A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

Module
In
SE 102

REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN

College of Engineering and Technology

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
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Module No. 1

Introduction

Second Semester AY 2020 - 2021

Leo S. Gabo
Associate Professor III

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Table of Contents

Content Page
1
Title Page 2
Table of Contents 3
Instruction to User 4
Introduction 5
Chapter 1
Introduction 5
Overview 5
Learning Outcomes 5
Pre – test 6
Lesson 1: Introduction 8
Specific Learning Outcome 8
Time Allotment 8
Discussion
Structures for which Concrete is Practical to used 8
Structures where Plain Concrete is most used 9
Structures where Reinforced Concrete are used 10
Specifications and Building Code 11
Specifications 12
Fire and Fire-resistance Standards 13
Interior Walls and Ceiling Finish 15
Requirements used base on Occupancy 16
Locations on Property 18
Maximum Height of Building and Increases 19
Maximum Requirement for Group A Dwellings 20
Building Projections over a Public Streets 24
General Requirement 27
Enclosure and Vertical Opening 28
Roof Construction and Covering 29
Philosophies of Design 36
The design Process 39
Factor of Safety 40
Load and Resistance Factor Design 42
Allowable Stress Design 45
Activities/Exercise 47
Evaluation/Post-test 47
References 49

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INSTRUCTION TO THE USER

This module would provide you an educational experience while

independently accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as well to
ensure that learning is unhampered by health and other challenges. It covers the
topic about Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design. Under with reduction
factors, factored loads and reference code practice from NSCP, 2015, volume I.

Reminders in using this module:

1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pretest first to measure what you know and what to be learned
about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for better
understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social media
platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly answering
and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were spent in the
preparation in order that learning will still continue amidst this Covid-19
pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.

Hi! I’m Blue Bee, your WPU Mascot.

Welcome to Western Philippines University!

Shape your dreams with quality learning experience.

STAY SAFE AND HEALTHY!

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INTRODUCTION

This course is a specialized professional course for Civil Engineering Students

in Structural Engineering Designed to enable the Design of Reinforced Concrete
Structures. It covers the Specifications and Building Codes, Gravity and Lateral
Loads imposed on Structures, Structural Framing Systems, Structural Analysis for
Stress Resultants and Structural Design of Structural Elements.

This material discusses one chapter which follows the most essential learning
competence of SE 102 –Reinforced Concrete Design. The lesson in this chapter
includes; structures for which concrete is practical to use, structures where
reinforced concrete are used, specifications and building codes, Philosophies of
design, loads and resistance factor design, allowable stress design, load combinations
and reduction factors from the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP),
2015, volume I.

Through your cooperation in this kind of flexible learning delivery,

understanding about the topics in chapter I is very much possible and you can
prepare for the next chapter which is the gravity and lateral loads imposed on
structures. It is expected that after using this module, you can learn the importance
and used of specifications specified in the building code.

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Chapter 1
Properties of Concrete as Construction Materials

Overview

Module 1 covers the introduction to reinforced concrete structures with sub-

topics of; the structures where reinforced concrete is used, specifications and
building codes, Philosophies of design, loads and resistance factor design, allowable
stress design, load combinations and reduction factors from the National Structural
Code of the Philippines (NSCP), 2015, volume I.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the module, you can:

1. Identify types of structures where reinforced concrete is used.
2. Be familiar with the specifications derived from the building code of the
Philippines
3. Know how to apply load combinations and reduction factor using the Load
and Resistance Factor Design.
4. Know the philosophies of design.

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Pre-test

Hello future civil engineer! Before we begin with our discussion, please
try to answer the following test. Don’t worry about your performance. This
test aims to assess your prior knowledge on the topic and your score will not
be recorded.

DIRECTIONS:

This pre-test contains questions/problems on items regarding what

you know about cement, concrete, aggregates, reinforcing bars, forms, loadings
and stresses, this will determine your prior knowhow and comprehension
about the topics contained in the discussion.
You are instructed to read and understand the items below, then
select the best letter that will suit to answer the questions and discuss the
selected answer/s to what you understand about it.
____1. A concrete that strong enough to withstand the structural and service
loads which will be applied to it and must be durable enough to
withstand the environmental exposure for which it is intended.

a. Fresh concrete c. Plain concrete

b. Hardened concrete d. Green concrete

____2. A concrete as a result of mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water in

which the stresses are almost entirely compressive and without
adding reinforcement.

a. Fresh concrete c. Plain concrete

b. Hardened concrete d. Green concrete

____3. A concrete with good workability that can be formed, compacted, and
finished to its final shape and texture with minimal effort and without
segregation of the ingredients.

a. Fresh concrete c. Plain concrete

b. Hardened concrete d. Green concrete

_____4. This concrete refers to the concrete material that after compaction
begins to set but is not fully cured.

a. Fresh concrete c. Plain concrete

b. Hardened concrete d. Green concrete

____5. It is a detailed description that directs the requirements, the

dimensions, the direction of design and construction of structure
parts and the nature of materials to be used for a proposed structure.

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a. Building code c. Specification

b. Structural analysis d. Building analysis

_____6. A structural analysis is carried out to determine the moments,

shears, torques, and axial forces in the structure. The individual
members are then proportioned to resist these load effects.

a. Building code c. Specification

b. Structural analysis d. Building analysis

____7. This do not give design procedures, but specify the design
requirements and constraints that must be satisfied, including live
loads for buildings.

a. Building code c. Specification

b. Structural analysis d. Building analysis

______8. It represents a new ‘paradigm’ of a modern design philosophy.

a. Working Stress Method c. Limit State

b. Ultimate Limit Method d. Ultimate Limit State

____9. It is a state of impending failure, beyond which a structure ceases

to perform its intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either
safety or serviceability.

a. Working Stress Method c. Limit State

b. Ultimate Limit Method d. Ultimate Limit State

____10. A concrete in which reinforcement, other than that provided for

shrinkage and changes of temperature, is embedded in such a
manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.

a. Reinforced Concrete c. Pre-stress Concrete

b. Plain Concrete d. Post-tension Concrete

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LESSON I: Introduction

A. Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you can:

1. Identify types of structures where reinforced concrete is used.

2. Be familiar with the specifications derived from the building code of the
Philippines
3. Know how to apply load combinations and reduction factor using the Load
and Resistance Factor Design.
4. Know the philosophies of design.

B. Time allotment: 6 hours

E.C. Discussion

1.10 Structures for which Concrete is Practical to use

Concrete – is a stone like materials or conglomerate artificial stone obtained

by permitting carefully proportion mixture of cement, water, sand and gravel or
any other inert materials. In this stage, cement and water interact chemically to
bind aggregates particle to form a solid mass.

Concrete workability is the relative ease with which a fresh mix can be
handled, placed, compacted, and finished without segregation or separation of
the individual ingredients. Good workability is required to produce concrete
that is both economical and high in quality.

Classification of Concrete

1. Fresh Concrete – refers to the wet mix of ingredients before they begin to
cure. Fresh concrete has good workability if it can be formed, compacted,
and finished to its final shape and texture with minimal effort and without
segregation of the ingredients. Concrete with poor workability does not flow
smoothly into forms or properly envelop reinforcing steel and embedded
items, and it is difficult to compact and finish.

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2. Green Concrete – refer to the concrete material that begins to set but is
not fully cured.
3. Hardened Concrete – refer to the concrete after it has fully cured. Fully
cured, hardened concrete must be strong enough to withstand the structural
and service loads which will be applied to it and must be durable enough to
withstand the environmental exposure for which it is intended. When
concrete is made with high-quality materials and is properly proportioned,
mixed, handled, placed, and finished, it is one of the strongest and most
durable of building materials.
 Each mix must be suitable for its intended use, achieving a balance
among required fluidity, strength, and economy. Workability is related
to the consistency and cohesiveness of the mix and is affected by cement
content, aggregates, water content, and admixtures.
 When we refer to concrete strength, we are generally talking about
compressive strength which is measured in Mega Pascal (MPa)
equivalent to Newton per square millimeter (N/mm 2). Concrete is
strong in compression but relatively weak in tension and bending

1.11 Structures where Plain Concrete are Most Used

Plain Concrete – are concrete (results of mixture of cement, sand, gravel and
water) in which the stresses are almost entirely compressive and without adding
reinforcement.

Plain Cement are most Used in:

1. Roads and Highways

It is defined as strips of land that have been cleared and further improved
for the movement of people and goods.

Roads – are somewhat broader application in usage while generally used to

describe a public thoroughfare.
Highway – a public road built by digging ditches on both sides and heaping
up the earth in the middle creating a way higher than the adjacent
land.
The pavement of which is more develop by providing a concrete,
“concrete paved road”. This pavement is composed of a plain concrete with
no reinforcement provided, since concrete is a compressive material. To have
a stable and strength concrete pavements, the foundation is well prepared
and compacted and the mixture used is class A.

2. Airports
The plain, durable and strength runways in an airport is a concrete
pavement. The construction method is the same as of the roads and highways
but it is more thick and concrete mixture used class AA with a more efficient
compacted foundations.

3. Dams

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This structure is built across a river for impounding water which are used
for irrigations, water supply and recreational facilities. It is well design, to
resist an overturning moment due to the forces introduced by the flowing
water.
4. Pier and Pedestal
Are short columns that are build using concrete. In order for the structure
to vertically rise, a bigger foundation is build and usually tapered in an
(mostly) inclined sides and form a smaller top.

5. Foundations
These are for selected foundations, not for high rise structures. Used for
foundations of flood protection, slope and bunk protections whose side walls
rest safely on sliding slope earth. Example of this slope protection are; side
slope of roads, side slope of river bunk.

1.12 Structures where Reinforced Concrete are Used

Reinforced Concrete – concrete in which reinforcement, other than that

provided for shrinkage and changes of temperature, is embedded in such a
manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces. Most used for
vertical structures.

Kinds of reinforced Concrete

Pre-stressed Concrete – a reinforced concrete in which internal stresses

have been introduce to reduce potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting
from loads.

Post-Tensioned Concrete – a reinforced concrete where tendons are added

and are tensioned after concrete hardens, (this process is called “Post-
tensioning”). Usually used long span beams.

Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Ferrocement – a thin reinforced

concrete where steel or glass fibers are incorporated in concrete at the time of
mixing. The thin sections are formed by embedding multiple layers of steel wire
mesh in cement mortar. Although ferrocement has gained popularity only in
recent years, it represents one of the earliest applications of reinforced concrete.

Common Structure where Reinforced Concrete is used

1. Building Structures, all structural frame of one storey to high rise.

2. Bridges and Tunnels
3. Ports and Harbor
4. Other vertical structures

Common building structures where reinforced concrete is used

1. The single-storey portal supported on isolated footings.

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2. The medium-rise framed structure which may be braced by shear walls or

unbraced.
3. The building may be supported on isolated footings, strip foundations or a
raft.
4. The tall multi-storey frame and core structure where the core and rigid
frames together resist wind loads.
5. The building is usually supported on a raft which in turn may bear directly
on the ground or be carried on piles or caissons. These buildings usually
include a basement.

The complete structural frame of a building structure that can be

broken down into the following elements:

Beams – horizontal members carrying lateral loads supported by columns.

Slabs – horizontal plate elements carrying lateral loads supported by beams.
Columns – vertical members carrying primarily axial load but generally
subjected to axial load and moment that rests in footings.
Walls – vertical plate elements resisting vertical, lateral or in-plane loads. It is
a structure held by beams and columns.
Bases and foundations pads or strips – supported directly on the ground
that spread the loads from columns or walls so that they can be supported by
the ground without excessive settlement. Alternatively, the bases may be
supported on piles.

1.20 Specifications and Building Codes

Buildings must be designed and constructed according to the provisions of a

building code, which is a legal document containing requirements related to
such things as structural safety, fire safety, plumbing, ventilation, and
accessibility to the physically disabled. A building code has the force of law and
is administered by a governmental entity such as a city, a country, or for some
large metropolitan areas, a consolidated government.

Building codes do not give design procedures, but specify the design
requirements and constraints that must be satisfied. Of particular importance to
the design engineer is the prescription of minimum live loads for buildings.
While the engineer is encouraged to investigate the actual loading conditions
and attempt to determine realistic values, the structure must be able to support
these specified minimum loads. Although some large cities write their own
building codes, many municipalities will adopt a “model” building code and
modify it to suit their particular needs. Model codes are written by various
nonprofit organizations in a form that is easily adopted by a governmental unit,
but in the Philippines the legislative had promulgated “The National Building
Code of the Philippines which are used by the engineers as the building
specifications.

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Specifications, it is a detailed description that directs the requirements, the

dimensions, the direction of design and construction of structure parts and the
nature of materials to be used for a proposed building, bridge, etc. These are
intended to complement the workmanship and procedures to be followed in the
design and construction the project.

Technical Specifications;

A written document that will specifically describe the technical aspect of a

certain project item that should be performed according to specified scope of
work. It stipulates the right and specific procedure in handling or performing
the item of work in a project, and should be followed accordingly.

Specifications from the National Building Code used in the design:

Building Use Affecting Public Health and Safety

(a) Any building or structure, or any ancillary or accessory facility thereto, and
any alteration or addition to any building or structure already existing, shall
conform in all respects to the principles of safe construction, shall be suited
to the purpose for which the building is designed, and shall, in no case
contribute to making the community in which it is located at eyesore, a
slum, or a blighted area.

(b) Adequate environmental safeguards shall be observed in the design,

construction, and use of any building or structure for the manufacture and
production of any kind of article or product which constitutes a hazard or
nuisance affecting public health and safety, such as explosives, gas, noxious
chemicals, inflammable compounds, or the like.

FIRE AND FIRE-RESISTIVE STANDARDS

Requirements for Fire Zones

(a) Fire zones are areas within which only certain types of building are
permitted to be constructed based on their use, occupancy, type of
construction, and resistance to fire.

(b) Building Located in More Than One Fire Zone

If a building or structure is located in more than one fire zone and more
than one-third of its total floor area is in a more restricted fire zone, then
the entire building shall conform to the requirements for the more
restricted area.

(c) Moved Building

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Any building or structure moved within or into any fire zone shall be
made to comply with all the requirements for buildings of that fire zone. (d)
Temporary Buildings. Temporary buildings or structures conforming to the
requirements of this Code, used for the protection of the public around and
in conjunction with construction work may be erected in any of the fire
zones: Provided, that such work is allowed by special permit from the
Building Official and such is used only for a limited period of time.

(e) Center Lines of Streets

The center line of an adjoining street or alley may be considered an

adjacent property line. Distance shall be measured at right angles to the
street or alley.

Designation of Fire Zones

(a) The Secretary shall classify each type of fire zone in accordance to use,
occupancy, type of construction, and resistance to fire subject to the
provisions of this Code.

(b) Based on the classification of fire zones, City Counsels or Municipal Boards,
by resolution, shall divide cities and municipalities into fire zones. Such
division shall be in accordance with the local physical and spatial
framework plans or the recommendation of the local city or municipal
development body.

Fire-Resistive Requirements

(a) Exterior bearing and nonbearing walls of Types II and III constructions shall
have one-hour fire-resistive rating; while those of types IV and V shall have
four-hour fire-resistive rating.

(b) Interior bearing walls, permanent partitions, floors, and roofs of Types II to
IV constructions shall have one-hour fire-resistive rating; while those of
Type V shall have three-hour fire-resistive rating for walls, one-hour fire-
resistive rating for partitions, and two-hour fire-resistive rating for vertical
openings, floors, and roofs.

(c) Structural frames of Types II and III constructions shall have one-hour fire-
resistive rating; those of Type IV shall have two-hour fire-resistive rating;
and those of Type V shall have three-hour fire-resistive rating.

(d) Exterior doors and windows shall have three-fourths-hour fire-resistive

rating for all types of construction.

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Fire-Resistive Standards

(a) General
Materials and systems of fire-resistive purposes shall be classified
according to their fire-resistive ratings as determined by internationally
accepted testing methods, subject to the provisions of this Section.

(b) One-Hour Fire-Resistive Time Period Rating

(1) The following walls and partitions shall have a one-hour fire-resistive
rating: Solid masonry, 10 centimeters thick; hollow unit masonry, 15
centimeters thick; solid concrete, 10 centimeters thick; stud walls
covered on each side with 1.9 centimeters lath and plaster, 1.6
centimeters of vermiculite gypsum board, or 2.5 centimeters of gypsum
board; and 5 centimeters nominal thickness tongue and groove wood, or
two layers of 1.9 centimeters tongue and groove wood separated by sheet
metal or asbestos paper and treated on each side with a fire-retardant
coating having a flame-spread rating of 50 or less. Square-edged boards
may be used is the layers are laid at right angles with each other.

(2) The following floors shall have a one-hour fire-resistive rating: masonry
or concrete, 10 centimeters thick; wood joists having two layers of
flooring above and a plaster or gypsum board ceiling, 1.9 centimeters in
thickness - the two layers of flooring shall be separated by sheet metal or
asbestos building paper; 6.3 centimeters net thickness tongue and
grooved wood floors covered with 1.9 centimeters wood flooring laid at
right angles thereto. The supporting beams for such floors shall be not
less than 15 centimeters in minimum dimension.

(3) The following protections for metal structural members shall have one-
hour fire-resistive rating: 2.5 centimeters of concrete; 3.8 centimeters of
masonry; and metal lath and 2.5 centimeters of plaster.

(4) The following shall also have a one-hour fire-resistive rating; wood
columns, 20 centimeters or more in least dimension; and wood beams,
15 centimeters or more in least dimension.

(c) Two-Hour Fire-Resistive Time Period Rating

(1) The following partitions, walls, and floors shall have a two-hour fire-
resistive rating: solid masonry, 15 centimeters thick; hollow unit
masonry, 20 centimeters thick; and solid concrete, 127 centimeters
thick.

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(2) The following protections for metal structural members shall have a two-
hour fire-resistive rating. 3.8 centimeters of concrete; 5 centimeters of
masonry; and two layers of metal lath and plaster with 1.9 centimeters
air space between and having a total thickness of 6.3 centimeters.

(d) Three-Hour Fire-Resistive Time Period Rating

(1) The following partitions, walls, and floors shall have a three-hour fire-
resistive rating: solid masonry, 17.8 centimeters thick; hollow unit
masonry, 25.4 centimeters thick; and solid concrete, 15 centimeters
thick.

(2) The following protection for metal structural members shall have a
three-hour fire resistive rating: centimeters of concrete; 7.6 centimeters
of masonry.

(e) Four-Hour Fire-Resistive Time Period Rating

(1) The following partitions, walls, and floors shall have a four-hour fire
resistive rating: solic masonry walls, 20 centimeters thick; hollow unit
masonry, 30 centimeters thick; and solid concrete, 17.8 centimeters
thick.

(f) Steel Joists

Steel joist floors shall have from one to four-hour fire-resistive rating
based on internationally accepted standards of engineering.

(g) Flame-Proof Materials

Materials required to be flame-proofed shall be treated with a flame-

retardant having flame-spread rating of 50 less as determined by the
"Tunnel Test".

Interior Wall and Ceiling Finish

(a) General
Finishes for interior walls and ceilings of any building shall be classified
according to their flame-spread characteristics using the internationally
accepted "Tunnel Test" or other equivalent test for fire protection. The class
of materials according to flame-spread characteristics shall be determined
for each occupancy group. The smoke density shall not be greater than that
obtain from the burning of untreated wood under similar conditions when
tested in accordance with the "Tunnel Test" in the way intended for use. The
products of combustion shall be no more toxic than the burning of untreated
wood under similar conditions.
(b) Interior Finish Materials

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Interior walls and ceiling finish shall mean interior wainscoting, paneling,
or other finish applied structurally or for decoration, acoustical correction,
surface insulation or similar purposes. Requirements for finishes shall not
apply to trim, doors, and windows or their frames, nor to materials which
are less than one millimeter in thickness cemented to an incombustible
backing. Interior finish materials applied to walls and ceilings shall be tested
as specified herein and regulated for purposes of limiting flame-spread.

