EXPERIMENT NO: 1

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: ACID BASE TITRATION

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 28 OCTOBER 2020
STUDENT’S NAME: NURUL NAJWA AZRIN BINTI AZMI
MATRIC NUMBER: 17103606/2
GROUP / OCCURRENCE: GROUP G
COURSE CODE/TITLE: SIC1004 / PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
LECTURER NAME: DR NORAINI BIN AHMAD
Objective of experiment
1. To determine pH curve for titration of strong acid-strong base and weak acid-strong base.
Results & Discussion
Observation
Weight of Na2CO3 = (1.3024 ± 0.0001) g
Volume of Na2CO3 = 250 mL
No of moles of Na2CO3 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
= 1.3024
2(22.99)+12.01+3(15.99)
= 0.01229143 mol
= (0.01229143 ± 0.0000009) mol
Concentration of Na2CO3 = mole x 1000
Volume
= 0.01229143
0.250 L
= 0.049165722 mol/L
 Table 1: Burette reading in the standardization of HCl Solution.

Initial reading (mL) Final reading (mL) Volume used (mL)

10.00 33.20 23.20
10.00 33.25 23.25
10.00 33.20 23.20

Observation : When the methyl orange was added into the sodium carbonate solution, it became
yellow. After some point when the solution was titrated with hydrochloric acid, it became pale
orange. This indicated the end point of the titration which the solution became neutral.
Average volume of HCl used, 𝑉̅ = 23.20 + 23.25 + 23.20
3
= 23.22 mL
Uncertainty, σ = √ ∑(𝑉𝑖− 𝑉̅)2
𝑁−1
= √ (23.20−23.22)2 +(23.25−23.22)2 + (23.20-23.22)2
3–1
= 0.0292
2𝜎 / √4 = 2(0.0292) / √4
= 0.0292 ≈ 0.02
𝑉̅ = (23.22 ± 0.02) mL
Average volume used of HCl is (23.22 ± 0.02) mL.
2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
𝑀𝑎𝑉𝑎 =a
𝑀𝑏𝑉𝑏 b
𝑀𝑎(23.22) = 2
(0.0492)(25) 1
Ma = MHCl = 0.1059 M
Uncertainty oh HCl = 0.02 x 0.1059 M
23.22
= 0.0009 M
Concentration of HCl = (0.1059 ± 0.0009) M
 Table 2: Burette reading in the standardization of NaOH solution (methyl orange indicator).

Initial reading (mL) Final reading (mL) Volume used (mL)

10.00 20.40 10.40
10.00 20.45 10.45
20.00 30.45 10.45

Observation : When the methyl orange was added into the hydrochloric acid, It became reddish.
After some point when the solution was titrated with sodium hydroxide, it became pale
orange. This indicated the end point of the titration which the solution became neutral.
Average volume of NaOH used, 𝑉̅ = 10.40 + 10.45 + 10.45
3
= 10.43 mL
Uncertainty, σ = √ ∑(𝑉𝑖− 𝑉̅)2
𝑁−1
= √ (10.40−10.43)2 +(10.45−10.43)2 + (10.45-10.43)2
3–1
= 0.0292
2𝜎 / √4 = 2(0.0292) / √4
= 0.0292 ≈ 0.02
𝑉̅ = (10.43 ± 0.02) mL
Average volume used of NaOH is (10.43 ± 0.02) mL.
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

𝑀𝑎𝑉𝑎 =a
𝑀𝑏𝑉𝑏 b
𝑀𝑎(10.43) = 1
(0.1059)(10) 1
Ma = MNaOH = 0.1015 M
Uncertainty of NaOH = 0.02 x 0. 1015 M
10.43
= 0.0001 M
Concentration of NaOH = (0.1015 ± 0.0001) M
 Table 3: Burette reading in the standardization of NaOH solution (phenolphthalein
indicator).

