[ACTIVITY 8]

[MAMMALIA]

By :
Name : Ghofari Sabilil Haq Taufiqurrahman
Student ID : B1B019042
Entourage : D1
Group :3
Assistant : Muhammad Faiz Athallah

ANIMAL SYSTEMATIC II LABORATORY REPORT

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE

UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2021
A. LAB OBJECTIVE

The objectives of lab activity 8: [Mammalia] are :

1. Able to mention important characters for identification Mammalia species.

2. Able to identify the types of Mammalia which are has been prepared

3. Able to determine which Mammalia have prepared

B. LAB ACTIVITY RESULT

1. Specimen

Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Prototheria
Order Monotremata
Family Tachyglossidae
Genus Zaglossus
Species Zaglossus bruijni

Sc : https://www.inaturalist.org/
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Metatheria
Order Diprotodontia
Family Macropodidae
Genus Macropus
Species Macropus agilis

Sc : https://www.inaturalist.org/
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Eutheria
Order Cingulata
Family Dasypodidae
Genus Dasypus
Species Dasypus novemcinctus

Sc : https://www.inaturalist.org/
 Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Eutheria
Order Proboscidea
Family Elephantidae
Genus Elephas
Species Elephas maximus

Sc : https://www.inaturalist.org/
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Order Pholidota
Family Manidae
Genus Manis
Species Manis javanica

Sc : https://www.inaturalist.org/
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Eutheria
Order Carnivora
Family Felidae
Genus Panthera
Species Panthera onca
Sc : https://www.inaturalist.org/
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Eutheria
Order Perissodactyla
Family Equidae
Genus Equus
Species Equus asinus

Sc : https://www.inaturalist.org/
 Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Eutheria
Order Artiodactyla
Family Cervidae
Genus Rusa
Species Rusa timorensis

Sc : https://www.inaturalist.org/
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Infraclass Eutheria
Order Cetacea
Family Delphinidae
Genus Stenella
Species Stenella frontalis
Sc : https://www.inaturalist.org/
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Order Chiroptera
Family Vespertilionidae
Genus Myotis
Species Myotis californicus

Sc : https://www.inaturalist.org/
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Order Chiroptera
Family Pteropodidae
Genus Pteropus
Species Pteropus alecto

Sc : https://www.inaturalist.org/
 Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Order Primates
Family Hylobatidae
Genus Hylobates
Species Hylobates moloch

Sc : https://www.inaturalist.org/
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Subclass Theria
Order Rodentia
Family Sciuridae
Genus Sciurus
Species Sciurus aberti

Sc : https://www.inaturalist.org/
2. Table of Characters
3. Matrix of Similarity

4. Phenogram
 5. Identification Key

[The identification key of Classis Mammalia]

