2021

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY IN
NORTH EAST ASIA

Submitted by:
Belicina, Kayll Shaine
Bicalan, Rojennie Joy
Cabaltera, Princess Joy
Dejan, Jeraldine Mae
Manalo, Brylle Joshoua
Musa, Grachelle Eunice
Nares, Kian Angel
Saldino , Kristel Kate
Villano , Laira Jhane

GROUP- 3 BSA-1-1
MS. HANNAH FERRER
11/4/2021
 Republic of the Philippines
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Introduction

Asia, as the biggest continent in the world were divided into different regions including the
East Asia’ that was also geographically called as North East Asia. It comprises some of the
world’s most prosperous economies including countries that were considered as powerhouses
such as Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea, Russia, and Mongolia specifically in terms of
Emerging Science, Technology Development, and Society innovation. This study will cover
fascinating discussions and study particularly of selected countries together with their
remarkable and valuable contribution in Science, Technology, and Society in different fields,
branches and aspects and on how it continually develops, enhance and maximizes from
civilizations up until the present year. East Asia is not considered as the most prosperous part of
the continent for nothing, it surely have reasons why, and historical antecedents is one of those,
discoveries of famous scientist and their innovations in their inventions serves as gateway to
open up for more interesting ideas and technological advancements that greatly affect the way of
life of its societies in each countries. Rapid modernization is recognized in this region due to
high quality of living seen in them. However, in all specific countries are the different
backgrounds and processes that they go through with variation according to their geographical
location and demands with accordance to the people’s needs, curiosity, and societal problems
that arises unexpectedly. A lot of inventions and richness in fields of formulation that known
scientists created serves big contribution in many ways, conceptually it adds up to the forms of
knowledge that one country have that leads to a new set of standards to follow. Technologically,
it makes more sense of conveniency with the use of resources that are enhanced and developed.
The impacts of these technologies on their economies are usually combined with massive science
development, with the belief that it will lead them to a more grown country. The focuses of
investments in terms of research and development will be discussed and how it affects the
country that rises in the ranking. Ideas and cultures of each countries interacts and this growth
has not occurred at the same pace all over the continent. This study will go further on various
historical contributions that takes place on selected countries to have a concrete conclusion and
evidence that Science truly improves with the help of unending queries of society and the aim of
discovery and exploration of what is more with the resources that evolves in us. It will portray
the essentiality of Science, Technology and Society and its credibility to turn a country into
prestigious and powerful economy. With a lot consideration and value to what already exists and
on what are not yet possible to the naked eye, Science continually works and in this study its
function will prove that it is inevitable. Learnings are deep and its complexity are very
beneficial, in this, the success upholds and through these countries are easily distinguished if it is
already developed or not. All in all, this will cover about how wide, flexible and effective
changes takes place in East Asian Countries and how high this region contributes in sustaining
the enhancement, in the concept of technological advancement.
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Development of Science and Technology in Japan

After World War 2, the advancement of science and technology in Japan developed
rapidly. Japan undeniably contributed a lot in the field of science and particularly in technology.
These discoveries and innovations helped people not just in their lives but also in studying
science. In this section, the researchers will discuss some discoveries and inventions of the
country Japan.
The country of Japan is composed of numerous famous scientists who contributed a lot to
different fields of science. Some of these involve Hideki Shirakawa, Akira Endo,and Hiroaki
Mitsuya.
Hideki Shirakawa is a Japanese Chemist born in Tokyo, Japan, who won The Nobel Prize
in Chemistry in 2000. These are with his discovery and development of conductive polymers
with the help of his research partners Alan Heeger, an American physicist, and Alan
MacDiarmid, a New Zealand-born American Chemist. They demonstrated that it is possible to
produce conductive polymers (end of the 1970s). The Conductive polymer/s is/are polymers that
can conduct electricity. These polymers are composed of organic materials that can offer high
electrical conductivity.
Akira Endo, on the other hand, is a Japanese biochemist who developed statin drugs. He
researched the relationship between fungi and cholesterol that led him to discover this drug. The
statin drug's target is lowering cholesterol. This drug is one of the best-selling pharmaceuticals in
history. The discovery of this led him to receive the Japan Prize (2006). He also received the
Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award (2008) and the Canada Gairdner
International Award (2017).
The other scientist who helped the development of science in Japan is Hiroaki Mitsuya,
M. D., Ph.D. After training at Kumamoto University Hospital, he joined the National Cancer
Institute (1982). Mitsuya is a Japanese virologist who led the discovery and development of the
first three drugs for AIDS and HIV resistance. These drugs are called zidovudine (AZT),
didanosine (DDL), and zalcitabine. These drugs became a big help to give therapy to those with
HIV/ AIDS. With this discovery, he received an award as the first NIH World AIDS Day Award.
In 1991, Mitsuya became the chief of the NCI’s Experimental Retrovirology Section.
These are just three of the famous scientists who contributed to the development of
science in Japan. 
  In terms of technology, Japan is undeniably great at innovating these things. They
contributed a lot to this area. The following are the popular technologies made by the Japanese
inventors:
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One invention of Japan is the Pulse oximeter. It was invented and popularized by
a Japanese Bioengineer named Takuo Aoyagi. The pulse oximeter measures the level of oxygen
of a person. It is used by clipping it on the finger and automatically shows the person’s oxygen
level.           
                  