Initial reading (mL) Final reading (mL) Volume used (mL)

10.00 20.30 10.30
10.00 20.30 10.30
10.00 20.25 10.25

Observation : When the phenophtalein indicator was added into the hydrochloric acid, there
was no colour changes. After some point when the solution was titrated with sodium
hydroxide, it became pale pink. This indicated the end point of the titration which the
solution became neutral.
Average volume of NaOH used, 𝑉̅ = 10.30 + 10.30 + 10.25
3
= 10.28 mL
Uncertainty, σ = √ ∑(𝑉𝑖− 𝑉̅)2
𝑁−1
= √ (10.30 −10.28)2 +(10.30 −10.28)2 + (10.25-10.28)2
3–1
= 0.0292
2𝜎 / √4 = 2(0.0292) / √4
= 0.0292 ≈ 0.02
𝑉̅ = (10.28 ± 0.02) mL
Average volume used of NaOH is (10.28 ± 0.02) mL.
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
𝑀𝑎𝑉𝑎 =a
𝑀𝑏𝑉𝑏 b
𝑀𝑎(10.28) = 1
(0.1059)(10) 1
Ma = MNaOH = 0.1030 M
Uncertainty of NaOH = 0.02 x 0.1030 M
10.28
= 0.0002 M
Concentration of NaOH = (0.1030 ± 0.0002) M
 Table 4: Burette reading in the standardization of acetic acid (phenolphthalein indicator).

Initial reading (mL) Final reading (mL) Volume used (mL)

10.00 20.15 10.15
10.00 20.15 10.15
20.00 30.20 10.20

Observation : When the phenophtalein indicator was added into the acetic acid, there was
no colour changes. After some point when the solution was titrated with sodium hydroxide,
it became pale pink. This indicated the end point of the titration which the solution became
neutral.
Average volume of NaOH used, 𝑉̅ = 10.15 + 10.15 + 10.20
3
= 10.17 mL
Uncertainty, σ = √ ∑(𝑉𝑖− 𝑉̅)2
𝑁−1
= √ (10.15−10.17)2 +(10.15−10.17)2 + (10.20-10.17)2
3–1
= 0.0292
2𝜎 / √4 = 2(0.0292) / √4
= 0.0292 ≈ 0.02
𝑉̅ = (10.17 ± 0.02) mL
Average volume used of NaOH is (10.17 ± 0.02) mL.
Average concentration of NaOH = 0.1015 + 0.1030

2
= 0.1023 M

CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) → CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l)

𝑀𝑎𝑉𝑎 =a
𝑀𝑏𝑉𝑏 b
𝑀𝑎(10.00) = 1
(0.1023)(10.17) 1
Ma = MCH3COOH = 0.1040 M

Uncertainty of CH3COOH = 0.02 x 0.1040 M

10.17
= 0.0002 M

Concentration of CH3COOH = (0.9439 ± 0.0002) M

 Table 5: Burette reading in the standardization of acetic acid (bromothymol blue
indicator).

Initial reading (mL) Final reading (mL) Volume used (mL)

10.00 20.20 10.20
10.00 20.25 10.25
10.00 20.25 10.25
Observation : When the bromothymol blue was added into the acetic acid, It became
Pale yellow. After some point when the solution was titrated with sodium hydroxide, it became
light green. This indicated the end point of the titration which the solution became neutral.
Average volume of NaOH used, 𝑉̅ = 10.20 + 10.25 + 10.25
3
= 10.23 mL
Uncertainty, σ = √ ∑(𝑉𝑖− 𝑉̅)2
𝑁−1
= √ (10.20−10.23)2 +(10.25−10.23)2 + (10.25-10.23)2
3–1
= 0.0292
2𝜎 / √4 = 2(0.0292) / √4
= 0.0292 ≈ 0.02
𝑉̅ = (10.23 ± 0.02) mL
Average volume used of NaOH is (10.23 ± 0.02) mL.
Average concentration of NaOH = 0.1015 + 0.1030

2
= 0.1023 M

NaOH (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l)

𝑀𝑎𝑉𝑎 =a
𝑀𝑏𝑉𝑏 b
𝑀𝑎(10) = 1
(0.1023)(10.23) 1

Ma = MCH3COOH = 0.1047 M
Uncertainty of CH3COOH = 0.02 x 0. 1047 M
10.23
= 0.0002 M
Concentration of HCl = (0.1047 ± 0.0002)
Table 6: Burette reading in the determination of pH curve for strong acid –strong base
titration.

