Course Code: GE ELEC 3

Course Title: Gender and Society

Number of Units: 3

Course Description:
This course will explore the sociological experience of sex, sexuality and gender. It will
look into the social construction of gender categories both historically and in the present. The
focus is upon examining the various theoretical perspective which attempt to explain the ways
in which society organized “masculine” and “feminine” as the basis of social inequalities. It
will also explore the workings of the institutions that shape our gendered lives; and leads to an
understanding of the relationship between gender and the social structure.

Course Goals and Objectives:

After the end of the course, you are expected to:
1. Develop an understanding of gender as something that is socially constructed.
2. To examine how gender relations are fundamentally relations of inequality.
3. To draw attention to how gender inequality remains structurally embedded in a systematic
patriarchy.
4. To describe how gendered inequalities as social exclusions are differently expressed across
different institutions domains.
5. Draw attention to how the concept of feminity and masculinity weave into the gender
inequality construct.
6. Demonstrate an understanding of how women, men and transgender individuals are
impacted differently in a wide variety of settings and issues and be able to discuss gender
discrimination and contemporary gender issues in an informed manner.
7. Explore the issue on gender and violence and the laws promulgated to address these issues.

Course Outline
1. Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
2. Theories and Views on Gender
3. Gender and Reproduction
4. Gender-fair Language
5. Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
6. LGBTQ + Psychology
7. Men and Masculinity
8. The Western Women’s Movement
9. Women and Education
10. Gender and Media
11. Gender and Labor
12. Gender and Violence
13. Women and the Law
14. Views and Policies on Violence and Discrimination of the members of the LGBTQ +

1 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 Module 1 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Overview
Many are still are confused about what is meant to be a male or a female, feminine or
masculine, or to be a man or a woman. Understanding the complexities of defining and
differentiating sex, gender, and sexuality is essential in discussing gender and sexuality.
This module's ultimate goal is to help you understand the concept of sex, gender, and sexuality.
It will also explain the differences between these concepts to reflect on your sexuality and
appreciate the realities of sexual diversity.

Learning Objectives
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Differentiate gender from sexuality;
2. Discuss the implication of these differences; and
3. Contemplate your sexuality and the importance of appreciating sexual diversity.

1.1. The difference between sex and gender

People often encounter documents where they will indicate their personal information,
including their sex. From school registration form to work-related documents, one is usually
asked to provide sex and not gender. Why is that so? Is it not sex the same with gender?
Historically speaking, the term "sex" and "gender " were used interchangeably. However, over
time, the uses of these terms became distinct from each other. Sex is determined by biology and
does not necessarily correspond with gender.
Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females (Little &
McGivern, 2012). It pertains to one’s identity based on his sexual anatomy and reproductive
organs. Generally, sex is assigned at birth. A child with a penis is categorized as male, while a
child with a vagina is a female. In addition to examining the genitals in distinguishing a male
and female, biological markers, like the sex chromosomes, also determine the biological sex of
a male and a female.
On the other hand, gender is a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions associated with
being male or female females (Little & McGivern, 2012). There are expectations attached to
genders, which identifies between a male and female." Males are typically expected to be
masculine, and females are expected to be feminine" (Peralta et al., 2019). Also, gender
manifestations include color, toys, clothes, and others assigned to males and females.

2 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 READ: Sex and Gender: What is the difference? By Tim Newman at
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232363. OR

WATCH Sex vs. Gender vs. Orientation by Psych2Go at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yM_P6WdRJU&t=135s.

Self-Study Questions:
1. What is the difference between sex and gender?
2. Why is gender more difficult to define?

1.2. Gender Identity

Concerning the concept of gender, one's perception of who they were: a man, a woman, neither,
or both is crucial in understanding anyone's gender identity. Gender identity refers to the
conception of oneself as a male or female. It is the outward manifestation of a person, whether
it is masculine or feminine.

There are instances when a person's biological sex does not align with one's gender identity.
These people are often referred to as transgender. A male who is not comfortable identifying
as a man is a transgender man. A woman who does not feel comfortable identifying as a
woman is called a transgender woman.

READ: Gender Identity Development in Children by Jason Rafferty at

https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/gradeschool/Pages/Gender-Identity-and-
Gender-Confusion-In-Children.aspx.

Self-Study Questions:
1. How does gender identity development in children?
2. How do children typically express their gender identity?

