DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

LECTURE 2
Then , divide both sides by Δ x :
5Δx
THE DERIVATIVE
2 f ( x + Δ x )−f ( x )=
The derivative of any function is denoted by f’ , such that its value
f ( x+ Δ x )−f ( x ) 6 x Δ x + ( Δ x ) (3−x−Δ x)( 3−x )
=
at any number x in the domain of f is given by the equation: Δx Δx
f ( x+ Δ x )−f ( x ) 5Δx 1 5
f ( x + Δ x )−f ( x ) = ∙ =
'
f ( x )= lim (1) f ( x+ Δ x )−f ( x ) Δx (3−x−Δ x )(3−x ) Δ x (3−x−Δ x )(
Δx =6 x +3 Δ x
Δ x →0 Δx
f ( x + Δ x )−f ( x ) 5 5
lim = = Ans .
f ( z ) −f ( x ) Evaluate thelimit : Δ x →0 Δx (3−x)(3−x) ( 3−x )2
f ' ( x )=lim (2)
z→x z −x f ( x + Δ x )−f ( x )
lim =6 x +3 Δ x
Take note that the limit of the function delta x is approaching zero. Δ x →0 Δx EXAMPLE 3 : Find the derivative of f ( s )=s 4
The derivative of a function can be denoted by the following notations:
SOLUTION :
1. f’(x) f ( x + Δ x )−f ( x )
lim =6 x +3 ( 0 )
2.
3.
y’
dy/dx Δ x →0 Δx f ( s )=s 4
4. d f(x) / dx
4
5. df/dx
y ' =6 x . Ans . f ( s+ Δs )=( s+ Δs )
THREE STEP RULE METHOD:
x+ 2 3 2 2 3
f ( s+ Δs )−f ( s )=[s ¿ ¿ 4+ 4 s Δ s +6 s ( Δ s ) +4 s ( Δ s ) + ( Δs
STEPS: EXAMPLE 2 : Find the derivative of .
3−x
1. Evaluate f(x+Δx) and f(x). Simplify f(x+Δx) - f(x). f ( s + Δ s )−f ( s )
2. Divide the result in (1) by Δx. SOLUTION: =[s ¿ ¿ 4+ 4 s3 Δ s+6 s2 ( Δ s )2 +4 s ( Δs )3+ ( Δ s
3. Compute the limit as Δx approaches zero. Δs
x +2
EXAMPLE 1 :Find the derivative of y=3 x 2+ 12 f ( x )= f ( s + Δ s )−f ( s )
3−x =4 s 3 +6 s 2 ( Δs ) +4 s ( Δs )2+ ( Δ s )3
SOLUTION: Δs
x+ Δ x +2
Evaluate f(x+Δx) - f(x) f ( x + Δ x )= f ( s+ Δ s )−f ( s )
2
3−(x + Δ x ) lim =4 s3 +6 s2 ( 0 ) + 4 s ( 0 )2+ 0=4 s3 Ans .
f ( x )=3 x +12 Δ s →0 Δs
x+ Δ x+ 2 x+2
f ( x + Δ x )−f ( x )= − DERIVATIVES OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS:
f ( x + Δ x )=3( x+ Δ x)2 +12 3−( x + Δ x ) 3−x
FORMULAS:
2 2
f (x+ Δ x)=3 [ x +2 x ( Δ x ) + ( Δ x ) ] +12 ( x + Δ x +2)(3−x )−( x +2)(3−x− Δdx)
f ( x + Δ x )−f ( x )=
2 2 (3−x−Δ x )(3−x ) 1. dx ( c )=0
f ( x + Δ x )=3 x +6 x Δ x+3 ( Δ x ) +12
2 2
(3 x+ 3 Δ x+ 6−x −x Δ x−2 x)−(3 dx−xn −x Δn−1
x+6−2
du x−2 Δ x)
f ( x + Δ x )−f ( x )=¿ f ( x + Δ x )−f ( x )= 2. ( u )=nu
2 (3−x −Δ x)(3−x)
dx dx
3 x 2+ 6 x Δ x +3 ( Δ x ) + 12−( 3 x 2+12 )
f ( x + Δ x )−f ( x )=6 x Δ x+3 ( Δ x )2
 d du d n
3. ( cu )=c d du d ( u )=nu n−1 du
dx dx ( cu ) =c = (5 ) ( x 6 ) dg dx
dx dx dx
d du dv d n −6−1 d
4. ( u ± v )= ± u=x ( u )=−6 ( g 4 +3 ) ( x 4 +3)
dx dx dx dg dx
d 6
d dv
5. (uv ) =u +v
du ( x )=6 ( x 6−1 ) d 4
( g +3 ) = d ( g 4 ) + d (3 )=4 g 4−1 +0=4 g 3
dx
dx dx dx dg dg dg
f ' ( x )=5 ( 6 x 5 )=30 x 5 Ans . −7
du dv f ' ( g )=−6 ( g4 +3 ) ( 4 g3 )
v −u 3
d u dx dx EXAMPLE 7 : Find the derivative of y = . 3
6.
dx v
=() v 2
x
−3
2
' −24 g
f ( g )= 4 7 Ans .
( g +3 )
EXAMPLE 4 : Find the derivative of f ( x )=5.
SOLUTION : EXAMPLE 9 : Find thederivative of y =7 t ( 2 t 3 −1 ) .
SOLUTION:

c = 5, 3
SOLUTION :
3 2
d d −3
=3 x d dv du
( c )= ( 5 )=0=f ' ( x ) . Ans . 2 ( uv )=u + v
dx dx x dt dt dt
EXAMPLE 5:Find the derivative of f ( x ) =3x-1. u=x u=7 t
d n
SOLUTION : ( u ) =n un−1 du v=2 t 3−1
dx dx
d
d du dv
( u ± v )= ± d du
y ' =7 t ( 2 t3 +1 ) + ( 2t 3−1 ) d (7 t )
dx dx dx ( cu ) =c dt dt
dx dx
d dv d
( 3 x ) − (1) 3 ( 2 t3−1 ) =2 ( 3 t2 ) =6 t2
dx dx dt
y ' =( 3 )
d
dx
x ( )2

d d
( 3 x ) =3 ( 1 ) ( x 1−1 )=3. ( 7 t ) =7.
dx 3 1 dt
( 32 ) x 9
−1
y ' =3 2 2
= x . Ans .
dv 2 y ' =7 t ( 6 t 2 ) + ( 2 t 3−1 ) ( 7 )
( 1 )=0
dx −6
EXAMPLE 8 : Find thederivative f ( g )=( g 4+ 3 ) . y ' =42t 3 +14 t 3 −7=56 t 3−7. Ans .
f ' ( x )=3. Ans .
SOLUTION : 4 t−5
6 EXAMPLE 8 : Find thederivative of f ' ( t )=
EXAMPLE 6 : Find thederivative of 5 x . 3−5 t 2
u=x 4 +3
SOLUTION : SOLUTION :
 SOLUTION3:x 2
u=4 t−5 ; v=3−5 x 2
d d
( 4 t−5 )=4 ( 3−5t 2 )=−5 ( 2 ) ( t 2−1) =−10 t
d u
()
=
du
v −u
dx dx
=
4 3
dv √ x −6 ( 12 ax−8 a )−4 ax (3 x−1 ) 4
d
dx
¿
3
4 ( x −6 )
3
[√ ]
du dt dx v v2 ( √4 x 3−6 )
2

du dv 3 x2 EXAMPLE 11: Find the derivative of y =cos( tan 4 θ¿) ¿

d u
dx v ()
=
dx
−u

v2
v
=
2

( 3−5 t 2 )
2
Considering
=
24 ax ( 3 x−1 )
dx ( 3−5 t ) ( 4 ) −( 4 t−5 )(−10 t ) ( 12−20 t ) −(−40 t+50) 4 3
( 3−5 t 2 )
2 4 ( x −6 )
3
:
[√ ] SOLUTION :
d
3 x2 3 x2
dy −20t 2 +20 t−38
dt
=
( 3−5 t 2 )
2
Ans . 4 ax ( 3 x−1 )
[√
4
4 ( x 3−6 )
3
] [√
=( 3 a x 2−ax ) 4
( x3 −6 )
3
]
dθ
d
¿

¿
4ax(3x-1) 4 3 dθ
√4 x 3−6 ( 12ax−8 a )− 9 a4 x 3−3 a3x
EXAMPLE 9:Find the derivative of y= 4 3
√ x -6 '
y=
[√ ]
( x −6 )
Ans .
y ' =¿

4 3 3
1
4
√ x 3−6 EXAMPLE 12 :Find the derivative of y=csc 2 x 3 .
u=4 ax ( 3 x−1 ) v= √ x −6∨( x −6 )
DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC AND INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC SOLUTION :
du FUNCTIONS:
For :
dx d csc 2 x 3=¿ ¿ ¿
7. ¿
d n
d d
( 4 ax )=4 a ; (3 x−1 ) =3.
dx
( u ) =n un−1 du =2¿
dx dx dx dx
d
8. ¿
du dx d
=4 a ( 3 ) + ( 3 x−1 ) ( 4 a )=12 a+ ( 12 ax−4 a )=12 ax−8 a ¿
dx dx
d
9. ¿
dv dx d
For : ¿
dx dx
d
10. ¿
d 3
1 1 dx y ' =2 ¿
( x −6 ) 4 =nu n−1 dv = 1 ( x3 −6 ) 4 d ( x 3−6 )
−1

dx dx 4 dx d y ' =2 ¿
11. ¿ Ans.