Burette reading of Burette reading of Volume of NaOH

pH of solution
standard NaOH(mL) diluted NaOH (mL) solution used (mL)
1.60 10.00 (initial) 10.00 0.00
2.24 17.15 10.00 7.15
3.13 17.45 10.00(initial) 7.45
4.01 17.95 10.45 7.50
5.43 18.17 10.65 7.52
6.27 18.23 10.70 7.53
7.01 18.39 10.85 7.54
8.48 18.55 11.00 7.55
9.18 18.77 11.20 7.57
10.03 19.04 11.45 7.59
11.04 17.65 10.00 7.65
11.85 20.50 10.00 10.50
12.00 20.65 10.00 10.65

pH of solution versus volume of NaOH solution used

14

12

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

10
Table 7: Burette reading in the determination of pH curve for weak acid –strong base
titration.

pH of solution Burette reading of Burette reading of Volume of NaOH

standard NaOH(ml) diluted NaOH (ml) solution used (ml)
2.92 10.50 (initial) 10.50 0.00
3.01 10.95 10.50 0.45
4.01 13.30 10.50 2.80
5.00 17.35 10.50 6.85
5.51 18.25 10.50 7.75
6.00 18.40 10.00(initial) 7.90
7.00 18.56 10.60 7.96
8.63 18.78 10.80 7.98
9.30 19.00 11.00 8.00
10.35 19.99 11.90 8.09
11.24 19.05 10.50 8.55
11.74 20.35 10.50 9.85
12.02 21.90 10.50 11.40
13.01 24.90 10.50 14.40

pH of solution versus volume of NaOH solution used

14

12

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

11
Discussion about the outcome of the experiment and relate with theory
a)Standardization of hydrochloric acid
Colourless solution of sodium carbonate became yellow when 2 drops of methyl orange
added which indicated that the solution was alkaline. When the solution was titrated with
hydrochloric acid and the end point reached, the solution turned to pale orange. This colour
indicated that the solution became neutral. The volume of hydrochloric acid used to
neutralize sodium carbonate solution is (23.22 ± 0.02) mL.
b)Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution
When 2 drops of methyl orange was added to the hydrochloric acid, the solution became
reddish in colour indicated that the solution was acidic. After the solution was titrated and
reached its end point, the solution turned to pale orange. This indicated that the solution
became neutral. The volume of sodium hydroxide solution used to neutralize hydrochloric
acid is (10.43 ± 0.02) mL.
When 2 drops of phenophtalein was added to the hydrochloric acid, there was no changes
in colour. After the solution was titrated and reached its end point, the solution turned to pale
pink. This indicated that the solution became neutral. The volume of sodium hydroxide
solution used to neutralize hydrochloric acid is (10.28 ± 0.02) mL.
c) Standardization of acetic acid
When 2 drops of phenophtalein was added to the acetic acid, there was no changes in
colour. After the solution was titrated and reached its end point, the solution turned to pale
pink. This indicated that the solution became neutral. The volume of sodium hydroxide
solution used to neutralize acetic acid is (10.17 ± 0.02) mL.
However, when 2 drops of bromothymol blue was added to the acetic acid,it became yellow
and turned into light green colour after titrated with sodium hydroxide solution. This light
green colour indicated that the end point was reached and the solution was neutral. The
overshoot of the sodium hydroxide will turn the solution into blue colour and this indicated
that the solution became alkaline. The volume of sodium hydroxide solution used to
neutralize acetic acid is (10.23 ± 0.02) mL.
d) pH curve for strong acid-strong base titration
A titration curve is a graph of pH of solution versus the volume of sodium hydroxide used.
When the titrant is a strong base, the pH will gradually increase until just before the
equivalence point is reached. At the equivalence point, the pH will increase drastically and
then gradually increased again as addition of titrant continues.This results in a graph with “S”
shape. A similar curve is observed when the titrant is a strong acid being added to an
unknown solution of base; the major difference being that the pH decreases as the titrant is
added.
e) pH curve for weak acid-strong base titration
A titration curve is a graph of pH of solution versus the volume of sodium hydroxide used.
When the titrant is a strong base, the pH will gradually increase until just before the
equivalence point is reached. At the equivalence point, the pH will increase drastically and
then gradually increased again as addition of titrant continues.This results in a graph with “S”
shape. A similar curve is observed when the titrant is a weak acid being added to an
unknown solution of base; the major difference being that the pH decreases as the titrant is
added.