REQUIREMENTS BASED ON OCCUPANCY

Classification of Occupancy

(a) Building proposed, for construction shall be identified according to its use
or the character of its occupancy and shall be classified as follows:

(1) Group A - Residential: Dwellings. Group A Occupancies shall include

dwellings.

(2) Group B - Residential: Hotels and Apartments. - Group B

Occupancies shall include boarding or lodging houses, hotels,
apartment houses, convents, and monasteries (each accommodating
more than 10 persons).

(3) Group C - Education and Recreation. Group C Occupancies shall be

any building used for school or day care purposes more than eight
hours per week, involving assemblage for instruction, education, or
recreation, and not classed in Group I or in Divisions 1 and 2 of Group
H Occupancies.

(4) Group D - Institutional. Group D Occupancies shall include:

Division 1 - Mental hospitals, mental sanitariums, jails, prisons,

reformatories, and buildings where personal liberties of inmates are
similarly restrained.

Division 2 - Nurseries for full-time care of children under

kindergarten age, hospitals, sanitariums, nursing homes with non-
ambulatory patients, and similar buildings (each accommodating more
than five persons).

Division 3 - Nursing homes for ambulatory patients, homes for

children of kindergarten age or over (each accommodating more than
five persons); Provided, That Group D Occupancies shall not include
buildings used only for private residential purposes or for a family
group.

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(5) Group E - Business and Mercantile. Group E Occupancies shall

include: Division 1 - Gasoline filling and service stations; storage
garage and boat storage structures where no work is done except
exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flame, welding,
or the use of highly flammable liquids;

Division 2 - Wholesale and retail stores, office buildings, drinking and

dining establishments having an occupant load test than 100, printing
plants, municipal police and fire stations, factories and workshops
using materials not highly flammable or combustible, storage and sales
room for combustible goods, and paint stores without bulk handling.

Division 3 -Aircraft hangars where no repair work is done except

exchange of parts and maintenance requiring no open flame, welding,
or the use of highly flammable liquids; open parking garages and
heliports.

(6) Group F - Industrial. Group F Occupancies shall include: Ice plants,

power plants, pumping plants, cold storage, and creameries; factories
and workshops using incombustible and non-explosive materials; and
storage and sales rooms of incombustible and non-explosive materials.

(7) Group G - Storage and Hazardous. Group G Occupancies shall

include: Division 1 - Storage and handling of hazardous and highly
flammable or explosive materials other than flammable liquids.

Division 2 - Storage and handling of flammable liquids; dry cleaning

plants using flammable liquids; paint stores with bulk handling; paint
shops and spray-painting rooms, and shops.

Division 3 - Wood working establishments, planning mills and box

factories, shops factories where loose, combustible fibers or dust are
manufactured, processed or generated; warehouses where highly
combustible material is stored.

Division 4 - Repair garages

Division 5 - Aircraft repair hangars.

(8) Group H - Assembly Other Than Group I. Group H Occupancies shall

include:

Division 1 - Any assembly building with a stage and an occupant load

of less than 100 in the building.

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Division 2 - Any assembly building without a stage and having an

occupant load of 300 or more in the building.

Division 3 - Any assembly building without a stage and having an

occupant load of less than 300 in the building, including such buildings
used for school purposes less than eight hours per week.

Division 4 - Stadiums, reviewing stands, amusement park structures

not included within Group I or Divisions 1, 2, and 3, Group H
Occupancies.

(9) Group I - Assembly Occupant Load 1000 or More. Group I

Occupancies shall be any assembly building with a stage and an
occupant load of 1000 or more in the building.

(10) Group J - Accessory. Group J Occupancies shall include.

Division 1 - Private garages, carports, sheds, and agricultural buildings;

Division 2 - Fences over 1.80 meters high, tanks, and towers.

(b) Other subgroupings or divisions within Groups A to J may be determined by

the Secretary. Any other occupancy not mentioned specifically in this
Section, or about which there is any question, shall be included in the
Group which its use most nearly resembles based on the existing or
proposed life and fire hazard.

(c) The Building Officials shall identify and indicate in the Certificate of
Occupancy the appropriate classification to which a building or structure to
be constructed belongs.

Location on Property

(a)General
Buildings shall adjoin or have access to a public space, yard, or street on
not less than one side. Required yards shall be permanently maintained.
For the purpose of this Section, the center line of an adjoining street or alley
shall be considered an adjacent property line. Eaves over required windows
shall be not less than 75 centimeters from the side and rear and rear
property lines.
(b) Fire Resistance of Walls
Exterior walls shall have fire resistance and opening protection in
accordance with requirements set by the Secretary. Projections beyond the
exterior wall shall not extend beyond a point one-third the distance to the
property line from an exterior wall; or a point one-third the distance from
an assumed vertical plane located where fire-resistive protection of
openings is first required due to location on property, whichever is the least
restrictive. Distance shall be measured at right angles from the property
line. When openings in exterior walls are required to be protected due to

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distance from property line, the sum of the area of such openings shall not
exceed 50 per cent of the total area of the wall in each story.

(c) Buildings on Same Property and Buildings Containing

Courts For the purpose of determining the required wall and opening
protection, buildings on the same property and court walls shall be
assumed to have a property line between them. When a new building is to
be erected on the same property with an existing building, the assumed
property line from the existing building shall be the distance to the property
line for each occupancy as set forth by the Secretary: Provided, That two or
more buildings on the same property may be considered as portions of one
building of the aggregate area of such buildings is within the limits of
allowable floor areas for a single building; and that when the buildings so
considered house different occupancies or are of different types of
construction, the area shall be that allowed for the most restricted
occupancy or construction.

Allowable Floor Areas

(a) Areas of One-Story Buildings and Building Over One Story. Allowable floor
areas for one-story buildings and buildings over one story shall not exceed
the limits determined in accordance with occupancy groups and types of
construction.
(b) Area Separation Walls. Each portion of a building separated by one or more
area separation walls may be considered a separate building provided the
area separation wall meet the requirements of this Code.

Allowable Area Increases

The floor area hereinabove provided may be increased in certain specific

instances and under appropriate conditions, based on the existence of public
space, streets, or yards extending along the adjoining two or more sides of the
building or structure.

Maximum Height of Buildings and Increases

The maximum height and number of stories of every building shall be

dependent upon the character of the occupancy and the type of construction,
and shall not exceed the limits determined by population density, building bulk,
widths of streets, and car parking requirements. The height shall be measured
from the highest adjoining sidewalk or ground surface, provided that the height
measured from the lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such maximum
height by more than 3.00 meters: Except, That towers, spires, and steeples,
erected as a part of a building and not used for habitation or storage, are limited
as to height only by structural design if completely of incombustible materials,
or may extend not to exceed 6.00 meters above the height limits for each
occupancy group if of combustible materials.

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Maximum Requirements for Group A Dwellings: One Two Stories

(a) Dwelling Location and Lot Occupancy

The dwelling shall occupy not more than 90 per cent of a corner lot and
80 per cent of an inside lot, and subject to the provisions on easements of
light and view of the Civil Code of the Philippines, shall be at least 2.00
meters from the property line.
(b)Light and Ventilation
Every dwelling shall be so constructed and arranged as to provide
adequate light and ventilation.
(1) Habitable rooms, bathrooms, toilet rooms and utility rooms shall have a
height of not less than 2.40 meters, measured from floor to ceiling.
(2) Rooms shall have a minimum size of 6.00 square meters with a least
horizontal dimension of 2.00 meters for rooms of human habitations;
3.00 square meters with a least horizontal dimension of 1.50 meters for
kitchens; and 1.20 square meters with a least horizontal dimension of
90 centimeters for bathrooms.
(3) Windows shall be at least 1/10th of the floor area of the room.
(c) Sanitation
Every dwelling shall be provided with at least one sanitary toilet and
adequate washing and drainage facilities.
(d) Foundation
Footing shall be of sufficient size and strength to support the load and
dwelling and shall be at least 30 centimeters thick and 60 centimeters
below the surface of the ground. Each post shall be anchored to such
footings by straps and bolts of adequate size.
(e) Floor
The live load of the first floor shall be at least 200 kilograms per square
meter and for the second floor, at least 150 kilograms per square meter.
(f) Roof.
The wind load for roofs shall be at least 150 kilograms per square meter.
(g) Stairs
Stairs may be 75 centimeters wide, with a rise of 20 centimeters and a
run of 23 centimeters.

(h) Entrance and Exit; There shall be one entrance and one exit.

(i) Electrical Outlets

There shall be at least one convenience outlet per 6.00 meters (20 feet)
of wall measured along the floor and one light outlet for every room.

(j) Mechanical Requirements

Family dwellings not more than two stories shall be exempt from the
requirements of the Mechanical Code.

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CLASSIFICATION OF ALL BUILDINGS BY TYPES OF

CONSTRUCTION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Types of Construction

(a) The requirements are minimum for the varying degrees of public safety and
resistance to fire. Every building proposed for construction shall be
identified according to the following:
(1) Type I. Type I Buildings shall be of wood construction. The structural
elements may be any of the materials permitted by this Code.
(2) Type II. Type II Buildings shall be of wood construction with
protective fire-resistant materials and one-hour fire-resistive
throughout: Except, That permanent nonbearing partitions may use
fire-retardant treated wood within the framing assembly.
(3) Type III. Type III Buildings shall be masonry and wood construction,
Structural elements may be any of the materials permitted by this
Code: Provided, That the building shall be one-hour fire-resistive
throughout. Exterior walls shall be of incombustible fire-resistive
construction.
(4) Type IV. Type IV Building shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry
construction. Walls and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible
fire-resistive construction: Except, That permanent nonbearing
partitions of one-hour fire resistive construction framing assembly.
(5) Type V. Type V Buildings shall be fire-resistive. The structural
elements shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry construction.
Walls and permanent partitions shall be incombustible fire-resistive
construction.

(b) Other subtypes or divisions within Types I to V may be determined by the

Secretary. Any building which does not conform entirely to a type of
construction herein set forth shall be classified into a type having an equal
or lesser degree of fire-resistance of the building.

(c) The Building Official shall identify and indicate in the Certificate of
Occupancy the appropriate classification to which a building or structure to
be constructed belongs.

