APA Referencing Style 7th Edition

(Author-Date Method)
Applicable for:

This Guide shows you how to utilize in-text citations and

a List of References by using APA Referencing Style

Revised: 9th September 2020

This guidance has been revised from the 6th edition (15th October 2018).

Lee Fah Onn Library

Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Abbreviation……………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
Punctuation/ Symbol ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Formatting Elements……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
In-text Citation and Referencing style
Part One: Books (Print)
One author……………………………………………………………………………………………… 11
Organization as author…………………………………………………………………………… 12
Two Authors (Up to 20 authors)….…………………………………………………………… 13
21 or more authors….……………………………………………………………………………….. 15
No author……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
Second or later edition……………………………………………………………………………. 17
Translated and/or Revised………………………………………………………………………. 18
Same author, different years…………………………………………………………………… 19
Same author, same year………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Single editor…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Multiple editors………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
Malay Author………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
Chinese Author……………………………………………………………………………………….. 23
Chinese with English Name………………………………………………………………………. 24
Indian/ Singh Author……………………………………………………………………………….. 24
Chapter in an edited book………………………………………………………………………. 25
Edited book translated into English………………………………………………………… 26
Different authors, same surname, different years………………………………….. 27
Different authors, same surname, same year…………………………………………. 28
Citing a source within a source……………………………………………………………….. 29
Book in a series……………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
Citing multiple sources simultaneously in a sentence…………………………….. 31
Book in a foreign language……………………………………………………………………… 32
Sacred book…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
Encyclopedia, no author………………………………………………………………………….. 33
Encyclopedia, one or more authors, specific entry………………………………….. 35
Dictionary, one or more authors…………………………………………………………….. 36
Periodicals/ Serials (Print)
One author……………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
Two authors (up to 20 authors)………………………………………………………………. 38
21 or more authors……….……………………………………………………………………….. 39
No author……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40
Newspaper article…………………………………………………………………………………… 41
Newspaper article, no author………………………………………………………………... 42
 Newspaper article from a news service………………………………………………….. 43
Magazine/Journal article………………………………………………………………………… 44
Magazine/Journal article, no author………………………………………………………. 45
Annual report, print………………………………………………………………………………… 46
Part Two: Books (Electronic)
E-book…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 47
E-book, book in a series………………………………………………………………………….. 48
E-book accessed via an e-book reader …………………………………………………... 49
Chapter in an edited e-book……………………………………………………………………. 50
Encyclopedia, no author, specific entry………………………………………………….. 51
Dictionary no author, specific entry……………………………………………………….. 52
Dictionary, one or more authors…………………………………………………………….. 53
Periodicals/ Serials (Electronic)
One author……………………………………………………………………………………………… 54
Two authors (Up to 20 author…………………………………………………………………. 55
21 or more authors…………….………………………………………………………………….. 56
No author……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
Article from a database………………………………………………………………………….. 58
Article with DOI……………………………………………………………………………………….. 59
Citing a source within a source………………………………………………………………. 60
Newspaper article from a database……………………………………………………….. 61
Newspaper article………………………………………………………………………………….. 62
Newspaper Article, no author………………………………………………………………… 62
Article in an online newsletter………………………………………………………………… 63
Part Three: Website
One author……………………………………………………………………………………………… 64
Organization as author…………………………………………………………………………… 65
Report from an institution website………………………………………………………… 67
Part Four: Social Media
Blog post………………………………………………………………………………………………… 68
Wiki entry………………………………………………………………………………………………. 69
Update on social network (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, other) …………………….. 69
YouTube (or similar) video……………………………………………………………………… 70
Bulletin boards, Forums, Usenet, Email lists…………………………………………… 71
Part five: Theses/ dissertations
Thesis, print……………………………………………………………………………………………. 71
Thesis, online (Published)……………………………………………………………………….. 72
Thesis from a database…………………………………………………………………………… 73

Part Six: Data, Figures and Images

Figure, print…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 74
 Figure, online…………………………………………………………………………………………… 75
Table, print………………………………………………………………………………………………. 75
Table, online……………………………………………………………………………………………. 76
Map, print……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 76
Map, online……………………………………………………………………………………………… 77
Computer software, online……………………………………………………………………… 77
Computer software, no programmer, online…………………………………………… 77
Social Media ………….……………………………………………………………………………….. 78
Images, online………………………………………………………………………………………….. 78
Images from a database, known creator………………………………………………….. 79
Images from a database, unknown creator……………………………………………… 79

Appendix A: Quick guide to referencing articles……………………………………………………………….. 81

Appendix B: Quick guide to in-text citing…………………………………………………………………………… 82
Appendix C: Sample APA style reference list…………………………….………………………………………. 83
References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 84
Introduction

Academic writing requires authors to support their arguments with reference to other published work
or experimental results/findings. A reference system will perform three essential tasks:
• Enable you to acknowledge other authors’ ideas (avoid plagiarism).
• Enable a reader to quickly locate the source of the material you refer to so they can consult it if
they wish.
• Indicate to the reader the scope and depth of your research.

The APA style is a widely used referencing system to help you achieve these objectives.

How do I use the APA Referencing Style?

The APA style involves two tasks:
• How you refer to other authors in the body of your text (in-text citation).
• How you compile a list of reference sources at the end of your text (reference list).