12
Source of errors
1. The burette may be not properly clamped. This will make the solution level incorrect and
leading to incorrect reading.
2. Parallax error may cause the misreading of data because the position of eyes does not
perpendicular to the apparatus’ reading.
3. Non-calibrated pH meter error may cause the change in the pH value due to the technical
problem at the pH meter.
4. Misjudging the colour of solution also lead into incorrect burette reading. Some student
cannot differ between pink and orange colour.
5. Using the unclean apparatus may lead into change in reading due to the remaining
substances in the apparatus.
Precaution steps/ suggestion to improve the experiment
1. Dry and clean apparatus was used to avoid the change in the concentration of the
susbstance.
2. The burette was rinsed several times with distilled water to remove any remaining
substances or avoid contamination.
3. Titrate drop by drop to avoid overshoot of the pH. A drop of the titrant can make a bigger
changes in the pH value.
4. Be careful when using the substance although it is diluted solution because some
substances may be corrosive and dangerous to our skin.
5. The apparatus must be checked whether it is broken or not to avoid systematic error.
6. If air bubble is present in the burette or pipette, it will affect the reading. So, the air bubble
must be removed.

13
QUESTIONS
1.Calculate the theoretical pH of the solution at the following instances when 0.00, 5.00,
9.00, 9.50, 9.80, 9.92, 10.00, 10.02, 10.20 and 15.00 mL of standard sodium hydroxide
solution are added to 10 mL hydrochloric acid. Plot the pH curve obtained by theoretical
calculations together with the pH curve obtained in Part 3.2 of this experiment. Compare the
two pH curves and give your comments on the differences that are observed.
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Concentration of HCl ≈ 1.00 mol dm-3
Concentration of NaOH ≈ 1.00 mol dm-3
Given volume of HCl = 10 ml / 1000 = 0.001 L
Since the manipulated variable is the volume of NaOH, so let x L be the volume of NaOH.
Let x= 0.00 L
H+ + OH- -> H2O
1.0 M 0M 0
pH = - log [H+]
= - log (1.0) =0

Let x = 0.005 L
Mol of H+ = 1.0 x 0.01 = 0.01 mol
Mol of OH-= 1.0 x 0.005 = 0.005 mol
H+ + OH- -> H2O
0.01 M 0.005 M 0
(-) 0.005 M 0.005 M
0.005 M 0M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log (0.005 / 0.01+0.005) = - log (0.3333)
= 0.48

Let x= 0.009 L
Mol of H+ = 1.0 x 0.01 = 0.01 mol
Mol of OH-= 1.0 x 0.009 = 0.009 mol
H+ + OH- -> H2O
0.01 M 0.009 M 0
(-) 0.009 M 0.009 M

14
 0.001 M 0M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log (0.001 / 0.01+0.009) = - log (0.0526)
= 1.28

Let x = 0.0095 L
Mol of H+ = 1.0 x 0.01 = 0.01 mol
Mol of OH-= 1.0 x 0.0095 = 0.0095 mol
H+ + OH- -> H2O
0.01 M 0.0095 M 0
(-) 0.0095 M 0.0095 M
0.0005 M 0M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log (0.0005 / 0.01+0.0095) = - log (0.02564)
= 1.59

Let x = 0.0098 L
Mol of H+ = 1.0 x 0.01 = 0.01 mol
Mol of OH-= 1.0 x 0.009 = 0.0098 mol
H+ + OH- -> H2O
0.01 M 0.0098 M 0
(-) 0.0098 M 0.0098 M
0.0002 M 0M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log (0.0002 / 0.01+0.0098) = - log (0.01010)
= 2.00