LIGHT, VENTILATION, AND SANITATION

Light and Ventilation

(a) Subject to the provisions of the Civil Code on easement on light and view,
and to provisions of this Title, every building shall be so constructed,
arranged, and equipped as to provide adequate light and ventilation.
(b) All building erected shall face a street or public alley or private street which
has been officially approved.

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(c) No building shall be altered nor arranged so as to reduce the size of any
room or the relative area of windows to less than that provided for buildings
under this Code, or so as to create an additional room, unless such
additional room conforms to the requirements of this Code.
(d) No building shall be enlarged, so that the dimensions of any required court
yard would be less than that prescribed for any such building.

Measurement of Site Occupancy

(a) The measurement of site occupancy or lot occupancy shall be taken at the
ground level and shall be exclusive of courts, yards, and light wells.
(b) Courtyards and light wells shall be measured clear of any projections from
the walls enclosing such wells or yards with the exception of roof leaders,
wall copings, sills, or steel fire escapes, not exceeding 1.20 meters in width.

Percentage of Site Occupancy

(a) The maximum site occupancy shall be governed by the use, type of
construction, and height of the building, and the use, area, nature and
location of the site, subject to the provisions of local zoning requirements
and in accordance with rules and regulations set forth by the Secretary.

Minimum Size of Courts and Their Least Dimensions

(a) The minimum size of courts and their least dimensions shall be dependent
upon the use, type of construction, and height of the building subject to the
requirements set forth by the Secretary: Provided, That in no case shall be
the minimum horizontal dimension of courts be less than 2.00 meters (6
feet, 7 inches).
(b) All inner courts shall be connected to a street or yard, either by a
passageway with a minimum width of 1.20 or by a door through a room or
rooms.

Ceiling Heights

Habitable rooms, bathrooms, toilet rooms, storage rooms, and utility rooms
shall have a ceiling height of not less than 2.40 meters, measured from the floor
to the ceiling: Provided, that for buildings of more than one story, the minimum
ceiling height of the first story shall be 2.70 meters and 2.40 meters for the
second story, and succeeding stories. Garages shall have an unobstructed
headroom clearance of not less than 2.10 meters above the finished floor.

Minimum Size of Rooms and Their Least Dimensions

The minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be
as follows: 6:00 square with at least nominal dimension of 2.00 meters for
rooms for human habitation; 3.00 square meters with a least horizontal
dimension of 1.50 meters for kitchens; and 1.20 square meters with a least
horizontal dimension of 0.90 meter for bathrooms.

Minimum Air Space Requirements in Determining the Size of

Rooms

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The following minimum air spaces shall be provided:

(1) For school rooms: 3.00 meters with 1.00 square meter of floor area per
person.

(2) For workshops, factories, and offices: 10.00 cubic meters or air space per
person at daytime and 14.00 cubic meters of air space per person at night
time.

(3) For habitable rooms: 14.00 cubic meters of air space per adult person and
7.00 cubic meters of air space per child under 10 years of age.

Window Openings

Every room intended for any use, not otherwise provided with air-
conditioning or mechanical ventilation system as herein provided in this Code,
shall be provided with a window or windows whose total area of openings shall
be at least 1/10th the floor area of the room, and such shall open directly to a
court, yard, public way or alley, or water course.

Mezzanine Floor
(a) A Mezzanine floor is a partial, intermediate floor in any story or room of a
building having an area not more than one-half of the area of the room or
space in which it is constructed.
(b) A mezzanine floor shall be constructed with a clear ceiling height of not less
than 1.90 meters above and below.

Vent Shafts
(a) Size
Vent shafts shall have a cross-sectional area of not less than 1/10th of a
square meter for every meter of height of shafts but not less than 1.00
square meter in any case. No such shaft shall be less than 60 centimeters in
its least dimension.
(b) Skylights
Unless open to the outer air at the top for its full area, such shaft shall be
covered by a skylight having a net area of fixed louver openings equal to the
maximum required shaft area.
(c) Air Ducts
Air ducts shall be connected to a street or court by a horizontal duct or
intake at a point below the lowest window opening on such shaft. Such duct
or intake shall have a minimum unobstructed cross-sectional area of not
less than 0.30 square meter with a minimum dimension of 30 centimeters.
The opening to the duct or intake shall not be less than 30 centimeters
above the bottom of the shaft and the street surface or bathroom of court, at
the respective ends of the conduct or intake.

Ventilating Skylights
(a) Skylights

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Skylights shall have a glass area not less than that required for the
window they replace. They shall be equipped with movable sashes or
louvers of an aggregate net area not less than that required for openable
parts in the window they replace or with approved ventilation of equal
efficiency.
(b) Ventilation
Rooms containing industrial heating equipment shall be provided with
adequate artificial means of ventilation to prevent excessive accumulation
of hot or polluted air.

Artificial Ventilation
(a) General.
When artificial ventilation is required, the equipment shall be designed
and constructed to meet the following requirements in air changes:
(1) Business and Workrooms
(1.1) For rooms wholly above grade occupied for office, clerical or
administrative purposes, or as stores, sales, rooms, restaurants,
markets, factories, workshops, or machinery rooms, not less than
three changes of air per hour shall be provided.
(1.2) For rooms wholly above grade, occupied as bakeries, hotel or
restaurant kitchen, laundries other than accessory to dwellings,
and boiler rooms, of not less than ten changes or air per hour shall
be provided.
(2) Rooms in Public and Institutional Buildings
(2.1) For auditoriums and other rooms used for assembly purposes, not
less than 0.85 cubic meter of air per minute shall be supplied for
each person for whom seating or other accommodation is
provided.
(2.2) For wards and dormitories of institutional buildings, not less than
0.85 cubic meter of air per minute shall be supplied for each
person accommodated.

Sanitation

All buildings hereafter erected for human habitation should be provided

with plumbing facilities installed in conformity with the National Plumbing
Code adopted and promulgated by the National Master Plumbers Association of
the Philippines pursuant to Republic Act 1378, otherwise known as the
"Plumbing Law"

BUILDING PROJECTION OVER PUBLIC STREETS

(a) No part of any building structure or any of its appendages shall project
beyond the property line of the building site, except as provided in this
Code.

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(b) The projection of any structure of appendage over a public property shall be
the distance measured horizontally from the property line to the outermost
point of the projection.

Projection into Alleys and Streets

(a) No part of any structure or its appendage shall project into any alley or
street.

(b) No projection shall be allowed on any national roads or public highway.

(c) Footing located at least 2.40 meters below grade may project not more than
30 centimeters beyond the property line.

(d) Foundation may be permitted to encroach into public sidewalk areas to a

width not exceeding 50 centimeters. Provided, that the top of the said
foundations or footings does not reach beyond the level of a plane 60
centimeters below the established grade; and Provided, further, that said
projection does not obstruct any existing utility such as power,
communication, gas, water, or sewer lines, unless the owner concerned
shall pay the corresponding entities for the re-routing of the parts affected.

Projection of Balconies and Appendages Over Streets

(a) The extent of any projection over an affected alley or street shall be uniform
within a block and shall conform to the limitations set forth in Table 6.01-A:
Projection of balconies and Appendages (Annex B).

(b) The clearance between the established grade of the street or sidewalk and
the undersurface of the balcony shall be not less than 3.00 meters.

Arcades

(a) Arcades shall be constructed on sidewalks when required by local

ordinances. The width of the arcade and its height over affected sidewalks
shall be uniform within a block: Provided, That, in no case, shall an arcade
be less than 3.00 meters above the establishment sidewalk grade of the
established street.

1.) General

For the purpose of this Section, a marquee shall include by any

object or decoration attached thereto.

2.) Projection and Clearance

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The horizontal clearance between the outmost edge of the

marquee and the curb line shall be not less than 30 centimeters. The
vertical clearance between the payment or grounds line and the
undersurface of the marquee shall be not less than 2.70 meters.

3.) Construction

A Marquee shall be constructed of incombustible material or

materials of not less than one-hour fire-resistive construction. It shall
provide with the necessary drainage facility.

4.) Location Prohibited

Every marquee shall be so located as not to interfere with the

operation of any exterior standpipe connection or to obstruct the clear
passage from stairways or exists from the building or the installation or
maintenance of electroliers.

Movable Awnings or Hoods

(a) Definition
An awning is a movable shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall
of a building and of a type which can be retracted, folded, or collapsed
against the face of a supporting building.

(b) Clearance
The horizontal clearance between the awning and the curb line shall be
not less than 30 centimeters. The vertical clearance between the undermost
surface of the awning and the payment or ground line shall be not less than
2.40 meters. Collapsible awnings shall be so designed that they shall not
block required when collapsed.

Doors – either sully opened or when opening, shall not projects beyond the
property line.

Corner Buildings with Chaflan

(a) Every corner building on a public street or alley less than 30.60 meters in
width shall be made with a chaflan or truncated angle at the corner. The
face of the triangle so formed shall be at right angles to the bisector of the
angle of intersection of the street lines; Provided, That, in no case, shall the
length of the chaflan be less than 4.00 meters. In special cases, the Building
Official shall determine the size and form of the chaflan.

(b) If the buildings is arcaded, no chaflan is required notwithstanding the width

of the public street or alleys less than 12.00 meters.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

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Buildings proposed for construction shall comply with all the regulations
and specifications herein set forth governing quality, characteristics and
properties of materials, methods of design and construction, type of occupancy,
and classification of construction.

Excavations, Foundations, and Retaining Walls

(a) General
The quality of materials and design used structurally in excavations,
footings and shall conform to the internationally recognized and accepted
principles of engineering.

(b) Excavation or Fills

(1) Excavation or fills for any building structure and excavations or fills
accessory thereto shall be so constructed or protected that they do not
endanger life and property.

(2) Whenever or wherever the depth of any excavation for a new

construction is such that the lateral and subjacent support of the
adjoining property or existing structure thereon would be affected in a
manner that the stability of safety of the same is in endanger, the person
undertaking or causing the excavation to be undertaking or causing the
excavation to be undertaken shall be responsible for the expense of
underpinning or extending the foundation or footings of the
aforementioned property or structure only when such underpinning is
necessary for the safety of the same during excavation.

