NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

LABORATORY ACTIVITY # 3

APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI’S
THEOREM

SUBMITTED BY:

TRANSFIGURACION, BOWEN

PORLARES, CHARDEL

LAIHEE, KARL ANGELO

MOLON, REINHARD

DATA, RAYMUND JOHN

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. FRANZ D. SANTOS

INSTRUCTOR
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

NAME:DATA, MOLON, PORLARES, TRANSFIGURACION DATE: MAY 07, 2021

DSDFFSTRANSFIGURACION
GROUP #: 3 SECTION: CIVP14

LABORATORY ACTIVITY # 3
APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

I. INTRODUCTION:

The Bernoulli’s Theorem is a statement of the conservation of energy principle that

applies to flowing fluids. It is a very important and useful equation in fluid mechanics.
It establishes a relationship between pressure and velocity in an inviscid
incompressible flow.

• steady flow system,

• density is constant (which also means the fluid is incompressible),
• no work is done on or by the fluid,
• no heat is transferred to or from the fluid,
• no change occurs in the internal energy,
• the equation relates the states at two points along a single streamline
(not conditions on two different streamlines)

This is the most well-known equation in fluid dynamics. The Bernoulli’s equation
describes the qualitative behavior of a flowing fluid, which is commonly referred to as
the Bernoulli effect. This effect reduces fluid pressure in areas where the flow
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
velocity is increased. This lowering of pressure in a flow path constriction may
appear counterintuitive, but it appears less so when you consider pressure to be
energy density. In the high velocity flow through the constriction, kinetic energy must
increase at the expense of pressure energy. The dimensions of terms in the equation
are kinetic energy per unit volume.

History of Daniel Bernoulli

His discovery demonstrated that an analysis of water

flowing from a hole in a container was correct for the first
time. His discovery was that, as previously stated, a rise in
pressure caused a decrease in speed and a decrease in
pressure caused an increase in speed.

Bernoulli's principal was largely based on the theory of

energy conservation. (The law of conservation of energy
states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, so the total amount of energy in
the system is constant.) He developed this principle by combining energy
conservation and the use of pumps and other water-raising machines.

Daniel Bernoulli (1700-82), Johann I's son, was born in Groningen, Netherlands. He
was possibly the greatest mathematician of all the Bernoulli’s. Daniel also had a
broad range of interests, including medicine, biology, physics, mechanics, and
astronomy. Daniel had intended to pursue a career in business and medicine.

He, like other members of his family, was drawn to the field of mathematics. He
taught mathematics at the Academy of Science in St. Petersburg, Russia, between
1725 and 1732. He then went on to teach anatomy, botany, and physics at the
University of Basel. Daniel's most significant contribution was in mechanics. He was
the father of hydrodynamics, the study of moving fluids.

Bernoulli's Principle, which states that the pressure in a fluid decreases as its
velocity, or speed, increases, was one of his major contributions in this area.

Daniel is also well-known for his contributions to calculus and probability theory,
particularly as they apply to games. He is also regarded as one of the creators of the
kinetic theory of gases, which helps to explain the properties and behavior of gases.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
Daniel received numerous awards for his work in astronomy, gravity, tides,
magnetism, and ocean currents between 1725 and 1749.

Derivation of Bernoulli’s Principle

Bernoulli's Principle can be derived from the principle of energy conservation. In a

steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at
all points along that streamline.

Bernoulli’s Equation Derivation

Consider a pipe with varying diameter and height that is filled with an incompressible
fluid. The figure below depicts the relationship between the areas of cross-sections
A, flow speed v, height from the ground y, and pressure p at two different points 1
and 2.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

Assumptions:

• The density of the incompressible fluid remains constant at both points.

• The energy of the fluid is conserved as there are no viscous forces in the fluid.
Therefore, the work done on the fluid is given as:
𝑑𝑤 = 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥1 − 𝐹2 𝑑𝑥2
𝑑𝑤 = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑑𝑥1 − 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑑𝑥2
𝑑𝑤 = 𝜌1 𝑑𝑣 − 𝜌2 𝑑𝑣 = (𝜌1− 𝜌2 )𝑑𝑣
We know that the work done on the fluid was due to conservation of gravitational
force and change in kinetic energy. The change in kinetic energy of the fluid is given
as:
1 1 1
𝑑𝑘 = 𝑚2 𝑣22 − 𝑚1 𝑣12 = 𝜌𝑑𝑣(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 )
2 2 2
The change in potential energy is given as:
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦2 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦1 = 𝜌𝑑𝑣𝑔(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )
Therefore, the energy equation is given as:
𝑑𝑤 = 𝑑𝑘 + 𝑑𝑢
1
(𝜌1− 𝜌2 )𝑑𝑣 = 𝜌𝑑𝑣(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 ) + 𝜌𝑑𝑣𝑔(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )
2
1
(𝜌1− 𝜌2 ) = 𝜌(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 ) + 𝜌𝑔(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )
2
Rearranging the above equation, we get