Importance of citing and referencing

• Receiving credit for your own hard work and research

• To validate what you are writing, by referring to documented evidence
• To refer to other research that leads up to your study
• To enable readers to consult the original source independently

In-Text Citations
This section of the Guide explains how to write in-text citations. The basic principle is to give the
surname of the author or the corporate author and the year of publication in brackets (author date),
plus the page number if you quote or paraphrase, or if you summarize information on a specific page of
the sources.

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's
last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for Example, (Jones,
1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making
reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and
year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the
text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

1
How do I format in-text citations?

1. Give the author`s surname, or the corporate author, organization, artist, or editor if there is no author
(e.g peter)
2. Give the year of the source was produces (e.g 2017)
3. Give the page name if you Quote, Paraphrase or summarizing the words of the sources. But if you are
summarizing what author has argued in an entire book or article, you do not need to give page numbers.

What does it look like?

Here is an extract showing what in-text citations look like in the APA Style:

It has been claimed that due to funding being almost exclusively available from the Irish Film Board
(IFB), Irish film makers are restricted to the type of Ireland they can depict in their work (MacDougall,
2009). Jervir (2011) argues that subjects such as Northern Ireland are disproportionately represented as
these are key areas of interest to the IFB.

Short quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the
page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that
includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their
first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications
does this have for teachers?

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and
the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not
offer an explanation as to why.

Long quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and
omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in
the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and
indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin.

2
Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing
punctuation mark.

Jones's (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources.
This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual
or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a
reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the
paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your
text.

Changes to Direct Quotes

A minor changes on the direct quotes is acceptable as long as following the rules and don’t make any
changes to the meaning.

 If omit parts of the quotation in the middle, use an ellipsis (…)

 The student stated that “the computer lab…was useful.”

 If want to insert your own words or different words into quotation use square bracket ([])

 “The computer lab [in the science building] was well designed.”

 If want to draw attention to an error in a quotation, for Example if there is a spelling mistake or
wrong date, do not correct; use [sic].

 “The first president of the United States was Jorge [sic] Washington.”

 If you want to emphasize something in a quotation which is particularly relevant to your point,
put the emphasized word in italics, and state that the emphasis is your own.

 “The writing tools in Moodle were very [emphasis added] helpful.

3
Reference List

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay, label this page
"References" centered at the top of the page (do NOT bold, underline, or use quotation marks for the
title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

Basic Rules

 All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be align for each of
paragraph.
 Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a
particular work for up to and including three authors. If the work has more than three authors,
list the first authors and then use ellipses after the first author's name. After the ellipses, list et
al at the back.
 Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
 For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in
chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
 Present the journal title in full.
 Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
 Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
 When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter for each
of the title, subtitle and word after colon
 Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
 Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal
articles or essays in edited collections.

4
Abbreviation

Abbreviation Definition

dir. director

For director of live or recorded performances.

For Example: The performance by Max Gillies was energetic (Bell dir. 2011).
Ed. or Eds editor or editors

ed. Edition

This is used only for a second or later edition of a source, not for a first edition.
Editions contain major revisions, but reprints do not, so do not include a reprint
number.

et al. This means 'and others'

This is used in in-text citations (including the first in-text citation) when there are
four or more authors. However, all authors are listed in full in the reference list.
NOTE: stop only after 'al.', not after 'et'.
For Example: Czinkota et al. (2008) address theoretical issues in the Asia Pacific
market.
n.d no date

This is uncommon, particularly for academic sources.

For Example: Complex structures and themes interweave through the concerto
(van Beethoven n.d.).
p. or pp. single page (p.) or multiple pages (pp.).

rev. revised

NOTE: 1. In the reference list the initial is before the surname (reverse the usual
order). 2. rev. follows trans. (see below).

For Example: González Sánchez, C. A. (2011). New world literacy: writing and
culture across the Atlantic 1500-1700, trans. T Platt, rev. B
Aram. Bucknell University Press.
trans. translated

NOTE: In the reference list the initial is before the surname (reverse the usual
order).

For Example: González Sánchez, C. A. (2011). New world literacy: writing and
culture across the Atlantic. 1500-1700, trans. T Platt, rev. B
Aram. Bucknell University Press.

5
 Date When you are using the date format, for example "1st month, 2nd month, 3rd
month, 4th month. etc."("st", "nd", "rd", “th”). Use uppercase.

Symbol/Punctuation

Comma(,) Use a comma to separate a city name from the state.

Example: West Lafayette, Indiana

Capitalization capitalize the first word after the colon in a title

After Colons
Example:

Braucher, D. (1998). Darth vader vs. superman: Aggression and intimacy in two
preadolescent boys' groups. Journal of Child & Adolescent Group
Therapy, 8(3), 115–134. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022936202071

Colon (:) to join 2 independent clauses

Example: Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town: Parts of
Main, Fifth, and West Street.

Italics Italicize the titles of magazines, books, newspapers, academic journals, films,
television shows, long poems, plays of three or more acts, operas, musical
albums, works of art, websites, and individual trains, planes, or ships.

Example:

Kotler, P., and Armstrong, G. (2014). Principles of Marketing (15th ed.).

Pearson Education.
Period (.) End of each declarative sentence

Highlighted periods show how punctuation comes after the author names, date
(which goes inside parentheses), title, and source.