1 a. Oviparous…………………………………………….……………………. Zaglossus bruijni

b. Vivipar…………………………………………………..……………….... 2

2 a. Don't have a placenta………………………………………..…………….. Macropus agilis

b. Have a placenta……………………………………………………………. 3

3 a. Endo theliochorial placenta type………………………………….……..... 4

b. Epitheliochorial placenta type…………………………………………….. 5

4 a. Integument in the form of a claw…………………………….………….... Dasypus novemcinctus

b. Integument in the form of nails………………………….…….…….……. Elephas maximus

5 a. Comes from the supercontinent Laurasia…………………….…….…….. 6

b. Not from the super continent Laurasia………………………….…….…... 12

6 a. Have patagium…………………………………………….…….…….…. 11

b. Have no patagium……………………………………………….…….…... 7

7 a. Integumentary derivatives in the form of claws…………………………... 8

b. Integumentary derivative in the form of hoof……………..…….…….….. 9

8 a. Have no teeth……………………………………………………………… Manis javanica

b. Have teeth……………………………………………….…….…….…….. Panthera onca

9 a. Hoof is even number……………………………………………….……... 10

b. Hoof is an odd number………………………………………….…….…... Equus asinus

10 a. Have hair……………………………………………….…….…….…….. Rusa timorensis

b. Has no hair……………………………………………….…….…….…… Stenella frontalis

11 a. Have the ability to echolocation…………………………………….…….. Myotis californicus

b. Not having echolocation capability………………………….…….…….. Pteropus alecto

12 a. Rodent…………………………………………………..…….…….……. Hylobates moloch

b. Not Rodents……………………………………….…….…….…………. Sciurus aberti

C. DISCUSSION

1. Specimen Description

Classis Mammalia

The skin contains many glands, namely sebacius, sweat, odor and milk glands.
The cranium or cranium has occipitale condyle, the neck bone usually consists
of 7 segments, the tail is usually long and can be moved (Campbell, 1999).
Mammals are vertebrates with hair and mammary glands, which produce milk
for nursing their young. Mammals may be divided into two groups Prototheria
and Theria. Prototherian are oviparous and Therian are viviparous. Theria is a
subclass of mammals. It includes Eutherians (placental mammals) and
metatherians (marsupial mammals). Mammals have a wide variety of skin
glands, but all seem to be variations of two major glands, Sudoriferous (sweat)
and Sebaceous (oil) glands. Mammary glands appear to be modified sebaceous
glands. Mammary glands arise in bot sexes from a pair of ribbons of ectoderm
called milk lines which extend along the ventro lateral body wall of the fetus
from the axilla to the groin1.
Ordo Monotremata Bonaparte, 1837

Warm-blooded monotremes with a high metabolic rate, hairy bodies, produce

milk for suckling young, have a single bone in the lower jaw and have three

middle ear bones, eggs measuring 13-25 mm, limited distribution in australia

and papua new guinea.

Familia Tachyglossidae Gill, 1872

This animal has a long snout with curved claws & a back covered by
spines. But the uniqueness that is owned has not reached there. These
animals reproduce by laying eggs, but the newborn echidna will live
from drinking the mother's milk.
Spesies Zaglossus bruijni (Peters and Doria, 1876)
Breed with Oviparous, narrow and slender muzzle, body

covered by thorns.
Ordo Diprotodontia Owen, 1866
Have a pair of large incisors procumbent on the mandible, a common
feature of many groups of mammals and early mammals. The jaws of
diprotodonts are short, usually with three pairs of upper incisors (wombats,
rodents have only one pair), no lower canines, most herbivores, selenodon or
lopodon tooth types, desert habitats to rainforests.
 Familia Macropodidae Gray, 1821

Has two strong hind legs, the soles of its large feet are designed for
jumping. Kangaroos usually jump at a speed of 20–25 km/hour. But
they can jump up to speeds of up to 70 km/h.They have strong
forelimb (biceps) muscles, and it is now known that these muscles are
not only used for fighting, but also for attracting females.
Spesies Macropus agilis (Gould, 1841)
Has a 2/3 mandibular diastema length of molar tooth line
length and don't have a placenta

Ordo Cingulata Illiger, 1811

Has a hard armor, similar to a shell. This shell is formed by bony plates,
which can form between 6 and 11 cellular bands, covered by a tissue
characterized by keratin, has osteoderm, homodon tooth type, has body armor
on the tail body of the head, has osteoderm, homodon tooth type, has body
armor on the tail body of the head.
Familia Dasypodidae Gray, 1821
Have armor that lacks capillary coverage, which makes the armadillo
very sensitive to weather variations. This is why they are more active at night,
when there are no high temperatures to raise your body's internal temperature.
Spesies Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus,
1758
Integument in the form of a claw

Ordo Proboscidea Illiger, 1819

Has characteristics such as has a proboscis with 2 holes, has a large head,
wide ears, molar lopodon tooth type, having nasal muscles that become
trunks, having tusks, legs with three fingers, warm blooded, hairy and stocky.
Familia Elephantidae Gray, 1821
Having ivory, a flat head stands out. is a family group consisting of elephants
and mammoths. Some members of this family have become extinct.
 Spesies Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758
Integument in the form of nails, having ivory, a flat head stands out.