1.3. Sexual Orientation

Another aspect of our gender pertains to our emotional and sexual attraction that a person feels
towards another person. This refers to our sexual orientation. Sexual orientation describes
sexual, romantic, and emotional attraction patterns – and one's sense of identity-based on those
attractions.

There are several types of sexual orientation (Peralta et al., 2019).

 People who are attracted to the opposite sex are called “heterosexuals” or “straight.”
 People who are attracted to people of the same sex are called “homosexuals,” “gay,” or
“lesbian.”
 “Bisexual” or “bi” people are attracted to both sexes, male or female.
 LGBT refers to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community.

3 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 WATCH: The Diversity of Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation by Eric of Strong
Medicine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yM_P6WdRJU&t=135s.

Self-Study Questions:
1. What is meant by sexual orientation and how it is manifested?
2. What are the common terminologies used in referring to sexual orientation?

1.4. Appreciating Diversity

Sexuality is complex. Various factors shaped one's sexuality. Mostly, a person's sexuality starts
in childhood and continues to develop as the person grew up. However, culture and religion
play a significant part in the complexity of the concept of sexuality. For straight individuals,
they do not have a problem in identifying their sexuality. That is not the case for lesbian, bi,
gay, or transgender. "Coming out" as transgender is never easy for most people. Their culture
or religion perceived it as taboo or unacceptable. Others see transgender people as a deviant
who does not conform to society's norms, which puts many transgender in a difficult position.

Unless a person is "out" about his or her sexuality, others will only know the sexuality of a
person if that person shares with him or her. Sharing one's sexuality to others can be both
awkward and challenging for many. The fear of not being accepted and condemned is common
for people who are not straight. As some of them experienced harassment or violence, the call
for appreciating diversity and acceptance that other sexualities have been raised in various
rallies and demonstrations. In a society that promotes equality, it must offer an inclusive
environment where everyone feels safe.

Activity and Assessment:

Activity1-1
Think of how gender is portrayed in your community. List down five common perceptions
about men, women, and homosexuals.
Men Women Homosexuals

What are your general realizations about these perceptions? Do you agree or disagree of these
perceptions? Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 Activity 1-2
Answer the following:
I. KNOWLEDGE. (2 points each). Define in your own words the following terms.
1. Gender
2. Sex
3. Sexuality
4. Sexual Orientation
5. Gender identity

II. COMPREHENSION AND ANALYSIS. (5 points each)

1. Why is it essential to differentiate sex and gender?
2. Think back to your childhood, how do the toys you play influenced your sexual
orientation?

References
Little, W. & McGivern, R. (2012). Chapter 12 – Gender, Sex, and Sexuality (Introduction to
Sociology – 1st Canadian Ed.) Retrieved from
https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter12-gender-sex-and-
sexuality/
Newman, T. (2018, February 7). Sex and gender: What is the difference? Retrieved from
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232363#gender-identity-and-expression.
Peralta, E. P., Botor, N. J., & Laude, T. M. (2019). Gender and Society: A Human Ecological
Approach. Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Strong Medicine. (2017, October 3) The Diversity of Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation.
[Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yM_P6WdRJU&t=135s.
Psych2Go (2018, June 28) Sex vs. Gender vs. Orientation. [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yM_P6WdRJU&t=135s.
Rafferty, J. (2018, September 18). Gender Identity Development in Children. Retrieved from
https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/gradeschool/Pages/Gender-
Identity-and-Gender-Confusion-In-Children.aspx.

5 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 Module 2 Theories and Views on Gender

Overview
The world has already evolved in such a way that information and knowledge are now easily
accessible. As a result, people now have the opportunity to examine the social and political
climate better than when the information was not readily available.
Through the years, there are already many changes in the way societies perceive gender and
sexuality. In some communities during ancient times, there was a high regard for women
because of the concept of divine feminine or the woman (Cartwright, 2018) due to her ability
to conceive children. Later, with the rise of paternity, women were confined to the home, and
disparity in men and women's treatment became evident.
This module will look into the historical roots of our understanding of gender and sexuality. It
will give an insight into how the concept of gender and sexuality evolved through time and how
it affected the various aspects of people’s lives.
Learning Objectives
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Discuss the historical roots of our understanding of gender and sexuality; and
2. Show appreciation of how this understanding evolved through time, affected various
aspects of human life.