Example:

Kotler, P., and Armstrong, G. (2014). Principles of Marketing (15th ed.).

Pearson Education.
Square Bracket [] Use to identify sources of material

Example:

Monet, C. (1890). Haystacks: Midday [Painting].

http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/DetailLRG.cfm?IRN=29073 &View=LRG

6
Formatting Elements
Source type Referencing format
Book Format Author, Initials. (Copyright Year). Title of book: Subtitle (Edition)
(only include this if not the first edition). Publisher. DOI or URL
Example American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). American
Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-
000

eBook Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle (Edition) (only include
this if not the first edition). DOI or URL
Example Wheeler, J.C. (2007). Cosmic catastrophes: exploding stars, black
holes, and mapping the universe (2nd ed.)
http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy.lib.intisubang.edu.au/Open.
aspx?id= 75048&loc=&srch=undefined&src =0
Encyclopedia, Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle. In Encyclopedia Title.
print (Vol., Page number). Publisher.
Example Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The New Encyclopedia
Britannica. (Vol. 26, pp.501-508). Encyclopedia Britannica.
Encyclopedia, Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of entry. In Encyclopedia Title. URL
online Example McQuillan, M. (2008). Picasso. In Oxford Art Online.
http://www.oxfordartonline.com
Dictionary print Format Author, Initials. (Year). Dictionary title (Edition) (only include this if
not the first edition). Publisher.
Example Isotherm, H. (1993). Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th
ed.). Merriam-Webster.
Dictionary Online Format Title of dictionary. (Year). URL
Example Oxford English dictionary online. (2011).
http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.lib.mintilibrary.edu.au/view/En
try/10663
Newspaper Format Author, Initials. (Year, Month and Day). Title of article. Title of
article, print Newspaper. Page numbers and column of the article.
Example Slapper, G. (2011, June 3). Corporate manslaughter: new issues for
lawyers. The Times. p.4b.
Newspaper Format Reporter, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of
article, online newspaper. Additional date information. URL

Example Coney, J. (2009, January 13). Is this the start of a new home loan
war? Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-
1168461/Is-start-new-home-loan-war-HSBC-vows-lend-
1billion-homebuyers-10-deposits
Journal/Magazine Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle. Title of
article, print Journal/Magazine. Vol. (issues), Page number.
Example Kolbert, E. (2017). The acid sea. Journal of Geographic, 53(7), 219.
Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle. Title of

7
Journal/Magazine Journal/Magazine. Vol. (issues), Page number. DOI or URL
Article, online Example Kipper, D. (2008). Japan’s new dawn. Popular Science and Technology,
7(3), 2. http://www.popsci.com/popsci37b144110vgn/html
Annual report Format Title entry. Year. Title of annual report. Publisher.
Example State of Victoria. (2004). Vicroads annual report 2003-2004.
Corporate Publications.
Website Format Author, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title website. URL
Example Fein, B. (2011, November 20). The American view.
http://archive.theamericanview.com/index.php?id=1770
Blog Format Author, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry. Site Names (if
needed). URL
Example Patterson, M. (2007, January 22). Open access mega journals: Find
out more in
Estonia. PLOS. http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2011/0 6/open-
access-megajournals- %e2%80%93-find-out-more-inestonia/
Update on social Format Authors, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title: Subtitle. [GMD]. URL
network
Example Rudd, K. (2009, October 24). Australian civilian corps to help in crises
[Facebook update].
http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=2001240435
YouTube Format Authors, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title: Subtitle [GMD]. URL

Example France, E. (2007, November 4). Stephen Fry on the joys of swearing
[Video file]. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =s_osQ
Thesis, print Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle [GMD]. Name of
(Unpublished Institution.
dissertation)
Example Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate recruitment and
selection. [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. Monash
University.
Thesis, online Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of thesis or dissertation (Accession or
(Published from Order no.) [Doctoral dissertation, Name of Institution].
database or URL) Name of database/URL
Example Bozeman, A. Jr. (2007). Age of onset as predictor of cognitive
performance in children with seizure disorders (UMI 3259752)
[Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison].
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.

Bozeman, A. Jr. (2007). Age of onset as predictor of cognitive

performance in children with seizure disorders (UMI 3259752)
[Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison].
http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9187

Figure Format Article/Journal:

Author, Initials. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle. Title of
Journal/Magazine. Vol. (issues), Page number.
Book:

8
 Author, Initials. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle (Edition) (only
include this if not the first edition). Publisher.
Internet/online:
Author, Initials. (Year). Title of article: range of the year
[GMD]. DOI/URL
Example Article/Journal:
Kohler, J., Koscinski, D., Padial, J. M., Chaparro, J. C., Handford,
P., Lougheed, S. C., & Riva, I. (2010). Systematics of Andean
gladiator frogs of the Hypsiboas pulchellus species groug
(Annuar, Hylidae). Zoologica Scripta, 39(6), 572-590.
Book:
Fowler, M. (2008). Restraint and handing of wild and domestic
animals (3rd ed.). Wiley Blackwell.
Internet/online:
Euromonitor International. (2013). Youth unemployment rate
vs. total unemployment rate: 2006-2011 [Graph].
http://www.portal.euromonitor.com
Map, online Format Author, Initials. (Year). Title of the map [GMD]. Web address/URL

Example Lewis County Geographic Information Services. (2002).

