MoM' s ridiculously complex math-typing tutorial

Keyboard typing lessons for Math-o-mir v2.0

Lesson 1 Starting and ending the Typing mode

left-mouse-click

mouse-click ...the blue blinking cursor

anywhere at appears and the mouse
empty area... pointer re-shapes.

right-mouse-click
(or the Esc key)

Note: The Typing mode will also start if you click at any insertion point inside any existing equation. That way you
start editing this particular equation.

a + b + c = 2d

Lesson 2 Typing numbers

• Do not separate thousants, millions... write the number all compact

64371

• Use the dot as the decimal separator 64371.37

• If you insist to use comma as the decimal separator, check the following
menu option: Options → Keyboard → Allow comma as decimal separator 64371,37

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Lesson 3 Typing variables

• To generate Greek symbols, quickly stroke letters twice

aa + bb GG α +β Γ
Alternatively, to generate Greek symbols you may also cast commands like \alpha, \beta, \gamma... (see Lesson 11)

• To enter multi-letter variables, start them with the apostrophe key

any math operator or

' size the Spacebar or the Enter key

size
Note: If you are using multi-letter variables really often, then you may enable ' Prefer Multi-Letter variables ' option.
You won' t need to use the apostrophe key any more, but you will have to use the space-bar key to separate
adjacent variables (invisible times) if you placed no other explicit operator between them.
To enable this option , check: Options → Keyboard → Prefer Multi-Letter variables

Lesson 4 Typing Parentheses

• hit the ' (' or ' [' or ' {' or ' |' to create parentheses

• after you filled the content, hit the Enter key, or ' )' , ' ]' , ' }' keys, to exit parentheses

Note: Create double bar parentheses by stroking the ' |' key twice:
In fact, you can also type the following sequences to create various parentheses: ( ] , [ ) , < >, < ] , [ > , | >

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Lesson 5 Typing math operators and symbols

• Hit appropriate keys on your keyboard

< > = + − /
, ; : ? % ! ∼
• However, hitting the @ and ∗ keys will generate alternative symbols

∗ generates ⋅
@ generates ∞
• Arrows can be produced by ALT+arrow_key (hit the arrow key twice to create double arrows)

← ↓ ↑ → ⇐ ⇓ ⇑ ⇒ →

• You can also use following two-stroke or three-stroke sequences:

<= to create ≤ +- to create ± -> to create →

>= to create
≥ -+ to create +> to create →
/= to create
≠ := to create := => to create ⇒
<< to create
<< =: to create =: \# to create #
>>
to create
>> ... to create … \@ to create @
∼∼ to create
≈ *** to create \* to create
∗
∼= to create ≅ − = to create ≡ \{ to create

• Finally, using the Ctrl+X you can generate the multyplying cross: ×

Note: There are symbols that you cannot type any other way than by defining a toolbox accelerator or by
casting a command. Check Lesson #11 to read about commands.

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Lesson 6 Typing indexes

General way - using Underline

• hit the underline key ' _'
• type the index
• hit any math operator (+, - , /, ∗ ,... )
or the Spacebar key or the Enter key
ak
to resume typing on the main line

Note: Because any math operator exits the index entry, you might have hard time to actually enter math operators into indexes.
No problem, after you typed the math operator, just hit the underline key once more and the operator will be pushed back
into the index.

Fast way - using Spacebar

• press and hold the spacebar key
• type the index (still holding the spacebar key)
• release the spacebar key
ak
Note: If you keep holding the Spacebar+Letter combination for about 0.5 seconds, the uppercase letter will be generated and
placed into the index . That is how you can avoid theunhandy Spacebar+Shift+Letter combinatons.

Lesson 7 Typing exponents

General way - using ^ or using "

1
• hit the ' hat' key (^) or the double-quotation key (") 2y+
• type the exponent z
• hit the Enter key to resume
typing on the main line.
R
Fast way - using ALT

• press and hold the ALT key 2

• type the exponent (still holding the ALT key)
• release the ALT key
R
Note: If you keep holding the ALT+Letter combination for about 0.5 seconds, the uppercase letter will be generated and
placed into the exponent. That is how you can avoid theunhandy ALT+Shift+Letter combinatons.