 Daisuke Inoue ( 井 上 大 佑 ), is a Japanese entrepreneur who is well known for his
invention, Karaoke. Machine. Karaoke is a combination of Japanese words Kara which means
empty, and Oke that means orchestra. This machine allows people to sing without the live back-
up or instrumental. This invention became famous in their neighborhood countries (Asia) and the
world.
      
Japan also became one of the great contributors in terms of the creation of mobile phones.
They set a big part in the invention of the first mobile videophone known as the Visual Phone
VP- 210. It is a mobile phone created by Kyocera Corporation which comes with a built-in
camera and a two-inch LCD screen. It allows the transmission of images and works like a
camera or video camera. The Visual Phone can let you talk with others visually and do business
even their location is different.
In 1955, the first automatic rice cooker went on sale in Japan. The development of this
appliance took about five years. A Japanese Company named Toshiba created this cooker. It
helps in cooking rice without extra effort. It uses a “double pot indirect cooking” method that can
help to signal the user by automatically turning it off.
At last, Japan is well known for its robots. In some Japanese factories, establishments,
and businesses, Japan uses robots to replace its workers. They use robots to improve the quality
of their goods and their productivity. 

            An example of a robot made in Japan is the humanoid robot named Gakutensoku (學天
則) (“Learning from the Laws of Nature”). Created by the Biologist Makoto Nishimura (1928).
This robot can open and close its eyes, move a pen using its right hand, and more.      
    
To sum it up, Japan became a huge contributor to Science and Technology with its
discoveries and inventions. These helped a lot in solving issues and made the operations less
stressful.
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The Development of Science, Technology, and Society in China

