lOMoARcPSD|9692984

Seeley's essential anaphy chapter 9

Medical Technologist (University of the Immaculate Conception)

StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Ai Sha ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|9692984

Chapter 9-Senses
Sense:
ability to perceive stimuli
• Sensation:
conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory neurons
• Sensory receptors:
sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli by developing action
potentials
• General senses:
- receptors over large part of body
- somatic provide info. about body and env’t
- visceral provide info. about internal organs,
pain, pressure
- touch, pressure, pain, temp., and itch
• Special senses:
smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance

Types of Receptors
Mechanoreceptors:
- detect movement
- Ex. touch, pressure, vibration
Chemoreceptors:
- detect chemicals
- Ex. Odors
Photoreceptors:
detect light
Thermoreceptors:
detect temp. changes
Nociceptors:
detect pain

Types of Touch Receptors

Merkel’s disk:
detect light touch and pressure
Hair follicle receptors:
detect light touch
Meissner corpuscle:
- deep in epidermis
- localizing tactile sensations
Ruffini corpuscle:
- deep tactile receptors
- detects continuous pressure in skin
Pacinian corpuscle:
- deepest receptors
- associated with tendons and joints
- detect deep pressure, vibration, position

 Pain
- unpleasant perceptual and emotional experience

Types of Pain
Localized:
- sharp, pricking, cutting pain

Downloaded by Ai Sha ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|9692984

- rapid action potential

Diffuse:
- burning, aching pain
- slower action potentials

Pain Control
Local anesthesia:
- action potentials suppressed from pain receptors in local areas
- chemicals are injected near sensory nerve
General anesthesia:
- loss of consciousness
- chemicals affect reticular formation

Referred Pain
- originates in a region that is not source of pain stimulus
- felt when internal organs are damaged or inflamed
- sensory neurons from superficial area and neurons of source pain
converge onto same ascending neurons of spinal cord

 Olfaction
- sense of smell
- occurs in response to odorants
- receptors are located
in nasal cavity and hard palate
- we can detected 10,000 different smells

How does olfaction work?

1. Nasal cavity contains a thin film of
mucous where odors become dissolved.
2. Olfactory neurons are located in
mucous. Dendrites of olfactory neurons
are enlarged and contain cilia.
3. Dendrites pick up odor, depolarize, and
carry odor
to axons in olfactory bulb (cranial nerve I).
4. Frontal and temporal lobes process
odor.

 Taste
Taste buds:
- sensory structures that detect taste
- located on papillae on tongue, hard palate, throat
- Inside each taste bud are 40 taste cells
- Each taste cell has taste hairs that extend into taste pores

How does taste work?

1. Taste buds pick up taste and send it to taste cells.
2. Taste cells send taste to taste hairs.
3. Taste hairs contain receptors that initiate an action potential which is
carried to parietal lobe.
4. Brain processes taste.

Downloaded by Ai Sha ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|9692984

Types of taste
• Sweet
• Sour
• Salty
• Bitter
• Umami
• Certain taste buds are more sensitive to certain
tastes.
• Taste is also linked to smell.

 Vision

Accessory Structures
• Eyebrow:
- protects from sweat
- shade from sun
• Eyelid/Eyelashes:
- protects from foreign objects
- lubricates by blinking
• Conjunctiva:
thin membrane that covers inner surface of eyelid
• Lacrimal apparatus:
produces tears
• Extrinsic eye muscles:
help move eyeball

Anatomy of Eye
• Hollow, fluid filled sphere
• Composed of 3 layers (tunics)
• Divided into chambers

Fibrous Tunic
• Outermost layer
• Sclera:
- firm, white outer part
- helps maintain eye shape, provides attachment sites, protects
internal structures
• Cornea:
- transparent structure that covers iris and pupil
- allows light to enter and focuses light
Vascular Tunic
• Middle layer
• Contains blood supply
• Choroid:
- black part (melanin)
- delivers O2 and nutrients to retina
• Ciliary body:
helps hold lens in place
• Suspensory ligaments:
help hold lens in place
• Lens:

Downloaded by Ai Sha ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|9692984

- flexible disk
- focuses light onto retina
• Iris:
- colored part
- surrounds and regulates pupil
• Pupil:
- regulates amount of light entering
- lots of light = constricted
- little light = dilated
Nervous Tunic
• Innermost tunic
• Retina:
- covers posterior 5/6 of eye
- contains 2 layers
• Pigmented retina:
- outer layer
- keeps light from reflecting back in eye
• Sensory retina:
- contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)
- contains interneurons
• Rods:
- photoreceptor sensitive to light
- 20 times more rods than cones
- can function in dim light
• Cones:
- photoreceptor provide color vision
- 3 types blue, green, red
• Rhodopsin:
photosensitive pigment in rod cells
• Opsin:
colorless protein in rhodopsin
• Retinal:
- yellow pigment in rhodopsin
- requires vitamin A
• Macula:
small spot near center of retina
• Fovea centralis:
- center of macula
- where light is focused when looking directly
at an object
- only cones
- ability to discriminate fine images
• Optic disk:
- white spot medial to macula
- blood vessels enter eye and spread over retina
- axons exit as optic nerve
- no photoreceptors
- called blindspot