1.1. The concept of patriarchy

“Boys will be boys” is typical thinking of most people influenced by the idea that men are
expected to behave in a particular manner. It is a manifestation of the patriarchal system that
still perpetuated man societies.

Many cultures globally are patriarchies, a male-dominated power structure that women are
expected to submit (Napikoski, 2020). In a patriarchal society, men are more likely to hold
economic, social, and political power. With the belief that men are stronger than women,
patriarchy resulted in women's oppression from ancient times until today.

Patriarchy is derived from the Greek word patriaches, which refers to a society where power is
held by the elder males (Napikoski, 2020). In the modern sense, a "patriarchal society" denotes
a society where men have the power and privilege starting from the family to the workplace.
Patriarchy is a structure that emphasizes male supremacy placing women inferior to men. In a
traditional nuclear family, the prevailing concept is that men are the "leaders," and women are
the "nurturer." With that, women are relegated to house chores and child care and are expected
to obey men being the "leader" of the family.

In the past, some societies do not allow women to inherit property because they are expected to
leave home and marry a man who can support them financially. There were many restrictions
placed on women, like not studying, voting, or participating in politics. It took many years

6 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 before women won the right to vote, go to school, and work. However, there are still cultures
that curtail the rights of women to be equally treated with men.

WATCH: What is patriarchy? by Choices Program at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0LXAC2PXuU.

Self-Study Questions:
1. How does the concept of patriarchy shape the perception of men and women?
2. How is patriarchy manifested in modern society?

1.2. Historical Views on Gender

There are various historical views on women in ancient times. Below are some notable views,
which, in a way, influenced how women are perceived today.

Country/City Perceptions of Gender

Egypt In ancient Egypt, women are considered equal to men in every
aspect except for jobs. Women could choose whom to marry, and
they can also have a divorce. They can administer their property
and disposed of it as they wish. Also, Egyptian women could buy
and sell and enter into legal contracts.
Greece Women have few rights as compared to men. They cannot vote,
own property, and were only confined in the home and expected to
care for the children.
Rome The perceived role of women is to look after the house and rear the
children. Rome is a male-dominated society, and so women were
considered subordinate. Women have close dependence on their
male relatives, as reflected in the matters of law and finances.
China Chinese women do not have the same status as men. Their male
family members subordinated women. They are often ill-treated
and were made to compete for their husband's affection with
concubines.
Source: Cartwright, M. (2018)

Gender bias traced its roots in the ancient patriarchal societies. From being placed in strict and
heavily enforced rules, women have come a long way in asserting their rights. Through the
feminist movement, women fought for their rights. Yet, despite women's efforts, subtle forms
of patriarchy still exist in society, such as sexism, gender pay gap, underrepresentation of
women in politics and various fields, sexualization of women, confining women to the home,
and many more.

1.3. Women Empowerment

Women empowerment is the battle-cry of the women’s liberation movement of the feminism.
Alongside the civil rights movements in the 1960s, the women’s liberation movement gained
momentum. The movement called for reforms that focus on various issues confronting women,

7 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 such as reproductive rights, violence against women, equal pay, right to vote, legally own
property, and other related matters.

From the emergence of the feminist movement's first wave in the 19th century to the modern
movement, women continue their fight for equality. There are still various cultural and social
inequalities that women have to face. Despite winning the right to participate in politics,
women's underrepresentation is highly observable in many societies. Also, many observers
report that women do more work than women because they are still expected to take care of the
children and do chores when they go home from work.

Women had "come a long way" through the feminist movement. However, there is still much to
be done in the struggle for women's rights. Feminism is basically about fighting for equality.
According to Rodriguez & Rodriguez (2019), a few of the significant points that the movement
demands are the following:

1. Women suffrage – for many years, women were not allowed to vote because they were
viewed as temperamental and cannot make rational decisions. In the Philippines,
women were granted the right to vote after the plebiscite in 1937.
2. Equality in politics and society – women’s voices were silenced for a long time. Thus,
there is a need to hear them and their sentiments to restore their rights. Women must be
well represented in politics and society so that there is a genuine concern to their needs,
3. Reproductive rights – women should have the right to be in control of her body.
Reproductive rights involve contraception, abortion, and other reproductive options that
must be made available to women.
4. Gender-based violence – domestic violence such as physical abuse and marital rape are
some of the women's concerns, especially those married. Sexual harassment and sexual
violence are also prevalent in many societies. In the Philippines, there is a significant
number of cases of gender-based violence. Despite the existence of R.A. 9262 or the
Anti Violence Against Women and their children, the culture in the country still
dismissed violence against women as “away mag-asawa.”
5. Other rights include the right to divorce their husbands, decide on her pregnancy, and
have equal pay and equal employment opportunity.

