4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr.

Firas Mohammed

Example 7
A three-phase unbalanced source with the following phase-to-neutral voltages
300  120 
 
Vabc   20090 
 100  30 
 
is applied to the circuit in Figure below. The load series impedance per
phase is ZS = 10 + j40 and the mutual impedance between phases is Zm = j5.
The load and source neutrals are solidly grounded. Determine
1
(a) The load sequence impedance matrix, Z 012  A Z abc A
(b) The symmetrical components of voltage.
(c) The symmetrical components of current.
(d) The load phase currents.
(e) The complex power delivered to the load in terms of symmetrical
components, S 3  3(V0 I 0  V1 I1  V2 I 2 )
* * *

(f) The complex power delivered to the load by summing up the power in each
phase, S 3  3(Va I a  Vb I b  Vc I c )
* * *

Solution:
The results are
10  j50 0 0 
Z 012   0 10  j35 0 
 0 0 10  j 35

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

 42.2650  120 
 
V012   193.1852  135 
86.9473  84.8961 
 
 0.8289161.3099 
 
I 012   5.3072150.9454 
2.3886  158.9507 
 
 7.9070165.4600 
 
I abc   5.819014.8676 
2.7011  96.9315 
 
S 3  1036 .8  j 3659 .6

Example 8
Draw the zero sequence network for the system shown in Figure below:

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

Solution

Example 9
The neutral of each generator is grounded through a current limiting resistor of
8.333% on a 100MVA base. The generators are running at no-load at rated
voltage and in phase, all network data is expressed on a 100MVA base.
Find : fault current for 3-phase, 1-phase. L-L, L-L-G.

Item kV Rating % X1 % X2 % X0
G1 20 15 15 5
G2 20 15 15 5
T1 20/200 10 10 10
T2 20/200 10 10 10
L1-2 200 12.5 12.5 30
L1-3 200 15 15 35
L2-3 200 25 25 71.25

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

Solution:

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

 3-phase fault

Va1 10
I a1     j 4.54 p.u.
Z1 j 0.22
I af  I a1   j 4.54 p.u.

 Single line - to- ground (S-L-G)

Ea
I ao  I a1  I a 2 
( Z ao  Z a1  Z a 2 )

1.00
   j1.266 p.u.
j (0.35  0.22  0.22)
I af  3I a 0   j 3.80 p.u.

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

 Line-Line fault (L-L)

I a0  0
Va1 10
I a1   I a 2     j 2.27 p.u.
Z1  Z 2 j (0.22  0.22)
I bf   I cf   j 3 ( j 2.27 )  3.936 p.u.

 Double line - to- ground (D-L-G)

Va1 1.00
I a1     j 2.816 p.u.
Z2Z0 j 0.35 * j 0.22
( Z1  ) j 0.22 
Z2  Z0 j 0.35  j 0.22
Va1  Z1 I a1 1.00  ( j 0.22) * ( j 2.816)
I a2    j1.729 p.u.
Z2 j 0.22
Va1  Z1 I a1 1.00  ( j 0.22) * ( j 2.816)
I a0    j1.087 p.u.
Z0 j 0.35
I f  I b  I c  2 I ao  (a 2  a)( I a1  I a 2 )

 2( j1.087)  ( j 2.816  j1.729)  j3.261p.u.

Example 10
Draw the positive, negative and zero sequence networks for the following at
bus 2.
(a) Balanced three-phase
(b) Single phase-to-ground
(c) Phase–to-phase

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

(d) Double phase-to-ground faults for the following system.

Transmission Line Data
Line Bus Bus Seq R X B Srat
1 2 3 pos 0.00000 0.16000 0.00000 1.0000
zero 0.00000 0.50000 0.00000
2 2 3 pos 0.00000 0.16000 0.00000 1.0000
zero 0.00000 0.50000 0.00000
Transformer Data
Trans. HV Bus LV Bus Seq R X C Srat
1 2 1 pos 0.00000 0.05000 1.00000 1.0000
Y Y zero 0.00000 0.05000
2 3 4 pos 0.00000 0.05000 1.00000 1.0000
Y D zero 0.00000 0.05000
Generator Data
No. Bus Srated Ra Xd" Xo Rn Xn Con
1 1 1.0000 0.0000 0.200 0.0500 0.0000 0.0400 Y
2 4 1.0000 0.0000 0.200 0.0500 0.0000 0.0400 Y

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

+ ve sequence

zero sequence - ve sequence

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

Example 11
A L-L-G fault occurs at point B in the system shown below. Determine the
voltages and currents at the fault

