JHS

Elective Mathematics-8
Inductive Reasoning and
Conditional Statements
Third Quarter - Module 1

GEOMETRY

Raymond M. Lipa
Author

Paolo D. Bundoc, Master Teacher I

Validator

Mary Jane A. Amion

Checker

Emelita D. Bautista, Ed.D.

Editor/Reviewer

Muntinlupa Science High School

999 Buendia St., Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
(02) 85199770
After studying the lesson, the learners should be able to:

1. Make geometric conjectures based on inductive reasoning.

2. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of an “if-then” statement.
3. Write the converse, inverse and contrapositive of an “if-then”
statement, and
4. Write the biconditional of an “if-then” statement.

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. A statement that is accepted true without proof.
A. Theorem C. Corollary
B. Postulate D. Lemma
2. A statement that requires proof before its acceptance as a true
statement.
A. Theorem C. Definition
B. Postulate D. Lemma
3. Use the conditional statement “If an angle is acute, then the angle
measures 890” to decide which of the following are true.
I. The statement is true.
II. The converse of the statement is true.
III. The contrapositive of the statement is true.
A. I and III B. II only C. III only D. I and II
4. Which statement below would be a true biconditional statement?
A. If ∠ABC measures 900, then it is a right angle.
B. If two angles are adjacent, then they share a common side.
C. If two squares have the same diagonal length, then they have
equal sides.
D. All of the above.

For Item 5-7, let p be “It is raining.” Let q “It is thundering,” and let r
be “We cannot swim.”

5. What is q → p?
A. If it is raining, then it is thundering.
B. If it is raining, then we cannot swim.
C. If it is thundering, then it is raining.

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 D. If it is thundering, then we cannot swim.

6. What is the converse of p → q ?

A. If it is thundering, then it is raining.
B. If it is not raining, then it is not thundering.
C. If it is not thundering, then it is not raining.
D. If it is not thundering, then it is raining.
7. What is the contrapositive of r → q ?
A. If it is thundering, then we cannot swim.
B. If we cannot swim, then it is not thundering.
C. If it is not thundering, then we can swim.
D. If we can swim, then it is thundering.
8. What is the resulting statement of “The contrapositive of the
contrapositive”?
A. Conditional C. Converse
B. Inverse D. Contrapositive
9. What is the resulting statement of “The converse of the inverse of the
contrapositive?”.
A. Conditional C. Converse
B. Inverse D. Contrapositive
10. If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent. The underlined
word is called the ______.
A. Argument C. Converse
B. Conclusion D. Hypothesis
11. The statement p → r could be _______?
A. the inverse of r → p C. the inverse of r → p
B. the contrapositive of r → p D. the converse of r → p
12. What is the inverse of the statement, “If you walked away from home
3km east and 4 km north, then your closest distance from home is
5km.”?
A. If you walked away from home 3km east and 4 km north, then your
closest distance from home is 5km, then you walked away from home
3km east and 4 km north
B. If you didn’t walk away from home 3km east and 4 km north, then
your closest distance from home is not 5km.
C. If you walked away from home 3km east and 4 km north, then your
closest distance from home is 5km.
D. If your closest distance from home is not 5km, then you didn’t walk
away from home 3km east and 4 km north.
13. What is the inverse of the statement “If a=b , then b=a .
A. If b=a , then a=b . C. If a=b , then b=a .
B. If b ≠ a , then a≠ b . D. If a ≠ b , then b≠ a .
14. What is the contrapositive of “If x = 3, then 5x – 2 = 13?”
A. 5 x – 2=13 if and only if x +3
B. If x ≠ 3, then 5 x – 2≠ 13.
C. If 5 x – 2=13, then x=3.
D. If 5 x – 2≠ 13, then x ≠ 3.

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 15. What is the converse of “If you are hungry, then you did not eat
lunch?”
A. If you did not eat lunch, then you are hungry.
B. If you ate lunch, then you are not hungry.
C. If you are not hungry, then you ate lunch.
D. You are hungry if and only if you did not eat lunch.

Solve the following problems.

1. In ∆ TAP the measure of ∠ A is 20 more than three times the measure of
∠ T . The measure of ∠ P is 80 more than the measure of ∠ T . Find the
measure of the largest angle.
2. The sides of a regular pentagon are extended to form a five-pointed
star. Find the measure of the angle at each point.
3. The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a convex polygon is
between 7300 and 7500.
a. How many sides does a polygon have?
b. What is the exact sum of the measures of the interior angles?