Population density, 2000 U.S. Census [Demographic map].
http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/publicworks/maps/Demographics
/census-pop-dens_2000.pdf
Computer Format Creator. (Year). Title of work (version) [GMD]. Publisher.URL
Software
Example Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2014).
Comprehensive metanalysis (Version 3.3.070) [Computer
software]. Biostat. https://www.meta-analysis.com/
Web software Format Creator. (Year). Title of work (version) [GMD]. Publisher.URL
Example Skyscape (2020). Comprehensive metanalysis (Version 2.3) [Web
software]. http://xxxxx
Mobile App Format Creator (Year). Title of entry. Mobile app information (Version)
[GMD]. Publisher Name or App Store. URL
Example Epocrates. (2019). Epocrates medical reference (Version 18.12)
[Mobile app]. App Store.
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/epcrated/id281935788?mt=
8
Social Media Format Authors, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Content of the
post up to the first 20 Words [GMD]. Site Name. URL
Example Gaiman, N. (2018, March 22). 100,000+ Rohingya refuges could be at
serious risk during Bangladesh’s monsoon season. My fellow
UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador Cate Blanchett is [Image
attached] [Status update]. Facebook/http:bit.ly/2JQxPAD
Images, online Format Artist/Photographer’s name. (Year of production). Title of image
[GMD]. Publisher. Web address/URL
Example McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/national-

9
geographic-magazine-50-years-of-covers/#/ngm-1985-jun-
714.jpg

10
 Part One: Books (Print)

In-text Citation Model

Source Type Reference List Model
Quotation Style Paraphrase style

Author Prominent Author Prominent

As Brick (2009, p. 14) argues, “most of Brick (2009, p.117) suggests three
the writing at university is likely to categories of reporting verbs.
involve presenting a position”.
Brick (2009) suggests three categories of
Brick (2009) argues, “state most of the reporting verbs (p.117).
writing at university is likely to involve
presenting a position” (p.14). According to Brick on 2009, suggests
three categories of reporting verbs
Brick, J. (2009). Academic culture: A student’s
According to Brick in 2009, found that " (p.117).
One Author guide to study at university. National
most of the writing at university is likely
Centre for English Language Teaching
to involve presenting a position” (p.14).
and Research.
*page numbers required for
* pinpoint the quote
paraphrasing specific information

Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Most of the writing at university is There are three categories of reporting

likely to involve presenting a position”. verbs (Brick, 2009, p.117).
(Brick, 2009, p. 14).

11
 * pinpoint the quote *page numbers required for
paraphrasing specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

The United Nations Development UNDP (2006, p. 53) claims that one of
Programme (UNDP, 2006, p. 53) argues the deepest disparities in water and
that “water is the most fundamental sanitation is between urban and rural
issue for the future”. areas.

The United Nations Development UNDP (2006) claims that one of the
Programme (UNDP, 2006) argues that deepest disparities in water and
“water is the most fundamental issue sanitation is between urban and rural United Nations Development Programme
for the future” (p. 53). areas (p. 53). (2006). Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty
According to The United Nations According to UNDP in 2006 claims that and the global water crisis. Palgrave
Organization as Development Programme (UNDP) in one of the deepest disparities in water Macmillan.
author 2006 argues that “water is the most and sanitation is between urban and
fundamental issue for the future” (p. rural areas (p. 53). * In the reference list, do not abbreviate the
53). group author name, instead spell out the full
*if you have only one in-text citation to *pinpoint the quote name.
a source in your work, you must use the *use initials UNDP only for second
full author name (no initials or subsequence Citations.
abbreviations)

Information Prominent Information Prominent

“The water crisis is most detrimental to The problem in sub Saharan Africa is its
the world’s poor” (United Nations reliance on rain fed agriculture (UNDP,
2006, p.97).

12
 Development Programme [UNDP], 2006,
p. 53).
* pinpoint the quote
*if you have two or more in-text
*use initials UNDP only for
citations to a source such as UNDP in
your work include the initials in square second/subsequent citations
brackets inside the round brackets for
the first citation.

*For the subsequent in-text citations

use only initials

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Carter and McCarthy (2006, p. 267) Carter and McCarthy (2006, p.267)
point out that academic writing “can include a chapter analyzing academic
refer to things in complex and grammar and usage.
condensed ways”.
Carter and McCarthy (2006) include a
Carter and McCarthy (2006) point out chapter analyzing academic grammar Carter, R. & McCarthy, M. (2006). Cambridge
Two Authors that academic writing “can refer to and usage (p. 267). grammar of English: A comprehensive
(up to 20 things in complex and condensed ways” guide. Cambridge University Press.
Based on the statement of Carter and
authors) (p. 267).
McCarthy in 2006, a chapter analyzing
According to Carter and McCarthy in academic grammar and usage can be *retain order of authors given in the source
2006, academic writing “can refer to included (p. 267).
things in complex and condensed ways”
(p. 267).

* pinpoint the quote *use and in sentence

*use and in sentence

13
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Hedging is often used to make A descriptive approach to grammar

statements “less assertive” (Carter & usage in contexts is employed (Carter &
McCarthy, 2006, p. 279). McCarthy, 2006).

