 We sat near the door in case/so that we could leave early. 5. She closed the door quietly so as not tolin case wake her parents.‘A You're packing for a holiday abroad and you're talking to a friend about what you ‘should take with you. answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example. ‘SA: Shall | take my raincoat? ‘8B: Yes, take your raincoat In case It raine, raincoat / rain credit card / run out of money ‘swimsuit / go swimming some medicine / catch a cold ‘some plasters / cut yourself jumper / be cold B_ Now you're back from your holiday. Using the same prompts as above, make sentences, as in the example eg, | took my raincoattin case te rained Join the sentences using the word(s) in brackets. 1 Ive oined a gym. want to get ft. (to) Ive joined a gym to get ft. 2. She is learning English. She wants to get a job in England. (so that) 3. He got a loan from the bank. He wanted to expand his business, (in order to) 4 He will take some money with him. He may want 10 buy something. (in case) 5 She wrote the date down in her diary. She didn't want to forget it. (s0 that) 6 They arrived at the station early. They didn't want to miss the train, (so as not to) 7 They took some water with them. It was possible they would get thirsty. (in case) 8 He put the letter on the table. He wanted his moth- €er to postit, (so that) 9 The courier came into the office. He wanted to deliver the parcel. (to) 10 Pamela called the lost property office. She wanted 10 report the loss of her luggage. (in order to) Dr [Study these examples. The second sentence| has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 1. She wrote a shopping list. She didn't want to forget anything, that She wrote a shopping list so that she. wouldn't forget anything. 2. They took some sandwiches with them. They thought they might get hungry. case — They took some sandwiches with them in case they got hungry 3 He checked in the dictionary. He didn't want to spell the word wrongly. not He checked in the dictionary in order not to spell the word wrongly. He checked in the dictionary so as not to spell the word wrongly. 4 Weuse a key to lock and unlock doors. for Akey/s used for locking and unlocking doors. Complete each sentence using two to five words, including the word in bold. 1. He set his alarm clock. He didn't want to oversleep. that He sethis alarm clock ..60 that he would oversieep, 2 Iltake my umbrella. I might ran this afternoon, case Iltake my umbrella, this afternoon, 3. Sam called Mary. He wanted to invite her to a party to Samcalled Mary her to a party, 4 Tom took his cheque book. He didn't want to run out of money. ease Tom took his cheque book ‘out of money. 5 We use a watering can to water plants and flowers. for watering can plants and flowers. 6 I wont to bed early. | didn't want to be tired the next day. that | went to bed early be tired the next day. 7 They took a map with them. They didn't want to get lost not They took a map with them get lost. 8 Jack is studying business at university. He wants to get a good job. that "Jack is studying business at university 1a good job.Clauses of ‘Contrast They enjoy working in the garden althoughieven though its very hard work Clauses of contrast are used to express a contrast. They are introduced with: but - although/even thoughithough - in spite ofidespite - however - yet - while/whereas - nevertheless, etc. © but eg. She had a cold, but she went to work although/even though/though + clause Even though Is more emphatic than although. Though Is usually used in everyday speech and ‘can also be put at the end of a sentence. 4g. AlthoughiEven though/Though she had a ‘cold, she went to work. ‘She went to work although/even though/ though she had a cold. ‘She had a cold. She went to work, though, in spite of/despite + noun/-ing form ‘2,9:In spite ofiDespite the bad weather, they sat in the garden. (NOT: Despite pf the bad ..) They satin the garden in spite of/despite the weather being bad. ‘© in spite ot/despite the fact that + clause e.g.In spite ofjDespite the fact (that) the weather was bad, they sat in the garden. @ however/nevertheless A commas always used after howeverinevertheles e.g. He was wellqualiied for the job. However! Nevertheless, he didn't get it. © while/whereas e.g. Your tat is big, while/whereas mine is small. yet (formal) e.g. Tom ran well, yet he lost ‘Sue and Jane have just returned from a party. They are discussing what happened. Make intences using the prompts below, as in the example. ‘The music was brillant {it/be / abit oud) 1). Ir was a bit loud, though, Tracy looked wonderful (\/ not ike / her dress) 2) ‘There were so many people there! {they / not be / very friendly) 3) We had wonderful food (ibe a bit cola) 4) ‘The atmosphere was fantastic (it be J t00 dark) 8) SOLOS OLED Rewrite the sentences using the word(s) In brackets. 