Ordo Pholidota Weber, 1904

Its body is elongated, the body is covered in large scales and overlapped, has
no teeth with a tongue that can be extended up to a third of its body length to
find ants in its nest. His hair is modified into a kind of large scales that are
arranged to form a layered shield as a means of self-protection. If disturbed,
the pangolin will roll its body like a ball. It can also tie its tail, so that its
scales can injure the skin of the intruder.
Familia Manidae Gray, 1821
Has a very sharp sense of smell that can help it find its main
prey in the form of ants and termites. Pangolin food is quite
unique. Because, with such a large body size, the total food is
only ants and termites.
Spesies Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822
Males have larger bodies, small eyes, reduced ears, insectivores
Ordo Carnivora Bowdich, 1821

Secodon tooth type, some digitigrade foot type species and some plantigrade.
Organs for capturing and tearing prey (teeth and claws fulfill this function in
most vertebrates) and predatory status. This assumption is not entirely true
because some carnivores do not hunt and are scavengers.
Familia Felidae (Fischer de Waldheim, 1817)
Generally nocturnal animals, and live in relatively inaccessible
habitats. About three-quarters of cat species live in forested
areas, and they are generally agile climbers.
Spesies Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Digitigrade, terrestrial, solitary, have teeth

Ordo Perissodactyla Owen, 1848

Characteristic of having nails with an odd number of toes. The characteristics

of this mammal are that it has no horns, its simple torso has odd feet, Odd-
hooged animal, purple leg type, selenodon molar type
 Familia Equidae Gray, 1821
Each individual zebra has a distinctive mottled pattern. There are
several theories regarding the function of the stripes, and the theory most
supported by evidence is as protection from fly bites. Zebras inhabit eastern
and southern Africa, and can be found in a wide variety of habitats such as
savannas, grasslands, forested areas, bushland, and mountainous areas.
Spesies Equus asinus Linnaeus, 1758
Hoof is an odd number, has oval-shaped nails, very small

reproduction

Ordo Artiodactyla Owen, 1848

Artiodactyla level and identifies for the first time their closest relatives. Based
on the abundant Dams cainotheriid material, we here perform the first formal
phylogenetic analysis of the family, in order to support the systematic
framework and to discuss the phylogenetic affinities of Cainotheriidae
(Romain et al., 2019). Even nails, purple legsligrade, selenodon teeth type
Familia Cervidae Goldfuss, 1820
The hallmark of deer is the presence of antlers (deer antlers),
rather than antlers, which are bony growths that develop annually
(usually in summer) especially in male deer (although there are some
exceptions).
Spesies Rusa timorensis (Blainville, 1822)
Have hair and has antlers in males

Ordo Cetacea Brisson, 1762

Lacks sweat glands, extremities are modified into flippers, homodontic tooth
types
Familia Delphinidae Gray, 1821
It has cone-shaped teeth, an important feature that distinguishes it from
dolphins. They have one blowhole, which distinguishes them from baleen
whales, which have a pair of blowholes.
Spesies Stenella frontalis (G. Cuvier, 1829)
Living in tropical waters, triangular dorsal fins, muzzle-shaped mouth
Ordo Chiroptera (microchiroptera) Blumenbach, 1779

Nocturnal, Molar dilampodon tooth type, digitigrade foot type

Familia Vespertilionidae Gray, 1821

Some resembling a bee, with light yellow stripes and spots on its
body, the stripes especially on its back.

Spesies Myotis californicus Audubon and

Bachman, 1842
Has membranes, has tragus and anti tragus, Insectivore

Familia Pteropodidae Gray, 1821

Generally relatively large in size, the ears do not have a tragus /

antitragus, have a clawed second wing finger and have finger bones.
Spesies Pteropus alecto Temminck, 1837
Not having echolocation capability, Large size, has no

intramemoral membrane, has no anti-tragus tragus, fruitivorous, mapping

surrounding with sound waves or echolocation.

Ordo Primates Linnaeus, 1758

Has the characteristics of stereoscopic eye direction (looking forward, not
sideways) and an upright posture, arboreal, living in the tropics and
subtropics, gunodon tooth type, plantigrade legs.
Familia Hylobatidae Gray, 1871
Is an animal that is active during the day with a habitat in the
rain forest. The characteristic of the kalawat gibbon is that it
has long arms to swing from tree to tree.
Spesies Hylobates moloch (Audebert, 1798)
No obvious sexual dimorphism (male and female differences are
hard to see)
Ordo Rodentia Bowdich, 1821
Characterized by Rodents, having a pair of upper incisors and a pair of lower
incisors used for tightening, have diastema, diurnal
 Familia Sciuridae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817
Small mammals, which in Indonesia include squirrels,
flying squirrels and tree squirrels in general.
Spesies Sciurus aberti Woodhouse, 1853
Not Rodents