* pinpoint the quote *use & in citation

*use & in citation
Wassertein et al. (2005, p.12) states Wassertein et al. (2005, p.12) discover
that “relationship between the parents that kids emotion could be changes due
will effects their children emotional to the parents actions at home.
behavior”.
Wassertein et al. (2005) discover that
Wassertein et al. (2005) states that kids’ emotion could be changes due to
“relationship between the parents will the parents’ actions at home (p.12).
effects their children emotional
behavior” (p.12). According to Wassertein et al. in 2005,
they stated that kids’ emotion could be
According to Wassertein et al. in 2005, changes due to the parents’ actions at
they stated that “relationship between home (p.12).
the parents will effects their children
emotional behavior” (p.12).

* pinpoint the quote

*use et al. from the start of in text
citation

14
 Author Prominent Author Prominent Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I., Sutton-Brady,C.,
Beal, T., Holmes, S., Peter, J., Kotler, P.,
Czinkota et al. (2008, p. xv) assert that Czinkota et al. (2008, p. 1) address James, S. P., Menzies, V., Lyon, D. E.,
“the marketer must adapt to these theoretical issues in the Asia Pacific Elswick, R. K., McCain, N. L., Gray, D. P.,
foreign environments”. market. McCallie, M. S., Blum, C. M., Hood, C.
Czinkota et al. (2008) assert that “the Czinkota et al. (2008) address J., Utay, J., Yalom, I. D., Leszcz, M. , …
marketer must adapt to these foreign theoretical issues in the Asia Pacific Scherwitz, L. W. (2008). International
environments” (p. xv). market (p. 1). marketing. Cengage Learning Australia.

According to Czinkota et al. in 2008 According to Czinkota et al. in 2008

assert that “the marketer must adapt to address theoretical issues in the Asia *retain order of authors given in the source
these foreign environments” (p. xv). Pacific market (p. 1). * after the 19th author’s name use ellipsis (…)
then followed by the author’s last name in the
* pinpoint the quote *use et al for all in-text citations (note list.
21 or more *use et al. stop only after ‘al., not after ‘et’)
authors
Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Overall, growth potential… may be Clearly detailed agreements are

threatened by uncertainty” (Czinkota et necessary (Czinkota et al., 2008).
al., 2008, p. 558).

* pinpoint the quote *use et al.

*use et al. *ellipsis of three dots
indicates word/s omitted

15
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

The Style manual (1996, p. 43), The Style manual for authors, editors
“hierarchical structures can often be and printers (1996, p.43) outlines
used for more detailed material”. publication rules and conventions.

The Style manual (1996), “hierarchical The Style manual for authors, editors
structures can often be used for more and printers (1996) outlines publication
detailed material” (p. 43). rules and conventions (p. 43).

According to the Style manual in 1996, According to the Style manual for
“hierarchical structures can often be authors, editors and printers in 1996
used for more detailed material” (p. 43). outlines publication rules and
Style manual for authors, editors and printers.
conventions (p. 43).
(1996). (5th ed.). Australian
No author *title in italics Government Publishing Service.
* pinpoint the quote
* you can choose to abbreviate title for *if you have only one in-text citation to
second/subsequent citations a source with the title in place of author
*use title in italics in place of author
in your work, you must use the full title
(no initials or abbreviations)
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Writers need to understand “how Punctuation and grammar rules are

readers absorb information” (Style clearly explained (Style manual, 1996, p.
manual, 1996, p. 37). 37).

* pinpoint the quote * you can choose to abbreviate title for

* you can choose to abbreviate title for second/subsequent citations
second/subsequent citations

16
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Godfrey et al. (2010, p. 30) indicate that Godfrey et al. (2010, p.30) survey and
a major criticism of statistical research is categorize the major theories in
the way it “tends to lump everything accounting in the first half of the book.
together”.
Godfrey et al. (2010) survey and
Godfrey et al. (2010) indicate that a categorize the major theories in
major criticism of statistical research is accounting in the first half of the book
the way it “tends to lump everything (p. 30).
together” (p. 30).
According to Godfrey et al. in 2010
According to Godfrey et al. in 2010 survey and categorize the major Godfrey, J., Hodgson, A., Tarca, A., Hamilton, J.,
indicate that a major criticism of theories in accounting in the first half of and Holmes, S. (2010). Accounting
Second or later statistical research is the way it “tends the book (p. 30). theory (7th ed.). Wiley & Sons.
edition to lump everything together” (p. 30).

* pinpoint the quote *use et al. (note stop only after ‘al.’, not *retain order of authors given in the source
*use et al.
after ‘et’)
Information Prominent Information Prominent

A criticism advanced is that large-scale Important differences between

statistical research “tends to lump normative and positive theories of
everything together” (Godfrey et al., accounting are identified throughout the
2010, p. 30). text (Godfrey et al., 2010).

* pinpoint the quote *use et al.

*use et al

17
 Author Prominent Author Prominent González Sánchez, C. (2011). New world
literacy: Writing and culture across the
As González Sánchez (2005/2011, p. 91) González Sánchez (2005/2011, p. 91) Atlantic, 1500- 1700 (T Platt, Trans.).
argues, this monopoly “helped reinforce traces the impact of books on new world Bucknell University Press. (Original
the supposed homogeneity”. colonizers. work published 2005).
González Sánchez (2005/2011) argues, González Sánchez (2005/2011) traces
this monopoly “helped reinforce the the impact of books on new world *for translator and/or reviser use initials first
supposed homogeneity” (p. 91). colonizers (p. 91). (reverse the usual order)
Based on the statement of González Based on statement of González
Sánchez in 2011, he argues this Sánchez in 2011, he traces the impact of
monopoly “helped reinforce the books on new world colonizers (p. 91).
supposed homogeneity” (p. 91).
Translated
* pinpoint the quote
and/or Revised
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Prohibition increased “the temptation Perceptions play a greater role in later

and enjoyment of such accursed books” methodologies (González Sánchez,
(González Sánchez, 2005/2011, p. 76). 2005/2011).