China is considered one of the major contributors to science and technology. The country
is quite independent in the development of Western Science that became a controversy about its
roots. Going back to the early years of the Ming Dynasty, the country is said to be a world leader
in science and technology. Their inventions and discoveries give rise to the economic
development of other countries. In addition, it is one of the largest producers of scientific papers
because its research and development expenditure has been rising over the years. These
contributions helped society in their everyday living such as at work, communication, health, etc.
In this part, the researchers will discuss some of the contributions of the country in the
development of science and technology.
China started to contribute to the modern world ever since ancient China. Most of their
contribution was inventions, innovations, and scientific discoveries. They are most known for
their four great inventions which are paper making, printing, gunpowder, and the compass. Aside
from these, there are many more contributions China had given to the modern world. Some of
the oldest contributions of Ancient Chinese were traditional medicine, acupuncture, and herbal
medicine practice. According to some scientists, there were pieces of evidence that practices
similar to acupuncture were used in Eurasia during the Shang dynasty.
Xia dynasty was founded by Yu the Great and is considered the first Chinese dynasty.
According to Chao-Fong (2021), this dynasty is known for the development of flood control
techniques that helped control the flooding in the Yellow River. Although there’s a lack of
documented evidence, most of them are farmers who invented bronze casting but still use stone
and bone as their everyday tools. Zia dynasty also developed agricultural practices particularly,
the irrigation process. Lastly, they’ve contributed by developing a calendar that is considered as
the origin of the traditional Chinese calendar.
Under the Shang dynasty, a simple vertical pole was invented to measure the length of
the sun’s shadow by day to determine the solstices and transits of stars by night to observe the
revolution of the sidereal year called sundial or shadow clock that was replaced by clepsydra or
water clocks of Zhang Heng to drive mechanism illustrating astronomical phenomena during
Han dynasty. During spring and autumn and the warring states of the Zhou dynasty is the
development of technology in agriculture and handicraft enhanced the economic activities and
made crucial the means of calculation. Thus, counting rod was invented and used even after the
invention of the abacus as an abacus was fits mentioned in the supplementary notes on the Art of
Figures under the Han dynasty and rose to prominence under the Yuan dynasty until it become a
household instrument in the Ming dynasty. Also, under the Zhou dynasty, the first bridge
recorded in Chinese history is a boat bridge that is ordered by King Wen of the Zhou dynasty.
 The dynasty which marked the beginning of the Chinese Empire, the Qin dynasty.
Although it is one of the shortest dynasties in Chinese history that last for almost 15 years only,
it
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doesn’t change the fact that it is one of the most important. According to Anirudh (2017), the
unification of China for the first time in its history in 221 BC is a well-known accomplishment of
this dynasty. It is known for building expansive infrastructure that includes the Great Wall, the
famous Terracotta Army, Dujiangyan Irrigation System, and the Lingqu Canal. Most
importantly, the standardization of the Chinese writing system was made. It is the most
influential achievement in this dynasty made possible by the prime minister, Li Si of the Qin
dynasty. Before it, local styles of characters already evolved and it is called “Scripts of the Six
States”. Then Li Si, under Qin Shi Huang, standardized the Chinese language by furthering it as
Small Seam Script, the standard. The Small Seal Script was itself standardized through the
removal of variant forms within it. This standardized Chinese writing system; made it uniform
across the whole country; and had a unification effect on the Chinese culture for thousands of
years (Anirudh, 2017).
The Han dynasty is known for its achievements, which included the development of the
civil service and government structure, and scientific advancements such as the first water-
powered rotating armillary sphere and the first seismological detector called the Houfeng Didong
Yi, and the use of water clocks and sundials to measure time called clepsydra by Zhang Heng,
the South Pointing Chariot, a complex device that acted as a mechanical compass vehicle of the
mechanical engineer named Ma Jun, and paper-making. It is also when the first stone bridge was
recorded and the first Chinese civilization to succeed in exploring aviation, inventing kites and
Kong Ming lantern, the first flying machines.
The Jin dynasty conquered eastern Wu and united the country. Some many prominent
writers and scholars were executed during the civil wars, but they were able to write many
volumes of literature and poetry that still exist today. Ge Hong, an alchemist, recorded in his
book “Book of the Master of the Preservations of Solidarity” the chemical reaction of saltpeter,
pine resin, and charcoal when heated together. Another Chinese book about gunpowder entitled
“Classified Essentials of the Mysterious Tao of the True origin of Things” indicates that
gunpowder was a product of Daoist alchemical efforts to develop an elixir of immortality.
The Tang dynasty is contemplated as a golden age of Chinese arts and culture. It is
known for great innovation with scientific accomplishments such as matches, dry docks, double-
action piston pump, cast iron, iron-plough, horse collar, multi-tube seed drill, wheelbarrow,
sluice gate, and pound lock. It is also when printing and gunpowder were invented that are two
of the four greatest contributions of China in the modern world. Book printing was also
developed, using delicate hand-carved wooden blocks to print pages.
 The Song dynasty is noted as a great artistic achievement. Emperor Taizu, the first
emperor of the Song dynasty focuses on the reunification of China to ensure that his successor
had the foundation to build the most successful dynasties. He makes efforts in leading the
military and scholar-officials in the government.
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There were many famous inventors and early scientists like statesman Shen Kuo is best
known for his book Dream pool Essays and his theory for the land formation and climate change
in geological region in an enormous period, equally talented statesman Su song who is known for
his engineering project Astronomical Clock tower of Kaifeng and compiled the Ben Cao Tu Jing
with a team of scholars, and Bi Sheng who invented the ceramic movable printing in 990-1051
that was enhanced by the wooden Movable-type of Wang Zhen in 1298 and bronze metal
movable type of Hua Sui in 1490.
The Yuan dynasty was the first foreign-lead dynasty in ancient China ruled by Kublai
Khan. It is the biggest part of the Mongol empire. Chinese astronomers were among the first to
record observation of a supernova, making the crab nebula the first astronomical object
recognized connected to the supernova explosion. Arabic and Chinese astronomers intermingled
under Mongol rule of the Yuan dynasty. Muslim astronomers worked in the Chinese
astronomical bureau, while Chinese astronomers worked at the Persian Maragha observatory.
Ming dynasty, which succeeded the Yuan dynasty, became one of the most stable
dynasties but also one of the most autocratic Chinese dynasties. The Great Wall of China seen
today is the result of grand-scale reconstruction for 100 years of the Ming dynasty. it is one of
the greatest achievements in the development of architecture from the Han to the Qing dynasty.
Ming Dynasty Huo long jing written by Jiao Yu was one of the most important military
treatises as it outlined the use of fire arrows, and rockets, fire lances, and firearms mines, and
cannons along with different compositions of gunpowder such as magic gunpowder, poisonous
gunpowder, and blinding and burning gunpowder.
China had contributed a lot of inventions, innovations, and scientific discoveries that are
very significant to today’s generation. However, it has been a subject of debate among historians
on why China didn’t develop a Chinese revolution and why it fell behind Europe. It is because
the Chinese are a religious country that relies upon their beliefs in religious and philosophical
beliefs. According to Joseph Needham, “It was the religious and philosophical beliefs of Chinese
that made them unable to believe in the ideas of the law of nature” that most scholars agreed on.
Nonetheless, China had still contributed great changes that help ease the life of people in the
modern world and it will continue like this as China has become more interested in the global
economy, and their government gives more emphasis to science and technology.
 Republic of the Philippines
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Development of Science and Technology in North Korea