One of the important elements in proving geometric problems is logical

reasoning. It is the core to effective problem solving and decision making. It
is also a key aspect for the development of critical thinking There will be no
law, culture, rules, guidelines and standard without logical reasoning. When
we describe, explain and define concepts in geometry, we use declarative
sentences. One typical example is “If you like hockey, then you go the to
hockey game” and it has special quality because it can be classified as a
true or false statement. Most statement and geometric problems have the
same quality. As you go along with this module, you will able to learn about
logic statements. Logic that has something to do with systematic and it is a
general study of systems of different statements in geometry.

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 DISCUSSION

INDUCTIVE REASONING
In the previous modules we’ve used our reasoning skills to formulate
conclusions based from our observations. Let us try to observe and apply
again our reasoning skills to deal with the following examples.

Example 1. Describe how to sketch the fourth figure in the pattern.

Then sketch the fourth figure.

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

Solution:
Each triangle is divided into 4 similar triangles
and each of the similar triangles are divided into
four smaller similar triangles except the middle.
We get the same idea to get the fourth figure.
Figure 4

Example 2. Describe the pattern in the numbers -8, -32, -128, -512 and
write the next three numbers in the pattern.

Solution:
Notice that each number in the pattern is four times the
previous number. Thus, the next three numbers are -2048, -8192,
and -32768.

As you observed, you used inductive reasoning to arrive at a certain

conclusion. You use inductive reasoning when you find a pattern in
specific cases and then write a conjecture for the general case.
A conjecture is a statement that is being proposed to be a true
statement, usually on the basis of some partial evidence, a heuristic
argument, or intuition. When a proof of a conjecture is found, the
conjecture becomes a theorem. An example used to disprove statements or
conjectures is called a counterexample.

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MAKING CONJECTURES
Example 3. Numbers such as 3, 4, and 5 are called consecutive numbers.
Make and test a conjecture about the sum of any three consecutive
numbers.
Solution:
Let us observed using few small groups of numbers.
3+ 4+5=12 9+10+ 11=30
6+7 +8=21 12+13+14=39

Conjecture: The sum of any three consecutive integers is three times the
second number.

Let us review some definitions in geometry that are prerequisites as

we go along with reasoning and proving geometric problems.

Definition 1. A definition is an exact, unambiguous explanation of

the meaning of a mathematical word or phrase.

Definition 2. A theorem is a statement that can be shown to be

true. Less important theorems are sometimes called propositions.
Theorems are also called facts or results. A theorem that is helpful in the
proof of other results is called a lemma. A corollary is a theorem that can
be established directly from a theorem that has been proved.

Definition 3. A proof is a valid argument that establishes the truth

of a theorem.

Definition 4. The statements used in a proof can include axioms (or

postulates), which are statements we assume to be true, the premises (or
hypotheses), if any, of the theorem, and previously proven theorems.

CONDITIONAL STATEMENT
A conditional statement is a logical statement that has two parts, a
hypothesis and a conclusion. When a conditional statement is written in
if-then form the “if” part contains the hypothesis and the “then” part
contains the conclusion.

Definition 4. Let p and q be statements that are either true or false.

The conditional statement p → q is the statement “if p, then q.” The
statement p is called the hypothesis (or antecedent or premise) and q is
called the conclusion (or consequence).

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If people follow the right protocols to prevent contracting the COVID-19
virus, then we would be better at managing the spread of the virus.

Example 4. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of the given statements.

a. If you are 9 years old and below, then you are not allowed to go
outside during General Community Quarantine (GCQ).
Hypothesis
b. If you take Geometry subject, then you are in Grade 8.
Solution:
a. Hypothesis: You are 9 years old and below.
Conclusion: You are no allowed to go outside during General
Community Quarantine.
Conclusion
b. Hypothesis: You take Geometry subject.
Conclusion: You are in Grade 8.

Example 5. Rewrite the given statements in if-then form.

a. Seals swim.
b. Two angles are supplementary if they are a linear pair.

Solution:
a. If an animal is a seal, then it swims.
b. If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

A conditional statement is also called an implication. The conditional

statement p → q may be read as “p implies q.”

If an animal is a seal, then it swims.

An animal is a seal implies it swims.
NEGATION The negation (represented by the symbol ¿ of a statement is the
opposite of the original statement. Study the examples below:

Example 6
Statement: Muntinlupa City is known as the Emerald City of the
Philippines.
Negation: Muntinlupa City is not known as the Emerald City of the
Philippines

Statement: The Philippines is not named after King Philip II of Spain.

