Unit I

Vedic Maths

Vedic Maths is a collection of techniques/sutras to solve mathematical problem sets in a fast

and easy way. These tricks introduce wonderful applications of Arithmetical computation,
theory of numbers, mathematical and algebraic operations, higher-level mathematics,
calculus, and coordinate geometry, etc. 

In this topic we will cover the following:

·        Multiplication of various numbers

·        Division of various numbers

·        Square and Square root of a number

·        Cube and Cube root of a number

MULTIPLICATION by 5, 25, 125

·  for 5, multiply the number by 10 and divide by 2 (as we can write 5 as 10/2)

·  for 25, multiply the number by 100 and divide by 4 (as we can write 25 as 100/4)

·  for 125, multiply the number by 1000 and divide by 8 (as we can write 125 as 1000/8)

DIVISION BY 5, 25, 125

·  for 5, multiply the number by 2 and divide by 10 (as we can write 5 as 10/2)

·  for 25, multiply the number by 4 and divide by 100 (as we can write 25 as 100/4)

·  for 125, multiply the number by 8 and divide by 1000 (as we can write 125 as 1000/8)
Example 1: 25 x 684 =?

Sol. Let's see how the trick works.

Divide the number by 4.

684 / 4 = 171 with a remainder of 0. Write 171.

·        If you have a remainder of 0 then add 00 at the end.

·        If you have a remainder of 1 then add 25 at the end.

·        If you have a remainder of 2 then add 50 at the end.

·        If you have a remainder of 3 then add 75 at the end.

Since we had a remainder of 0 in the end we are going to add 00 to our answer. Write 00.

ANSWER is 17100.

Multiplying by 11 is one of the easiest tricks to learn because you don't have to do any
multiplication. You just have to know how to add.

This trick will work for any number multiplied by 11 even really large numbers.

Let us understand it with an example,

Step 1: Write the right hand most digit (one's place digit ) as it is.

Step 2: We add 2 (one's place digit) to the number in left 3 (ten's place digit) and write 5.

Write the left hand most digit as it is.

Note: On being multiplied by 11, 111, 1111, etc. accordingly the numbers will be added in
doublets, triplets etc.
Example 2: 11 X 3247 =?

Sol. Let's see how the trick works.

·        Write down the one's digit: 7

·        Add the one's and ten's digits together 7 + 4 = 11 so carry a 1(digit at ten's place) and
write down 1 (digit at one's place).

·        Add the next two numbers 4 + 2 = 6 and add the 1 we carried which is 7. Write down 7.

·        Add the next two numbers 2 + 3 = 5 and no numbers carried over. Write down 5.

·        Add the last number 3 to any numbers you just carried over. We carried over 0 so write
down 3

ANSWER is 35717.

Example 3: 111 x 4376 = ?

Sol. Let's see how the trick works.

·        First write down the one's digit number: Write 6.

·        Add the one's and ten's digit numbers 7 + 6 = 13. Carry your 1(digit at ten's place).
Write 3 (digit at one's place).

·        Add the one's, ten's and hundred's digits 3 + 7 + 6 = 16 and + 1 we carried = 17. Carry 1.
Write 7.

·        Add the first three numbers 4 + 3 + 7 = 14 and + 1 we carried = 15. Carry 1. Write 5.

·        Add the first two numbers 4 + 3 = 7 and + 1 we carried = 8. Write 8.

·        Add first number 4 to any numbers we carried over. In this case 0. Write 4.

ANSWER is 485736.
This method can be used to multiply any number by 99, 999, etc. It can be divided into three
cases, as explained below. 

Case 1: Number of Digits < Number of Nines

Calculate 18 × 999

The number of digits in 18 is less than the number of digits in 999.

 Hence, write 18 as 018 by making a number of digits equal. Subtract 1 from 018 to obtain

the left side of the answer.

018−1=017

Subtract each digit of 017 from 9 to obtain the right side of the answer.

9 − 0= 9, 9−1=8, 9−7=2.

That is 982.

Combine left and right sides, that is, 017 and 982

Answer = 017982

Example 4: Calculate 758 × 99999

The number of digits in 758 is less than the number of digits in 99999.

 Hence, write 758 as 00758 by making a number of digits equal. Subtract 1 from 00758 to

obtain the left side of the answer.

00758−1= 00757

Subtract each digit of 00757 from 9 to obtain the right side of the answer.