Let x =0.00992 L
Mol of H+ = 1.0 x 0.01 = 0.01 mol
Mol of OH-= 1.0 x 0.009 = 0.00992 mol
H+ + OH- -> H2O
0.01 M 0.00992 M 0

15
(-) 0.00992 M 0.00992 M
0.00008 M 0M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log (0.0008 / 0.01+0.00992) = - log (0.004)
= 2.40

Let x = 0.010 L
Mol of H+ = 1.0 x 0.01 = 0.01 mol
Mol of OH-= 1.0 x 0.01 = 0.01 mol
H+ + OH- -> H2O
0.01 M 0.01 M 0
(-) 0.01 M 0.01 M
0M 0M
pH =7

Let x= 0.01002 L
Mol of H+ = 1.0 x 0.01 = 0.01 mol
Mol of OH-= 1.0 x 0.01002 = 0.01002 mol
H+ + OH- -> H2O
0.01 M 0. 01002 M 0
(-) 0.01 M 0. 01 M
0M 0.00005 M
pOH = - log [OH-]
pH = 14 - pOH
= 14 –[- log (0.00005 / 0.01 + 0. 01002)]
= 11

Let x= 0.01020 L
Mol of H+ = 1.0 x 0.01 = 0.01 mol
Mol of OH-= 1.0 x 0.01020 = 0.01020 mol
H+ + OH- -> H2O

16
 0.01 M 0.01020 M 0
(-) 0.01 M 0.01 M
0M 0.0002 M
pOH = - log [OH-]
pH = 14 - pOH
= 14 –[- log (0.00002 / 0.01 + 0.01020)]
= 12

let x= 0.0150 L
Mol of H+ = 1.0 x 0.01 = 0.01 mol
Mol of OH-= 1.0 x 0.0150 = 0.0150 mol
H+ + OH- -> H2O
0.01 M 0.0150 M 0
(-) 0.01 M 0.01 M
0M 0.005 M
pOH = - log [OH-]
pH = 14 - pOH
= 14 –[- log (0.005 / 0.01 + 0.0150)]
= 13.3

Theoretical calculations

Volume of sodium Concentration of Concentration of

pH value of
hydroxide used, V hydrogen ions, hydroxide ions, [OH-]
the
(mL) [H+] (mol dm-3)
solution
(mol dm-3)
0.00 1.00 0.00
5.00 5 × 10-3 0.48
9.00 1 × 10-3 1.28
9.50 5 × 10-4 1.59
9.80 2 × 10-4 2.00
9.92 8 × 10-5 2.40
10.00 0.00 0.00 7.00
10.02 2 × 10-5 11.00
10.20 2 × 10-4 12.00
15.00 5 × 10-3 13.30

17
 Graph of pH Curve for Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration

14.00

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00
Experimental
4.00
Theorethical
2.00

0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.0012.00 14.00 16.00
volume of NaOH solution used/mL

2. Calculate the theoretical pH of the solution at the following instances when 0.00,
5.00, 9.00, 9.50, 9.80, 9.92, 10.00, 10.02, and 15.00 mL of standard sodium hydroxide
solution are added to 10mL acetic acid. Assume Ka (acetic acid) to be 1 x 10-5. Plot
the pH curve obtained theoretical calculations together with the pH curve obtained in
Part 3.3 of this experiment. Compared the two pH curves and give your comments on
the differences that are observed.

Concentration of CH3COOH ≈ 1.0 M

Concentration of NaOH ≈ 1.0 M
Let x = volume of NaOH added to CH3COOH solution.

Let x = 0.00 L
CH3COOH + H20 ⇋ H30+ + CH3COO-
1.0 M 0M 0M
-y +y +y
1.0 - y y y

Given Ka = 1 × 10-5

y = 3.16 × 10-3

y = [H3O+] = 3.16 × 10-3 M

pH = - log [H3O+] = - log [3.16 × 10-3]

pH= 2.50

18
Let x = 0.005 L

n CH3COOH = 1.0 M x 0.01 L = 0.01 mol

n OH- = 1.0 M x 0.005 L = 5 x 10-3 mol

CH3COOH + OH- ⇋ H20 + CH3COO-
0.01 mol 5 x 10-3 mol 0 mol
-5 x 10-3 mol -5 x 10-3 mol 5 x 10-3 mol
5 x 10-3 mol 0 +5 x 10-3 mol
[CH3COOH] = 5 x 10-3 mol 0.015 𝐿 [CH3COO-] = 5 x 10-3 mol
0.015 L