2. Phenogram

Because we only use limited characters, while the journal uses not only
characters, discuss which parts are different and which are the same, the reason
why, maybe the journal uses molecular, etc. the classification is based on
diagnostic characters, now what we are using is not necessarily a diagnostic
character, the difference occurs because the data from the reference is an
evolutionary relationship, which is determined on the basis of morpho and
molecular. the morphology used is a diagnostic character. The difference lies in
the characters used in this practicum event, not based on the diagnostic characters
or special characters. The differences in the phenogram results from NTSYS and
the phenogram results contained in the journal are because there are some
differences. The difference obtained is due to the phylogeny tree obtained from the
journal based on molecular data, but for the phylogeny tree created using NTSYS
only based on character tables. this of course affects the accuracy of the data
generated. from the resulting data affects the closeness so that the resulting
phylogeny tree will be different as well. This difference occurs because the
phylogenetic classification of the references is based on evolutionary relationships.
Evolutionary relationships are determined based on certain morphological
similarities (diagnostic characters) and molecular data. on the other hand, the
phenogram created using the matrix is based on any character (not necessarily the
diagnostic character of a particular taxon level). This causes the resulting tree to
be different. Reptiles show progress compared to amphibians. This is indicated by
the presence of a dry body cover in the form of scales which is an adjustment to
life away from water. The extremity is suitable for fast motion. The completion of
the egg-bearing process fits perfectly with the growth on the land which has a
membrane and shell that is useful for protecting the embryo. Mammals are the
highest level group in the animal kingdom. Included in this class are: rats, bats,
 monkey cats, whales, horses, deer, humans and others. Almost all of the body is
covered with skin with lots or little hair and warm blood (homoiotherm). The term
mammal is based on the presence of mammary glands in female animals to
breastfeed their young children. Mammals live in a variety of habitats from the
poles to the equator, from the ocean floor to dense forests and deserts. Many live
nocturnally and many also live diurnal. Some eat meat and fruit, and some as a
source of disease. Mammals are very important for humans as food, clothing, and
means of transportation (Jasin, 1992). The potential importance of weather,
predation, food supplies, disease, and social behavior, in limiting mammal
populations now is well recognized, and while we can state that we have a general
theory of what limits mammalian abundance, we are far from having the details
well understood for very many species. Of all the demographic com ponents,
immigration and emigration for too long have been dismissed as unimportant
components of dynamics in spite of the early work (Charles, 2020)
D. CONCLUSION

Based on the lab objectives, it can be concluded that :

1. The character that used in this laboratory activity are Oviparous, have a placent or
no have a placent, endotheliochorial placenta type, integument in the form of a
claw or nails, have teethor no have teeth, hoof is even number, and have hair or
no have hair.
2. The species of Mammalia classis are grouped by the subclass of Prototheria is
Zaglossus bruijni,. The species of subclass Theria are Macropus agilis, Dasypus
novemcinctus, Elephas maximus, Manis javanica, Panthera onca, Equus asinus,
Rusa timorensis, Stenella frontalis, Myotis californicus, Pteropus, alecto
Hylobates moloch, and Sciurus aberti.
3. The determination can be done if we find the important characters first and after
that we can make the key identification, similarity matrix and phenogram.
 REFERENCES

Campbell, N.A., 1999. Biology: Edisi kelima jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Charles J. Krebs., 2020 .Whither mammalian ecology? Journal of Mammalogy,

XX(X), pp:1–7.

Jasin, Maskoeri. 1992. Zoologi Vertebrata, Jakarta: Sinar Wijaya.

Romain Weppea, Cecile Blondelb , Monique Vianey-Liauda , Gilles Escarguelc ,

Thierry Pelissie d , Pierre-Olivier Antoinea and Ma€eva Judith Orliaca. 2019.
Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Dams (Quercy, SW France):
phylogenetic relationships and evolution around the Eocene–Oligocene
transition (MP19–MP21). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 0 (0), pp: 1–
32.