North Koreans are better known because of their movement on developing incendiary
materials such as bombs and missiles that have gotten increasingly popular in these domains as
their technology and science systems have evolved through the years passed. This kind of
activity serves as their protection and preparation for unfortunate happenings in the future for
instance are wars and various conflicts that they seemingly visible on them. It also acts as a
source of business since there are nations where there is violence and misunderstanding resulting
to unwanted fight and those export goods from them to support their countries by using North
Korea's product which are explosives. As time passes by, this country is becoming more active in
this field.
This synthetic fiber was first produced in 1939 by a Korean chemist and his Japanese
colleagues. When the fiber's inventor defected to North Korea after the Korean War, the Kim
dictatorship claimed ownership of the polyvinyl alcohol-based fiber. North Korea was facing
severe economic sanctions from the rest of the world, and it lacked the basic commodities it
needed to be self-sufficient. As a result, the North Korean authorities pushed Vinylon, a product
that could be easily manufactured with locally available resources. Vinylon fiber was soon
adopted by the North Korean authorities as an effective propaganda tool. It was termed the
"Juche fiber," after the country's official ideology. The North Korean authorities constructed a
vast “Vinylon city” production complex and presented the product as an example of North
Korean self-sufficiency. “How Grand Socialism Is!” proclaims a propaganda song. "The Vinylon
fabric flows out like a cascade," the vocalists exclaim.

North Korea's first integrated circuit facility went online in late 1985. North Korea was
generating roughly 20,000 computers per year in the early 1990s, with 60 percent of them being
exported and the rest being used largely for local military purposes. The development of a
software industry began in the early 1990s. In general, software development is at a high level,
and it, together with world-class voice recognition, automation, and medical technology, might
become a key export item in the future. North Korea has created its own operating system, the
Red Star, as well as a Kwangmyong internet network that comprises filtered Internet content. IT
specialists in North Korea have a high level of technology literacy. The Tonghae Satellite
Launching Ground in North Hamgyong province and the Tongch'ang-dong Space Launch Center
in North Pyongan province are both active as of 2010. Paektusan and Unha rockets were used to
launch Kwangmyngsng-class satellites from the former site. There have been three attempts at
launch so far, but none of them have been successful. GPS jammers, stealth paint, midget
submarines,
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chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, anti-personnel lasers, and ballistic missiles are
among the military technology that North Korea is exploring and deploying.
The Hwasong-10, commonly known as the Musudan, is one of North Korea's most recent
ballistic missile developments. The Hwasong-10, which is capable of reaching US military sites
in the Pacific, has been utilized in a number of contentious missile tests, raising regional
tensions. North Korea, predictably, was unable to develop this technology entirely on its own,
relying on assistance from friendly Communist states. The missile's development began in the
1990s, when North Korea hired Russian engineers to assist in the development of a missile based
on an older Soviet design.

North Korea's first satellite, Kwangmyongsong-1, or "Bright Star 1," was launched in
August 1998. The launch, according to North Korean media, was a tremendous success, with the
satellite broadcasting patriotic hymns in Morse code as it orbited the Earth. The sole flaw in this
otherwise spectacular achievement is that no American tracking station recognized the satellite.
Kwangmyongsong-1, like many other technologies on this list, was eventually determined to
have merely entered a low orbit before crashing back into the water. The satellite's polyhedral
architecture seems very similar to China's first satellite, the Dong Fang Hong I, which, in turn,
looks suspiciously similar to an earlier American satellite. Despite the satellite's dubious design
and purpose, North Korean official media hailed it as a success, saying it "encourages the Korean
people in their endeavors to establish a great socialist state under the wise leadership of General
Secretary Kim Jong Il."
Kim Jong -il declared a new scientific and technology-based Juche in 2005, indicating a
greater willingness to recognize the importance of foreign technological discoveries to the
advancement of science and technology, as well as a more pragmatic and profit-oriented attitude.
One of the most recent Juche technology mottos is "feet on our soil, eyes on the globe" (Jenson,
209), and the following activities demonstrate some efforts in this direction.
• In 2007, China made a product donation (computers and printers were donated through
cooperation between science academies in North Korea and China),
• In 2008, the Orascom corporation in Egypt invested $4 million in the national mobile phone
network industry.
• An IT technology exchange program between New York's Syracus University and Pyongyang's
Kim Chaek University, despite neither party's willingness to accept it, and
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• In 2010, the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) collaborated with a
Swiss organization to develop wind power as an alternative energy program. There were also
various inter-Korean cooperation projects, including The Korean Peninsula Energy Development
Organization (KEDO) in 1995.

Until recently, it was considered that Koreans invented under-floor heating, which they
name "ondol." It was first thought to have been invented some 2,500 years ago by the people of
the Northern Okjeo. Nonetheless, the discovery of a c. A 3,000-year-old similar indoor heating
system discovered in Alaska has cast doubt on current explanations. Because there are no
prehistoric and/or ancient ondol features in the area between the two archaeological sites, the two
systems are unlikely to have originated from the same source. However, it has been suggested
that around this historical period, whale-hunting people from the Korean peninsula may have
come to Alaska by sea, which could explain the event. Archaeological locations in modern-day
North Korea have discovered ondol use. In the excavated home (Korean), a Neolithic Age
archaeological site discovered in Unggi, Hamgyeongbuk-do, in present-day North Korea, reveals
a distinct evidence of Gudeul (about 5000 BC). Early ondols were Gudeul, which provided
warmth and cooking for a dwelling. Because the flue entry located beside the furnace, when a
fire was set in the furnace to cook rice for dinner, the flame would expand horizontally. This
configuration was necessary since the smoke could not go upward, causing the flame to go out
too quickly. The flame would be led through the network of channels by the smoke as it passed
through the flue entrance. To create ondol flooring chambers, entire rooms would be erected on
the furnace flue.