Chambers of Eye
• Anterior chamber:
- located between cornea and lens
- filled with aqueous humor (watery)

Downloaded by Ai Sha ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|9692984

- aqueous humor helps maintain pressure, refracts light, and provide

nutrients to inner surface of eye

• Posterior chamber:
- located behind anterior chamber
- contains aqueous humor
• Vitreous chamber:
- located in retina region
- filled with vitreous humor: jelly-like substance
- vitreous humor helps maintain pressure, holds lens and retina in
place, refracts light

Functions of Eye
Light Refraction
Bending of light
• Focal point:
- point where light rays converge
- occurs anterior to retina
- object is inverted
Focusing Images on Retina
• Accommodation:
- lens becomes less rounded and image can be focused on retina
- enables eye to focus on images closer than20 feet

Neuronal Pathway for Vision

• Optic nerve:
leaves eye and exits orbit through optic
foramen to enter cranial cavity
• Optic chiasm:
where 2 optic nerves connect
• Optic tracts:
route of ganglion axons

Eye Defects
• Myopia:
- nearsightedness
- image is in front of retina
• Hyperopia:
- farsightedness
- image is behind retina
• Presbyopia:
- lens becomes less elastic
- reading glasses required
• Astigmatism:
- irregular curvature of lens
- glasses or contacts required to correct
• Colorblindness:
- absence or deficient cones
- primarily in males
• Glaucoma:
- increased pressure in eye
- can lead to blindness

Downloaded by Ai Sha ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|9692984

 Hearing and Balance

External (Outer) Ear

• Extends from outside of head to eardrum
• Auricle:
fleshy part on outside
• External auditory meatus:
canal that leads to eardrum
• Tympanic membrane:
- eardrum
- thin membrane that separates external and
middle ear
Middle Ear
• Air filled chamber
• Malleus (hammer):
bone attached to tympanic
membrane
• Incus (anvil):
bone that connects malleus to
stapes
• Stapes (stirrup):
bone located at base of oval window
• Oval window:
separates middle and inner ear
• Eustachian or auditory tube:
- opens into pharynx
- equalizes air pressure between outside air
and middle ear
Inner Ear
• Set of fluid filled chambers
• Bony labyrinth:
- tunnels filled with fluid
- 3 regions: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular
canals
• Membranous labyrinth:
- inside bony labyrinth
- filled with endolymph
• Endolymph:
clear fluid in membranous labyrinth
• Perilymph:
fluid between membranous and bony labyrinth
• Cochlea:
- snail-shell shaped structure
- where hearing takes place
• Scala vestibuli:
- in cochlea
- filled with perilymph
• Scala tympani:
- in cochlea
- filled with perilymph

Downloaded by Ai Sha ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|9692984

• Cochlea duct:
- in cochlea
- filled with endolymph
• Spiral organ:
- in cochlear duct
- contains hair cells
• Tectorial membrane:
- in cochlea
- vibrates against hair cells
• Hair cells:
attached to sensory neurons that when bent produce an action
potential
• Vestibular membrane:
wall of membranous labyrinth that lines scala vestibuli
• Basilar membrane:
wall of membranous labyrinth that lines scala tympani

How do we hear?
1. Sound travels in waves through air and is funneled into ear by auricle.
2. Auricle through external auditory meatus to tympanic membrane.
3. Tympanic membrane vibrates and sound is amplified by malleus, incus,
stapes which transmit sound to oval window.
4. Oval window produces waves in perilymph of cochlea.
5. Vibrations of perilymph cause vestibular membrane and endolymph to
vibrate.
6. Endolymph cause displacement of basilar membrane.
7. Movement of basilar membrane is detected by hair hairs in spiral
organ.
8. Hair cells become bent and cause action potential is created.

Balance (Equilibrium)
• Static equilibrium:
- associated with vestibule
- evaluates position of head relative to gravity
• Dynamic equilibrium:
- associated with semicircular canals
- evaluates changes in direction and rate of head
movement
• Vestibule:
- inner ear
- contains utricle and saccule
• Maculae:
- specialized patches of epithelium in utricle
and saccule surround by endolymph
- contain hair cells
• Otoliths:
- gelatinous substance that moves in response
to gravity
- attached to hair cell microvilli which initiate action
potentials
• Semicircular canals:
- dynamic equil.
- sense movement if any direction
• Ampulla:

Downloaded by Ai Sha ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|9692984

base of semicircular canal

• Crista ampullaris:
in ampulla
• Cupula:
- gelatinous mass
- contains microvilli
- float that is displaced by endolymph movement

Downloaded by Ai Sha ([email protected])