1. Your car is new and fast. My car is old and slow. (white) Your car le new and fast, while my car is old and slow. 2 He wont to bed early. He was tred the next day. yer) 3 The Smiths go on holiday to Spain. The Millers go to Switzerland. (whereas) 4 He had passed his exams. He couldn't find a good job. (although) 5 They ate all the food. It was tasteless. (in spite of) 6 The performance was bad. Everyone applauded at the end. (nevertheless) 7 We had a map. We got lst. (though) {8 He didn't go back to work. He felt beter. (despite) Ce 1. ..C... being shy, Jim gave a speech at the concen. A However B Yet © Despite 2 fhe hated shopping, he went to the supermarket AHowever —B Eventhough While 3 Jane works very hard, Kate is lazy. ‘Avwhereas — Beventhough _C despite 4 This car is fast, itis also very noisy. Accespte —B but C inspite 5. She likes Peter. She doesn't ike his brother, Avwhereas —B but € though 6 the rain, the football match went ahead. Ainspite of B However While 7 (of being tired. Jett went to the party. A inspite B Despite ‘© Although %94 QD, compiete ne somences 1 In spite ofthe heavy tafe, | got to work on time. Athough ..the traffic was heavy, | got to work on time. 2. Despite winning the race, Sam sill wasn't happy. Even though 3 Atoughit rains alt in England, love tving there Despite 4 Even though Tom is a qualified doctor, he doesnt have ajob, In spite : a 5 Despite the fact that I was hungry, | didnt eat anything Even though {6 Even though he was il, Jim went to work Despite 7. Inspite of losing her jb, she didnt get depressed though 8 Athough he doesn't like his boss, he works very hard In spite 8 Even though itis very cold, she is only wearing a T- shin. Despite Inspite of her busy schedule, she makes time for her children Even though 10 Rophrase the sentences in as many ways _as possible, as in the example. 1. Tomis clever. He doesn't work hard at school. 4) Although /Even though Tom ie clever, he doeen't work hard at school. by In epite offDespite (hie) being clever, Tom doesn't work hard at echool. 6) Tom Ie clever. He doesn't work hard at school, though. @) In spite offDespite the fact that Tom Is clever, he doeen't work hard at school. ©) Tom Is clever. However, he doesn't work hard at echo... atc. 2 The dress is very beautiful tis very expensive. 3. There weren't many people at the party. We had a lovely time, 4 Sue is a good friend. | don't tell her all my secrets, 5. She had many friends. She felt lonely. 6 He studied French at school. He doesn't remember any, 7. The meeting lasted three hours. No one was bored. 8 Itwas cold outside. The sun was shining. Exclamations are words or sentences used to express admiration, surprise, ete. To form exclam tory sentences we can use what (a/an), how, such, 30 oF a negative question. © how + adjective/adverb 9. How tall sho is! How carefully he drives! © what + alan (+ adjective) + singular countable noun e.g, What a pretty baby! What an amazing story! What an experience! © what (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural noun e.g. What colourful paintings! What horrible weather! (NOT: Whar horrible weather! © s0 + adjective/adverb e.g. She's so polite! He ran so fast! © such + a/an (+ adjective) + singular countable noun e.g. He's such a generous man! © such (+ adjective) + uncountable/plural noun 2g. They'e such polite children! He gave me such useful advice! © negative question 2.9. Isnt it great to be here! QB, eit wre aon or row What. beautiful earrings she is wearing! Clever of you to pass all of your exams! delightful restaurant this ist Cold itis this evening! wonderful taste in paintings you have! ‘outstanding performance she gave! stupid of me to forget his birthday! kind of you to visit me in hospital! terrible mistake it was to invite Sarah! ‘awful bulies those two boys are! 1" exciting news! rude of Tara to ignore me all evening! 1. How lazy you are! What a lazy peroon you arel You're 6o lazyl Youre ‘uch a lazy personl Aren't you lazy What a horrible noise! How prety that kitten ist What a funny joket How sly of me! What tertile news! Rephrase the sentences in as many ‘ways as possible, as in the exampleClauses of Manner ‘don't ike) or Sho speaks © me seit sho was | ‘re bose Clauses of manner are introduced with as ifias though and are used to express the way in which something is done/said, etc. © We use as if/as though after verbs such as act, appear, be, behave, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste to say how somebody or something looks, behaves, etc. e.g. He sounds as itjas though he's got a cold. {its possible that he has a cold.) She looks as itjas though she is a model. (its possible that she s a model) @ We use as if/as though + past tense when we fare talking about an unreal present situation. Were can be used instead of was in all persons. e.g.He speaks about the royal family as itlas though he was a good friend of theirs. (He is not a triend of the royal family.) ‘She behaves as if she were the boss. (were is ‘more formal than was) Note: We can use like instead of as if/as though in spoken Englis! 