North Koreans have made a significant contribution to the degree of science and
technology that they employ in their daily lives. First and foremost, they found the fiber that was
utilized to create the lovely textiles that they wore. They also improved their computer system,
making it more effective in their military work where they were able to add censors and make it
automatic and easier to use. There have also been innovations in medical technology that have
resulted in better treatment. And last but definitely not the least, they've made numerous
weaponry upgrades that may be shown to be substantial and significant when compared to prior
ones. These changes can be seen nowadays especially in the present era, where there are
numerous conflicts and fights taking place in several countries, as well as explosions.
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Development of Science and Technology in Mongolia

Mongolia, one of the world’s most sparsely populated countries with a rich history and
nomadic culture, has been pushed to speed its economic and social development in the digital
age. Mongolia is a country in Central Asia. Kublai Khan, also spelled Khublai or Kubla, was a
Mongolian general and statesman who was the grandson and greatest successor of Genghis Khan
and, the ruler of all other Mongol empire.
Many scientific and technological breakthroughs were made during this time period,
including in the fields of mathematics, medicine, printing technology, and gunpowder warfare. In
the Mongol dynasty, Chinese sciences, astronomy, medicine, engineering, and mathematics,
proliferated as the Khans realized the importance of science. Mongolia can establish a digitally
linked nation by investing in development and wiring the country. A digital economy that is both
inclusive and lively. The ability to harness a new wave of frontier technologies and forge new
paths for the sake of prosperity by bringing their nomadic groups closer to technology, they are
able to improve their lives. Those discoveries and inventions helped people to be more
productive in terms of technological aspects. So here are the two great scientists from this period,
Guo Shoujing and Zhu Shijie, and the contributions of Mongolians in science and technology.
At the age of 20, Guo Shoujing became a hydraulic engineer. In the late 1250s, Kublai
Khan became the Khan and ruler of most of China, which was under Mongol domination. Kublai
Khan recognized the importance of hydraulic engineering, irrigation, and water transport in
alleviating uprisings within the empire, and sent Liu Bingzhong and his student Guo to
investigate these aspects in the area between Dadu (now Beijing or Peking) and the Yellow River
in order to provide a new water supply.
Kublai Khan dispatched Guo to oversee similar projects around the empire after the
project’s success. Kublai Khan appointed him as his senior counselor in the fields of hydraulics,
mathematics, and astronomy. He was Kublai Khan’s top counselor on hydraulics, mathematics,
and astronomy. Guo began to build astronomical observation instruments. He is credited with
developing the gnomon, the square table, the abridged or simplified armilla, and the Ling Long
Yi, a water-powered armillary sphere. The gnomon, used to measure the angle of the sun,
identify the seasons, and is the foundation of the sundial, but Guo Shoujing enhanced the
accuracy of this device and improved the capacity to tell time more precisely. The square table
that can be served as a protractor, as well as a tool for measuring the azimuth of celestial bodies
using the equal altitude method. The simplified armilla, which was used to calculate the sun’s
 angle as well as the position of any celestial body. And the Ling Long Yi
resembles a simplified armilla, but it is larger, more complicated, and more
precise. Guo worked extensively with spherical trigonometry throughout
his life. Spherical trigonometry is a branch of spherical geometry
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relationships between trigonometric functions of the sides and angles of spherical polygons
(particularly spherical triangles) defined by a set of intersecting great circles on the sphere.
The Mongols also created a calendar that was extremely precise. Calendars were created
using mathematics by Guo Shoujing. He was one of the earliest Chinese mathematicians to study
spherical trigonometry. For his astronomical computations, Gou devised a cubic interpolation
formula. In 1281, his calendar, the Shoushi or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons, was adopted as
the Yuan dynasty’s official calendar. The work of Song dynasty astronomer Shen Kuo, as well as
the work of Arab astronomers, may have had a significant influence on the calendar. Although
the Shoushi calendar shows no apparent traces of Muslim influence, Mongol monarchs were
known to be interested in Muslim calendars. Under the Mongols, Middle Eastern mathematical
expertise was introduced to China.
During the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Shijie was a Chinese mathematician. Zhu was born around
where Beijing is today. Two of his mathematical works have made it to the present day. In 1299,
the Suanxue qimeng (Introduction to mathematical studies) and the Siyuan yujian (True
reflections of the four unknowns) were published in 1303.