Where:
p = fluid density
g = acceleration due to gravity
P1 = pressure at elevation 1
V1 = velocity at elevation 1
h1 = height of elevation 1
P2 = pressure at elevation 2
V2 = velocity at elevation 2
h2 = height of elevation 2
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

This is Bernoulli’s equation.

“An aircraft, for example, can achieve lift due to the shape of its wings. They are
designed in such a way that air flows faster over the top of the wing and slower
beneath it. As a result of the high air pressure beneath the wings, the aircraft will rise
through the lower air pressure”.

II. OBJECTIVES:

• To investigate the validity of Bernoulli's Equation as applied to the flow of water

in a tapering horizontal tube (venturi system) connected with manometers to
determine if the total pressure head remains constant along the length of the
tube as the equation predicts.

III. NEEDED APPARATUS:

• Hydraulic Bench

Hydraulic bench is a very useful

apparatus in hydraulics and fluid
mechanics it is involved in majority
of experiments to be conducted.

• Bernoulli’s apparatus test equipment

The Bernoulli test apparatus consists

of a tapered duct (venturi), a series of
manometers tapped into the venturi
to measure the pressure head, and a
hypodermic probe that can be
traversed along the center of the test
section to measure the total head.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

• Stopwatch
Used to measure time.

IV. PROCEDURE:

1. Check the experiment set-up thoroughly and put a piece of paper behind the
manometer tubes.
2. Turn on the pump and check if the flow of water was initiated through the test
rig.
3. Adjust the Swivel tube at the outlet tank to obtain a head of 100 mm.
4. Mark the height of the water level in each manometer tube on the paper, which
was put behind the manometer tubes before.
5. Get the data and record it on the results sheets.
6. Final step is to measure and record the time taken to fill the measuring tank from
0 to 10 liters.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qlie8g_YYPc
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

V. DATA AND RESULTS

Table 1: The data for measurement of the static head

Tapping Distance Flow Static Velocity Dynamic Total Error

number from area head(m) (V) m/s head Head (m) for
inlet (mm2) from v2/2g (m) (dynamic Total
(mm) manometer + static) head
(%)
1 43 102.56 0.409 0.895 0.041 0.450 10.0
2 68 90.11 0.393 1.018 0.053 0.446 10.8
3 93 77.66 0.371 1.181 0.071 0.442 11.6
4 118 65.22 0.327 1.407 0.101 0.428 14.4
5 143 52.77 0.258 1.739 0.154 0.412 17.6

From the calculation it is very clear that with decrease in area of the flow,
velocity increase and pressure decrease.
VI. COMPUTATIONS

The experiment has given that:

Density of water = 1000kg/m3

Quantity of water collected = 1L

The time taken to fill the measuring tank from 0 to 10L are 10.65s and 11.15s.
The average of time can be taken by:

(10.65 + 11.15)
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑠) = = 10.9s
2

Because 1L = 10-3m3, therefore:

10−3𝑚³
Volumetric flow(m3/s) = = 9.174x10-5m3s
10.9𝑠

Because 1mm2=10-6m2, hence:

102.56mm2 = 102.56x10-6mm2
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

Trial 1:

If static head from manometer is 0.409m and flow area is 102.56mm 2

Velocity = 9.174x10-5m3/s÷102.56x10-6m2 = 0.895m/s

Dynamic head = 0.895² = 0.041𝑚
2(9.81)
Total head = 0.409m + 0.041m = 0.450m

Trial 2:

If static head from manometer is 0.393m and flow area is 90.11mm2

Velocity = 9.174x10-5m3/s÷90.11x10-6m2 = 1.018m/s

Dynamic head = 1.018² = 0.053𝑚
2(9.81)
Total head = 0.393m + 0.053m = 0.446m

Trial 3:

If static head from manometer is 0.371m and flow area is 77.66mm 2

Velocity = 9.174x10-5m3/s÷77.66x10-6m2 = 1.181m/s

Dynamic head = 1.181² = 0.071𝑚
2(9.81)
Total head = 0.371m + 0.071m = 0.442m

Trial 4:

If static head from manometer is 0.327m and flow area is 65.22mm 2

Velocity = 9.174x10-5m3/s÷65.22x10-6m2 = 1.407m/s

Dynamic head = 1.407² = 0.101𝑚
2(9.81)
Total head = 0.327m + 0.101m = 0.428m
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

Trial 5:

If static head from manometer is 0.258m and flow area is 52.77mm 2

Velocity = 9.174x10-5m3/s÷52.77x10-6m2 = 1.738m/s

Dynamic head = 1.738² = 0.154𝑚
2(9.81)
Total head = 0.258m + 0.154m = 0.412m

Error Analysis
During this experiment, the exact error is 0.5.
As the formula shown below % error,

𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑
% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡

Now solving using the formula,

Trial 1:
0.50 − 0,450
% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 10%
0.50

Trial 2:
0.50 − 0,446
% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 10.8%
0.50

Trial 3:
0.50 − 0,442
% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 11.6%
0.50

Trial 4:
0.50 − 0,428
% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 14.4%
0.50

Trial 5:
0.50 − 0,412
% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 17.6%
0.50
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

CITATIONS:

➢ What is Bernoulli’s Theorem - Definition (thermal-engineering.org)

➢ Daniel Bernoulli - Bernoulli's Principle (weebly.com)
➢ Bernoulli’s Principle & Equation - Definition, Derivation, Applications,
Examples (byjus.com)
➢ (PDF) Bernoulli's equation lab report | Shiwei Liu - Academia.edu
➢ Fluid Mechanics Lab #2 - Bernoulli’s Equation Experiment - YouTube

VII. CRITIC GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. How does the Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus show the relationship
between the kinetic and potential heads during flow?
2. If the flowrate passing through the apparatus is increased, what will happen
to the corresponding kinetic and potential heads?
3. How is the energy loss captured by the apparatus? You may explain using
mathematical equations.
4. Describe the variation of the velocity, pressure, and elevation heads as the
fluid flows through the section. Also, identify the location of the maximum
velocity and pressure in the section.

Answer to Critic Guide Questions:

1. How does the Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus show the relationship

between the kinetic and potential heads during flow?
When a fluid passes through a small area, its velocity, which
reflects kinetic energy, is high, while the reading of the pressure head,
which reflects potential energy, is low, according to the Bernoulli's
Theorem Apparatus. As a result, when a fluid flows over a wide area, it
has a low velocity and a high-pressure head reading. As a result, an
increase in the speed of a fluid causes a pressure decrease, whereas a
decrease in the speed of a liquid causes a pressure increase.

2. If the flowrate passing through the apparatus is increased, what will happen
to the corresponding kinetic and potential heads?
If the flow rate through the apparatus is increased, the kinetic energy
increases as well, resulting in a low potential energy reading. And as the potential
energy increases, the kinetic energy decreases.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

3. How is the energy loss captured by the apparatus? You may explain using
mathematical equations.
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 (∆h) = H𝑙2 − H𝑙1

4. Describe the variation of the velocity, pressure, and elevation heads as the
fluid flows through the section. Also, identify the location of the maximum
velocity and pressure in the section.
The velocity head increases and the pressure head decreases as
the fluid flow through a small diameter section. The velocity head
decreases, and the pressure head increases when it passes through a
large diameter section. Maximum velocity is located at the smallest section
of venturi meter, while the maximum pressure is located at the largest
section of venturi meter.

VIII. LABORATORY SET-UP

Draw a schematic of the laboratory set-up. Include the label of the different
apparatus that were used. Narration of the methodology/procedure is highly
encouraged.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
551 MF Jhocson Street, Sampaloc, Manila
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

IX. OBSERVATION AND CONLCUSION:

The objective of this experiment is to become acquainted with the

apparatus and examine the validity of the Bernoulli equation when applied to
a constant flow of water through a tapered duct. We will use this experiment
to determine the relationship between kinetic and potential energy during the
flow. If the flow area increases, the velocity decreases, resulting in an
increase in pressure. As the flow area reduces, the amplitude increases and
the pressure decreases. As a result, when a fluid moves through spaces of
varying diameters, there is a difference in velocity, which causes a change in
kinetic energy and pressure. Based on the data and results of this experiment
the exact error is only 5%, but as we do the trials using the formula, we got
higher error. The reason for that occurrence was the distance, the higher the
distance, the more error you will get.