‫‪182‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬

‫ﺃﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﺟﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻦ ﲨﻌﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﳐﱪ ﺣﺎﺿﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺧﻨﺸﻠﺔ )ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ(‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺧﻨﺸﻠﺔ )ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ‪:‬‬

‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﳓﺎﻭﻝ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﳕﻮﻫﺎ ﻭﳒﺎﺣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺘﻪ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺋﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﻮﻓﲑﻩ ﻣﺸﺎﺗﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺧﻨﺸﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﱪﻧﺎﻣﺢ‪spss.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Abstract‬‬

‫‪In this communication, we will try to show the many difficulties facing the Small and medium‬‬
‫‪entreprise, their creation , their growth and their success. The main constraints which challenge these‬‬
‫‪SME are mainly, the most important lack of knowledge needed to do the project it became the‬‬
‫‪provision of training is an urgent need to achieve the project, as well as to ensure its continuity And its‬‬
‫‪efficiency. This is what is trying to be provisioned business incubators. was the study sample‬‬
‫‪represented by some university students and vocational training students ,who benefited from the‬‬
‫‪training session conducted by business incubator of Khenchela.Was used descriptive and analytical‬‬
‫‪approach as an appropriate approach to the study, by reliance on a questionnaire in data collection, and‬‬
‫‪use the spss programme.‬‬

‫‪Keywords: Training, Small and Medium Enterprises, Entrepreneurial, creation, startup.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪183‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻲ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﲤﻬﻴﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﻬﺪ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ؛ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﳌﺪﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍﻓﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﻓﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﻌﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ﲟﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ‪ ،%90-80‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺼﻮﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺒﲑ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻌﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﲣﻄﻲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻊ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎﺳﺒﻖ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ؟‬

‫‪.3‬ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﻭﲡﻮﻳﺪ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺧﱪﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪184‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫‪.4‬ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺧﻨﺸﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﰎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪. SPSS‬‬

‫‪.7‬ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1-1‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻭﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪185‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 10‬ﻭ‪ ،49‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ‪ 200‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺝ ﻭﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻮﻕ‬
‫‪ 100‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 50‬ﻭ‪ 250‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 200‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ 500‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪-‬ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﻦ )‪ (1‬ﺍﱃ ‪ 250‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ )‪ (4‬ﻣﻼﻳﲑ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ ﺟﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ )‪ (1‬ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ ﺟﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪:2-1‬ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﱂ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﳊﺪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﲨﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ 4.‬ﻓﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﺸﺌﻲ ﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪) ....‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺴﺎﳘﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻛﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ 6‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﳕﻮ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﺪ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪ .7‬ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭ ﳏﻮﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﲢﺘﻞ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺻﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪186‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(1-1‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﲏ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺩﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ »:‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩ« ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ – ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩ‪26 ،-‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪ ،2016‬ﺹ ‪.4‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮـ ﰒ ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ )ﺗﻐﲑ ﻃﻔﻴﻒ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﱪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻛﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ :4-1‬ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺹ ﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥﹼ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﱴ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥﹼ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﲝﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺟﻬﺪﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺭﺯﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪ 11‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﳒﺎﺣﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪187‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪%74.5‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1995‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﳓﻮ‬
‫ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ...‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺍﹰﻟﺴﺒﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺃﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﲤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳎﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻭﱃ ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺃﲰﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﺿﺎ ﻗﹰﺼﲑ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺑﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﲰﺎﺡ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎ‪‬ﻢ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻛﺎ‬
‫ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ 13.‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪:‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ‪:‬‬