Advanced: When you use the ALT key to type into exponent, then any hit to the = key, will surprisingly generate
the + operator. This way you don' t need to reach for the Shift key to type the + operator on some keyboards.

Lesson 7b Typing exponents of base e

• type the letter ' e' , then hit the period key

e. e
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Lesson 8 Typing functions

• type the backslash ' \' key to start the command entry This is the command-casting
• type the function name method. See lesson #11

• hit the Enter key, or Spacebar key , or the ' (' key

\ress the Spacebar

or the Enter ress
\ress the ' (' key
ress

This is the conversion method,

• type the function name aka the "mighty dot" method.
• hit the dot key '.' to convert the name into function See lessons #7b, #12 and #13.

f the dot key

f
s in the dot key
sin

Lesson 9 Typing fractions

• First insert the fraction line by stroking the slash key ' /' twice:

//
• Type the numerator, then hit the Enter key to move the cursor into the denominator

ω + 2π

• Finally, hit the Enter key to resume at the main line

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Lesson 10 Typing simple fractions

• You can start by typing the numerator

1
• Type the # key (or the grave accent ` key) to insert the fraction bar

Note: You can put more than one element into the numerator. Just type all the elements that make the numerator,
and then hit the # key (or ` key) as many times as needed. For every # hit, a single element will be sucked in.

Lesson 11 Casting commands

• start with the backslash key ' \ '

• type the command name
• hit the Enter key or Spacebar key or any math-symbol key to execute it

\aleph spacebar
ℵ

• There are commands that will create symbols

(examples: \infty, \aleph, \bullet, \oplus, ...) ∞ ℵ • ⊕
• there are commands that will change text properties
(examples: \red, \blue, \big, \small, \bbig, \h1)
red blue big small bbig h1
• All Greek symbols can also be created
(examples: \gamma, \Gamma, \epsilon, \ep) γ Γ ε ε
• Some more complex objects can be inserted
(examples: \sqrt , \sum, \int, \oiint) ∑
• units of measurement can be inserted - this is kg GW ft m /s
case-sensitive. (examples: \kg \GW \ft \mps)

• any ' unknown' command that you may enter will be converted into a function (see lesson #8)

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Lesson 12 Typing differentials

• hit ' d' key , and then hit the dot '.' key

d the dot key

d
• type ' par' , and then hit the dot '.' key

p ar ∂
the dot key

• type \d or \par command and then hit the Spacebar (or Enter) key

\d the spacebar
d
\par the spacebar

∂
• you can also use \dx , \dy , \dz , \dt commands to gain some speed

\dx the spacebar

dx
• you can also use more complex \dd , \ddx , \ddy , \ddz , \ddt , \parpar commands

d
\ddx the spacebar

dx
the spacebar ∂
\parpar
∂

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Lesson 13 Typing Summation, Product and Integral signs

• cast a command ( \sum , \prod , \int , \iint , \iiint , \oint , \oiint or \oiiint )

\sum the spacebar

∑
• if you immediately hit the underline ' _' key, the cursor will jump into the lower-limit box

\sum
the underline
∑
• There are two quick ways, sum. and int. to create summation and integration signs

sum the dot key

∑
the dot key
int
Note: This method generates signs without limit boxes, but you can create them if you hit the
underline key immediately.

Lesson 14 Typing a plain text

• Start a new box (see Lesson #1).

• While the box is still entirely empty hit the spacebar key - this activates the text-typing mode

spacebar
or ALT+spacebar

• When text-typing mode is active, the cursor will be of green color

Note: When typing a plain text, the Enter key will normally wrap the text line

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Lesson 15 Mixing math and text
• You can anytime toggle between text-typing mode and math-typing mode
by using ALT+Spacebar combination.

x 2 + 1; ALT+spacebar
x 2 + 1; where
ALT+spacebar

x 2 + 1; where x << y
Note to Linux users : Instead of ALT+spacebar, you can use Spacebar+ALT. In fact, it is also possible to
toggle between math and text by hitting the comma key twice or by hitting the CapsLock key if the
' Options->Keyboard->Use CapsLock to toggle typing mode' option is enabled.