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 Negation: The Philippines is named after King Philip II of Spain

VERIFYING STATEMENTS, conditional statement can be true or false

and we can easily determine the truth value of by following the logic and
rules in geometry. In logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called
a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth.
To show that a conditional statement is true, you must prove that the
conclusion is true every time the hypothesis is true. To show that
conditional statement is false, you need to give only one counterexample.

Example 7. State the truth value of the given conditional statements. If

false, provide a counterexample.

a. If you live in Muntinlupa, then you live in Tunasan.

b. If you are an 18-year-old Filipino citizen, then you are allowed to vote.
c. If x 2=16 , then x=4.

Solution:
a. False.
Counterexample: Tunasan is not the only barangay in Muntinlupa. It
can be Putatan, Alabang, Poblacion etc.
b. True
c. False.
Counterexample. x can be also -4.

CONVERSE, INVERSE AND CONTRAPOSITIVE OF THE STATEMENT

The converse of a statement is formed by interchanging the hypothesis

and conclusion. The inverse of a statement is formed by negating the
hypothesis and the conclusion. And to the write the contrapositive, negate
the hypothesis and the conclusion of the converse.

Definition 5. The statement q → p is called the converse of p → q.

The statements ∼ q →∼ p (read as not q implies not p) and ∼ p →∼ q
are called the contrapositive and inverse of p → q, respectively.

Conditional (p If a figure is a triangle, then it is a

→ q) polygon.
Converse If a figure is a polygon, then it is a
(q→ p) triangle.
Inverse If a figure is not a triangle, then it is not False True
p→ q a polygon.
Contrapositive If a figure is not a polygon, then it is not
p→ q a triangle.

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 As you noticed, both the conditional and contrapositive are both true.
While the converse and the inverse are both false. A conditional statement
and its contrapositive are either both true or both false. Similarly, the
converse and inverse of a conditional statement are either both true or both
false. Pairs of statements such as these are called equivalent statements.
In general, when two statements are both true or both false, they are called
equivalent statements.

Example 8. Write the conditional, converse, inverse and the contrapositive

of the given statement.

It is time for dinner, if it is 6:00pm.

Solution:
a. If-then: If it is 6:00pm, then it is time for dinner.
b. Converse: If it is time for dinner, then it is 6:00pm.
c. Inverse: If it is not 6:00pm, then it is not time for dinner.
d. Contrapositive: If it is not time for dinner, then is not 6:00pm.

BICONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
When a conditional statement and its converse are both true, you can
write them as a single biconditional statement. A biconditional statement is
a statement that contains the phrase “if and only if.”
Definition 5. The statement “p if and only if q,” denoted by p ⇐⇒ q,
is called a biconditional statement.

Example 9. Write the converse of each true statement. If the converse is

also true, combine the statements to write a true biconditional statement.

Solution:
Conditional Statement: If a ray bisects ang angle, then it divides the
angle into two congruent angles. (True)
Converse: If a ray divides the angle into two congruent angles, then it
bisects the angle. (True)
Since both the conditional and the converse are true, then we
can rewrite them as a true biconditional statement.

Biconditional statement: A ray bisects an angle if and only if it

divides the angle into two congruent angles.

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Example 10. Rewrite the biconditional statement as a conditional statement
and its converse.

Two lines are perpendicular if and only if they intersect to form right
angles.
Solution:
Conditional Statement: If two lines are perpendicular, then they
intersect to form right angles.
Converse: If two lines intersect to form right angles, then they are
perpendicular.

A. Answer the following:

1. A conditional statement is defined in symbolic notation as p → q, use

symbolic notation to write the inverse of p → q. ________
2. Show that the conjecture of the statement “If the number of sides of a
regular polygon increases, then the exterior angle also increases.” is
false by finding a counterexample.
3. Write the statement that is logically equivalent to: “A positive integer is
a prime only if it has no divisors other than 1 and itself”.
4. What is the negation of “not positive”?
5. Translate the conditional statement “Two lines intersect at a point”
into if-then form. Write the converse, inverse and the contrapositive of
the corresponding conditional statement.

6. Given the conditional statement “Birds fly”. Answer the ff:

a. q → p d. q
b. p→q
c. Can we rewrite them as a single biconditional statement? If not,
why?
7. What is the converse of the inverse? __________.
8. What is the inverse of the contrapositive of the converse?
9. Set A consists of all multiples of 5 greater than 10 and less than 100.
Set B consists of all multiples of 8 greater than 16 and less than 100.
Show that each conjecture is false by finding a counterexample.
a. Any number in set A is also in set B.
b. Any number less than 100 is either in set A or in set B.
c. No number is in both set A and set B.
10. Given the pattern 7 , 7 r ,7 r 2 , 7 r 3, . . .. For what values of r will the
values of the numbers in the pattern be increasing? For what values of r
will the values of the numbers be decreasing? Explain.