WATCH: What is Women’s Empowerment? by Population Reference Bureau at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHIhM4YTbqo.

Self-Study Questions:
1. What is meant by women empowerment? How is it manifested?
2. Why is women empowerment at the core of development?

8 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 Activity and Assessment:
Activity1-1
In a pair or a group of 3-4, discuss your thoughts or reflection on the topic about patriarchy.
Think about the phrases babae kase, lalake lase, haligi ng tahanan, ilaw ng tahanan, and
pakipot.
How do these words communicate patriarchy? Expound your answer by relating it to your
personal experience or through your observation in society.
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Activity 1-2
Answer the following:
I. KNOWLEDGE. (1 point each). Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is not.
1. There is equality between men and women in every area except in occupation in ancient
Rome.
2. The first wave of the feminist movement started in the 1960s.
3. Women were granted the right to vote in the Philippines after the declaration of
independence in 1898.
4. Patriarchy is a concept that says men are in charge and that women should follow.
5. Women were given high regard in the past because of the concept of women's sacredness
based on the divine right theory.

II. COMPREHENSION AND ANALYSIS. (5 points each)

1. Compare and contrast the historical views on gender in Greece, Egypt, Rome, and China.
2. Think of the Philippine society today, in what ways (give two) gender bias is manifested?
3. Why is women empowerment at the core of development?

References
Choices Program. (2020, March 25). What is patriarchy [Video file]? Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0LXAC2PXuU.
Population Reference Bureau. (2015, August 5). What is Women’s Empowerment [Video file]?
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHIhM4YTbqo.
Rodriguez, A. M. & Rodriguez, A. M. L. (2019). Gender and Society: The Whys of Women,
Their Oppressions, and Paths to Liberation. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E
Publishing, Inc.

9 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 Cartwright, M. (2018). Women in the Ancient World. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved
from https://www.ancient.eu/collection/31/women-in-the-ancient-world/.
Napikoski, L. (2020). Patriarchal Society According to Feminism. ThoughtCo. Retrieved from
https://www.thoughtco.com/ptriarchal-society-feminism-definition-3528978.

10 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 Module 3 Gender and Reproduction

Overview
Males and females are sexually differentiated at birth. As both sexes grow up, they began to
show characteristics that make their differences more distinct from one another. During
puberty, their sexual reproductive system mature, and both males and females develop
secondary attributes.
The main goal of this module is to differentiate the reproductive system of the male and the
female. It will also help one understand how the physiologic process of the male and female
reproduction works.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Differentiate the female and the male reproductive systems; and
2. Understand the basis for physiologic processes in females and males.

1.1. Puberty and Ovulation

As soon as the body starts producing a large number of hormones, the body of both a man and a
woman begin to change. This is the stage called puberty. Puberty is when the body of boys and
girls starts to change through and becomes sexually mature (Stӧppler, 2019). This stage
happens between ages 10 to 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys causing physical changes
in both sexes.

The changes in boys and girls during puberty are a result of the testosterone and estrogen
hormones. These changes lead to fertility and the development of secondary sex characteristics.
In girls, the first sign of puberty is breast development, pubic hairs, and menstruation. For the
boys, the physical changes that signifying puberty begins with the testicles and penis getting
bigger, growth of pubic hairs and facial hairs, deepening of the voice, and muscle growth.

READ: Puberty First Signs, Symptoms, Ages, and Stages in Girls and Boys by Melissa
Conrad Stӧppler at https://www.medicinenet.com/puberty/article.htm.

Self-Study Questions:
1. How do genetic and environmental factors affect puberty?
2. What are the stages of puberty that girls and boys have to undergo?

The start of the menstrual cycle or the monthly ovulation is the primary indicator of puberty
among women. During ovulation, a woman's body prepares for a possible pregnancy. The walls
of the uterus thicken, ready for fertilization. In the absence of fertilization, the lining of the
uterus sheds out, resulting in menstruation. Mostly, women have 28 days cycle, although it
could vary from a woman to another.

11 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 WATCH: Ovulation by Nucleus Health Media at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLmg4wSHdxQ.