The Mongol Empire spread from Eastern Asia to the Middle East, and one of the most
important consequences of this development was the establishment of the “Silk Road,” a vital
economic route connecting Europe’s kingdoms with Asia’s furthest reaches. Genghis Khan, the
first Mongol monarch, died in 1227, leaving behind an empire that stretched from China’s
Pacific coast to Eastern Europe. As a result, the Silk Road network, which had previously been
dangerous to travel due to warring kingdoms along the way, was now totally under Mongol
authority. The consequent stability brought by Mongol authority allowed for a mostly
undisturbed movement of goods between peoples from Europe and East Asia along these historic
trading routes.
New technologies were ferried back and forth by the Mongols across Eurasia, and many of
these inventions eventually made their way to Europe. The Chinese, for example, invented paper
and had been employing a moveable type printing machine since before 1041; the Mongol
Empire utilized paper instead of parchment and exported it to the Middle East, where it was
taken to European cities by European traders.
A large number of Mongol inventions were military in nature. The composite bow, which
was Mongolia’s most important military invention in the 13 th century, was the newest form of a
 technique that had been developing for 3,000 years. Simple bows made of
single pieces of wood were utilized by Europeans at the period. These
bows had a small range and were not very accurate. The Mongols, on the
other hand, utilized small, precise composite bows composed of wood,
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and sinew. These bows were far more accurate than those used in Europe, which were ineffective
in comparison to the Mongol kingdom. They also manufactured a variety of arrows, including
hollow arrows with a characteristic whistling sound when fired.
A weapon known as Zhen Tian Lei («Sky-shaking Thunder») was detailed in the military
treatise Wujing Zongyao in 1044. It was manufactured by loading gunpowder inside a ceramic or
metal container and is considered the prototype of the modern hand grenade. The Mongols were
the first nation in history to employ hand grenades, which they developed using gunpowder.
The Mongolia’s most important technological innovations, the “stirrup”. A stirrup is a
light frame or ring that holds the rider’s foot and is attached to the saddle by a strap, often called
stirrup leather. The military success of the Cossacks is often attributed to two loops of leather,
which appear to be a simple invention. The Goths and Huns are in the same boat. Stirrups did not
appear until 1000 years after the domestication of the horse. Horses used to be free-roaming and
untamed. The first domestication of horses is said to have occurred on the Central Asian steppes
during the 4th and 5th centuries BC. In 1206, the globe was confronted by a force unlike any
other, Genghis Khan’s Mongolian army. The Mongolian army of Genghis Khan was the most
powerful cavalry archer army that conquered Russia and Poland. Genghis Khan ruled over the
world’s largest land empire, and many historians believe that his formidable cavalry’s power was
attributable to a technological breakthrough: metal stirrups. Mongolian riders had unequaled
mobility, stability, and balance thanks to the metal stirrup, giving them a significant advantage in
any battle.
There’s also a theory that ice cream was invented by Mongolian horsemen about 700 years
ago. They used to take cream in animal intestine containers as rations on long winter expeditions
through the Gobi Desert. The cream was vigorously shaking as they galloped, and the sub-zero
cold caused it to freeze. Ice cream spread throughout China as the Mongol Empire expanded, and
Marco Polo is said to have carried the notion to Italy when he returned from his travels in 1295.
The Mongols were not only adept at transporting vital technologies, but they were also prolific
inventors. They were the first to use dried milk, which is now widely used throughout the world.
When Marco Polo wrote about Mongolian Tatar troops during the reign of Kublai Khan carrying
sun-dried skimmed milk as “a kind of paste” and using it as a dietary supplement. And it was in
the year 1802 the Russian doctor Osip Krichevsky devised the first modern dried milk producing
technique.
 Mongolians are distinguished by their innovation of things invented
especially by Chinese people such as military equipment and agricultural
features, standing as an example, there were gunpowder which is used for
warfare and also as an explosive in mining. Kublai Khan, a Mongolian
emperor, was also considered as one of the most successful rulers of his
term because Republic of the Philippines
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they managed to produce various scientific and technological advancements that we can see and
still highly valuable thus useful also abundant at this present time. In addition, the Mongols
introduced gun and gunpowder to the West, specifically in Europeans that the new weapons
prompted a revolution in European battle techniques, and the continent’s many battling states all
worked to develop their firearms technology throughout the next centuries.
 Republic of the Philippines
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The Development of Science and Technology in Russia