9−0=9, 9−0=9, 9−7=2, 9−5=4, 9−7=2.

 That is 99242.

Combine left and right sides, that is, 00757 and 99242

Answer =0075799242

Case 2: Number of Digits = Number of Nines

Calculate 24 × 99

Subtract 1 from 24 to obtain the left side of the answer.

24−1=23

Subtract each digit of 23 from 9 to obtain the right side of the answer.

9−2=7, 9−3=6.

 That is 76.

Combine left and right sides, that is, 23 and 76

Answer =2376

Example 5: Calculate 2358 × 9999

Subtract 1 from 2358 to obtain the left side of the answer.

2358−1=2357

Subtract each digit of 2357 from 9 to obtain the right side of the answer.

9−2=7, 9−3=6, 9−5=4, 9−7=2.

 That is 7642.

Combine left and right sides, that is, 2357 and 7642

Answer =23577642

Case 3: Number of Digits > Number of Nines

Calculate 897 × 99

897×99 = 897(100−1) = 89700−897 = 88803

Example 6: Calculate 23683 × 999

23683 × 999 = 23683(1000−1) =23683000 − 23683 = 23659317

This method can be used to multiply any two-digit numbers.

Example 6: Calculate 24 × 32

3×4 + 2×2 = 16. Write 6 and take 1 as carry.

2×3 = 6. 6 plus carried 1 is 7. Write 7.

Answer = 768

This method can be used to multiply any three-digit numbers.

Example 7: Calculate 223 × 21

3×1 = 3. Write 3.

2×3 + 2×1 = 8. Write 8.

0×3 + 2×1 + 2×2 = 6. Write 6.

0×2 + 2×2 = 4. Write 4.

2×0 = 0. Write 0.

Answer = 4683

This method can be used to multiply two numbers having an equal number of digits under
the following conditions.

·        There is a common left part.

·        Sum of the right parts is 10, 100, etc.

Example 8: 32 x 38 = 1216

Both numbers here start with 3 and the last figures (2 and 8) add up to 10.

So we just multiply 3 by 4 (the next number up) to get 12 for the first part of the answer.

And we multiply the last figures: 2 x 8 = 16 to get the last part of the answer. 

Diagrammatically:

Example 9: Calculate 143 × 147

These numbers have an equal number of digits and commonly left part 14. Also, sum of
right parts, 3 and 7 is 10.

Therefore, we can use this special multiplication method.

Multiply the common left part by its next number to obtain the left side of the answer.

14×15= 210

Multiply the right parts to obtain the right side of the answer.

3×7= 21

Combine left and right sides, that is, 210 and 21

Answer is 21021

Example 10: Calculate 103 × 197

These numbers have an equal number of digits and commonly left part 1. Also, sum of right
parts, 03 and 97 is 100.
Therefore, we can use this special multiplication method.

Multiply the common left part by its next number to obtain the left side of the answer.

1×2=2

Multiply the right parts to obtain the right side of the answer.

03×97=291

Both 03 and 97 have two digits each. That is a total of four digits. Therefore write 291 with
four digits, 0291. Combine left and right sides, that is, 2 and 0291

Answer is 20291

This method can be used to multiply two two-digit numbers under the following conditions:

·        Units digits are the same.

·        The Sum of tens digits is 10.

Example 11: Calculate 38 × 78

These are two-digit numbers with the same units digit 8. Also, the sum of tens
digits, 3 and 7 is 10. Therefore, we can use this special multiplication method.

Multiply tens of digits and add common units digit to obtain the left side of the answer.

3×7+8=29

Multiply units digits to obtain the right side of the answer.

8×8=64

Combine left and right sides, that is, 29 and 64

Answer is 2964
Example 12: Example: Calculate 27 × 87

These are two-digit numbers with the same units digit 7. Also, the sum of tens
digits, 2 and 8 is 10. Therefore, we can use this special multiplication method.

Multiply tens of digits and add common units digit to obtain the left side of the answer.

2×8+7=23

Multiply unit digits to obtain the right side of the answer.

7×7=49

Combine left and right sides, that is, 23 and 49

Answer is 2349
Source: https://www.colourbox.com/preview/33375385-sketch-of-glowing-light-bulb.jpg

To square any number that ends in 5, simply

1.     Multiply the ten's (left) digit(s) by the next-higher digit (itself+1)

2.     Attach 25 at the end

752 = 5625

752 mean 75 x 75.