‫‪- 1‬ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺯ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 2‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲤﺎﺭﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪188‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻭﺃﺫﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﺷﻬﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻏﺰﺕ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩ ‪ -‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺸﲑ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ...‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﲣﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺻﺎ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺪﻱ‪ .‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺪﻋﲔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪.16‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻭﺻﻔﺖ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ "ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻣﲑ ﺍﳋﻼﻕ" )ﺷﻮﻣﺒﻴﺘﺮ‪ (1947 ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﺎﺳﺔ‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻩ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ؛ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﳓﻮ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ‪:‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪189‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺏ‪:‬ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ؛ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ؛ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺽ‪.‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺮ‪ :‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﳍﺎ؛ﺧﻠﻮ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ؛ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ؛‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻛﺎﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﺗﻮﻧﺲ )ﺑﲔ ‪ 55‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﻭ‪ 39‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ( ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 4‬ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ )ﺗﻮﻧﺲ( ﻭ‪ 14‬ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬
‫)ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ :5-1‬ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ : ANSEJ‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻝ ‪ 91/291‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ‪ 18‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪ 0991‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ‬
‫ﺷﻐﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﲔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 19‬ﻭ‪ 35‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺼﻐﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫‪21‬‬
‫ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،2004‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ)‪(ANGEM‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺬﻛﺮ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻃﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2004‬ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ‪ 50 -35‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﳛﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ‪/‬‬
‫ﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﲡﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪190‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﲝﺠﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺼﻞ ‪ 5 :‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ ﺟﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻠﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ‪ 35‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 50‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻪ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺣﲔ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻫﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺧﺼﻴﺼﺎ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻏﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫‪23‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻮﺍ ﻟﺘﺴﺮﻳﺢ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺍ ﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺗﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 18/01‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ‪ 12‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ 2001‬ﺍﳌﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﲡﺴﺪﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺗﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻧﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫ﺍﳒﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪.2007‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪ANDI‬‬ ‫ﻩ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﺡ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ‪ 2011‬ﺍﱃ ‪ 36918‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1-2‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 200‬ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﺘﻨﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫)‪(Entrepreneurship‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﲏ)ﺑﲔ‪ -‬ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ(‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫‪26‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﹰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ‪" :‬ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫‪27‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳋﺒﲑ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺟﻮﺯﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﻣﺒﻴﺘﺮ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻪ‪ ":‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻭﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺟﺢ"‬

‫ﻓﻌﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻀﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﻖ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﱄ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪191‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(1‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﳎﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬

‫ﻧﻠﺘﻤﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻠﺘﻤﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺻﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻬﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﳐﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﳐﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﻋﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬

‫ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﳜﻀﻊ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬

‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪:‬ﺍﳉﻮﺩﻱ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﳓﻮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺧﻴﻀﺮ ﺑﺴﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،2015-2014 ،‬ﺹ‪1. :‬‬

