Power Electronics (MTE222) : Lecture Week1&2
Power Electronics (MTE222) : Lecture Week1&2
Lecture Week1&2
Power Electronics: 1
by:
Dr. Islam Mohamed
2
1
Power Electronics Circuits
Applications: Conversion of
• AC to DC
• DC to AC
• Unregulated DC to regulated DC
• AC to AC of different amplitude and frequency
(1)AC-DC Converters (Rectifiers)
• Uncontrolled: power diodes are used
• Controlled: controllable devices such as SCR
thyristors are used
(2) DC-AC Converters (Inverters)
• Output of any desired magnitude and frequency
(3) DC-DC Converters
• Convert an unregulated DC voltage into a regulated DC
voltage
(4) AC-AC Converters
• Convert an unregulated AC voltage into a regulated AC
voltage
(4b) Cycloconverters
• Output has lower magnitude and frequency than input
f < f
o i
• Application: low‐speed large‐power AC motor drives
(15 MW, 0‐20 HZ)
Power Electronics Switches
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(1) Diodes
Simplest electronic switch
Yet, uncontrollable;
ON/OFF determined by voltages and currents in the
circuit (vd typically 2 Volts)
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• Reverse Recovery Time (trr)
When the diode turns OFF, the current decreases and, for a very short time,
becomes negative before becoming zero.
-when switching from the conducting to the blocking state, a diode has a stored
charge, that must first be discharged before the diode blocks reverse current.
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• Shottky Diodes
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• Power Diode Parameters
1. The average forward current in the diode
2. The RMS value of the diode current
3. Surge forward current
4. I2 t for fusing
5. Peak Inverse (Reverse) blocking voltage (PIV)
6. Reverse recovery time
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Thyristors
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• Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers (SCR)
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• SCR Turn-ON/OFF Conditions
Vs
iQ
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RL
SCR in a Circuit
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Example 1
The thyristor latching current level of 50.0 mA, fired by a pulse of length 50.0 µs.
Why R is necessary for the thyristor to remain ON when the firing pulse ends,
Find the maximum value of R to ensure firing. Neglect the thyristor voltage drop.
Solution of Example 1
Without R
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Gate Turn-OFF Thyristor (GTO)
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The Triac
• Conducts current in either direction
• Equivalent to two anti-parallelSCRs
• Used in common light-dimmer circuits to modify
both the negative and positive half cycles of the
input sine wave.
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Transistors
Advantage: provide control of both the turn ON and turn OFF
instants.
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Bipolar Junction Transistor (1975)
A current-controlled switch
Can handle high power at medium switching frequency.
Power BJTs are used to be either fully ON or fully OFF.
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Power BJT Parameters
1. Type number: The type number of the device is an individual part number given to the device
2.Material: The material used for the device is important as it affects the junction forward bias
and other characteristics. The most common materials used for bipolar transistors are silicon
and germanium.
3. Polarity: The polarity of the device is important. It defines the polarity of the biasing and
operation of the device. The two types are NPN and PNP. NPN is the most common type. It
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has the higher speeds as electrons are the majority carriers and these have a greater mobility
than holes.
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MOSFET (1978)
•A voltage-controlled switch
• Their drive circuit is simpler than that of BJTs.
e
• When turned ON, can be modeled as an ON-resistanc (ranges from 0.1 – few Ohms).
• Body diodes result while constructing MOSFETs.
• Suitable for high-switching frequency and handles less power than BJTs.
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MOSFET Characteristics
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Current/Voltage/switching frequency domains of the main power electronics switches
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