Advanced Math Reviewer ● If the limit of a sequence as n

Module 1 Lessons 1-6 approaches infinity does not exist or

is infinite, the sequence diverges.
Outline

I. Properties of Sequences & Series

A. Sequences Theorem 1
B. Series
II. Types of Series
A. Arithmetic Series
B. Geometric Series
C. Harmonic Series
D. P-Series
Theorem 2
III. Power & Taylor Series
E. Power Series
F. Taylor Series Limit laws to Convergent Series
IV. Laplace Transforms
V. Inverse Laplace Transforms
VI. Solutions to DE using Laplace
Transform

I. Properties of Sequences & Series

A. Sequences
● List of numbers written in specific Increasing/Decreasing/Monotonic
order. ● A sequence is decreasing if An < An+1
● Finite or Infinite terms. ● A sequence is increasing if An > An+1
● (-1)n produces an alternate in signs ● A monotonic sequence is either
in the sequence. increasing or decreasing but never
● Using sequence terms as a function both.
determines the limit by plotting the Bounded Sequence
points in a graph. ● If a number m exists such that m ≤
● An the sequence is bounded below.
● If a number m exists such that m ≥ An,
the sequence is bounded above.
● If a sequence is bounded above and
below, it is called “bounded”.
Getting the limit of a sequence is the Monotonic Sequence Theorem
same as getting the limit of a ●
function.
Rules & Theorems B. Series
● If the limit of a sequence as n ● Is the sum of all the elements of a
approaches infinity exists, the sequence.
sequence converges. ● The sum of a sequence An where n
approaches infinity is called an
infinity series or simply series.
 ● The partial sum of a series denoted 2. can = cA
by Sn is the nth partial sum of the II. Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic, & P-
series. Series
A. Arithmetic Series
● Sum of arithmetic sequence
●
● An arithmetic sequence is a list of
● The sigma notation represented by
numbers with a common difference
the greek letter sigma indicates that
usually denoted by d.
terms inside the sequence ai should
● Arithmetic Series ALWAYS
be added from the first term i until
diverges.
the last term n.
Arithmetic Series Formulas:
Convergence of a Series
● If the partial sum converges to L as Nth Term an = a1 + (n-1)d
n approaches infinity, where L is
Partial Sum n
neither infinity nor does it not exist, Sn = (a1+an)
2
the infinite series converges.
Otherwise, the series diverges. S∞ = ∞ or -∞
●
B.Geometric Series
● Sum of geometric sequence
● Usually determined by the exponent
● A geometric sequence is a list of
numbers with a common ratio
Nth Term test usually denoted by r.
● Geometric Series Formulas:
Nth Term an = a1(r )❑n−1❑
● The convergence of the limit of An to
zero does not automatically mean Partial Sum
that the series converges.
Divergence Test
● S∞

● /r/ < 1, the series converges

● /r/ ≥ 1, the series diverges
● Take note of the absolute value.
● Only guaranteed if the terms DO C. Harmonic Series
NOT approach to zero in the limit. ● Harmonic series ALWAYS diverges.
● If the terms approach zero, it may or ● Has the formula
may not converge.
Properties of a Series

● Harmonic is a special case of P-

Series where p is = 1
D. P-Series
We can infer that :
● Has the formula
1. (an + bn) = A + B
 - The Interval of Convergence of a
power series is the interval of x-
●
values that can be plugged into the
● Converges if p > 1
power series to give a convergent
● Diverges if p ≤ 1
series. To find this value, use the
ratio test.
- The Radius of convergence is half of
the length of the interval of
convergence. To find this value, use
the values of the interval of
convergence. Then, use the formula:

III. Power & Taylor Series

E. Power Series F. Taylor Series
- Takes the form: - Takes the form:

Where c=center and an= coefficients. - Hopefully, after solving up to the

- When c = 0, and an = 1, the power fourth derivative of the given
series becomes a geometric series function, you’ve been able to find the
that takes the form: pattern. Then, rewrite the formula.

IV. Laplace Transforms

- Takes the form:

Theorem
A. Ratio Test
- This table summarizes the formula
- If is less than used in doing Laplace transforms
one, the partial sum of the series
converges.

- If is greater
than one, the partial sum of the
series diverges

- If is equal to
one, the test gives no information
about its convergence.
Note:
Interval of Convergence / Radius of ● The exponent in t n must be a
Convergence positive integer.
 ● When using sine and cosine
function, your calculator must be in
radians mode.
Theorems
1. Linearity of Laplace Transforms
- If a and b are constants while f(t)
and g(t) are functions of t whose
laplace transform exists, then

2. S-shifting Theorem

- If when s > a then,

- The substitution “s-a” for s in the

transform corresponds to the
multiplication of the original function
by eat.