Lesson 16 Keyboard selections

• Use Shift+left_arrow or Shift+right_arrow to make selections

h h h
x +z Shift+left
x +z Shift+left
x +z
g g g
Shift+left

h
x +z
g
• Selected objects become blue-colored. Note: You can also use Shift+End and
Shift+Home to make selections
• Once you made the selection, you can hit: to the end/beginning of a line.

- CTRL+X (cut), CTRL+C (copy)

- Del (delete), Backspace (delete)
- R (red), G (green)
- B (bold) , I (italic)
- U (underline), O (overline), S (strikeout)
- / or # or ` (puts fraction line below the selection)
- ( or [ or { (puts parentheses around the selection)
- \ (puts the selection in function argument)
- 0...9 (puts the selection to the power)
b
- C (puts constraint (restriction) line: a c
)
- Enter (opens the context menu)

Example:
h h
x +z ' [' key
x +z
g g
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Lesson 17 Creating matrices and tables

• Hit the Shift+Tab to add columns

a Shift+Tab
a
• Hit the Shift+Enter to add rows

Shift+Enter a b
a b
• You can use Enter key to move to the next cell

a b Enter a b
c c

Lesson 18 Using accelerators

• Right mouse-click on any toolbox item - a popup menu will open

• Choose any accelerator you like

• Use the accelerator when you are typing your equations

Note - there are three types of accelerators :

CTRL+ accelerators - these can be used even with hand-drawings

double-stroke accelerators - these are timed, double-stroke them quickly
Easycast accelerators - these enable you to define "any" key-sequence you like

Note: If you define certain double-stroke accelerators, you will not be able to type certain Greek letters easily
(see lesson #3). Therefore you will have to use commands to cast Greek letters (see lesson #11).

Danijel Gorupec, 2016

all help reserved

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Appendix - Math-o-mir crib notes (v1.92) Listed keystrokes are valid for math-typing mode.
To toggle between the math-typing mode and the
text-typing mode, use Alt+SpaceBar.

Keystrokes and keystroke command keystroke command keystroke command keystroke command
commands to ⋅ ∗ \cdot ≈ ∼∼ \approx → -> Alt+right \to ⊂ \subset
enter simple
symbols ± +- \pm ℵ \aleph ← Alt+left ⊃ \supset
-+ \mp ∅ \emptyset ↑ Alt+up ⊆ \subseteq
∞ @ \infty ∗ \* \ast ↓ Alt+down ⊇ \supseteq
<< << ∇ HH \nabla ⇒ => Alt+right (x2) II \parallel
>> >> × Ctrl+X \times ⇐ Alt+left (x2) ⊥ TT \perp
≠ /= \neq • BB \bullet ⇑ Alt+up (x2) ∝ \propto
≤ <= \leq ÷ \div ⇓ Alt+down (x2) # \#
≥ >= \geq ⊕ \oplus → +> Alt+right (x3) \mapsto @ \@
:= := ⊗ \otimes ∈ \elm ≅ ∼= \cong
=: =: ∪ UU \cup ∋ \owns ≡ −= \equiv
… ... ∩ \cap ∉ \notin OO \circ
Tab \space ∼ ∼ \sim ∃ EE \exists ° \deg
*** = \doteq ∀ AA \forall ∴ \therefore
| MM \mid \setminus %% \because

Keystrokes and
keystroke command keystroke command keystroke command
commands to
enter greek α Α aa ι Ι
\alpha \Alpha ii \iota \Iota ρ Ρ rr \rho \Rho
symbols β Β bb, BB \beta \Beta ϕ ϑ jj, JJ \varphi \Varphi σ Σ ss, SS \sigma \Sigma
χ Χ cc \chi \Chi κ Κ kk \kappa \Kappa τ Τ tt \tau \Tau
δ ∆ dd, DD \delta \Delta λ Λ ll, LL \lambda \Lambda υ ϒ \upsilon \Upsilon \ups \Ups
ε Ε ee \epsilon \Epsilon µ Μ mm, uu \mu ω Ω ww, WW \omega \Omega
φ Φ ff, FF \phi \Phi ν Ν nn \nu ξ Ξ xx, XX \xi \Xi
γ Γ gg, GG \gamma \Gamma π Π ϖ pp, PP \pi \varpi ψ Ψ yy, YY \psi \Psi
η Η hh \eta \Eta θ Θ qq, QQ \theta \Theta ζ Ζ zz \zeta \Zeta