= 7.5 × 10-5 M = 7.5 × 10-5 M

pH = - log (1 × 10-5) + 7.5 × 10-5 M / 7.5 × 10-5 M
pH = 5

Let x = 0.009 L
n CH3COOH = 1.0 M x 0.01 L = 0.01 mol
n OH- = 1.0 M x 0.009 L = 9 x 10-3 mol
CH3COOH + OH- ⇋ H20 + CH3COO-
0.01 mol 9 x 10-3 mol 0 mol
-9 x 10-3 mol -9 x 10-3 mol +9 x 10-3 mol
1 x 10-3 mol 0 9 x 10-3 mol
[CH3COOH] = 1 x 10-3 mol 0.019 𝐿 [CH3COO-] = 9 x 10-3 mol 0.019 L
= 1.9 × 10-5 M = 1.71 × 10-4 M
pH = - log (1 × 10-5) + 1.71 × 10-4 M / 1.9 × 10-5 M
pH = 5.95

Let x = 0.0095 L
n CH3COOH = 1.0 M x 0.01 L = 0.01 mol
n OH- = 1.0 M x 0.0095 L = 9.5 x 10-3 mol
CH3COOH + OH- ⇋ H20 + CH3COO-
0.01 mol 9.5 x 10-3 mol 0 mol
-9.5 x 10-3 mol -9.5 x 10-3 mol +9.5 x 10-3 mol

19
 5 x 10-4 mol 0 9 x 10-3 mol
[CH3COOH] = 5 x 10-4 mol 0.0195 𝐿 [CH3COO-] = 9.5 x 10-3 mol 0.0195 𝐿
= 9.75 × 10-6 M = 1.9 × 10-4 M
pH = - log (1 × 10-5) + 1.9 × 10-4 M / 9.75 × 10-6 M
pH = 6.29

Let x = 0.0098 L
n CH3COOH = 1.0 M x 0.01 L = 0.01 mol
n OH- = 1.0 M x 0.0098 L = 9.8 x 10-3 mol
CH3COOH + OH- ⇋ H20 + CH3COO-
0.01 mol 9.8 x 10-3 mol 0 mol
-9.8 x 10-3 mol -9.8 x 10-3 mol +9.8 x 10-3 mol
2 x 10-4 mol 0 9.8 x 10-3 mol
[CH3COOH] = 2 x 10-4 mol 0.0198 𝐿 [CH3COO-] = 9.8 x 10-3 mol 0.0198 𝐿
= 3.96 × 10-6 M = 1.9 × 10-4 M
pH = - log (1 × 10-5) + 1.9 × 10-4 M / 3.96 × 10-6 M
pH = 6.68

Let x=0.00992 L
n CH3COOH = 1.0 M x 0.01 L = 0.01 mol
n OH- = 1.0 M x 0.00992 L = 9.92 x 10-3 mol
CH3COOH + OH- ⇋ H20 + CH3COO-
0.01 mol 9.92 x 10-3 mol 0 mol
-9.92 x 10-3 mol -9.92 x 10-3 mol +9.92 x 10-3 mol
8 x 10-5 mol 0 9.92 x 10-3 mol

[CH3COOH] = 8 x 10-5 mol 0.01992 𝐿 [CH3COO-] = 5 x 10-3 mol 0.01992 𝐿

= 1.6 × 10-6 M = 9.96 × 10-5 M
pH = - log (1 × 10-5) + 9.96 × 10-5M / 1.6 × 10-6 M
pH = 6.79