Introduction
In Russia, there are 2 major traditions in science in the above period was Mathematics
and studies of natural resources and still continued until the present. In mathematics, foreign
researchers’ control, despite many works written by Russians at the end of the eighteenth
century. The second major traditions in science were natural resources, often obtained through
expedition.

Many observers have noted that Russia and the Soviet Union have been strongest in
fundamental science, particularly in mathematics and theoretical physics. Mathematics and
natural history in the eighteenth century were Russian Science was acquired the most remarkable
position from the viewpoint of its contribution to European science (James, 2002). In addition,
the St. Petersburg Academy was responsible in translation of many European scientific works
and helped the government in terms of promoting scientific education in the country.
Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) was founded in St. Petersburg on the order of Peter
the Great and by Decree of Senate of January 28 1774. The Russian Academy of Sciences was
the highest scientific society and principal coordinating body of research in natural and social
sciences and production in Russia. The Russian Academy of Sciences is one of the leading
research organizations in the world and the largest center for fundamental research in Russia.
Russian academy of sciences is the community of the top ranking of Russian scientists
for basic research in natural and social sciences, technology and production in Russia. It is
composed of 350 research institution.
Mikhail Lomonosov
Lomonosov also made many discovers and he is regarded at the first to discover the law
of mass conservation (1760) and to establish mechanistic caloric theory and the chemistry of
minerals and gas. Mikhail Lomonosov proved that the law of conservation of matter by showing
that lead plates in a sealed vessel without access to air do not change their weight after heating
(1756). He is also the founder of Russia’s first classical university and that is Moscow State
University (1755).
Nikolay Lobachevsky
 Nikolay Lobachevsky is born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. In February 1826,
Lobachevsky presented to the physio-Mathematical college the manuscript of an essay devoted
to “the rigorous analysis of theorem on parallels” in which he proposed either a proof of Euclid’s
fifth postulate (axiom) on parallel lines or the early version of non-Euclidean geometry.
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Lobachevsky is the founder of hyperbolic geometry in 1829 which is recognized as an alternative

to Euclidean geometry. He graduated in Kazan University wherein he was a professor and then
rector.

Dmitri Mendeleev
Mendeleev formulated the Periodic Law and created his own periodic table of elements
in February 1869. The system he created is possible to correct properties of some elements that
had already been discovered and can predict the properties of elements in future discovery. His
discovery was the most significant contribution to materials chemistry.
Mendeleev predicted 10 elements and 2 of that turned out to exist. He then later proposed
that some adjacent elements be reversed to make their own proper fit into periodic pattern. He
suggested swapping cobalt with nickel and argon with potassium, which was believed to be
wrongly placed because of their atomic weights were different from the value the chemists had
determined. But in 1913, when Mendeleev died, chemists have more understanding of the atom
and by the year physicist Henry Mosley showed that the position of elements in the table is
govern not by their atomic weight but with their atomic number.
 Republic of the Philippines
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Development of Science and Technology in South Korea

The development of a well-built science and technology competence has been South
Korea's phenomenal economic success in the post-1961 period. This country has certainly made
significant contributions to science and technology. Hence, these inventions and discoveries
aided individuals in both their daily lives and their academic pursuits. In this section, the
researchers will explore some of South Korea's inventions and discoveries.
South Korean country generally is home to particularly several well-known scientists
who have made significant contributions to various fields of science in a subtle way. Among
them are Hwang Woo-Suk, Choi Sookyung, and V. Narry Kim, in a big way.
Hwang Woo-Suk, a South Korean scientist, disproved the cloning of human embryos and
the extraction of stem cells as lies. Snuppy, an Afghan, was Hwang's first cloned dog, which he
unveiled in 2005. He earned a reputation for himself by developing cloning techniques for cows
and pigs. In 2002, he partnered with Moon Shin-Yong, an obstetrician with extensive experience
within Vitro fertilization. They revealed their successfully cloned human embryos in February
2004.
Choi Sookyung, a prominent particle physicist, contrastingly was awarded the 2017 Ho-
Am Prize for her XYZ mesons discovery, a new class of subatomic particles. Choi and her Belle
experiment colleagues were the first to see this subatomic particle made up of quarks and gluons.
Although exotic hadrons were first proposed over 50 years ago, they were only discovered and
validated by seven additional experimental groups in 2003, making them the first and best-
understood sort of XYZ meson.
V. Narry Kim Hiroaki is the director of Seoul National University's Institute for Basic
Science, another scientist who has contributed to the advancement of science in South Korea.
She won the Chen Award for Distinguished Academic Achievement in Human Genetic and
Genomic Research in 2017 for her research on the role of microRNAs in development and
cancer. MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that play a vital role in cell differentiation,
proliferation, death, embryogenesis, energy consumption, and antiviral defense in embryonic and
pathological processes.
These three are just only exemplars of crucial and famous scientists who have been the
help of South Korea's massive science development.
Furthermore, South Korea has made significant progress in the field of technology. It has
established itself as a global leader in the field of information and communication technologies.
It is also a forerunner in this field, having made substantial contributions to its growth. Most of
the following well-known South Korean inventions are listed below.