(3) Excavations and other similar disturbances made on public property

caused by public utilities shall be repaired immediately and returned to
its former condition within 48 years from the start of such excavations
and disturbances by the public utility franchise owner and the duly
constituted officials thereof. Adequate signs and safeguards shall be
installed around and near the excavation to protect the public from any
danger of falling into the excavation. Repeated and flagrant violations of
this Section shall be the basis of revocation of any public utility
franchise. This provision shall not exempt the franchise owner and the
duly constituted officials thereof from any criminal or civil liabilities
arising from such excavations and disturbances to third persons.

(c) Footings and Foundations, and Retaining Walls

(1) Footings and foundations shall be of the appropriate type, of adequate
size, and capacity in order to safely sustain the superimposed loads
under seismic or any condition to external forces that may affect the
safety or stability of the structure. It shall be the responsibility of the
architect and/or engineer to adopt the type and design of the same in
accordance with generally accepted principles and standards of
engineering.

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(2) Whenever or wherever there exists in the site of the construction on

abrupt change in the ground levels or levels of the foundation such that
instability of the soil could result, retaining walls shall be provided and
such shall be of adequate design and type of construction in accordance
with generally accepted standards and principles of engineering.

ENCLOSURE OF VERTICAL OPENNINGS

(a) General.
Vertical openings be enclosed depending upon the fire-resistive
requirements of a particular type of construction as set forth in this Code.
(b) Elevator Enclosures.
Walls and partitions enclosing elevators and escalators shall be not less
than the fire-resistive construction required under the Types of
Construction. Enclosing walls of elevators shafts may consist of wire glass
set in metal frames on the entrance side only. Elevator shafts extending
through more than two stories shall be equipped with an approved means
of adequate ventilation to and through the main roof of the building:
Provided, that in buildings housing Groups G and F Occupancies equipped
with automatic fire-extinguishing systems throughout, enclosures shall not
be required to escalators: Provided, further, That the top of the escalator
opening at each story shall be provided with a draft curtain. Such draft
curtain shall enclose the perimeter of the unenclosed opening and shall
extend from the ceiling downward at least 30 centimeters (12 inches) on all
sides. Automatic sprinklers shall be provided around the perimeter of the
opening and within 60 centimeters of the draft curtain. The distance
between the sprinklers shall not exceed 1.80 meters (6 feet) center-to-
center.
(c) Other Vertical Openings.
All shafts, ducts, chutes, and other vertical openings not covered in
paragraph (b), above shall have enclosing walls conforming to the
requirements specified under the Type of Construction of the building in
which they are located. In other than Group A Occupancies rubbish and
linen chutes shall terminate in rooms separated from the remainder of the
bidding by a One-Hour Fire-Resistive Occupancy Separation. Openings into
the chutes shall not be located in required exit corridors or stairways.
(d) Air Ducts
Air ducts passing through a floor shall be enclosed in a shaft. The shaft
shall be as required in this Code for vertical openings. Dampers shall be
installed where ducts pierce the shaft enclosure walls. Air ducts in Group A
Occupancies need not be enclosed in a shaft if conforming to the mechanical
provisions of this Code.

Floor Construction
(a) Floor construction shall be of materials and construction as specified under
Title 2 on Fired Zones and Fire-Resistive Standards and under Title 4 on
Types of Construction.

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(b) All floors shall be so framed and tied into the framework and supporting
walls as to form an integral part of the whole building.
(c) The types of floor construction used shall provide means to keep the beams
and girders from spreading by installing either ties or bridging, with no
laterally unsupported length of joints being permitted to exceed 2.40 meters
except as otherwise specified in this Code.

ROOF CONSTRUCTION AND COVERING

(a) Roof Coverings

Roof coverings for all buildings shall be either fire-retardant or ordinary
depending upon the fire-resistive requirements of the particular Type of
Construction. The use of combustible roof insulation shall be permitted in
all Types of Construction provided it is covered with approved roof covering
applied directly thereto.
(b) Roof Trusses
All roofs shall be so framed and tied into the framework and supporting
walls so as to form an integral part of the whole building. Roof trusses shall
have all joints well fitted and shall have all tension members well tightened
before any load is placed on the truss. Diagonal and sway bracing shall be
used to brace all roof trusses. The allowable working stresses of materials
in trusses shall conform to this Code. The minimum net section of the
members after framing shall be used in determining the strength on the
truss at any point.

(c) Attics
(1) Access
An attic access opening shall be provided in the ceiling of the top
floor of buildings with combustible ceiling or roof construction. The
opening shall be located in a corridor or hallway of buildings or three or
more stories in height, and readily accessible in buildings of any height.
The opening be not less than 55 centimeters by 75 centimeters. Seventy-
five centimeters minimum clear headroom shall be provided above the
access opening. Attics with a maximum vertical clear height of less than
75 centimeters need not be provided with access openings.
(2) Area Separations
Enclosed attics spaces formed of combustible construction shall be
divided into horizontal areas not exceeding 230 square meters by
partitions extending from the ceiling to the roof. Such partitions shall be
not less than 13 millimeters thick gypsum wallboard, or 2.5 nominal
thickness tight-fitting wood, 10 millimeters thick plywood or approved
incombustible materials adequately supported. Openings in the
partitions shall be protected by self-closing doors constructed as
required for the partitions: Except, that where the entire attic is
equipped with an approved automatic fire-extinguishing system, the
attic space may be divided into areas not to exceed 700 square meters.
(3) Draft Stops

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Regardless of the Type of Construction, draft stops shall be installed

in trussed roofs, between roof and bottom chord of trusses, in all
buildings exceeding 1900 square meters (20,000 square feet). Draft
stops shall be constructed as for attic area separations, and in
accordance with Type of Construction.
(4) Ventilation
Enclosed attics and enclosed rafter spaces formed where ceilings
are applied direct to the underside of roof rafters, shall have cross
ventilation for each separate space by ventilating and openings
protected against the entrance of rain. The net free ventilating area
shall be not less than 1/150ths of the area of the space ventilated,
except that the area nay be 1/300ths this provided by ventilators
located in the upper portion of the space to be ventilated at least 90
centimeters above eave or cornice vents with the balance of the
required ventilation provide by eave or cornice vents.

(d) Roof Drainage

Roof systems not designed to support accumulated water shall be sloped

for drainage.
(1) Roof Drains
Unless roofs are sloped to drain over roof edges or are designed to
support accumulated water, roof drains shall be installed at each low
point of the roof. Roof drains shall be adequate in size to convey the
water tributary to the roof drains.
(2) Overflow Drains and Scuppers
Where roof drains are required, overflow drains having the same size
as the roof drains shall be installed with the inlet flow line located 5
centimeters above the low point of the roof, or overflow scuppers having
three times the size of the roof drains may be installed in adjacent
parapet walls with the inlet flow line 5 centimeters above the low the
point of the adjacent roof and having minimum opening height of 10
centimeters. Overflow drains shall be connected to drain lines
independent from the roof drains.
(3) Concealed Piping
Roof drainage overflow drains, when concealed within the
construction of the building, shall be installed.
(4) Over Public Property
Roof drainage water from a building shall not be permitted to flow
over public property, except for Groups A and J Occupancies.

(e) Flashing.
At the juncture of the roof and vertical surface, flashing and
counterflashing shall be provided.

STAIRS, EXITS AND OCCUPANT LOADS

(a) General.

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The construction of stairs, exits, and occupant loads shall conform to

requirements for occupants of buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers, and
grandstands.

(1) Determination of Occupant Loads

The occupant load permitted in any building or portion thereof shall
be determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the
square meters or square feet per occupant according generally accepted
principles of engineering. The capacity of a building containing mixed
occupancies shall be determined by adding the number of occupants of
the various parts of the building classified as to Occupancy and Type of
Construction.
(2) Exit Requirements
Exit requirements of a building or portion thereof used for different
purposes shall be determined by the occupant load which gives the
largest number of persons. No obstruction shall be placed the required
width of an exit except projections permitted by this code.
(3) Posting of Room Capacity
Any room having an occupant load of more than 50 where fixed seats
are not installed, and which is used for classroom, assembly, or similar
purpose, shall have the capacity of the room posted in a conspicuous
place near the main exit from the room. Approved signs shall be
maintained in a legible manner by the owner or his authorized agent,
and shall indicate the number of occupants permitted for each room use.
(4) Changes in Elevation
Except in Group A Occupancies, changes in elevation of not less than
30 centimeters along any exit serving a tributary occupant load of 10 or
more shall be by means of ramps.

(b) Exits Required

(1) Number of Exits

Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at least one exit.
In all occupancies, floors above the first story having an occupant load
of more than 10 shall have not less than two exits. Each mezzanine used
for other than storage purposes, if greater in area than 185 square
meters, or if more than 18.00 meters in any dimension shall have not
less than two stairways to an adjacent floor. Every story or portion
thereof, having an occupant load of 500 to 999 shall have not less than
three exits. Every story or portions thereof, having an occupant load of
1000 or more shall have not less than four exits. The number of exits
required from any story of a building shall be determined by using the
occupant loads of floors which exit through the level under
consideration as follows: 50 per cent of the occupant load in the first
adjacent story above (and the first adjacent story below, when a story
below exits through the level under consideration) and 25 per cent of
the occupant load in the story immediately beyond the first adjacent
story. The maximum number of exits required for any story shall be
maintained until egress is provided from the structure. For purposes of

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this Section, basements or cellars and occupied roofs shall be provided

with exits as required for stories. Floors above the second story,
basements, and cellars used for other than service of the building shall
have not less than two exits.
(2) Width.
The total width of exists in meters shall be not less than the total
occupant load served divided by 165. Such width of exits shall be
divided approximately equally among the separate exits. The total exit
width required from any story of a building shall be determined by
using the occupant load of that story, plus the percentage of the
occupant loads of floors which exit through the level under
considerations as follows: 50 per cent of the occupant load in the first
adjacent story above (and the first adjacent story below when a story
below exits through the level under consideration) and 25 per cent of
the occupant load in the story immediately beyond the first adjacent
story. The maximum exit width required from any story of a building
shall be maintained.
(3) Arrangement of Exits
If only two exits are required, they shall be placed a distance apart
equal to not less than one-fifth of the perimeter of the area served
measured in a straight line between exits. Where three or more exits
are required they shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so that
if one becomes blocked others will be available.
(5) Distance to Exits
No point in an unsprinkled building shall be more than 45.00
meters from an exterior exit door, a horizontal exit, exit passageway, or
an enclosed stairway, measured along the line of travel. In building
equipped with a complete automatic fire-extinguishing system the
distance from exits may be increased to 60.00 meters.