* pinpoint the quote

18
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Deegan (2007, p. xxiv) updates changes Deegan (2007; 2010) updates

to standards “released for application in information on changes to the
2005; and also (2010, p. xxii) to “the standards.
adoption of the International Financial
Reporting Standards”.

Deegan (2007) updates changes to

standards “released for application in
2005 (p. xxiv); and also (2010) to “the
Deegan, C. (2007). Australian financial
adoption of the International Financial
accounting (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Reporting Standards” (p. xxii).
Same author,
Deegan, C. (2010). Australian financial
different years According to Deegan in 2007, updates
According to Deegan in 2007 and 2010 accounting (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
changes to standards “released for
updates information on changes to the
application in 2005 (p. xxiv); and also in * ascending chronological order
standards.
2010, to “the adoption of the
International Financial Reporting
Standards” (p. xxii).

* pinpoint the quote

* chronological order
Information Prominent Information Prominent

The IASB publishes an explanation of Accounting standards are regularly

“how it reaches its decision” (Deegan, reviewed (Deegan, 2007; 2010).
2007, p. 38; 2010, p. 34) and also has
“full control over its technical agenda”
(Deegan, 2010, p. 34).

19
 * pinpoint the quote * chronological order
Author Prominent Author Prominent

Mathews use of dialogue shifts from the Matthews (2010a, 2010b) writes for
idiomatic “she jumps a mile and both teenagers and very young children.
screams” (2010a, p. 47) to the lyrical “I
would like to see the beginning of the
Matthews, P. (2010a). A girl like me. Pearson:
rest of the world” (2010b, n. p.). Penguin Books.

Same author, * pinpoint the quote

Matthews, P. (2010b). Zizzy. Malvern:
same year * n. p. indicates a source with no page Omnibus Books.
numbers
Information Prominent Information Prominent *order alphabetically by the next element
(title)
Movement to epiphany; for Example, A crime committed in Australia is the
“light has flooded the darkness” (2010a, basis for her first fictional account
p. 278) and the final words of Zizzy “he (Matthews, 2010a); while in the second
could do anything” (2010b, n. p.), is a the narrative inches slothfully into
feature of writing by Matthews adventure (Matthews, 2010b).

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Larkin (2004, p. 10) claims that Paine`s A study by Larkin (2004, p. 10) collates
writings “represented a turning point in and evaluates writing by Thomas Paine.
Single editor the revolution”.
Larkin, E. (Ed.). (2004). Common sense:
Larkin (2004) claims that Paine`s A study by Larkin (2004) collates and Thomas Paine. Broadview Editions.
writings “represented a turning point in evaluates writing by Thomas Paine (p.
the revolution” (p. 10). 10.

20
 Based on the statement of Larkin in A study by Larkin in 2004, collates and
2004, he claims that Paine`s writings evaluates writing by Thomas Paine (p.
“represented a turning point in the 10.
revolution” (p. 10).

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Paine’s choice of metaphors, diction, Paine’s work triggered controversy

syntax, and evidence were crucial to his (Larkin, 2004).
success” (Larkin, 2004, p. 26).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Strangio and Costar (2006, p. 7) Strangio and Costar (2006, pp. 5-9)
emphasize that “strong premierships are divide Victorian state politics into three
built on the rock of parliamentary major stages. Strangio, P. & Costar, B. (Eds.). (2006). The
dominance”. Victorian premiers 1856-2006.The
Federation Press.
Strangio and Costar (2006) emphasize Strangio and Costar (2006) divide
that “strong premierships are built on Victorian state politics into three major
the rock of parliamentary dominance” stages (pp. 5-9).
Multiple (p. 7).
editors
According to Strangio and Costar in Strangio and Costar in 2006 divide
2006, he emphasizes that “strong Victorian state politics into three major
premierships are built on the rock of stages (pp. 5-9).
parliamentary dominance” (p. 7).

21
 * pinpoint the specific information
* pinpoint the quote *use and in sentence
*use and in sentence

Information Prominent Information Prominent

The “shift from volatility to stability” in The first state Labor government in
Victorian politics occurred in the 1950s Victoria was elected in 1952 (Strangio &
(Strangio & Costar, 2006, p. 8). Costar, 2006, p. 8).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

*use & in citation *use & in citation
Author Prominent Author Prominent

As Asmah (2009, p. 14) argues, “most of Asmah (2009, p.117) suggests three
the writing at university is likely to categories of reporting verbs.
involve presenting a position”. Asmah Omar. (2009). Academic culture: A
student’s guide to studying at
As Asmah (2009) argues, “most of the Asmah (2009) suggests three categories university. National Centre for English
Malay Author writing at university is likely to involve of reporting verbs (p.117). Language Teaching and Research.
presenting a position” (p. 14).

