School of Electrical Information

Alternating-Current Circuit
Chapter9
Sinusoids and Phasors
 9.1 Sinusoids
! " = $% &'((*" + ,)

$% : /01234567 89 4:7 ;3<5;836

*: "=> ?(@AB?C DC>EA>(FG '( C?H'?(&/& or C?H/&

*": "=> ?C@A%>(" 89 4:7 ;3<5;836
,: "=> MC'@'(?B N=?&>

KL
J=
*
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 9.1 Sinusoids

! " = $% &'((*" + ,)

./0123456 789:;7< =<>?:>8&@ '<!9!87; AB7(>

Find the starting point of a period which is near the zero point,
ü If it is on the left side of zero point, , is positive
ü If it is on the right side of zero point, , is negative

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 9.1 Sinusoids
A periodic function is the one that satisfies 2 " = 2(" + *$),
for all " and for all integers *.

,-
! " + $ = &' ()*+ " + $ = &' ()*+ " +
+
= &' ()*(+" + ,-) = &' ()*+" = !(")

1
0=
$

+ = ,-2

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 9.1 Sinusoids

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 9.2 Phasors
A complex number z can be represented in three ways:

! = # + %& Rectangular form

! = '∠) Polar form

! = '*%) Exponential form

! = # + %& = '∠) = '*%) = +(-./0 + %123))

&
'= #5 + &5 , )= 7839:
#

# = '-./0, & = '123)

:
*%) = -./0 + %123) % = −:, = −%
%
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 9.2 Phasors
Given the complex numbers:
!" = $" + &'" = (" ∠*" , !+ = $+ + &'+ = (+ ∠*+

Addition: !" + !+ = ($" +$+ ) + &('" +'+ )

Subtraction: !" − !+ = ($" −$+ ) + &('" −'+ )

Multiplication: !" !+ = (" (+ ∠*" + *+

Division: !" ("

= ∠*" − *+
!+ (+

Complex conjugate: !∗ = $ − &' = (∠ − * = (01&*

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 9.2 Phasors

!"# $% + ' = )*! $% + ' − ,-°

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 9.3 Phasor Relationship for Circuit Elements

Resistor:

! = #$ %&'()* + ,)

. = !/ = /#$ %&'()* + ,)

#̇ = #$ ∠,

1̇ = /#$ ∠, Phasor form

1̇ = #/
̇

Voltage and current are in phase for resistor

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 9.3 Phasor Relationship for Circuit Elements

Inductor:

! = #$ %&'()* + ,)

0!
.=/ = −)/#$ '!2 )* + , = )/#$ %&'()* + , + 34° )
0*

#̇ = #$ ∠, Phasor form

° °
7̇ = )/#$ ∠, + 34° = )/#$ 9:(,;34 ) = )/#$ 9:, 9:34
= :)/#$ 9:,

7̇ = :)/#̇

The current lags the voltage by 34°

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 9.3 Phasor Relationship for Circuit Elements

Capacitor:

! = #$ %&'()* + ,)

0!
.=/ = −)/#$ '.2 )* + , = )/#$ %&'()* + , + 34° )
0*

#̇ = #$ ∠, Phasor form

° °
7̇ = )/#$ ∠, + 34° = )/#$ 9:(,;34 ) = )/#$ 9:, 9:34
= :)/#$ 9:,
<
7̇ = :)/#̇ #̇ = 7̇
:)/

The current leads the voltage by 34°

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 9.3 Phasor Relationship for Circuit Elements

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 9.4 Impedance And Admittance
Ø Impedance
"̇ "̇ "̇ )
=% = &'( =
#̇ #̇ #̇ &'*

"̇
+= ,- "̇ = +#̇
#̇
Ø Z is a frequency-dependent quantity known as impedance
Ø The impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor voltage V
to the phasor current I, measured in ohms (.)

+ = / + 12 = |4|∠6
Rectangular form
Polar form
% = %7 + ∶ 9:;<;=>?@:
+= %C + AC / = |4|@H;I
A = #B + ∶ 9:>@=>?@: A
6 = DEFG) 2 = |4|JKFI
%
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 9.4 Impedance And Admittance

Ø Admittance

The admittance Y is the reciprocal of impedance, measured in siemens (/)

# &̇ #
! = = = ( + *+ =
$ '̇ , + -.
9.4 Impedance And Admittance
 9.5 Impedance Combinations
Ø Impedance in series
 9.5 Impedance Combinations
Ø Impedance in parallel

Equivalent impedance:

Equivalent admittance:
 9.5 Impedance Combinations
Ø The delta-to-wye and wye-to-delta transformation for impedance

!"#$ % & − ( )*+),*- *. /%0%1)23:

:
5∆ = 8 5( 9+ 5( = 8 5∆

;<2+2 5( = 5: = 5= = 58
5∆ = 5% = 5/ = 5)
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