(c) Doors
The provisions herein shall apply to every exit door serving an area
having an occupant load more than 10, or serving hazardous rooms or areas.
(1) Swing
Exit doors shall swing in the direction of exit travel when serving any
hazardous areas or when serving an occupant load of 50 or more.
Double acting doors shall not be used as a part of fire assembly, nor
equipped with panic hardware. A double acting door shall be provided
with a view panel of not less than 1300 square centimeters.
(2) Type of Lock or Latch
Exit door shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key
or any special knowledge or effort: Except, that this requirement shall
not apply to exterior exit doors in a Group E or F Occupancy if there is a
conspicuous, readily visible and durable sign on or adjacent to the door,
stating that the door is to remain unlocked during business hours. The
locking device must be of a type that will be readily distinguishable as
locked. Flush bolts or surface bolts are prohibited.
(3) Width and Height

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Every required exit doorway shall be of a size as to permit the

installation of a door not less than 90 centimeters in width and not less
than 2.00 meters in height. When installed in exit doorways, exits doors
shall be capable of opening at least 90 degrees and shall be so mounted
that the clear width of the exit way is not less than 70 centimeters. In
computing the required exit width, the net dimension of the exit way
shall be used.
(4) Door Leaf Width, No leaf an exit door shall exceed 1.20 meters in
width.

(5) Special Doors

Revolving, sliding, & overhead doors shall not be used as required
exits.
(6) Egress from Door
Every required exit door shall give immediate access to an approved
means of egress from the building.
(7) Change in Floor Level at Doors
Regardless of the occupant load, there shall be a floor or landing on
each side of and exit door. The floor or landing shall be level with, or not
more than 5 centimeters lower than the threshold of the doorway:
Except, That in Groups A and B Occupies, a door may open on the top
step of a flight of stairs or an exterior landing providing the door does
not swing over the top step or exterior landing and the landing is not
more than 19 centimeters below the floor level.
(8) Door Identification
Exit doors shall be so marked that they are readily distinguishable
from the adjacent construction.
(9) Additional Doors
When additional doors are provided for egress purposes, they shall
conform to all provisions in the following cases: Approved revolving
door having leaves which will collapse under opposing pressures may be
used in exit situations: Provided, That such doors have a minimum
width of 2.00 meters; or they are not used in occupancies where exits
are required to be equipped with panic hardware; or at least one
conforming exit door is located adjacent to each revolving door installed
in a building, and the revolving door shall not be considered to provide
any exit width.

(d) Corridors and Exterior Exit Balconies

The provisions herein shall apply to every corridor and exterior exit
balcony serving as required exit for an occupant load of more than 10.
(1) Width
Corridor or exterior exit balcony shall be not less in which 1.12
meters.
(2) Projections
The required width of corridors and exterior exit balconies shall be
unobstructed: Except, that trim, handrails, and doors when fully
opened shall not reduce the required width by more than 18

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centimeters (7 inches). Doors in any position shall not reduce the

required width by more than one-half.
(3) Access to Exits
When more than one exit is required, they shall be so arranged to
allow going to either direction from any point in the corridor or exterior
exit balcony to a separate exit, except for dead ends permitted.
(4) Dead Ends
Corridors and exterior exit balconies with dead ends are permitted
when the dead ends do not exceed 6.00 meters (20 feet) in length.
(5) Construction
Walls and ceilings of corridors shall be not less than one hour fire-
resistive construction: Except, That this requirement shall not apply to
exterior exit balcony railings, corridors of a one-story building housing
a Group E or F Occupancy occupied by one tenant only and which
serves an occupant load of 30 less, nor to corridors, formed by
temporary partitions. Exterior exit balconies cannot project into an
area where protected openings are required.
(6) Openings
Where corridor walls are required to be one-hour fire-resistive
construction every interior door opening shall be protected as set forth
in generally recognized and accepted requirements for dual purpose
fire exit doors. Other interior openings, except ventilation louvers
equipped with approved automatic fire shutters shall be 6.3
millimeters (1/4 inch) fixed wire glass set in steel frames. The total
area of all openings other than doors, in any portion of an interior
corridor wall shall not exceed 25 per cent of the area of the corridor
wall of the room which it is separating from the corridor.

(e) Stairways
Every stairway serving any building or portion thereof shall conform to
the following requirements of this Code except stairs or ladders used only to
attend equipment.
(1) Width
Stairways serving an occupant load of more than 50 shall be not less
in width than 1.12 meters. Stairways serving an occupant load of 50 less
may be 90 centimeters wide. Private stairways serving an occupant load
less than 10 may be 75 centimeters wide. Trim and handrails shall not
reduce the required width may more than 9 centimeters.
(2) Rise and Run
The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed 19 centimeters
and the run shall not be less than 25 centimeters. Except as provided
under paragraph (d) the maximum variations in the height of risers and
the width of treads in any one flight shall be 5 millimeters: Except, that
in private stairways serving an occupant load of less than 10, the rise
may be 20 centimeters and run may be 23 centimeters.
(3) Winding Stairway
In Group A Occupancies and in private stairways in Group B
Occupancies, winders may be used if the required width of run is
provided at a point not more than 30 centimeters from the side of the

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stairway where the treads are the narrower, but in no case shall any
width of run be less than 15 centimeters at any point.
(4) Circular Stairways
Circular stairs may be used as an exit provided the minimum width
of run is not less than 25 centimeters. All treads in any one flight
between landing shall have identical dimensions within a 5-millimeters
tolerance.
(5)Landings
Every landing shall have a dimension measured in the direction of
travel equal to the width of the stairway. Such dimension need not
exceed 1.20 meters when the stair has a straight run. Landings, when
provided shall not be reduced in width by more than 9.3 centimeters by
a door when fully open.
(6) Basement Stairways
Where a basement stairway and stairway to an upper story terminate
in the same exit enclosure, an approved barrier shall be provided to
prevent persons from continuing on into the basement. Directional exit
signs shall be provided as specified in this Code.
(7) Distance Between Landings
There shall be not more than 3.65 meters vertically between landings.
(8) Handrails
Stairways shall have handrails on each side, and every stairway
required to be more than 3.00 meters in width shall be provided with
not less than one intermediate handrail for each 3.00 meters of width.
Intermediate handrails shall be spaced approximately equal within the
entire width of the stairway. Handrails shall be placed not less than 75
centimeters nor more than 85 centimeters above the nosing of threads,
and ends of handrails shall be returned or shall terminate in newel posts
or safety terminals: Except, in the following cases: Stairways 1.12 meters
or less in width and stairway serving one individual dwelling unit in
Group A or B Occupancies may have one handrails, except that such
stairway open on one or both sides shall have handrails provided on the
open side or sides; or stairways having less four than four risers need
not have handrails.
(9) Exterior Stairway Protection
All openings in the exterior wall below or within 3.00 meters,
measured horizontally, of an exterior exit stairway serving a building
over two stories in height shall be protected by a self-closing fire
assembly having a three-fourths-hour fire-resistive rating: Except, that
openings may be unprotected when two separated exterior stairways
serve an exterior exit balcony.
(10) Stairway Construction-Interior
Interior stairways shall be constructed as specified in this Code.
Where there is enclosed usable space shall be protected on the enclosed
side as required for one-hour fire-resistive construction.
(11) Stairway Construction-Exterior
Exterior stairways shall be of incombustible material: Except, That
on Type III buildings which do not exceed two stories in height, and are
located in less fire-resistive Fire Zones, as well as on Type I buildings,

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these may be of wood not less than 5 centimeters in nominal thickness.

Exterior stairs shall be protected as required for exterior walls due to
location on property as specified in this Code. Exterior stairways shall
not project into an area where openings are required to be protected.
Where there is enclosed usable space under stairs the walls and soffits of
the enclosed space shall be protected on the enclosed side as required
for one-hour fire-resistive construction.

(12) Stairway to Roof

In every building more than two stories in height, one stairway
shall extend to the roof surface, unless the roof has a slope greater than
1 in 3.
(13) Headroom
Every required stairway shall have a headroom clearance of not less
than 2.00 meters. Such clearance shall be established by measuring
vertically from a plane parallel and tangent to the stairway tread nosing
to the soft above all points.

1.30 Philosophies of Design

The design of a structure may be regarded as the process of selecting the

proper materials and proportioning the different elements of the structure
according to state-of-the-art engineering science and technology. In order to
fulfill its purpose, the structure must meet the conditions of safety,
serviceability, economy, and functionality. This can be achieved using design
approach-based strain limits in concrete and steel reinforcement. The unified
design method (UDM) is based on the strength of structural members assuming
a failure condition, whether due to the crushing of the concrete or to the yield of
the reinforcing steel bars. Although there is some additional strength in the bars
after yielding (due to strain hardening), this additional strength is not
considered in the analysis of reinforced concrete members. In this approach, the
actual loads, or working loads, are multiplied by load factors to obtain the
factored design loads. The load factors represent a high percentage of the factor
for safety required in the design.

The ACI Code emphasizes this method of design, and its provisions are
presented in the body of the Code. The reason for introducing this approach by
the ACI Code relates to the fact that different design methods were developed
for reinforced and prestressed concrete beams and columns.

Engineers are experts in specific scientific disciplines and are legally

permitted to design parts of buildings; in some cases, complete buildings. In
some states, persons licensed as building designers are permitted to design
certain types of buildings. Building construction is generally performed by
laborers and craftspeople engaged for the purpose by an individual or
organization, called a contractor. The contractor signs an agreement, or
contract, with the building owner under which the contractor agrees to

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construct a specific building on a specified site and the owner agrees to pay for
the materials and services provided.