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One of South Korean invention was their Water Wheel Mortar. The water wheel mortar
was made on 5th century A.D. It has been used to pound and powder grains, and generally,
operated by the power of falling water.
In Suwon, Chong Yak Yong created an equipment to build a rampart. It was used in
conjunction with a pulley and crane that worked on the following principles: one pulley with
30kg of power could lift 60kg, two pulleys of 15kg could pull 60 kg, and four pulleys in two
units of 24kg each could draw 600kg. This was referred to as Kojunggi. With his invention, he
could elevate a total of 15,000kg in a short amount of time, allowing the walls and castle to be
built with minimal effort. In 1800, he published Hwasong Songyok Uigwe, a construction design
with diagrams.
The Goryeo Dynasty in Korea also pioneered the moveable metal type printing method in
the early 13th century. Jikji, the Selected Sermons of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters, was
printed in 1377 at the Heungdeoksa Temple in Cheongju and is now housed in the National
Library of France. It is the world's oldest surviving movable metal type printing.
Late President Park Chung-hee outlined a five-year economic development plan for
South Korea in 1962. It culminates in the establishment of the Korea Institute of Science and
Technology (KIST) in 1966. By this time, chaebols, or enormous industrial conglomerates
owned and controlled by South Korean people or families, had emerged as an outcome of this
plan. While protecting the chaebols from the competition, the government encouraged them to
invest heavily in applied research and development, which propelled chaebols such as LG, Lotte,
and Samsung into new heavy industries such as petrochemicals, vehicle manufacturing, and
shipbuilding, as well as consumer electronics.
In conclusion, South Korea's economy is fast improving, and its discoveries and
inventions essentially have made a kind of major contribution to science and technology. These
were tremendously beneficial in resolving problems and reducing stress in operations, as well as
helping them to profit from economic growth in a major way.
 Republic of the Philippines
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AND DEVELOPMENT

Conclusion
In every country there are systematical processes that should be followed and sustained, in
fact improve. In this modern world wherein the basis of success defined on the people’s way of
living how high infrastructure one country capable to build, how advance their technologies are,
how high their rockets could fly, no doubts that science and technology impart a standard to the
world, to be achieved and to be attained to be able to called developed. With combinations of
ideas and information and the helps of materials and tools, comes the output of action. And with
that dynamic action resulted into another purpose that builds another implementation.
Formulations are powerful, it has the capability of providing solution no wonder why scientists
are willing and determined till their death just to prove a theory, cause indeed it’s an honor to
change how the earth evolves. The concepts that are already discovered and then restudy to
create another innovation are just one of the simplest ways where the knowledge started to build.
No matter how one country encounters a lot of problems, with the might of its society a lot of
ways to give effective solutions are surely along the way. The future is in our hands, we create
what we don’t have that’s how countries in East Asia upholds to their strongest hope that through
development of Science and Technology prosperity abides. Having the honor to treasure those
historical events that serves as the greatest break in different periods and civilizations are worthy
to be kept forever, it is something that even the present advancements couldn’t underestimate for
it holds a foundation that are part of what we cherish today. Because of their fascinating
discoveries centuries ago, countries are enabled to think, create, and prove more. The world faces
unusual and extra ordinary situations, and one of the greatest weapons is the fruit of technology.
The phase of being dependent to it is a just a way of negation, but looking back reversely to the
past it makes more sense how science fulfill prophecies written in the bible, implements non-
ordinary invention, advantageous impacts in the society and the nation. It is not about
adjustments at all anymore but the thought of making all of those new set of learnings useful in
economy of a country and how it can boost the success of the world in life’s conveniency.
Government’s alliance and support matters if one country will increase its rate of development
since it contributes power and decisions that will affect the whole nation. Being wise with the
use of given sources and strategies must be consider in this aspect. East Asian countries ripens
the fruit of their big investment in this field development, and this serves as an inspiration to
other developing countries to be so on called developed. Science is the key to betterment and
societies are it’s working paraphernalia in creating a building blocks of nations growth and
victory. It clearly gives us the idea that there’s truly a development in science, technology, and
Society with those selected East Asian Countries in terms of physics, chemistry, biology,
philosophy and even in academical discovery.
 Republic of the Philippines
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AND DEVELOPMENT

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(The Development of Science, Technology, and Society in North Korea and Mangolia)

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 GROUP MEMBERS LIST OF PARTICIPATIONS

Name: Brylle Joshoua Manalo

Participation: Science and Technology Development in North
Korea
Quotation: “Always Question, Always Wonder”

Name: Karyll Shaine Cabrera Belicina

Participation: Science and Technology Development in North
Korea
Quotation:
“If you’re too open-minded, your brains will fall out.”

Name: Rojennie Joy D. Bicalan

Participation: Science and Technology Development in
South Korea
Quotation:

Name: Jeraldine Mae Binaohan Dejan

Participation: Science and Technology
Development in China

Quotation: “ Science isn’t about why, It’s about why

not?.”
 Name: Princess Joy Capellan Cabaltera
Participation: Overall Introduction and Conclusion
Quotation: “Think like a proton, always positive.”

Name: Grachelle Eunice Belleza Musa

Participation: Science and Technology Development in Japan
Quotation: “Try to be a rainbow in someone's cloud.”

Name: Marie Althea Posadas Magsombol

Participation: Technology Development in South Korea
Quotation: “ Technology is best when it brings people together”
 Name: Kian Angel Bismar Nares
Participation: Science and Technology Development in China
Quotation: “The good thing about science is that it's true
whether or not you believe in it.”

Name: Kristel Kate Saldino

Participation: Science and Technology Development in
Mongolia
Quotation: “The Science of Love is the philosophy of the
Heart”

Name: Laira Jhane Arroyo Villano

Participation: Science and Technology Development in Russia
Quotation: “Knowing is not enough, we must apply”