‫‪ :2-2‬ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺢ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻘﻖ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﻳﺘﺼﻒ‬
‫ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(2‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺢ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻟﻔﻘﲑ ﲪﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺪ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ،1‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 2015 ،12‬ﺹ ‪..122‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪192‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫‪ :3-2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺻﻐﲑ )ﺃﻭ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ( ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﰲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻇﻔﲔ ‪/‬‬
‫‪31‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ ﺣﻠﻘﱵ ﻋﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻛﺎ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻣﺒﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻏﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲨﻌﺖ ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﻣﻦ ‪11‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺭﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﳊﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻟﻔﻘﲑ ﲪﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪2015- ،‬ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺪ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ،1‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 2015 ،12‬ﺹ ‪. 125‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﻱ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،2015-2014 ،‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﳓﻮﺭ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻭﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﳌﺎﺳﺘﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪193‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻱ ﳒﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﺮﻫﺎﻥ ﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﰲ‪ :‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲢﺴﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ 'ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﲑﻫﺎ' ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ‪ ،.‬ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺣﺎﺿﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﻌﲎ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﻊ ‪‬ﻢ ﳓﻮ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪ ،Bellihi Hassan, Bazi Mohamed‬ﻣﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ )‪ (2015‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪Role of SMEs in the Economic and Social Development: Case of Terroir Products in Souss‬‬
‫‪Massa Draa Region (Morocco‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻊ ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﲑﻭﺍﺭ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺱ ﻣﺎﺳﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﺔ )ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻌﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻄﻠﻌﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳍﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻌﺒﻮﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻐﺮﰊ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺗﲑﻭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﰲ ﺭﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﲑﻭﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﱐ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻀﻢ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻈﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺧﻨﺸﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2017 / 4/19‬ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ‪ 2017 / 4 / 21‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺲ‪-‬‬
‫ﺧﻨﺸﻠﺔ‪ -‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2017 / 4/22‬ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ‪ ،2017/4/ 25‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ 65‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﰎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪194‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﰎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ 25‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ‪.%100‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﰎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ 30‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ‪ %83‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 25‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﰎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﲝﺚ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ 3‬ﳏﺎﻭﺭ‪:‬ﻳﻌﱪ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ‪ :‬ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻳﻀﻢ ‪ 4‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﰲ ﲢﻔﻴﺰ ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﻳﻀﻢ ‪ 4‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺖ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ،-1-‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ -2-‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪، SPSS‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‪ :‬ﰎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻭﲤﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (1‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪ %52‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺑﲔ ‪ 30-20‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺏ‪ ،%56‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﳝﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻏﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﻫﻢ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻛﱪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﺝ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ ‪ ،%40‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ %64‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ‪ %60‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﺍﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ‪ 30-20‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺏ‪ ،%88‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻛﱪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ %100‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ )ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﺑﻄﺎﻟﲔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ‪ %44‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺰﺯ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫‪‬ﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (2‬ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ‪ %80‬ﻭ‪ ،%92‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﲡﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻷﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﳒﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪195‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻻﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﻮﺡ ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﻮﻝ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﺏ ‪ %20‬ﻭ‪.%8‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﱭ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 3‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ -1-‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %35‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺼﺐ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،%25‬ﺗﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫‪ ،%05 ،%10 ،%10 ،%15‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻖ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ -2-‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ %30 ،% 34‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻄﺎﻟﲔ )ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﻢ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،% 60‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ( ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.%4 ،%4 ،%8 ،%8 :‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (4‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﺸﺮﻋﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ‪ %44‬ﻭ‪ %32‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺃﻭﻻ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺗﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺑﺄﻥ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺿﺒﻄﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ)ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﺑﺘﺪﺃﺕ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ %28 :‬ﻭ‪ ،%44‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ‪ 3‬ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﺟﺎﺑﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲤﻮﻳﻼ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻪ ﺇﻣﺎ‪ :‬ﳝﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻪ ﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (5‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ -1-‬ﺗﺮﻯ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ‪ ،% 36‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺏ‪ ،% 32‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺣﻘﻖ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،%20‬ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﰲ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﺟﻬﻬﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ ‪ 5‬ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﲢﻮﻝ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺏ‪ ،% 28‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺻﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﻖ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﳒﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪196‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (6‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻥ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺘﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 16‬ﻭ‪ 22‬ﺷﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 5‬ﻭ‪ 2‬ﺷﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﺪﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﲟﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺭﺟﺤﻮﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ‪ 4‬ﻭ‪ 1‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (7‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﻭﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪%52‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﳘﺖ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﰐ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍﰐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ‪ % 36‬ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﰲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍ‪‬ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳍﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺎﱂ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﻳﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍ‪‬ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﺴﺐ ﳐﻔﻀﺔ ‪%8‬ﻭ‪ % 4‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،%64‬ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻘﻮﻥ ﻭﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍ‪‬ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻋﻄﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍ ﺍﻛﱪ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (8‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ -1-‬ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺖ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،% 52‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺭﺟﺤﻮﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻭﺍ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ )ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ( ﺣﻮﻝ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺍﻭ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﳒﺎﺡ ﺭﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺆﻫﻞ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻘﻖ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﻻ ﺃﻭﺍﻓﻖ ‪ ،% 36‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﻭﺍ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (9‬ﰲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻨﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 1‬ﺃﻥ ‪ 14‬ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 8‬ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 3‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻓﻴﺒﲔ ﺇﻥ ‪ 8‬ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺇ‪‬ﻢ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 12‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃ‪‬ﻢ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 5‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻋﱪﻭﺍ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪197‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﲞﻨﺸﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪ ( 7‬ﻭ)‪ ،(8‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ ،(9‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﳚﺎﰊ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻭﲢﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ "ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﲞﻨﺸﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ" ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺎﺙ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻌﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﶈﻔﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻒ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ )ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺻﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻭﳒﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﻳﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺦ‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻮﻧﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﻘﺪ ﺷﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﳒﺎﺡ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺏ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﰲ‬
‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻌﻬﻢ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪- -‬ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺗﻌﲎ ﺑﺮﺑﻂ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪198‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﺆﻫﻠﲔ ﻭﻣﺪﺭﺑﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ )ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﳌﺴﻨﺎﻩ ﲟﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺧﻨﺸﻠﺔ (‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ‬
‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺃﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺷﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺪ ﺍﻛﱪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :1‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ‪-2-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ‪-1-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
‫‪40%‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪52%‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺜﻰ‬
‫‪60%‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪48%‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‬
‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫‪12%‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 20‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫‪88%‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪%56‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫ﺑﲔ‪ 30-20‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪%40‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ‪ 40-30‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪%4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 40‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪%28‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪%20‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪%40‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪%12‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪%64‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪199‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫‪40%‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪%8‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﺓ‬
‫‪60%‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪%28‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻝ‬
‫‪%20‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(2‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪-2 -1-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﰊ‬

‫‪92%‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪%80‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻢ‬

‫‪8%‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪20%‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻻ‬

‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(3‬ﺍﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒ ﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪-2-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪-1-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﺑﻚ ﻧﻌﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ؟‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪200‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫‪%35‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪%34‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫‪%15‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪%4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫‪%10‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪%1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﲢﺴﲔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬
‫‪%25‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪%30‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺼﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫‪%5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪%8‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫‪%10‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪%8‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(4‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﻭﺜﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ -1-‬ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﻭﺜﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪-2-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺍﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﺠﺄ ﻟﺩﻋﻡ ﻭﺘﻤﻭﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﻙ ﺃﻭﻻ؟‬

‫‪44%‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪%28‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪ANSEJ‬‬

‫‪12%‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪%4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ANGEM‬‬

‫‪4%‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪%20‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪ANDI‬‬

‫‪32%‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪%44‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﻭﻤﺸﺎﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬

‫‪8%‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪%4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬

‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪201‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (5‬ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﻭﺜﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﻭﺜﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪-2 -1-‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻙ ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻙ ﺍﻥ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ؟‬

‫‪8%‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪20%‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬

‫‪32%‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪%16‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺸﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫‪12%‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪%8‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺃﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ‬

‫‪16%‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪%36‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺃﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻭﻴل‬

‫‪28%‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪%16‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫‪4%‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪%4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬

‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪%100‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (6‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﻢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪202‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 1‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (7‬ﺍﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﰲ ﲤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﻭﺜﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ -1-‬ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﻭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻡ ‪-2-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺘﻲ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺒﻲ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪%52‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺍﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺒﺸﺩﺓ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪%36‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺍﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬

‫‪64%‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪%8‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬

‫‪36%‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪%4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺒﺸﺩﺓ‬

‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(8‬ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﻭﺜﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪ -1-‬ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﻭﺜﺔ ﺭﻗﻡ ‪-2-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﺘﻌﻠﻤﺕ ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﻜل ﻤﺎﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺒﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬

‫‪56%‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪12%‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺒﺸﺩﺓ‬

‫‪40%‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪36%‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺃﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪203‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫‪4%‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪52%‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬

‫‪100%‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪%100‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(9‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 1‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﻮﺛﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪2‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪Bellihi Hassan, Bazi Mohamed, Role of SMEs in the Economic and Social Development: Case of Terroir‬‬
‫‪Products in Souss Massa Draa Region (Morocco), Advances in Economics and Business 3(8): 340-347, 2015,‬‬
‫‪p1‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺯﻏﻴﺐ ﻣﻠﻴﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﺽ ﺍﻻﳚﺎﺭ ﰲ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪،2005 ،05‬‬
‫ﺹ‪.173:‬‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻮﻗﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪2‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ ‪ 12‬ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪1438‬ﻋﺎﻡ ﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻝ‪ ،2017/02/11‬ﺍﳌﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.05‬‬
‫)‪( 4‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻴﺪ ﻏﻮﰲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻴﺎﺱ ﻏﻘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﻛﺂﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮﺓ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺧﻴﻀﺮ‪ -‬ﺑﺴﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،-‬ﺹ ‪.35‬‬
‫)‪(5‬‬
‫‪Sustainable Enterprise Programme Entrepreneurship and SME Management Training ,The ILO and‬‬
‫‪Sustainable Enterprises, November 2014 , p1 www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/.../wcms_175474‬‬
‫)‪(6‬‬
‫ﺯﺭﺍﻳﺮﻱ ﺑﻠﻘﺎﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪،2007 ،07‬‬
‫ﺹ‪.169‬‬
‫)‪ (7‬ﻣﲏ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺩﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪« :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩ« ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ – ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩ‪26 ،-‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪ ،2016‬ﺹ ‪.4‬‬
‫)‪(8‬‬
‫‪Bellihi Hassan, Bazi Mohamed, Role of SMEs in the Economic and Social Development: Case of Terroir‬‬
‫‪Products in Souss Massa Draa Region (Morocco), Advances in Economics and Business 3(8): 340-347,‬‬
‫‪2015, p1.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫‪204‬‬ ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪-‬‬
‫)‪(9‬‬
‫‪Davidsson, Per & Delmar, Frederic High-growth firms : characteristics, job contribution and method‬‬
‫‪observations, In RENT XI Conference, 27 - 28 November 1997, Mannheim, Germany.‬‬
‫)‪ (10‬ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻃﻒ ﳏﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ ‪" :‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪ 24-23‬ﻓﻴﻔﺮﻱ ‪ 2011‬ﻏﺮﺩﺍﻳﺔ – ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.09‬‬
‫)‪(11‬‬
‫‪Matthew Gamser, Opportunities and challenges for SMEs in 2016 A financing perspective, BIAC, B20‬‬
‫‪China, World SME Forum, SME Finance Forum (2016) Financing Growth , SMEs in Global Value Chains‬‬
‫‪2016 Edition, p 37.‬‬
‫)‪ (12‬ﺯﻭﻳﺘﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪ ،2007-2006‬ﺹ‪.36‬‬
‫)‪(13‬‬
‫‪Mark Breij , Amit Bouri , Report on Support to SMEs in Developing Countries Through Financial‬‬
‫‪Intermediaries , November 2011, Dalberg P09‬‬
‫)‪ (14‬ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺿﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺼﻐﺮ‬
‫‪- ANGEM‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﻜﺮﺓ ‪ ،-‬ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﺣﻮﻝ‪:‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪18‬ﻭ ‪ 19‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪،2012‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺹ ﺹ‪.05 ،04 :‬‬
‫)‪ (15‬ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻃﻒ ﳏﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ‪" :‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪ 24-23‬ﻓﻴﻔﺮﻱ ‪ 2011‬ﻏﺮﺩﺍﻳﺔ – ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺹ‪.09‬‬
‫)‪(16‬‬
‫‪Jean Rédis,Jean-Michel Sahut, working paper ; Entrepreneuriat répété, capital organisationnel et accès au‬‬
‫‪financement ,par capital-risque ,2014, P:15,pag business school ,http://www.ipag.fr/fr/accueil/la-‬‬
‫‪recherche/publications-WP14/05/2016 htm14 :30‬‬
‫)‪(17‬‬
‫‪Op cit.‬‬
‫)‪(18‬‬
‫‪Joseph G ,Hadzima jr,seven characteristics of highly effective entrepreneurial employees,Boston Business‬‬
‫‪Journal ;1994-2005,p:1.‬‬
‫)‪ (19‬ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﺳﻲ ﻻﺷﲔ‪ ،‬ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻄﻴﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪ ،03‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ،2004‬ﺹ ﺹ‪.120 ،119 :‬‬
‫)‪(20‬‬
‫‪Micheline Goedhuys Æ Leo Sleuwaegen, High-growth entrepreneurial firms in Africa: a quantile‬‬
‫‪regression approach, Small Bus Econ (2010) 34:31–51(springer) , p 35.‬‬
‫)‪ (21‬ﻗﺎﺷﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻛﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪ ،2013-2005‬ﳎﻠﺔ "ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ" ﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻴﺪﺓ ‪ – 2‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪،22‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ،2015‬ﺹ ‪20‬‬
‫)‪ (22‬ﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‪" ،‬ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ"‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﺢ"‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﻔﻴﻆ ﺑﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻣﻴﻠﺔ‪ 19 ،‬ﻭ‪ 20‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪.2015‬ﺹ ﺹ‪304 ،303 :‬‬
‫)‪ (23‬ﺍﳊﺪﻱ ﳒﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﺮﻫﺎﻥ ﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﻠﻔﺔ –ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،-‬ﺹ ‪.105‬‬
‫)‪ (24‬ﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ‪" ،‬ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ"‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬ﺹ ﺹ‪.304 -303 ،‬‬
‫)‪ (25‬ﻗﺎﺷﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻛﻤﺤﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪ ،2013-2005‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (26‬ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﺗﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫‪8/7/6‬ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ،2010‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺧﻴﻀﺮ ﺑﺴﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.5‬‬
‫)‪ (27‬ﻣﻨﲑﺓ ﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪:‬ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗیﺠیﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈیﻢ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐیﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ 19-18‬ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ،2012‬ﺹ ‪.02‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
205 ‫ﳎﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
-‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻻﰐ ﰲ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ –ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬

(28)
BERREZIGA AMINA, MEZIANE AMINA, LA CULTURE ENTREPRENEURIALE CHEZ LES
ENTREPRENEURS ALGERIENS, Colloque National sur : les Stratégies d’Organisation et
d’Accompagnement des PME en Algérie, UNIVERSITE KASDI MERBAH OUARGLA , 18-19/04/2012, p02.
(29)
Peter Smith, STARTING MY OWN SMALL BUSINESS (A training module on entrepreneurship for
students of technical and vocational education and training at secondary level), UNESCO, Paris, March 2006,
P4
(30)
Op cite
(31)
Sustainable Enterprise Programme Entrepreneurship and SME Management Training ,The ILO and
Sustainable Enterprises, November 2014 , p1, www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/.../wcms_175474

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