1 1 −3 dx
d 3 4 1 3 4
−1
2 3 x2 3 4 3 x2 EXAMPLE 13 : Find the derivative of f ( θ )=tan θ csc θ
( x −6 ) = ( x −6 ) ( 3 x ) = ( x −6 ) = 4 d 3
dx 4 4
dx√
412.( x 3−6
¿ ) SOLUTION :
Then, upon using the derivative for division:
u=tan θ v =csc θ
EXAMPLE 10 : Find the derivative of f ( x )=sin 2 x .
du=sec 2 θ dv=−csc θ cot θ
d dv du d EXAMPLE 19 : Find the derivative of log 4 x 2 . .
( uv )=u + v =tan θ ¿ ¿ ( 2 x−1 )=2 (−1 ) ( x −1−1 ) =−22
dθ dθ dθ dx x SOLUTION:

1 1 d 1 du d
Recall :cotθ= ; cotθ tan θ=1.∧1+ tan 2 θ=sec 2 θ ∗−2 log a u= ; ¿
tan θ 2 dx u ln a dx dx
x +4
sin θ 1 1 −2 x2 −2 EXAMPLE 20 : Find the derivative : y=log x 2 +1
−csc θ+csc θ ¿ ¿ ¿ tanθ=
cos θ
; csc θ=
sinθ
y'=
2 2 ( )
x 2
=
x 2
= 2
x +4
Ans .
1+
x() SOLUTION:

d 0.43429 du ' 0.43429 d 2

1 sin 2 θ ( x +1 ) = 0.8686 x
(
sin θ cos 2 θ )
=¿ tanθ sec θ Ans . ¿
DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
dx
log u=
u dx
;y= 2
x +1 dx 2
x +1
DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
1 d u u
EXAMPLE 14 : Find the derivative of f ( x ) =sin 19.
x . a =a ¿
−1
2 dx d
24. ¿
dx
SOLUTION: d 1 du d 1 du
21. log a u= 22. lnu= d
d dx u ln a dx dx u dx 25. ¿
¿ dx
dx d 0.43429 du
23. logu= d
EXAMPLE 15 : Find the derivative of y=cot−1 √t−1 dx u dx 26. ¿
dx
SOLUTION: EXAMPLE 16 : Find the derivative of f ( x )=ln x3 .
d
d SOLUTION: 27. ¿
¿ dx
dt d 1 du d 1 d 3 1 3
ln u= ; ln x3 = 3 ( x )= 3 ( 3 x 2 ) ; f ' ( x )= dAns .
1 dx u 1dx dx x dx x 28.x ¿
1 1 −1
d d 1 −1 d
dx
( √ t−1 )= ( t −1 )2 = (t−1 )2 ( t−1 )= ( t−1 ) 2 =
dt dt 2 dt 2 EXAMPLE 17 :12 Find the derivative of y =4 3 t . 2

2 ( t−1 ) d
29. ¿
SOLUTION: dx
−1 1 −1 1 −1
y'=
1+ ( √ t−1 )[2
]
2 ( t−1 )
1
2
=
1+ t−1[ ]
2 ( √ t−1 )
1
2
= d 3 t . Ans
2
) =au ¿
2t √( 4t−1
dx
.

2
x −3
3
2x
EXAMPLE 20 : Find the derivative of f ( x )=coth ( e ) .
SOLUTION:

2 EXAMPLE 18 : Find the derivat ive of y=e . d

EXAMPLE 15 : Find the derivative of y=tan −1 . ¿
x SOLUTION: dx
SOLUTION:
d u u du ' x −3 d 2 2 2

e =e ; y =e ( x −3 ) ; y ' =2 x e x −3 . Ansd.
d dx dx dx ( e 2 x ) =eu du =e 2 x d ( 2 x 3 )=e2 x ( 6 x 2 )
3 3 3

¿ dx dx dx
dx
 3 3

f ' ( x )=−6 x 2 e2 x csch 2 e 2 x Ans .

ASSIGNMENT:

A. FIND THE DERIVATIVE USING 3 STEP RULE:

1. y=5 x 3
( x+3 )2
2. f ( x )=
x
B. FIND THE DERIVATIVE USING THE FORMULAS:

1
1. y=x cos
x
1
2. y=x 3 cot−1 x
3

3. y=( 2 x 4−1 ) ( 5 x 3 +6 x )
4. y=e x ln x
5. f ( x )=x sin x

6. f ( t )=cosh ( 1+t 2 )
1 1+ x
7. y= ln
2 1−x | |
7
8. f ( b )=√ b2
sin θ
9. y=
θ
10. f ( x )=tan−1 sinh 2 x