In designing a building, engineers should be guided by the following

principles:

1. The building should be constructed to serve purposes specified by the client.

2. The design can be built by known techniques and with available labor and
equipment, within an acceptable time.
3. The building should be capable of withstanding the elements and normal
usage for a period of time specified by the client.
4. Both inside and outside, the building should be visually pleasing.
5. No part of the building should pose a hazard to the safety or health of its
occupants under normal usage, and the building should provide for safe
evacuation or refuge in emergencies.
6. The building should provide the degree of shelter from the elements and of
control of the interior environment—air, temperature, humidity, light, and
acoustics—specified by the client and not less than the minimums required
for safety and health of the occupants.
7. The building should be constructed to minimize adverse impact on the
environment.
8. Operation of the building should consume a minimum of energy while
permitting the structure to serve its purposes.
9. The sum of costs of construction, operation, maintenance, repair, and
anticipated future alterations should be kept within the limit specified by
the client.

The ultimate objective of design is to provide all the information necessary

for the construction of a building. This objective is achieved by the production
of drawings, or plans, showing what is to be constructed, specifications stating
what materials and equipment are to be incorporated in the building, and a
construction contract between the client and a contractor.

Designers should observe construction of the building while it is in process.

This should be done not only to assist the client in ensuring that the building is
being constructed in accordance with plans and specifications but also to
obtain information that will be useful in design of future buildings.

1.31 System Design and Analysis

Systems design comprises a logical series of steps that leads to the best
decision for a given set of conditions.

Procedure requires for Systems Design

 Analysis of a building as a system
 Synthesis, or selection of components, to form a system that meets specific
objectives while subject to constraints, or variables controllable by
designers.

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 Appraisal of system performance, including comparisons with alternative

systems.
 Feedback and information, to improve the design.

Advantage of the Procedure

 That through comparisons of alternatives and data feedback to the design

process, systems design converges on an optimum, or best, system for the
given conditions.
 That the procedure enables designers to clarify the requirements for the
building being designed.
 That the procedure provides a common basis of understanding and
promotes cooperation between the specialists in various aspects of building
design.
A system is an assemblage formed to satisfy specific objectives and subject
to constraints and restrictions and consisting of two or more components that
are interrelated and compatible, each component being essential to the
required performance of the system. Because the components are required to
be interrelated, operation, or even the mere existence, of one component
affects in some way the performance of other components. Also, the required
performance of the system as a whole, as well as the constraints on the system,
imposes restrictions on each component.

Systems Analysis

A group of components of a system may also be a system. Such a group is

called a subsystem. It, too, may be designed as a system, but its goal must be
to assist the system of which it is a component to meet its objectives. Similarly,
a group of components of a subsystem may also be a system. That group is
called a sub-subsystem. For brevity, the major subsystems of a building are
referred to as systems. In a complex system, such as a building, subsystems
and other components may be combined in a variety of ways to form different
systems. For the purposes of building design, the major systems are usually
defined in accordance with the construction trades that will assemble them, for
example, structural framing, plumbing, electrical systems, and heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning. In systems analysis, a system is resolved into
its basic components. Subsystems are determined. Then, the system is
investigated to determine the nature, interaction

1.32 The Design Criteria

A structural/civil engineer is a member of a team that works together to

design a building, bridge, or other structure. In the case of a building, an
architect generally provides the overall layout, and mechanical, electrical, and
structural engineers design individual systems within the building.

The structure should satisfy four major criteria:

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1. Appropriateness
The arrangement of spaces, spans, ceiling heights, access, and traffic flow
must complement the intended use. The structure should fit its
environment and be aesthetically pleasing.
2. Economy
The overall cost of the structure should not exceed the client’s budget.
Frequently, teamwork in design will lead to overall economies.
3. Structural adequacy
Structural adequacy involves two major aspects.
(a) A structure must be strong enough to support all anticipated loadings
(b) A structure must not deflect, tilt, vibrate, or crack in a manner that
impairs its usefulness.
4. Maintainability
A structure should be designed so as to require a minimum amount of
simple maintenance procedures.

1.33 The Design Process

The design process is a sequential and iterative decision-making process. The

three major phases are the following:

1. Definition of the client’s needs and priorities.

All buildings or other structures are built to fulfill a need. It is important
that the owner or user be involved in determining the attributes of the
proposed building. These include functional requirements, aesthetic
requirements, and budgetary requirements. The latter include initial cost,
premium for rapid construction to allow early occupancy, maintenance, and
other life-cycle costs.

2. Development of project concept

Based on the client’s needs and priorities, a number of possible layouts
are developed. Preliminary cost estimates are made, and the final choice of
the system to be used is based on how well the overall design satisfies the
client’s needs within the budget available. Generally, systems that are
conceptually simple and have standardized geometries and details that
allow construction to proceed as a series of identical cycles are the most
cost effective.
During this stage, the overall structural concept is selected. From
approximate analyses of the moments, shears, and axial forces, preliminary
member sizes are selected for each potential scheme. Once this is done, it is
possible to estimate costs and select the most desirable structural system.
The overall thrust in this stage of the structural design is to satisfy the
design criteria dealing with appropriateness, economy, and, to some extent,
maintainability.

3. Design of individual systems.

Once the overall layout and general structural concept have been
selected, the structural system can be designed.
Structural design involves three main steps.

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 A structural analysis is carried out to determine the moments, shears,

torques, and axial forces in the structure. The individual members are
then proportioned to resist these load effects. The proportioning,
sometimes referred to as member design,
 Consideration of the overall aesthetics, the constructability of the
design, coordination with mechanical and electrical systems, and the
sustainability of the final structure.
 The preparations of construction drawings and specifications.

1.40 Factors of Safety

Safety

 A structure must be safe against collapse.

 Strength of the structure must be adequate for all loads that might act on it.

If we could build buildings as designed, and if the loads and their internal
effects can be predicted accurately, we do not have to worry about safety.

But there are uncertainties in:

• Actual loads
• Forces/loads might be distributed in a manner different from what we
assumed
• The assumptions in analysis might not be exactly correct
• Actual behavior might be different from that assumed.

Finally, we would like to have the structure safe against brittle failure
(gradual failure with ample warning permitting remedial measures is
preferable to a sudden or brittle failure).

Design Basis
The philosophies of design have long been prevalent. The working stress
method, focusing on conditions at service load (that is, when the structure is
being used), was the principal method used from the early 1900s until the early
1960s. Today, with few exceptions, the strength design method is used,
focusing on conditions at loads greater than service loads when failure may be
immanent. The strength design method is deemed conceptually more realistic
to establish structural safety.

After the Working Stress and Ultimate Limit Method of Design

Analysis, the following methods were adopted

a). LIMIT STATES METHOD (LSM)

The philosophy of the limit states method of design (LSM)

represents a definite advancement over the traditional design
philosophies. Unlike WSM, which based calculations on service load

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conditions alone, and unlike ULM, which based calculations on ultimate

load conditions alone. Limit State Method (LSM) aims for a
comprehensive and rational solution to the design problem, by considering
safety at ultimate loads and serviceability at working loads. The LSM
philosophy uses a multiple safety factor format which attempts to provide
adequate safety at ultimate loads as well as adequate serviceability at
service loads, by considering all possible, the ‘limit states’. The selection of
the various multiple safety factors is supposed to have a sound
probabilistic basis, involving the separate consideration of different kinds
of failure, types of materials and types of loads. In this sense, LSM is more
than a mere extension of WSM and ULM. It represents a new ‘paradigm’ of
a modern design philosophy.

Limit States

A limit state is a state of impending failure, beyond which a structure

ceases to perform its intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either
safety or serviceability; i.e., it either collapses or becomes unserviceable.

Two types of limit states:

1. Ultimate limit states (or ‘limit states of collapse’): this deal with
strength, overturning, sliding, buckling, fatigue fracture, etc.
2. Serviceability limit states: which deal with discomfort to occupancy
and/or malfunction, caused by excessive deflection, crack-width,
vibration, leakage, etc., and also loss of durability, etc.

b). Strength Design (or Ultimate Strength Design)

• Since 1971 the ACI Code has been totally a strength code with “strength”
meaning ultimate.
• Select concrete dimensions and reinforcements so that the member
strength are adequate to resist forces resulting from certain hypothetical
overload stages, significantly above loads expected actually to occur in
service. The design concept is known as “strength design.” Based on
strength design the nominal strength of a member must be calculated on
the basis of inelastic behavior of material. In other words, both
reinforcing steel and concrete behave inelastically at ultimate strength
condition.

The strength design method may be expressed by the following,

Strength provide ≥ Strength required to carry factored loads where:

 the “strength provided” such as moment strength is computed in
accordance with rules and assumptions of behavior prescribed by a building
code.

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 the “strength required” is that obtained by performing a structural analysis

using the factored loads.

The design procedure is roughly as follows:

 Multiply the working loads by the load factor to obtain the failure loads.
 Determine the cross-sectional properties needed to resist failure under
these loads. (A member with these properties is said to have sufficient
strength, and would be at the verge of failure when subjected to the factored
loads.)
 Proportion the members that have properties to resist failure when
subjected to factored loads.

Multiple Safety Factor

Formats The objective of limit states design is to ensure that the probability
of any limit state being reached is acceptably low. This is made possible by
specifying appropriate multiple safety factors for each limit state (Level I
reliability). Of course, in order to be meaningful, the specified values of the
safety factors should result (more-or-less) in a ‘target reliability’. Evidently,
this requires a proper reliability study to be done by the code−making
authorities. Most national codes introduced multiple safety factors in limit
states design in the 1970s — primarily based on experience, tradition and
engineering judgement.

Subsequently, codes have been engaged in the process of code calibration —

to determine the range of the reliability index β (or its equivalent probability of
failure) underlying the specified safety factors for different practical situations
are made to specify more rational reliability−based safety factors, in order to
achieve practical designs that are satisfactory and consistent in terms of the
degree of safety, reliability and economy.

From the above approaches, the two most common used now in the
Philippines are: (as specified from National Structural Code of the Phil.,
2015)

1. Load and Resistance Factor Design

2. Allowable Stress Design

1.41 Load and Resistance Factor Design

Format of the many multiple safety factor in vogue, perhaps the simplest to
understand is the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), which is
adopted from the ACI Code and practice in the Philippines using the aid of the
National Structural code of the Philippines.