let x= 0.010 L
n CH3COOH = 1.0 M x 0.01 L = 0.01 mol

20
n OH- = 1.0 M x 0.010 L = 0.01 mol
CH3COOH + OH- ⇋ H20 + CH3COO-
0.01 mol 0.01 mol 0 mol
-0.01 mol -0.01 mol 0.01 mol
0 mol 0 mol 0.01 mol
[CH3COO-] = 0.01/0.02
= 0.5 M
CH3COO- + H20 ⇋ CH3COOH + OH-
0.5 mol 0 mol 0 mol
-y +y +y
0.5 - y
y = 7.07 × 10-5
y = [OH-] = 7.07 × 10-5 M
pOH = - log [OH-] = - log [7.07 × 10-5] pOH= 4.15
pH = 14- 4.15
pH = 9.85

let x = 0.01002 L
n CH3COOH = 1.0 M x 0.01 L = 0.01 mol
n OH- = 1.0 M x 0.01002 L = 0.01002 mol
Mol of OH- left is = 0.01002 – 0.01
= 2 x 10-5 mol
[OH-] = 2 x 10-5 mol/ 0.02002 L
= 9.99 x 10-4 M
pOH = - log (9.99 x 10-4)
=3
pH = 14 – 3 = 11

let x = 0.0102 L
n CH3COOH = 1.0 M x 0.01 L = 0.01 mol
n OH- = 1.0 M x 0.0102 L = 0.0102 mol
Mol of OH- left is = 0.0102 – 0.01

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 = 2 x 10-4 mol
[OH-] = 2 x 10-4 mol/ 0.0202 L
= 9.9 x 10-3 M
pOH = - log (9.9 x 10-3)
=2
pH = 14 – 2 = 12

let x = 0.0150 L
n CH3COOH = 1.0 M x 0.01 L = 0.01 mol
n OH- = 1.0 M x 0.015 L = 0.015 mol
Mol of OH- left is = 0.015 – 0.01
= 5 x 10-3 mol
[OH-] = 5 x 10-3 mol/ 0.025 L
= 0.2 M
pOH = - log (0.2)
= 0.7
pH = 14 – 0.7 = 13.3

Theoretical calculations

Volume of sodium
pH value of the
hydroxide used, V
solution
(mL)
0.00 2.50
5.00 5.00
9.00 5.95
9.50 6.29
9.80 6.68
9.92 6.79
10.00 9.85
10.02 11.00
10.20 12.00
15.00 13.30

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 Graph of pH Curve for Weak Acid-Strong Base Titration
14.00

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
volume of NaOH used

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3.The colour changes corresponding to the pH intervals for the three indicators are given in
the following table:-

Indicators Colour change pH Interval

Methyl orange Red to orange 3-5

Bromothymol Yellow to blue 6-8

blue

Phenolphthalein Colourless to pink 8 - 10

Study on the result achieved using the different metrics in Part 1.3 and Part 1.4. Confirm
each indicator's suitability by referring to the pH curves as calculated in this experiment.
The titration in part 1.3 is a strong acid-strong base titration. Any indicator like methyl orange
and phenolphthalein can be used as it changes colour in the pH range from about 3.0 to
10.0 where the pH range of the solution changes sharply. So that the end point can be
recorded and the result will be more accurate. The volume of sodium hydroxide solution
used in titration in part 3.1.3 by using methyl orange and phenolphthalein are almost the
same. This indicates that the end point has been found and using the correct indicator.
The titration in part 1.4 is a weak acid-strong base titration. As the pH range of the solution
where changes sharply is around 6.0 to 10.0, bromothymol blue and phenolphthalein can be
used because their pH interval is around 6.0 to 10.0. Methyl orange is not suitable because it
is not in the pH range and it may not detect the end point of the solution. The volume of
sodium hydroxide solution used in titration in part 1.4 by using methyl orange and
phenolphthalein are almost same. This indicates that the end point has been found and used
the correct indicator.

Conclusion
In this experiment, titration was used to acknowledge the concepts of stoichiometry and
equivalence point. Concentration of hydrochloric acid used is (0.1059 ± 0.0009) M. Average
concentration of sodium hydroxide solution used is 0.1023 M. The titration curve of strong
acid-strong base and weak acid-strong base is obtained in this experiment with the aid of pH
meter.

References

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_orange
2. http://syatillakmk.blogspot.com/2019/07/precautions-in-titration.html

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