The answer is in two parts: 56 and 25. The last part is always 25.

The first part is the first number, 7, multiplied by the number "one more", which is 8: so 7 x
8 = 56

Similarly 9952 = 99 × 100 = 9900 and 25; that is 990025.

Step-1: 325 – 3_25 => 3

Step 2: Square the number from step-1.

32 = 9

Step 3: Divide the number from Step-1 by 2: 3/2 = 1.5

Step 4: Add step-2 and step 3: 9+1.5 = 10.5

Step 5: Multiply the number from step-4 by 10: 10.5*10 = 105

Step-6: Write the number 625 next to the result from step 5: 105_625

105625 is the answer

Here you must remember the following steps:

1.     The answer has two parts and each part required 2 digits only.

2.     Take a number “X” then subtract 100 from that number i.e X -100

3.     For the 1st part, find the square of that value i.e (X-100)2

4.     The first part required 2 digits so if it came less than two digits then add “0” for ten's
place otherwise if it came more than 2 digits then 3rd digit at a hundredth place should be a
carryover to the next part i.e 2nd part.
For the second part, our base number is X. i.e the value X-100 is to be added to X and also
add carryover number from 1st part if any.

Example 13: Find  972

Step 1 : 97-100 = -3

Step 2 : (-3)2 = 9 So, our 1st part is 09 (Require 2digits in 1st part).

Step 3 : 97 + (-3) + 0(it is carry over from 1st part) = 94. So, our 2nd part is 94.

So our final answer is 9409.

Example 14: Find  1112

Step 1 : 111-100 = 11

Step 2 : (11)2 = 121 So, our 1st part is 21 (Require 2 digits in 1st part and “1” carryover to 2nd
part.).

Step 3 : 111 + (11) + 1(it is carry over from 1st part) = 123. So, our 2nd part is 123.

So our final answer is 12321.

Here you must remember the following steps:

1.     The answer has two parts and each part required 2 digits only. (except only for 31, here
came one digit for 2nd part) .

2.     Take a number “X” then subtract 50 from that number i.e X -50

3.     For the 1st part, find the square of that value i.e (X-50)2

4.     The first part required 2 digits so if it came less than two digits then add “0” for ten's
place otherwise if it came more than 2 digits then 3rd digit at a hundredth place should be a
carryover to the next part i.e 2nd part.

5.     For the second part, our base number is 25. i.e the value X-50 is to be added to 25 and
also add carryover number from 1st part if any.

Example 15: Find  482

Step 1 : 48-50 = -2

Step 2 : (-2)2 = 4 So, our 1st part is 04 (Require 2digits in 1st part).

Step 3 : 25+ (-2) + 0(No carry over from 1st part) = 23. Our 2nd part is 23.

So our final answer is 2304

Example 16: Find  672

Step 1 : 67-50 = +17

Step 2 : (17)2 = 289 So, our 1st part is 89 (Require 2digits in 1st part and “2” carryover to 2nd
part.).

Step 3 : 25+ (+17) + 2(it is carry over from 1st part) = 44. Our 2nd part is 44.

So our final answer is 4489

To find the square root of small numbers like 4, 9, 16, 25, etc. is an easy task. Because we
already know from the multiplication table of 1 to 10, the number when multiplied by itself
gives the squares, in a two-digit form. But if the number is three-digit or four-digit, then it is
difficult to find the root of these numbers, because we cannot remember the table for
higher numbers. Let us find out the trick to determine the root of large numbers.

Suppose we need to find the square root of large numbers such as 4489.
Step 1: The unit digit in this number is 9 which can be a unit digit of its square root number
is 3 or 7 because 32 is 9 and 72 is 49.

Step 2: Now let us consider the first two digits that is 44 which comes between the squares
of 6 and 7 because 62 < 44< 72

Step 3: We can assume that the ten’s digit of the square root of 4489 is the lowest among
the two numbers i.e. 6 and we need to find the unit digit of the square root of the number
4489.

Step 4: Now, we need to find between 63 or 67 which is the square root of 4489.

Step 5: Since the ten’s digit is 6 and the next number is 7, we need to multiply both the
numbers like 6 x 7 = 42 and since 42 is less than 44.

Step 6: Square root of 4489 will be the bigger number between 63 and 67 i.e. 67.