According to Asmah in 2009, she *Asmah Binti Omar

As Asmah argues in 2009, “most of the
writing at university is likely to involve suggests three categories of reporting
presenting a position” (p. 14). verbs (p.117).

Information Prominent Information Prominent

22
 “Most of the writing at university is There are three categories of reporting
likely to involve presenting a position”. verbs (Asmah, 2009, p.117)
(Asmah, 2009, p. 14)

Author Prominent Author Prominent

As Chu (2009, p. 14) argues, “most of Chu (2009, p.117) suggests three
the writing at university is likely to categories of reporting verbs.
involve presenting a position”.
Chu, C.N. (2009). Academic culture: A student’s
As Chu (2009) argues, “most of the Chu (2009) suggests three categories of guide to studying at university.
writing at university is likely to involve reporting verbs (p.117). National Centre for English Language
presenting a position” (p. 14). Teaching and Research.

As Chu mention in 2009, he argues, According to Chu in 2009, he suggests

“most of the writing at university is three categories of reporting verbs *Chu Chin Ning
likely to involve presenting a position” (p.117).
Chinese Author (p. 14).

Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Most of the writing at university is There are three categories of reporting

likely to involve presenting a position”. verbs (Chu, 2009, p.117)
(Chu, 2009, p. 14)

23
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

As Foo (2009, p. 14) argues, “most of the Foo (2009, p.117) suggests three
writing at university is likely to involve categories of reporting verbs.
presenting a position”.

As Foo (2009) argues, “most of the Foo (2009) suggests three categories of
writing at university is likely to involve reporting verbs (p.117). Foo, V. H. K. (2009). Academic culture: A
presenting a position” (p. 14). student’s guide to studying at
Chinese with
English name Based on the statement of Foo in university. National Centre for English
As Foo in 2009 argues, “most of the Language Teaching and Research.
writing at university is likely to involve (2009), he suggests three categories of
presenting a position” (p. 14). reporting verbs (p.117).
*Vincent Foo Hiap Khian
Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Most of the writing at university is There are three categories of reporting

likely to involve presenting a position”. verbs (Foo, 2009, p.117)
(Foo, 2009, p. 14)

Author Prominent Author Prominent

As Narrayani (2009, p. 14) argues, “most Narrayani (2009, p.117) suggests three
of the writing at university is likely to categories of reporting verbs.
Indian or Singh involve presenting a position”.
Name
As Narrayani (2009) argues, “most of the Narrayani (2009) suggests three
writing at university is likely to involve categories of reporting verbs (p.117).
presenting a position” (p. 14).

24
 As stated by Narrayani in 2009, he According to Narrayani in2009, he
argues that, “most of the writing at suggests three categories of reporting Narrayani Jeganathan. (2009). Academic
university is likely to involve presenting verbs (p.117). culture: A student’s guide to studying
a position” (p. 14). at university. National Centre for
English Language Teaching and
Information Prominent Information Prominent Research.
“Most of the writing at university is There are three categories of reporting
likely to involve presenting a position”. verbs (Narrayani, 2009, p.117) *Narrayani A/P Jeganathan.
(Narrayani, 2009, p. 14)

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Gregory, J. (2008). Journeying across colonial
Gregory (2008, p. 213) refers to For Gregory (2008, p. 210), the portable landscapes: portable housing in
“fragmentary evidence” that some house was a symbol of British nineteenth century Australia. In A
portable housing was made in Sydney. imperialism. Mayne (Ed.). Beyond the Black Stump:
histories of outback Australia. (2nd ed.,
Chapter in an Gregory (2008) refers to “fragmentary For Gregory (2008), the portable house pp. 7-13). Wakefield Press.
edited book evidence” that some portable housing was a symbol of British imperialism (p.
was made in Sydney (p. 213). 210). *use ‘in’ (lower case) and for editor use initials
According to Gregory in 2008 refers to According to Gregory in 2008, the first (reverse usual order) * capitalize any
“fragmentary evidence” that some portable house was a symbol of British names in the title
portable housing was made in Sydney imperialism (p. 210).
(p. 213).

25
 * pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Apparently, “thousands of portable Portable houses were harbingers of

houses were imported” (Gregory, 2008, more permanent settlement (Gregory,
p. 211). 2008).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Wullschlager (Ed. 2004, p. xv) insists that Wullschlager (Ed. 2004) discovered that,
“in his anxiety over the future of Andersen is a modern literary writer (p.
civilized values Andersen is one of us”. xx).

Wullschlager (Ed. 2004) insists that “in Wullschlager (Ed. 2004) states that,
his anxiety over the future of civilized Andersen is a modern literary writer (p.
values Andersen is one of us” (p. xv). xx). Wullschlager, J. (Ed.). (2004). Hans Christian
Andersen fairy tales. (T Nunnally,
Edited book According to Wullschlager (Ed.) in 2004,
Based on Wullschlager (Ed.) in 2004, he Trans.). Penguin Books.
translated into Andersen is a modern literary writer (p.
insists that “in his anxiety over the
English xx).
future of civilized values Andersen is one * for translator use initials first (reverse usual
of us” (p. xv). order)

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Andersen is not considered an author Andersen’s later stories employ more

“but rather the curator of his stories” complex language (Wullschlager ed.,
(Wullschlager ed., 2004, p. xvi). 2004).

