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Module 1. Human Organism

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242 views25 pages

Module 1. Human Organism

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Space Dragonlord
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Chapter 1

The Human
Organism

Cells of the Peritoneum

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the chapter, the student will be
able to:

• Define and describe anatomy and levels at


which anatomy can be studied.
• Explain the importance of the relationship
between structure and function.
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy is the study of the structures of the
body
– Systemic anatomy is the study of the body by
organ systems
– Regional anatomy is the study of the body by
areas
– Surface anatomy uses superficial structures to
locate deeper structures
• Physiology is the study of the processes and
functions of the body
Structural and Functional Organization

• Six Levels of Organization

1. Chemical Level
2. Cell Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ System Level
6. Organism Level
Structural and Functional Organization
1. Chemical Level
Atoms (colored balls)
combine to form
molecules
2. Cell Level Molecules
form organelles, such
as the nucleus and
mitochondria, which
make up cells
3. Tissue Level Similar
cells and surrounding
materials make up
tissues
Structural and Functional Organization
4. Organ Level Different
tissues combine to form
organs, such as the
urinary bladder
5. Organ System Level
Organs such as the
urinary bladder and
kidneys make up an
organ system
6. Organism Level Organ
systems make up an
organism
Fig. 1.3a
Organ systems
of the
human body
and their
associated
organs
Fig. 1.3b
Organ systems
of the
human body
and their
associated
organs
Characteristics of Life
1. Organization: all parts of an organism interact to
perform specific functions
2. Metabolism: the chemical and physical changes taking
place in an organism
3. Responsiveness: adjustments that maintain their
internal environment
4. Growth: increase in size of all or part of the organism
5. Development: changes an organism undergoes through
time
6. Reproduction: formation of new cells or new organisms
Homeostasis
• Existence and maintenance of a relatively
constant internal environment
– set point is the ideal normal value (body
temperature)
• normal range is the fluctuation around set point
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is maintained by negative and
positive feedback mechanisms

– Negative feedback turns off the original stimulus

– Positive feedback enhances and up-regulates the


initial stimulus (is usually harmful to the body)
Terminology and Body Plan
• Body Positions
– Anatomical position
• human standing erect with the face directed forward,
the arms hanging to the sides, and the palms facing
forward
– Supine – person laying face up
– Prone – person laying face down
Anatomical Position
• Stand upright, facing forward.
• Arms straight and hands held
by the hips, palms facing forward.
• Feet parallel and toes
pointing forward.
Terminology and Body Plane
• Directional terms
– Always refer to anatomical position

• Right • Ventral
• Left • Dorsal
• Superior • Proximal
• Inferior • Distal
• Cephalic • Lateral
• Caudal • Medial
• Anterior • Superficial
• Posterior • Deep
Body Parts and Regions
Body Parts and Regions
Body Planes
• Sagittal plane: divides
the body into left and
right parts
• Transverse plane:
divides the body into
superior and inferior
parts
• Frontal (coronal) plane:
divides the body into
anterior and posterior
parts

Fig. 1.13
Organ Planes
• Longitudinal section:
along its long axis
• Cross (transverse)
section: right angle to
the long axis
• Oblique section:
across the long axis at
an angle other than a
right angle

Fig. 1.14
Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity: bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm
• Abdominal cavity: bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles
• Pelvic cavity: surrounded by the pelvic bones

Fig. 1.15
Serous Membranes
• Parietal membrane: lines the wall of the cavity
• Visceral membrane: is in contact with the internal organs
• Serous fluid: secreted by the serous membrane and protects organs
against friction
Serous Membranes

• Pericardial cavity:
surrounds the heart

• Pleural cavities:
surround the lungs
Serous Membranes
• Peritoneal cavity: surrounds
certain abdominal and pelvic
organs
– Mesenteries hold the
abdominal organs in place and
provide a passageway for
blood vessels and nerves to
organs
– Retroperitoneal organs are
located “behind” the parietal
peritoneum
References
VanPutte, C., Regan, J., Russo, A., Seeley, R.,
Stephens, T., & Tate, P. (2014). Seeley’s
Anatomy and Physiology (10th ed.). McGraw-
Hill Companies Inc.

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