Ex.

No: Date:

ECONOMIC DISPATCH PROBLEM

Aim:

To determine the optimum scheduling of generation without losses by wirting coding in matlab.

Theory:

Economic dispatch is one in which the generated real power is to meet the load demand with
minimum fuel start up cost.

C = ∑ Ci(PGi) where i = 1,2,……………….N.

Note that any transmission losses are neglected and any operating limits are not explicitly stated
when formulating this problem.

Algorithm:

1. Read the input like number of generating units, fuel cost coefficient, loss coefficients, demand
and power generation limits for each units.
2. Assume initial starting value of lagrange multiplier lamda.
3. Choose of with or without loss method of solving.
4. Calculate the error (demand + loss- generation ).If the error is less than the tolerance value print
the result. Otherwise iterate the same steps by incrementing or decrementing the value of lamda.
5. Solve for Pgi(i=1,2,3……………N),
6. If ∑Pgi<Pd, increment lamda, else if ∑Pgi>Pd, decrement lamda.
7. Increase lamda, |Pgi-Pd|<0 or decrease lamda if |Pgi-Pd|>0 and repeat step 3.
8. If the computed Pgi satisfy the operating limits then the optimum solution is obtained, otherwise
goto next step.
9. If Pgi violates the operating limits, then fix the generation at respective limit.
10. Redistribute the remaining sytem load, Pd.
11. Compute new values of lamda and Pd, Compute remaining generations.
12. Check whether the optimality condition is satisfied. If the condition is satisfied then stop.
Otherwise go to step 9.
Problem data:

Consider three generating units in a system whose input – output characteristics is given by the following

H (MBtu/h) = A + BP + CP2 (Power in MW)

Units A B C
1 561 7.92 1.562× 10- 3
2 310 7.85 1.94× 10- 3
3 78 7.97 4.82× 10- 3
The minimum and
maximum limits of the generating units are 150 MW & 600 MW, 100 MW &400 MW, 50 MW & 200
MW respectively. The fuel cost of all units is 1 Rs/MBtu. The generating units contribute to satisfy a load
demand of 850 MW.

Model calculation:

F(P) = H(P) × 1

F(P) = H(P)

F1 = 561 + 7.92 P1 + 1.562× 10- 3 P12

F2 = 310 + 7.85 P2 + 1.940× 10- 3 P22

F3 = 78.0 + 7.97 P3 + 4.820× 10- 3 P32

dF 1
=7.92+0.003124 P 1 = λ
dP 1

dF 2
=7.85+0.00388 P 2 = λ
dP 2

dF 3
=7.97+ 0.00 964 P 3 = λ
dP 3

P1+P2+P3 = PD

P1+P2+P3 = 850

Iteration 1:

Assume the value of λ = 8

7.92+0.003124 P 1 = λ

7.92+0.003124 P 1 = 8

On solving the equation we get

Program:

clear all;
clc;
disp '====== ====== =================';
clear all;
clc;
n=input('Enter the number of generating units');
for i=1:n
disp('Enter the value for unit');
disp(i);
a(i)=input('Enter the coefficient of Pg^2');
b(i)=input('Enter the coefficient of Pg');
pmin(i)=input('Enter the Pmin value');
pmax(i)=input('Enter the Pmax value');
end
pd=input('Enter the demand value');
lam=input('Enter the starting value of lambda');
q=input('Enter 1 for ED Problem without power loss and 2 for ED Problem with
power loss');
delp = -1;
iteration=0;
if q==1
disp 'Lambda Method (without power loss)';
while delp~=0
pp=0;
x=0;
for i=1:n
p(i)=(lam-b(i))/(2*a(i));
if(p(i)<pmin(i))
p(i)=pmin(i);
end
if(p(i)>pmax(i))
p(i)=pmax(i);
else
p(i)=p(i);
end
pp=p(i)+pp;
x = x + (1/(2*(a(i))));
end
delp=pd-pp;
dellam=delp/(x);
lam=lam+dellam;
iteration=iteration+1;
if iteration==1000
break;
end
disp 'Iteration:';
disp(iteration);
disp 'Power of the units:';
disp(p);
disp 'Lambda:';
disp(lam);
disp '--------------------------------------------------------';
end
else
disp 'Lambda Method (with power loss)';
Input:

Enter the number of generating units3

Enter the value for unit 1

Enter the coefficient of Pg^20.001562

Enter the coefficient of Pg7.92

Enter the Pmin value150

Enter the Pmax value600

Enter the value for unit 2

Enter the coefficient of Pg^20.00194

Enter the coefficient of Pg7.85

Enter the Pmin value100

Enter the Pmax value400

Enter the value for unit 3

Enter the coefficient of Pg^20.00482

Enter the coefficient of Pg7.97

Enter the Pmin value50

Enter the Pmax value200

Enter the demand value850

Enter the starting value of lambda8

Enter 1 for ED Problem without power loss and 2 for ED Problem with power loss1
 for i=1:n
for j=1:n
disp('Enter the B matrix');
B(i,j)=input('Enter the value');
end
end
while delp~=0
pp=0;
ploss=0;
x=0;
for i=1:n
p(i)=(lam-b(i))/(2*(a(i)+(lam*B(i,i))));
if(p(i)<pmin)
p(i)=pmin(i);
end
if(p(i)>pmax)
p(i)=pmax(i);
else
p(i)=p(i);
end
pp=p(i)+pp;
x = x + (a(i)+B(i,i)*b(i))/(2*(a(i)+lam*B(i,i))^2);
end
q=(p*B*transpose(p));
ploss=ploss+q;
delp=pd+ploss-pp;
dellam=delp/(x);
lam=lam+dellam;
iteration=iteration+1;
if iteration==1000
break;
end
disp 'Iteration:';
disp(iteration);
disp 'Power of the units:';
disp(p);
disp 'Lambda:';
disp(lam);
disp '--------------------------------------------------------';
end
end
Output:

Lambda Method (without power loss)

Iteration: 1

Power of the units: 150 100 50

Lambda: 8.8070

Iteration: 2

Power of the units: 283.9186 246.6396 86.8218

Lambda: 9.1483

Iteration: 3

Power of the units: 393.1698 334.6038 122.2264

Lambda: 9.1483

Iteration: 4

Power of the units: 393.1698 334.6038 122.2264

Lambda: 9.1483

Iteration: 5

Power of the units:

P1= 393.1698 MW

P2= 334.6038 MW

P3= 122.2264 MW

Lambda: 9.1483 Rs/MW-hr

Result:
 Thus the program for ECONOMIC DISPATCH PROBLEM has been developed and executed
using Matlab.