Keystrokes and
keystrokes command
commands to
enter complex parentheses: , , , (, [, {, |
symbols
fraction: // (slash twice) \frac

fraction (simple numerator): # (or `)

square root, root: , \sqrt \root

binom: \binom

summation, product: ∑ ,∏ \sum \prod

Integrals: , , \int \iint \iiint

circular integrals: , , \oint \oiint \oiiint

differential: d , d x , d y , d z , d t , ∂ \d \dx \dy \dz \dt \par

d d d d d ∂
derivation: , , , , , \dd \ddx \ddy \ddz \ddt \parpar
d dx dy dz dt ∂
case: \case
module: || (v. bar twice)
limes: lim \lim

various functions: sin , cos , ln ,f … \sin \cos \ln \f ...

functions with reserved names: sum , case , frac … \funcsum \funccase \funcfrac ...

function with greek symbol names: α ,Ω … \funcalpha \funcOmega ...

other brackets: , , , , <>, [), (], [>,<] ... \ket \bra
right-only and left-only brackets: , \}, \{, \[, \], \(, \), \|

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General keyboard gymnastics

Key stroking (you can stroke keys in various ways)

Key-stroking method Effect (a letter key) Effect (a math symbol key)

single stroke produces the letter produces the symbol
double stroke various
produces Greek symbol
(hit the key twice within 500ms) depends on the symbol
long stroke produces uppercase letter produces key' s upper symbol
(hold down the key for 500ms) (= shift + key) (= shift + key)
one-finger
double long stroke shifting
produces uppercase Greek symbol
(press the key again within 500ms not used
(= shift + double stroke)
and keep it pressed for 500ms)

Modifiers key (when held, modify the effect of a keyboard stroke)

Modifier key Effect

Shift Generates uppercase letters or key' s upper symbol (only used with single strokes and double strokes)
Spacebar Typing indexes (subscripts)
ALT Typing exponents (superscripts)
CTRL activates programmable keyboard accelerator (only used with single stroke)

Special keys used to start various typing actions

Starter key Effect
\ (backslash) To enter a command
' (apostrophe) To enter a multi-letter variable
. (dot) To enter a measurement unit
_ (underline) To enter an index
^ (hat) To enter an exponent

Other:
• the dot key is used as conversion key to convert typed variable(s) into a function
• the Alt+Spacebar is used to toggle between math-typing and text-typing modes (the Caps-Lock key can also be programmed
for this function)

Function keys
key function key function key function
displays help
toggles between the edit mode and generates bitmap image of the selected/touched
F1 (or, if configured, F5 F9
the presentation mode object and copies it into the windows clipboard
sets zoom to 1:1)
generates LaTeX code of touched/selected
F2 increases zoom F6 F10 activates the main menu
object and copies it into the windows clipboard
F3 decreases zoom F7 not used F11 toggles ' snap to grid'
starts the hand-drawing mode stores the bitmap image of the selected/touched
F4 F8 F12 toggles automatic guidelines
and displays the handy toolbox object to disk (opens the file save dialgo box)

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Keyboard examples
(Examples are relevant for math-typing mode. It is supposed that the software is configured to prefer single-letter variables.
Note that in some cases a [spacebar] can be replaced with [enter] or vice versa.)