Self-Study Question:
1. What happens to one’s body during the process of ovulation?

1.2. The Process of Pregnancy

Pregnancy proceeds when sperm meet up with an egg in a process called fertilization (Molnar
& Gair, 2012). The fertilized egg, known as a zygote, implants the uterus' lining, and pregnancy
officially starts.

Conception starts with the meeting of the egg and sperm called fertilization and ends with
implantation. During sexual intercourse, a male releases sperms that swims up through the
vagina into the uterus and fallopian tube and hang in there for up to 6 days. If the sperm
successfully fertilized an egg, the developing embryo must implant in the walls, or it will die.

The period of pregnancy for women can vary. According to Dr. Anne Marie Jukic, the average
time between ovulation to giving birth is 268 days or 18 weeks and 2 days (Oxford University
Press, 2013). Pregnancy is discussed in terms of trimesters or three-month period. In the last
trimester, the fetus has the most rapid growth, causing the mother to be most uncomfortable
(Molnar & Gair, 2012).

WATCH: How do you get pregnant? by Planned Parenthood at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n04NPtZI4QQ.

Self-Study Question:
1. Describe the processes in pregnancy?

1.3. Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy

Teenage pregnancy is a global problem that affects young people's educational, social, and
economic lives. Early parenting can reduce the likelihood of teenagers to finish a degree. Many
teen mothers drop out of school and eventually live in poverty (Carey, 2018). They struggle
financially, especially if they do not receive support from their child's father. As a result,
teenage pregnancy and motherhood may result in poor economic conditions. Even if these teen
mothers marry, they are most likely to face poverty.

Although there is a decline in teenage pregnancy, the numbers are still significant over the past
years. With teens engaging in sexual activity, adolescent pregnancy is among the social
problems many countries face today. Thus, there is a need to educate teenagers about
reproductive health and remind them of unwanted pregnancy ill-effects. They need to be
educated about contraception and family planning.

12 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 Preventing teen pregnancy is also referred to as contraception or birth control. Contraception is
designed to avoid pregnancy (Molnar & Gair, 2012). The table below lists various
contraceptive methods.

Contraception Methods:

Method Examples Failure Rate in Typical

Use Over 12 Months
Barrier Male condom, female condom, sponge, cervical 15 to 24%
cap, diaphragm, spermicides
Hormonal Oral, patch, vaginal ring 8%
Injection 3%
Implant Less than 1%
Other Natural planning 12 to 25%
Withdrawal 27%
Sterilization Less than 1%
Source: Molnar & Gair (2012)

WATCH: How do contraceptives work? by TED-Ed at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx8zbTMTncs.

Self-Study Question:
1. In what ways contraceptives prevent pregnancy?

It must be noted that some contraceptive methods are intrusive and have side effects. A user
must be educated about its pros and cons before deciding which of the methods to use.

1.4. Effects of early pregnancy in the growing adolescent

Aside from educational and economic consequences that teenage pregnancy can cause, it is also
associated with severe mental and health risks. Teenage mothers have a higher risk of
pregnancy-related high blood pressure. Due to financial difficulties because of unwanted
pregnancy, teen mothers do not have enough nourishments, causing premature birth and low
birth weight. Younger women also face a higher risk of complications like excessive vomiting,
difficulty breastfeeding if the girl is too young to produce milk, prolonged labor, and higher
maternal mortality or death.
Aside from health risks, teenage pregnancy also affects women's mental health. It is common
for teen mothers to face mental conditions related to being a young mother like baby blues,
depression, and postpartum depression. According to researches, girls between age15 of 19
experienced postpartum depression at a higher rate than women ages 25 years and older (Nall,
2016). With a significant level of stress that these teen mothers have to face, it can increase the
possibility of mental health concerns, which can even lead to suicidal tendencies.

13 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 Activity and Assessment:
Activity1-1
Pair up and share your thoughts about the following:
List down three problems females experience during menstruation?
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

What are the changes you experience during the puberty stage? How did you deal with these
changes?
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Activity 1-2
Answer the following:
I. KNOWLEDGE. (2 points each). Define in your own words the following terms.
1. Contraception
2. Puberty
3. Conception
4. Ovulation
5. Contraceptive methods

II. COMPREHENSION AND ANALYSIS. (5 points each)

1. What do you often hear about sex from your peers?
2. Draw a web diagram indicating the ways to avoid the pressure to have sex.

