Name Asad Ullah Roll No 50 Class BBA Semester 4th Computer Application Assignment Sir Ibrar

INTERNAL STRUCTURE AMD WORKING OF CRT MONITORS.

CATHODE RAY TUBE.

Cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, the beams of which are
manipulated to display images on a phosphorescent screen.The images may represent electrical
waveforms and in computer monitor.

CATHODE RAY MONITORS.

In cathode ray tube computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is scanned repeatedly
and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster. In colour devices, an image is produced by
controlling the intensity of each of three electron beams, one for each additive primary colour
(red, green, and blue) with a video signal as a reference. In modern CRT monitors and televisions
the beams are bent by magnetic deflection, using a deflection yoke. Electrostatic deflection is
commonly used in oscilloscopes.

WORKING OF CRT MONITORS.

A CRT monitor contains millions of tiny red, green, and blue phosphor dots that glow when struck by an
electron beam that travels across the screen to create a visible image.

WORKING.

The illustration below shows how this works inside a CRT.

The terms anode and cathode are used in electronics as synonyms for positive and negative terminals.
For example, you could refer to the positive terminal of a battery as the anode and the negative terminal
as the cathode.

In a cathode ray tube, the “cathode” is a heated filament. The heated filament is in a vacuum created
inside a glass “tube.” The “ray” is a stream of electrons generated by an electron gun that naturally pour
off a heated cathode into the vacuum. Electrons are negative. The anode is positive, so it attracts the
electrons pouring off the cathode. This screen is coated with phosphor, an organic material that glows
when struck by the electron beam.

There are three ways to filter the electron beam in order to obtain the correct image on the monitor
screen: shadow mask, aperture grill and slot mask. These technologies also impact the sharpness of the
monitor’s display. Let’s take a closer look at these now.
To evaluate the specifications of CRT monitors, here are a few more things you need to know:

Shadow-mask.

A shadow mask is a thin metal screen filled with very small holes. Three electron beams pass through
the holes to focus on a single point on a CRT displays’ phosphor surface. The shadow mask helps to
control the electron beams so that the beams strike the correct phosphor at just the right intensity to
create the desired colours and image on the display. The unwanted beams are blocked or “shadowed.”

Aperture-grill

Monitors based on the Trinitron technology, which was pioneered by Sony, use an aperture-grill instead
of a shadow-mask type of tube. The aperture grill consists of tiny vertical wires. Electron beams pass
through the aperture grill to illuminate the phosphor on the faceplate. Most aperture-grill monitors
have a flat faceplate and tend to represent a less distorted image over the entire surface of the display
than the curved faceplate of a shadow-mask CRT. However, aperture-grill displays are normally more
expensive.

Slot-mask

A less-common type of CRT display, a slot-mask tube uses a combination of the shadow-mask and
aperture-grill technologies. Rather than the round perforations found in shadow-mask CRT displays, a
slot-mask display uses vertically aligned slots. The design creates more brightness through increased
electron transmissions combined with the Arrangement of the phosphor dots.

Dot pitch

Dot pitch is an indicator of the sharpness of the displayed image. It is measured in millimetres (mm), and
a smaller number means a sharper image. How you measure the dot pitch depends on the technology
used:

In a shadow-mask CRT monitor, you measure dot pitch as the diagonal distance between two like-
coloured phosphors. Some manufacturers may also cite a horizontal dot pitch, which is the distance
between two-like coloured phosphors horizontally.

The dot pitch of an aperture-grill monitor is measured by the horizontal distance between two like-
coloured phosphors. It is also sometimes are called stripe pitch.

The smaller and closer the dots are to one another, the more realistic and detailed the picture appears.
When the dots are farther apart, they become noticeable and make the image look grainier.
Unfortunately, manufacturers are not always upfront about dot pitch measurements, and you cannot
necessarily compare shadow-mask and aperture-grill CRT types, due to the difference in horizontal and
vertical measurements.

Refresh Rate

In monitors based on CRT technology, the refresh rate is the number of times that the image on the
display is drawn each second. If your CRT monitor has a refresh rate of 72 Hertz (Hz), then it cycles
through all the pixels from top to bottom 72 times a second. Refresh rates are very important because
they control flicker, and you want the refresh rate as high as possible. Too few cycles per second and
you will notice a flickering, which can lead to headaches and eye strain.

Because your monitor’s refresh rate depends on the number of rows it has to scan, it limits the
maximum possible resolution. Most monitors support multiple refresh rates. Keep in mind that there is
a trade-off between flicker and resolution, and then pick what works best for you. This is especially
important with larger monitors where flicker is more noticeable.

Multiple Resolutions

Because a CRT uses electron beams to create images on a phosphor screen, it supports the resolution
that matches its physical dot (pixel) size as well as several lesser resolutions. For example, a display with
a physical grid of 1280 rows by 1024 columns can obviously support a maximum resolution of
1280x1024 pixels.