∆- -∆
A B C D
G M
Xn= 0.03
X1= 0.2 X= 0.12 X= 0.1 X1= 0.3
X1= X2= 0.3
X2= 0.2 XO=1.4 X2= 0.4
XO= 0.08 XO= 0.1
M L-L-G
Phase B-Phase C-G
X1= 1
X2= 1
Solution: XO= oo

A L-L-G is represented by the parallel connection of the +Ve, -Ve and Zero
sequence networks.
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0

Z1
Va1 Va2 Va0
Z2 Zo
Ea

~
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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

j0.3
A B C D

j0.12 j0.1
j0.3

j0.2 j1 j0.3

EG
~ ~ EM
~ EM

+Ve Sequence Network

j0.3
A B C D

j0.12 j0.1
j0.3

j0.2 j1 j0.4

-Ve Sequence Network

j1.4
A B C j0.1

j0.12
j1.4

j0.08 j0.1

3Zn=j0.09

35 Zero Sequence Network

4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

0.3 1  0.2
j (( )  0.1  0.3)(  0.12)
Z1  2 1  0 . 2 
0.3 1  0.2
(  0.1  0.3)  (  0.12)
2 1  0.2
0.3 1  0.2
j (( )  0.1  0.4)(  0.12)
Z2  2 1  0. 2 
0.3 1  0.2
(  0.1  0.4)  (  0.12)
2 1  0.2
0.14
j (0.12)(  0.1)
Zo  2 
0.14
(0.12   0.1)
2
Ea
I a1   3.9 p.u.
Z2ZO
Z1 
Z2  ZO
ZO
I a 2   I a1  1.34 p.u.
Z2  Z O

I ao   I a1  I a 2  2.56 p.u.
Vao  Va1  Va 2  I a 2 Z 2  j 0.267 p.u.

I a  I ao  I a1  I a 2  0

I b  I ao  a 2 I a1  aI a 2  (3.84  j 4.54 ) p.u.

I c  I ao  aI a1  a 2 I a 2  (3.84  j 4.54 ) p.u.

Ground current Ig = Ia + Ib + Ic = 3Iao = -7.68 p.u.
Va = Vao + Va1 + Va2 = 3* j0.267 = j0.801 p.u.
Vb = Vc = 0

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

Example 12
Consider a system with sequence impedances given by Z1 = j0.2577, Z2
=j0.2085, and Z0 = j0.14; find the voltages and currents at the fault point for a
single line-to-ground fault.

Solution:
The sequence currents are given by

1
I 0  I1  I 2 
j (0.2577  0.2085  0.14)

 1.65  90 p.u.

Therefore
I a  3I 0  4.95  90  p.u.

Ib  Ic  0
The sequence voltages are as follows:

V1  Ea1  I1Z1

 10  (1.65  90 )(0.257790 )

 0.57 p.u.
V2  I 2 Z 2

 (1.65  90 )(0.208590 )

 0.34 p.u.
V0   I 0 Z0 [pp

 (1.65  90 )(0.1490 )

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

 0.23 p.u.
The phase voltages are thus

Va  Va 0  Va1  Va 2  0
Vb  a 2Va 0  aVa1  Va 2
 (1240 )(0.57)  (1120 )(0.34)  (0.23)
 0.86  113.64 p.u.
Vc  aVa 0  a 2Va1  Va 2
 (1120 )(0.57)  (1240 )(0.34)  (0.23)
 0.86113.64 p.u.

Example 13
Three 15-MVA, 30-kV synchronous generators A, B, and C are connected
via three reactors to a common bus bar, as shown in Figure below. The
neutrals of generators A and B are solidly grounded, and the neutral of
generator C is grounded through a reactor of 2.0 Ω. The generator data and the
reactance of the reactors are tabulated below. A line-to-ground fault occurs on
phase a of the common bus bar. Neglect prefault currents and assume
generators are operating at their rated voltage. Determine the fault current in
phase a.

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

Solution:
The generator base impedance is

The reactor per-unit reactance, and the per-unit generator C neutral reactor are

The positive-sequence impedance network, and the zero sequence impedance

network is shown in Figure below.

The positive-sequence impedance is

The negative-sequence impedance network is the same as the positive-

sequence impedance network, except for the value of the generator negative-
sequence reactance. Therefore, the negative-sequence impedance is

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4th Year Electrical Power Lecture 5-Part 4 Dr. Firas Mohammed

The zero-sequence impedance is

The line-to-ground fault current in phase a is

Example 14
Repeat example 15 for a bolted line-to-line fault between phases b and c.

Solution:
The positive-sequence fault current in phase a is

The fault current is

Example 15
Repeat example 15 for a bolted double line-to-ground fault on phases b
and c.

Solution:
The positive- and zero-sequence fault currents in phase a are

The fault current is

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