References
Carey, E. (2018). Teenage Pregnancy. Healthline. Retrieved from
https://www.healthline.com/health/adolescent-pregnancy.
Molnar, C. & Gair, J. (2012). Human Pregnancy and Birth (Concepts of Biology – 1st Canadian
Ed.) Retrieved from https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/24-5-human-pregnancy-and-
birth/.
Nall, R. (2016). What are the Effects of Teenage Pregnancy? Healthline. Retrieved from
https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/teenage-pregnancy-effects#research.

14 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 Nucleus Medical Media. (2019, December 23). Ovulation [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLmg4wSHdxQ.
Oxford University Press. (2013). The length of human pregnancies varies naturally by as much
as five weeks. Science Daily. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/1308062303327.htm.
Planned Parenthood. (2015, December 9). How do you get pregnant? [Video file]. Retrieved
from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n04NPtZI4QQ.
Stӧppler, M. C. (2020). Puberty First Signs, Symptoms, Ages, and Stages in Girls and Boys.
ThoughtCo. Retrieved from https://www.medicinenet.com/puberty/article.htm.
TED-Ed. (2016, September 19). How do contraceptives work? [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx8zbTMTncs.

15 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 Module 4 Gender-fair Languages

Overview
Our language and society reflect one another, so we as communicators need to recognize and
respect the change in the meaning and acceptability of words. Concern about using the sexist
language of part of our increased awareness that some words' perceived meaning has changed
in response to the changing roles of men and women in society.
The module's primary focus is to identify discriminating languages against women and other
forms of discrimination in language. It aims to explain how society can achieve a gender-fair
language.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Identify the ways languages discriminates against women;
2. States forms of discrimination in language; and
3. Explain how gender-fair language can be realized.

1.1. Language and Gender Relations

Language is a vital tool for communication. It is not only a means of communicating thoughts
and ideas, but it builds friendships, economic relationships, and cultural ties. It is an integral
part of any culture, regarded as a neutral force that can enforce particular ideas in many ways,
including gender.

In terms of language, there are many assumptions on gender that exist. Some languages
specifically define men and women. With these gendered-specific languages, unequal treatment
to men and women emerged. With the use of gendered-specific words, it mostly gives the idea
that men are in charge of everything.

In the book of Thelma Kintanar and Angela Tongson entitled "Gender-fair Language: A
Primer," the focus is on three aspects of how language informs gender: language articulates
consciousness, reflects the culture and affects socialization. Like gender stereotyping, language
influences one's perception of gender, and others (Rodriguez & Rodriguez, 2019).

READ: Gender-fair Language: A Primer by Thelma Kintanar and Angela Tongson at

https://library.pcw.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Gender-fair%20language%20a%20primer.pdf

Self-Study Questions:
1. What is sexism in Language?
2. Why should we be concern about gender-neutral words?

16 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 I.2 . Violations of gender-fair language
Sexist language refers to words and phrases that reinforce unequal gender relations through
sex-role stereotypes, microaggressions, and sexual harassment. It is a form of discriminatory
language that demean, ignore stereotype the other sex.

Sexist language can send subtle messages that reinforce unfair relations or perpetuate
stereotypes. For instance, the use of "policeman," "fireman," or "chairman" is gendered words
that denote "men are the only ones allowed to work on these jobs." Simultaneously, phrases
like "men cannot take charge of household chores” or “women cannot become a pilot” give the
negative perception of sexes and their capabilities. Language as a means of communication is a
powerful tool that helps shape how people perceive the world. According to Kintanar and
Tongscon, there are various examples of sexist or biased language:

These violations of gender-fair language are condensed as follows:

a. Invisibilization of women. The invisibilization of women is rooted in the assumption that
men are dominant and are the norm of humanity's fullness, and women do not exist. Some
prominent examples of women invisibilization in language are:
 The generic use of masculine pronouns or the service of a male general. E.g. The
use of the word "mankind."
 The use of male job titles or term ending in man refers to functions that may be
both genders. E.g. the use of the words "businessman" and "chairman."

b. Trivialization of Women
 Bringing attention to the gender of a person, if that person is a woman. E.g., The
use of "lady athlete," "lady guard," or "woman doctor."
 The perception of women as immature. E.g., Calling women "darling" or "baby" if
 The objectification, or likening to objects, of women. E.g., being called “honey,”
“sweet,” or “chick,” women become devalued.

c. They are fostering unequal gender relations. A language that lacks parallelism fosters
unequal gender relations. The use of "man" and "wife" assumes that men are still men, and
women's identities are subsumed into beings concerning their husbands.

d. Gender polarization of women. Gender polarization happens because societies perceive

femininity and masculinity as polar opposite genders. In language, the terms womanly,
manly, feminine, masculine depicts that each sex has its particular attribute.

e. Hidden assumptions. The hidden assumption in sentences implies sexist perceptions of

men and women. For example, "men who care for children as good as women" give the
impression that men's care is just temporary since the primary caregiver is the mother.