example keystrokes notes

a [spacebar held] o n e [spacebar released] Two ways to type a simple index:
aone or - by holding down the spacebar and
a [underline] o n e [enter] - by using the underline key.
A trick that enables typing complex indexes using the underline key method even if
a1, 2 a [underline] 1 , [underline] 2 [enter]
the Options->Keyboard->Use Complex indexes option is not checked.
x [Alt held] 2 a [Alt released] Two ways to type a simple exponent:
2a
x or - by holding down the Alt key and
x ^ 2 a [enter] - by using the ' hat' key (instead of the ' hat' key you can also use the " key)
−2
x x - [Alt held] 2 [Alt released] A trick to push the minus sign (or any math operator) into exponent..
y
+1
z
x x ^ y # z [enter] +1 [enter] Typing a more complex exponent (the ' hat' key method is recommended).
t
e e . t [enter] Typing exponent of base ' e' using the dot key. Works only for the exponents of ' e'.
a+b
/ / a + b [enter] 2 [enter] Typing a fraction using double slash keystroke (double slash generates fraction line)
2
1 Typing a simple fraction using the # key (or the grave accent key). The # key puts
1#2
2 the fraction line under the previous object.
s i n . x [enter] Two ways to type a known function:
sin x or - by using the dot-key conversion method and
\ s i n [spacebar] x [enter] - by using the command casting method
' r e s p . ( x [enter] Two ways to type an unkown function (and adding parentheses around argument):
resp x or - by using the dot-key conversion method (apostrophe must be used)
\ r e s p ( x [enter] - by using the command casting method
f [sp.bar held] 1 [sp.bar released] . x [enter]
Two ways to type a simple indexed function by the dot key conversion method .
f1 x or
(note: first an indexed variable is created, and then the variable is converted into a function)
f [underline] 1 [enter] . x [enter]
f . [sp.bar held] 1 [sp.bar released] x [enter]
Another two ways to type a simple indexed function by the dot-key conversion method.
f1 x or
(note: first the function is created by dot-key conversion, and then the index is added)
f . [underline] 1 [enter] x [enter]
f . [Alt held] 2 [Alt released] x [enter] Two ways to type a squared function:
2
f x or - by dot-key conversion method and holding down the Alt key
f . ^ 2 [enter] x [enter] - by dot-key conversion method and using the ' hat' key (or the " key)
d.p Two ways to type a diferential:
dp or - by dot-key conversion method
\ d [spacebar] p - by command casting method
∂u par.u Typing a partial differential by the dot-key conversion method (alternative: \par command)
\ s q r t [spacebar] x [enter] Two ways to type a square root:
x or - by command casting method
[Ctrl+R] x [enter] - by using toolbox accelerator (supposing the Ctrl+R is assigne to the square root sign)
ww Two ways to type a Greek symbol:
ω or - by double stroking a matching key (must be double-stroked quickly)
\ o m e g a [spacebar] - by command casting method
[Alt held] [right key] [right key] [Alt released] Two ways to type a double-right-arrow symbol:
⇒ or - by using the handy Alt+cursor_key method
=> - by using sequence
∞

∑= f s u m . [underline] k = 1 [enter] @ [enter] Typing summation sign using dot-key conversion method; then typing function
k
k 1
f . k [enter] [enter] using the dot-key conversion method
∞

∑= f \ s u m [space held] k [space released] = 1 Typing a summation sign by casting a command, then typing typing function
k
k 1
[enter] @ [enter] \ f (k[enter] [enter] by command casting method.
1
2 i n t . [underline] 0 [enter] 1 [enter]
x dx Typing a simple integral using dot-key conversion methods.
x [Alt held] 2 [Alt released] d . x [enter]
0
x = 3.3
y = 3 . 3 [Alt+Enter] x = 7 . 4 Typing a two-line equation by using Alt+Enter (Alt+Enter always wraps a math or text line)
y = 7.4
0; z < 0
x= x = \ { 0 ; z < 0 [Alt+Enter] 1 ; z > = 0 [enter] Using \{ sequence to cast left-only brackets; using Alt+Enter to generate new line
1; z ≥ 0
a, v a [Alt+comma] , v [Alt held] . . [Alt released] Using Alt+comma and Alt+dot to generate variable decorations
mass ⋅ acc ' m a s s ∗ 'a c c Typing multi-letter variables by starting them with the apostrophe key
10.3 cm/s 10.3.cm/s Typing a compound measurement unit by starting it with the dot (period) key
11 ° 30 '' 33.4 ' 11' ' ' 30' ' 33.4' Typing degree of arc (alternative way would be by using \deg or .deg )
a b [ a [Shift+tab] b [Shift+enter]
Creating a matrix using Shift+Tab (creates columns) and Shift+Enter (creates rows).
c d c [enter] d [enter]
x where y ≤ 2 x [Alt+sp.bar] w h e r e [Alt+sp.bar] y < = 2 Mixing math and text using Alt+Spacebar to togle math/text mode
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