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B. Create a statement using the editorials below and rewrite your
statement in the form “if-then” and write the converse, inverse
and the contrapositive.

1.

2.

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 Following are the key points of this lesson.
Definition 1. A definition is an exact, unambiguous explanation of the
meaning of a mathematical word or phrase.
Definition 2. A theorem is a statement that can be shown to be true. Less
important theorems are sometimes called propositions. Theorems are also
called facts or results. A theorem that is helpful in the proof of other results
is called a lemma. A corollary is a theorem that can be established directly
from a theorem that has been proved.
Definition 3. A proof is a valid argument that establishes the truth of a
theorem.
Definition 4. The statements used in a proof can include axioms (or
postulates), which are statements we assume to be true, the premises (or
hypotheses), if any, of the theorem, and previously proven theorems.
INDUCTIVE REASONING You use inductive reasoning when you find a
pattern in specific cases and then write a conjecture for the general case.
A conjecture is a statement that is being proposed to be a true statement,
usually on the basis of some partial evidence, a heuristic argument, or
intuition. When a proof of a conjecture is found, the conjecture becomes a
theorem. An example used to disprove statements or conjectures is called a
counterexample.
Definition 4. Let p and q be statements that are either true or false. The
conditional statement p → q is the statement “if p, then q.” The statement p
is called the hypothesis (or antecedent or premise) and q is called the
conclusion (or consequence).
Definition 5. The statement q → p is called the converse of p → q. The
statements ∼ q →∼ p (read as not q implies not p) and ∼ p →∼ q are called
the contrapositive and inverse of p → q, respectively.
Definition 5. The statement “p if and only if q,” denoted by p ⇐⇒ q, is called
a biconditional statement.

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 ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

A. Observe the pattern in the figure below. Make a conjecture

about the horizontal sum and fill in the next row.

B. Using the poem entitled “HUMPY DUMPTY sat on a wall”

create 2 statements written in “if-then” form.

"Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,"

BY MOTHER GOOSE

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,

Humpty Dumpty had a great fall;
All the king's horses and all the king's men
Couldn't put Humpty together again.

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 Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. A statement that is accepted true without proof.
A. Theorem C. Corollary
B. Postulate D. Lemma
2. A statement that requires proof before its acceptance as a true
statement.
A. Theorem C. Corollary
B. Postulate D. Lemma
3. Use the conditional statement “If an angle is obtuse, then the angle
measures 980” to decide which of the following are true.
I. The statement is true.
II. The converse of the statement is true.
III. The contrapositive of the statement is true.
A. I and III B. II only C. III only D. I and II
4. Which statement below would be a true biconditional statement?
A. If ∠ABC measures 900, then it is a right angle.
B. If two angles are adjacent, then they share a common side.
C. If two squares have the same diagonal length, then they have
equal sides.
D. All of the above.
For Item 5-7, let p be “It is raining.” Let q “there are clouds in the
sky,” and let r be “there are no classes.”
5. What is p → q?
A. IF it is raining, then are clouds in the sky.
B. If there are clouds in the sky, then it is raining.
C. If it is raining, then there are no classes.
D. If there are no classes, then it is raining.
6. What is the converse of p → r ?
A. If it is raining, then are clouds in the sky.
B. If there are clouds in the sky, then it is raining.
C. If it is raining, then there are no classes.
D. If there are no classes, then it is raining.
7. What is the contrapositive of r → q ?
A. If it is raining, then are clouds in the sky.
B. If there are clouds in the sky, then it is raining.
C. If it is raining, then there are no classes.
D. If there no clouds in the sky, then there are classes.
8. What is the resulting statement of “The inverse of the inverse.?”.
A. Conditional C. Converse
B. Inverse D. Contrapositive
9. What is the resulting statement of “The contrapositive of the converse
of the inverse?”.
A. Conditional C. Converse
B. Inverse D. Contrapositive