1.3. Sexist Language and Culture

Language is a powerful means that perpetuate sexism and gender discrimination. Everyday
sexism in language is observable everywhere. Commercialization and trivialization of women

17 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 have become a common theme in everyday languages. There is a sexist portrayal of women in
entertainment, movies, advertisements, and arts. Today, there is already a normalization of
sexism that results in violence against women and children. The use of sexist language
reinforced the idea that specific words and traits are associated with particular genders.

Gender stereotyping happens every day and everywhere. From catcalling to telling someone
stupid or bitch, these are harsh words that can negatively impact a person. Joking at women or
the LGBT and generalizing that they are weak is another form of gender stereotyping using
language.

WATCH: How Sexism Affects us all by Julia Hardy at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqt4Ycpp3Ow.

Self-Study Questions:
1. What is the negative effect of sexism?
2. How is sexism manifested in everyday lives?

1.4. Towards a gender-fair language

The use of gender-fair language and the removal of sexist language are crucial for gender
equality. As societies aim towards being inclusive regardless of gender, the use of gender-fair
language is promoted. In the Philippine, the party-list GABRIELA (General Assembly Binding
Women for Reform, Integrity, Equality, Leadership, and Action) is advocating for the rights of
women and eliminating gender stereotypes. Language is not just about the words. Languages
that reflect stereotypes to women must be avoided. Societies must become aware of languages'
use, as these words might be offensive already or promote biases against the other gender.

WATCH: Why gender-inclusive language matters by Win Chesson at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2YNrEgKHZY&t=308s.

Self-Study Questions:
1. What is the importance of using gender-neutral language?
2. In what ways gender-fair language can be manifested?

Activity and Assessment:

Activity1-1
Choose ONE of the two activities below:
1. Look for a short or one-page text (news, magazine, laws, books, etc.) that violates gender-
fair language. Highlight those words that are not gender-fair or discriminatory. Provide
edits of revisions on these parts to make the language gender-fair.
2. Research the lyrics or video of your favorite song that speaks to or about women. . Write
the title of the song and the artist(s).
a. How are women portrayed in this song? What words are used to describe men and

18 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano

 women? How would you write a more-gender fair version of this song?
b. If you choose to use the music video, narrate how men and women are portrayed?
How would you write a more-gender fair version of this song?

Activity 1-2
Answer the following:

I. KNOWLEDGE. (1 point each). Identify the following:

1. ____________ It is a vital tool for communication.
2. ____________ It is the likening to objects, of women.
3. _____________ It happens because societies perceive femininity and masculinity as polar
opposite genders.
4. ____________ It is rooted in the assumption that men are dominant
5. ____________ _ It refers to words and phrases that reinforce unequal gender relations
through sex-role stereotypes, microaggressions, and sexual harassment

II. COMPREHENSION AND ANALYSIS. (5 points each)

1. Based on your observation, in what ways can language be used to discriminate?
2. Cite one example of a situation where the sexist language is used? What do you think is
the effect of sexist language to a person?
3. According to Win Chesson, cite specific steps that can be taken to achieve gender-fair
language?

References
Kintanar, T. & Tongson, A. (2005). Gender-fair Language. Retrieved from
https://library.pcw.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Genderfair%20language%20a%20primer.pdf.
Rodriguez, A. M. & Rodriguez, A. M. L. (2019). Gender and Society: The Whys of Women,
Their Oppressions, and Paths to Liberation. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E
Publishing, Inc.
Tedx Talks (2016, September 8) How sexism affects us all. [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqt4Ycpp3Ow.
Stanford Graduate School (2016, April 29) Why Gender-Inclusive Language Matters. [Video
file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2YNrEgKHZY&t=308s.

19 Gender and Society Prepared by: Ann Margarit P. Bersano