Therefore, √4489 = 67

Cube of a number means If any number is multiplied by itself three times, then the product
is called the cube of that number.

First, remember the cube of a number from 1 to 10. 

1³= 1;

2³= 8;

3³= 27;

4³= 64;
5³= 125;

6³= 216;

7³= 343;

8³= 512;

9³= 729;

10³= 1000

As per the given number we can choose the method for cube of that number

Find the cube of 70 ( 70³= ? )

Simple we can write the value of 7³ and add three zeros on the right side. i.e 7³ =
343 and 70³ = 343000

Find the cube of 11 ( 11³= ? )

Use the simple algebra formula (a + b)³ = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³. 

we can write 11³ = ( 10 + 1 )³ . So here take a = 10 , b = 1 then

( 10 + 1 )³ = 1000 + 300 + 30 + 1 = 1331.

Find the cube of 48 ( 48³= ? )

Use the simple algebra formula (a – b)³ = a³ – 3a²b + 3ab² – b³. 

we can write 48³ = (50- 2 )³ . So here take a = 50 , b = 2 then

( 50 – 2 )³ = 125000 – 15000 + 600 – 8 = 110592.

Find the cube of 68 ( 68³= ? )

Take formula (a + b)³ = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³. and here assume Here, a = 6 and b =8.

Step 1 : Take b³ = 8 x 8 x 8 = 512. Take the last digit into the answer last place and the
remaining value to be added to the next step.

i.e Ans: 2 and 51 to be added in the next step.

Step 2 : Take 3ab² = 3 x 6 x 64 = 3 x 384 = 1152 and 51 ( from previous step). So 1152 + 51 =
1203. Here Take lost digit into the answer next place and remaining value to be add to next
step.

i.e Ans : 3, 2, and 120 are to be added in the next step.

Step 3 : Take 3a²b =(3 x 36 x 8) + 120= 864 + 120 = 984. Here Take lost digit into the answer
next place and remaining value to be add to next step.

i.e Ans: 43, 2, and 98 are to be added in the next step.

Step 4 : Take a³ =(6 x 6 x 6) + 98= 216 + 98 = 314. Take this value into the answer next places.

i.e  Ans: 314432.

 Therefore, (68)³ = 314432.

Find the cube of 728 ( 728³= ? )

Step 1: Split the number as like i.e 7 – 28 or 72 – 8.

Here we take 72 – 8.

Step 2 : Divide the 1st part by 2nd part. i.e 72/8 = 9. Here we can take a = 8 , b= 9 , c = 8³ =
512

Step 3 : Cube of 1st part c = 8 x 8 x 8 = 512. Here Take the last digit in answer and the
remaining value 51 to be added to the next step.

i.e Ans: 2 and 51 are to be added in the next step.

Step 4 : 3 bc + 51= (3 x 9 x 512) +51= 13824 + 51 = 13875 . Here Take lost digit into the next
digit in answer and remaining value 1387 to be add to next step.

i.e Ans: 5 2 and 1387 is to be added in the next step.

Step 5 : 3 b² c +13875= (3 x 9 x 9 x 512) +1387= 124416 + 1387 = 125803 . Here Take lost
digit into the next digit in answer and remaining value 12580 to be add to next step.

i.e Ans : 3 5 2 and 12580 is to be added in the next step.

Step 6 : b³ c +12580= ( 9 x 9 x 9 x512) +12580= 373248 + 12580 = 385828. Here Take this
value into the answer

i.e Ans : 385828352.

Cube roots of perfect cubes can be found out faster using Vedic Mathematics.

Points to remember

1. To calculate the cube root of any perfect cube quickly, we need to remember the cubes
of 1 to 10 (provided below).

2. From the above cubes of 1 to 10, we need to remember an interesting property.

Example 17: Find Cube Root of 4913

Step 1: Identify the last three digits and make groups of three digits from the right side.
i.e., 4913 can be written as:

4, 913

Step 2: Take the last group which is 913. The last digit of 913 is 3.

Remember point 2, If the last digit of perfect cube= 3, last digit of cube root = 7

Hence the rightmost digit of the cube root = 7

Step 3: Take the next group which is 4

Find out which maximum cube we can subtract from 4 such that the result ≥0

We can subtract 13=1 from 4 because 4−1=3 (If we subtract 23=8 from 4, 4−8=−4 which is < 0)

Hence the left neighbor digit of the answer =1

i.e., answer = 17

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