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10. If you study hard, then you will pass the test. The underlined word is
called the ______.
A. Argument C. Converse
B. Conclusion D. Hypothesis
11. The statement p → q could be _______?
A. the inverse of q → p C. the inverse of q → p
B. the contrapositive of q → p D. the converse of q → p
12. What is the inverse of the statement, “If the number is divisible by 2
and 3, then it is divisible by 6”.
A. If the number is divisible by 6, then it is divisible by 2 and 3.
B. If the number is not divisible by 2 and 3, then is not divisible by 6.
C. If the number is not divisible by 6, then it is not divisible by 2 and
3.
D. If the number is divisible by 2 and 3, then it is not divisible by 6.
13. What is the inverse of the statement “If a number is odd, then it is
positive”?
A. If a number is even, then it is negative.
B. If a number is not odd, then it not positive.
C. If a number is even, then it is not negative.
D. If a number is not odd, then it is positive.
14. What is the contrapositive of “If x is negative, then x >0?”
A. If x <0 ,then x is positive.
B. If x ≮ 0 , then it is not negative.
C. If x ≤ 0 , then it is not negative.
D. If x ≤ 0 , then it is positive.
15. What is the converse of the contrapositive of the conditional
statement “If you marry the person you love, then you will live happily
ever after?”
A. If you marry the person you love, then you will live happily ever
after.
B. If you will live happily ever after, then you should marry the
person you love.
C. If you did not marry the person you love, then you will not live
happily ever after.
D. If you will not live happily ever after, then you will not marry the
person you love.

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 REFERENCES

 https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/business-catalog-
reference-book-color-icon-vector-29168987
 Prentice Hall Geometry Robert Kalin and Mary Kay Corbit
 https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-geometry-second-
edition/section/1.1/
 Merrill Geometry Applications and Connections
Geometry by Ron Larson, Laurie Boswell, Timothy D. Kanoldd and Lee
Stiff
 Geometry McDougal Littell Practice workbook
 Georgia Standardized Test Practice Workbook McDougal Littell
Geometry correlated to the Georgia Quality Core Curriculum and the
Georgia High School Graduation Test Standards.
 https://www.pinclipart.com/maxpin/iRJoJmJ/
 https://www.augusta.k12.va.us/cms/lib01/VA01000173/Centricity/
Domain/808/Ch_1.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR08Odm4bpDGazIoO6FjVo_XsyYmTRvCjt7X3V0-
7lHV0xJiAwjILJ99Y8M
 https://www.dreamstime.com/illustration/north-south-east-west.html
 http://welcometothechristianworldnicole.blogspot.com/2010/12/map-
to-sm-city-muntinlupa.html
 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/722546333939118189/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_angle#:~:text=In%20geometry
%20and%20trigonometry%2C%20a,then%20they%20are%20right
%20angles.
 Discrete Mathematics and its Applications, McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 2012 E.A. Cabral, E.P. Delara-Tuprio, M.L.A.N. De Las Peñas, F.F.
Francisco, I.J.L. Garces, R.M. Marcelo, J.F. Sarmiento, Precalculus,
Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2010 J. A. Gallian, Contemporary
Abstract Algebra, Seventh Edition, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning,
2010 R. Hammack, Book of Proof, 2003 D. Burton, Elementary Number
Theory, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002
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cases-down/
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editorials/editorial/page/3/

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  https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/46951/humpty-dumpty-
sat-on-a-wall?fbclid=IwAR3GnymMsfu9bzOJoC0FN2aRZD10-9BJNOj-
3gfjGl33BmG5jzwCIHv9PAA
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty
Answers

PRE-TEST LOOKING BACK ACTIVITIES

1. B 1.104 0 A. 1. p → q
2. A 2. The exterior angle of a polygon
3. B
2. 360
decreases as the number of sides of
4. D 3.a.43
a polygon increases.
5. C b. 73800
6. A Number Exterior
7. C Polygon
of Sides angle
8. A Triangle 3
9. A
12 00
Quadrilate 4 90 0
10. B
ral
11. B Pentagon 5
12. B 720
13. D Hexagon 6 600
14. A 3.If a positive integer is not a
15. A prime, then it has divisors other
than 1 and itself.
4.Positive
5. Conditional: If two lines
intersect, then they contain one
point.
Converse: If two lines contain one
point, then they intersect.
Inverse: If two lines do not
intersect, then they don’t contain
one point.
Contrapositive: If two lines doesn’t
contain one point, then they do not
intersect.
6.a . q → p : If an animal can fly,
then it is a bird.
b. q → p : If an animal can’t fly,
then it is not a bird.
c. No. Because the converse is false
(Bird is not the only animal that
flies)
d. q : It can’t fly
7. Contrapositive
8.Conditional
9. a. False, because 15 is in A but
not in B.

b.False, because 98 is neither in

set A nor in set B.

c. False because 40 and 80 is in

both sets.
10. If r >0 , then the values in the
pattern are increasing.

17
 If 0< r< 1, then the values in the
pattern are decreasing.
B. Answers may vary.

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