Reference Code of Practice, NSCP 2015, Volume 1

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Symbols and Notations

D = dead load
E = earthquake load
Em = estimated maximum earthquake force that can be develop in the
structure.
F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressure and maximum heights.
H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil.
L = live load, except road live load, including any permitted live load
reduction.
Lr = roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction.
P = ponding load.
R = rain load on the undeflected roof.
T = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction or expansion
resulting from temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep
in component materials, movement due to different settlement, or
combinations thereof.
W = load due to wind pressure.

Factored Load and Load Combinations used in the Applications of

Load and Resistance Factor Design

Dead load: Wu = 1.2D Load Due to Fluid: Wu = 1.4F

Live Load: Wu = 1.6L Load due to Temperature: Wu = 1.2T
Rain Load: Wu = 1.6R Wind Load: Wu = 1.0W
Load due to Lateral Earthquake Load: W u = 1.0E
Force of Soil: Wu = 1.6H

Load Combinations: (from section 203 of 2015 NSCP)

Structural failures usually occur under combinations of several loads. In

recent years these combinations have been presented in what is referred to as
the companion action format. The following were modeled to compensate the
new trend of analysis.

 Combination of Dead and Fluid Loads:

WU = 1.4(D + F) --- from NSCP, 2015, Section 203-1.

 Combinations of Dead, Fluid, Temperature Loads, Live loads with Load

due to Soil Force, Roof Live loads or Rain load.
WU = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(L r or R)

 Combinations of Dead load, Roof Live load or Rain load added with Live
loads greater than 4.8 kPa.
WU = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1 or 0.5W)

 Combinations of Dead load, Wind load, added with Live loads greater than
4.8 kPa. With Roof Live load or Rain load

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WU = 1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R)

 Combinations of Dead Load, Earthquake Loads and other Live load greater
than 4.8 kPa.
WU = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L

Where:
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in
excess of 4.8kPa, and garage live load.
= 0.5 for other live loads

 Combinations of Dead, Wind Loads and Lateral Pressure of Soil.

WU = 0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H

 Combinations of Dead, Earthquake Loads and Lateral Pressure of Soil

WU = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

Strength Reduction Factor

The member strengths computed using the specified material strengths, and
the nominal dimensions, as shown on the drawings, are referred to as the
nominal moment strength, or nominal shear strength, and so on. The reduced
nominal strength or design strength is the nominal strength multiplied by a
strength-reduction factor. The design equation is thus:

Ø Mn ≥ M u and Ø Vn ≥ Vu

Table 1.10: This is table 421.2.1, Strength Reduction Factors; from NSCP 2015

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Ultimate Bending Moment Formulas

Mu = Ø0.85f’cab(d- ) - Moment due to compressive strength of concrete.

Ø Mn = f’cbd2 𝜔(1-0.59 𝜔)-- Nominal Moment due to concrete strength.

Mu = ØAs fy (d - ) -- Ultimate Moment due to tensile strength of steel.

Where: Ø = design reduction factor (0.90) of beam.

f’c = strength of concrete.
fy = strength of steel at yield point.
As = area of tension steel reinforcement.
A’s = area of compression reinforcement (for doubly-reinforced
concrete rectangular beam.
ω = strength ratio.
a = thickness of compressive block.
b = width of beam.
d = effective depth. Or it is the distance from the compression
extreme fiber to the center of tensile reinforcement.

1.42 Allowable Stress Design

As an alternate to the strength design method, members may be

proportioned so that stresses in the steel and concrete resulting from normal
service loads are within specified limits (an allowable, or permissible, stress or
load). These limits, known as allowable stresses are only fractions of the failure
stresses of the material. Allowable stress design is also referred to as “working
stress design.”

Load Combinations Using Allowable Strength Design

Basic Load Combinations from NSCP 2015, Section 203

Where allowable stress or allowable strength design is used, structures and

all portion thereof shall resist the most critical effects resulting from the
following combinations of loads:

 Combinations of Dead and Lateral Pressure of Soil.

W=D+H

 Combinations of Dead, Lateral Pressure of Soil, Fluid, Live loads and

Temperature Loads
W=D+H+F+L+T

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 Combinations of Dead, Lateral Pressure of Soil, Fluid with Roof Live load
or Rain load
W = D + H + F + (Lr or R)

 Combinations of Dead, Lateral Pressure of Soil, Fluid added with the

combinations of Live load and the product of Temperature loads and with
Roof Live load or Rain load
W = D + H + F + 0.75[L + T (Lr or R)

 Combinations of Dead, Lateral Pressure of Soil, Fluid added with Wind or

Earthquake loads.
W = D + H + F + (0.6W or )
.

Stresses used in Allowable Stress Design

1. Modulus Elasticity, n = = 10

2. Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 4,730 𝑓’𝑐 Mpa

3. Modulus of Elasticity of Steel, Es = 200,000 MPa

4. Flexure:
Compression, fc = 0.45 f’c
Footing and Walls, fc = 0.13 𝑓’𝑐

5. Shear: The tests of concrete shearing stress have yielded values of one-third
to four-fifth of the compressive strength.

a. Diagonal tension at distance “d” from face of support

V = 0.03 𝑓’𝑐
b. Joist with no web reinforcement, v = 𝑓’𝑐
c. Punching shear at distance d/2, vp = 0.17 𝑓’𝑐

6. Bearing
a. On full area, fc = 0.25 f’c = 4.32
b. On one third area or less, fc = 0.375 = 6.48

7. Allowable Shearing stress, Va = 0.09 𝑓’𝑐 MPa

8. Allowable Punching shear, Vp = 0.17 f’c MPa

9. Allowable band stress:

.
a. For top bars in tension, Ua = nor 2.42 MPa

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.
b. Bars other than top bars in tension, Ua = nor 3.46 MPa
c. For plain bars; use one-half of the values above but not less than
1.11MPa
d. For tension bars with sizes and deformations conforming to ASTM
A408
Top bars, U = 0.18 𝑓’𝑐 MPa
Bars other than top bars, U = 0.25 𝑓’𝑐 MPa
e. For all deformed compression bars, Ua = 0.54 𝑓’𝑐 MPa

Bending Moment Formulas

Allowable Bending Strength

Mc = Cjd = ½ fcbkd2 = 1/2fckjbd2-- Moment being carried by concrete.
Ms = Tjd = Asfsjd -- Moment carried by the tension steel reinforcement.
Where: C = the compressive force.
T = the tensile force. fc = flexural strength of concrete.
d = the effective depth. k = Length factor compression
fs = flexural stress of steel. j = length factor for tension

Activities/Exercises

Activity I.

Since you had completed the Design of a Reinforced Concrete, let us apply
the building codes requirements. We will be completing the design of a tree
storey commercial building with complete plans. This will be submitted in a
long bond paper either by a cad or hand drawings.
For your activity 1, draw and submit the three floor plans and the
elevations (front, rear, right side and left side elevations) --- deadline on
October 14,2021.

F.D. Evaluation/Post-test

Test 1. Modified true or false. Write true if the statement is correct and if the
statement is false underline the word/phrase that makes the statement incorrect
and supply the appropriate answer. Write the answer in the space provided. (2
points each).

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___________1. Plain concrete is strong enough to withstand the structural and

service loads which will be applied to it and must be durable
enough to withstand the environmental exposure for which it is
intended.

___________2. Fresh concrete refers to the concrete material that after

compaction begins to set but is not fully cured.

___________3. Green concrete as a result of mixture of cement, sand, gravel and

water in which the stresses are almost entirely compressive and
without adding reinforcement.

___________4. Building analysis is carried out to determine the moments,

shears, torques, and axial forces in the structure. The individual
members are then proportioned to resist these load effects.

___________5. Pre-stress concrete, is a concrete in which reinforcement, other

than that provided for shrinkage and changes of temperature, is
embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together
in resisting forces.

___________6. Post-tension concrete, is a concrete reinforced concrete in which

internal stresses have been introduce to reduce potential tensile
stresses in concrete resulting from loads.

___________7. The ultimate state method is a state of impending failure, beyond

which a structure ceases to perform its intended function
satisfactorily, in terms of either safety or serviceability.

___________8. The limit state method represents a new ‘paradigm’ of a modern

design philosophy.

___________9. Specifications do not give design procedures, but specify the

design requirements and constraints that must be satisfied,
including the minimum live loads for buildings.

__________10. Specifications, is a detailed description that directs the

requirements, the dimensions, the direction of design and
construction of structure parts and the nature of materials to be
used for a proposed structure.

Test 2. Enumeration. Enumerate the following. (2 point each)

1. Give the three types of reinforced concrete.

2. Give the five uses of plain cement.

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3. Give the three classification of concrete.

4. Give four major criteria that the structure should satisfy.
5. Give the three major phases of the design process.
6. Give the two types of limit state.
7. Give at least four structural frame of a building that needs to be designed.

Test 3. Discussion. (4 points each).

Direction:

Refer to your answer/s in test 1; for the false answer, the underlined word or
phrase that makes the statement incorrect. Write the correct word or phrase for
each false answer then discuss it briefly.

G O O D L U C K and G O D B L E S S !!!

G.E. References

1. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (2015), National

Structural Code of the Philippines, 7th Edition
2. Choo,B.S.,MacGinley,T.J., Reinforced Concrete Design, Theory and Examples,
Second Edition, F & FN Spoon
3. Gillesania, Diego Inocencio T., Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design,
Second Edition.
4. Mc Cormac, Jack, Design of Reinforced Concrete, 7th Edition, 2005, Jhon
Wiley and Sons.
5. Nilson Arthur H. and Winter, George, etal., 1998, Design of Concrete
Structures, 13th Edition, Mc Graw-Hill Inc.

Congratulations for completing this module!

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Student’s Information

Name:
Program:
Year and Section:
Contact No.:
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Data Privacy Notice

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All personal information collected will be stored in secure location and only
authorized staff will have access to them.

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Vision 2020
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
WPU: the leading knowledge center for sustainable
development of West Philippines and beyond.

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WPU commits to develop quality human resource and green
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WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)