124g. Itooks as if itis going to rain. It looks like it 's going to rain. (informal spoken English) Match the Items in column A to those In column B and join them using as ifias though. eg.1-cHe feels as if/ae though he hasn't slept properly for weeks. 8 Jahe had won the lottery. b she has run a he hasn't slept prop- ety or weeks. she was in a hurry. he's going o explode. f he had a cold. Put the verbs in brackets Into the correct tense. 1 Mary was snifing when | spoke to her on the phone. ‘She sounded as though she Was crying. (xy) at the time, 2 You seem very happy today. You seem as though you usthnear) some good news, 3. Sarah looked very trightened last night. She looked asif she (see) a ghost. 4 She didn't know him, but she acted as if she (know) him. 5 What a delicious smell It smells as if mother (bake) at the moment 6 My boss tells the same jokes all the time and we always laugh as if we (never! hear) them before 7 Emma was wearing a beautiful dress last night. She looked as if she (go) to a party. 8 Jack is only twenty-two years old, but sometimes he behaves as though he (be) much older 9. There was alot of noise last night. It sounded as it the people next door (have) a pany. 10 They must have had an argument because they acted as if they (notfike) each other. 11 Is very cold outside today. In fact, it feels as if it (snow), 12 James has been very selfish recently. He has been behaving as though he (notwant) to help anyone out 1. Helen dich study science at university, But sometimes she talks about it as if she (be) an expert on the subject.% [rors amples. The second sentence| ‘meaning to the first sentence. 1 Although she is rich, she never gives to the poor. spite She never gives to the poor in spite of (her) being rich, 2 The game was cancelled because it was raining heavily as The game was cancelled as it was raining heaviy. 3. She had no money, so she didn't go on holiday. therefore She had no money, and therefore she didn't go on holiday, 4 He studied hard because he wanted to be top of the class. so He studied hard s0 as to be top of the class. that He studied hard so thatvin order that he could/would be top of the class, 5. Take some money because you might need i. case Take some money in case you need it. 6 twas foggy, so all fights were delayed, of All fights were delayed because of the fog. 7 The fllm was sad, $0 we all cried at the end, such It was such a sad film that we all cried at the end, Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. 1. They lett work early today because the meeting was, cancelled as They left work early today ..28 the meeting was cancelled, 2. She has a car, yet she walks to work every day. spite She walks to work every day car. 3. Take a book with you because you might get bored. case —Take.a book with you bored, 4 She is a happy child, so everyone loves her. such Sheis, everyone loves her. 5 There was lots of trafic, so we were late for work. therefore There was lots of trafic, and for work, 6 twas cold, so we turned on the heating because We turned on the heating ‘cola, 7. put the money in the safe because I didn't want to lose it. that I put the money in the safe Tose it aim at sbisth react to crash into sbisth save from regard sb/sth as suffer from ‘depend on sth think about sbisth fallin sth head for hope for sth take advantage of Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs from the list in the correct form and a suitable preposition. 2, 1. Emmais ..regarded as...the best singer inthe choir. 2 Every summer | hay fever. 3 Im {getting a new car. 4 The crew were drowning by the lifejackets they wore. 5 We didn’t know how Kevin would the news. 6 Aer the heatwave, everyone rain, 7 She the sale and did a lot of shopping 8 Thearcher the target, but missed, 91 ‘my radio for all the latest news. 10 The army their attempt to take control ofthe city lastnight. 41 In the summer | the beach 42. She lost control ofthe car and attee. a eal ae look after: take care of sbisth {00k for: search for look forward to: anticipate wih pleasure look into: investigate Fook out (for): watch for look through: read look up: look for an address, name, word, tc ina book, ist, etc Qy rivin se conect partite. 1. The police are looking ...nto... a series of rob- beries. 2. She looked the TV guide to see if there was a good film on. 3. You can look the meanings of words in a dictionary. 4 My mum is looking ‘my dog while | am ‘on holiday. 5. I'mlooking the party next weekend, 6 Sam spent half an hour looking his keys. 7 Look jellyfish when you swim in the sea.