26
 * pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

While O’Neill (2011, p. 44) contends that O’Neill (2011, p. 66) addresses the
dominance can lead to “fear or construction of leadership while O’Neill
rebellion”, O’Neill (2010, p. 29) claims (2010, p. 14) argues that humiliation
that it is imperative to understand the plays a role in the production of
“impact of humiliation”. refugees.

O’Neill (2011) contends that dominance O’Neill (2011) addresses the

can lead to “fear or rebellion” (p. 44), construction of leadership (p. 66) while
O’Neill (2010) claims that it is imperative O’Neill (2010) argues that humiliation
to understand the “impact of plays a role in the production of
humiliation” (p. 29). refugees (p. 14).
O’Neill, A. (2011). Manager to leader: Skills
Based on the discovery of O’Neill in According to O’Neill in 2011, he and insights for a successful transition.
2011, he contends that dominance can addresses that the construction of CCH Australia.
Different lead to “fear or rebellion” (p. 44), while leadership (p. 66) another statement by
authors, same O’Neill in 2010 claims that it is O’Neill in 2010 argues that humiliation
surname, imperative to understand the “impact of plays a role in the production of O’Neill, M. (2010). Asylum, migration and
different years humiliation” (p. 29). refugees (p. 14). community. The Policy Press.

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

There is concern that forced corporate Poor leaders deny others’ rights (O’Neill,
“compliance” (O’Neill, 2011, p. 44) and 2011) in the same way that asylum
“the dehumanizing asylum system and seekers are denied rights in many areas
(O’Neill, 2010).

27
 process” (O’Neill, 2010, p. 81) result in
escalating problems.

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

For Chapman, P (2010, p. 112); the Act Chapman, P (2010, p. 73) details
“split up the two broad functions of stakeholder reactions to the 1933 Glass-
banking, basically, the cash box and Steagall Act while Chapman, M (2010, p.
casino sides” while for Chapman, M 44) attends to the intent and effects of
(2010, p. 115) it stopped banks the act.
“distorting securities issuance business”. Chapman, M. (2010). Don’t be fooled again:
Lessons in the good, bad and
For Chapman, P (2010), the Act “split up unpredictable behavior of global
the two broad functions of banking, Chapman, P (2010) details stakeholder finance. Prentice Hall.
Different basically, the cash box and casino sides” reactions to the 1933 Glass-Steagall Act
authors, same (p. 112); while for Chapman, M (2010) it (p. 73) while Meyrick Chapman (2010)
surname, same stopped banks “distorting securities attends to the intent and effects of the Chapman, P. (2010). The last of the imperious
year issuance business” (p. 115). act (. 73). rich: Lehman brothers, 1844-2008.
Portfolio Penguin.
For the statement of Chapman, P in
2010, he stated that the Act “split up the Peter Chapman (2010) details
*order alphabetically by next available item
two broad functions of banking, stakeholder reactions to the 1933 Glass-
(initial)
basically, the cash box and casino sides” Steagall Act while Meyrick Chapman
(p. 112); while for Chapman, M (2010) attends to the intent and effects
statement in 2010, he states that, it of the act.
stopped banks “distorting securities
issuance business” (p. 115).

* pinpoint the quote

28
 * in this situation include first names

Information Prominent Information Prominent

The new Act “made banks declare what Peter Chapman (2010) describes the
they wanted to be” (Peter Chapman, new Act as separating various financial
2010, p. 113) and also “prohibited the functions while Meyrick Chapman
overlap of business by banks, insurance (2010) describes the banks’ anger at the
companies, brokers and fund managers” constraints on their freedom to invest
(Meyrick Chapman, 2010, p. 115). depositors’ money.

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Citing a source Kirschner (1970 as cited in Frost 2008, p. Fahey (1993 as cited in Frost 2008, p. Frost, L. (2008). Across the great divide: The
61) reports that rural communities’ saw 69) provides evidence that wages were economy of the inland corridor. In A
within a source
cities as places that were” full of moral lower in regional areas. Mayne (Ed.), Beyond the Black Stump:
*try to locate snares for the unwary”. Histories of outback Australia (pp.
and use the 141-150). Wakefield Press.
cited source * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information
*no space between adjacent double and * include author and year of publication
*in the Reference list include only the book you
single quote marks for both sources actually used (not the source cited in the book
you used).
Information Prominent Information Prominent

29
 For Australia “the wool industry The value placed on private property
remained „the cornerstone of Australia’s was the cause of violent clashes with the
economic and social edifice” (Hancock nomadic indigenous people (Reynolds
1930 as cited in Frost, 2008, p. 75). 1981 as cited in Frost, 2008, p. 63).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

*no space between adjacent double and
single quote marks
Author Prominent Author Prominent

Swales and Feak (2004, p. 4) aim to Swales and Feak (2004, p. 4) incorporate
encourage “rhetorical consciousness”. new research in textual analysis.

Swales and Feak (2004) aim to Swales and Feak (2004) incorporate new
encourage “rhetorical consciousness” (p. research in textual analysis (p.4).
4).
As stated by Swales and Feak in 2004,
In 2004, Swales and Feak aim to incorporate new research in textual
encourage “rhetorical consciousness” (p. analysis (p.4). Swales, J. M. & Feak, C. B. (2004). Academic
Book in a series 4). writing for graduate students: Essential
*use and in sentence
tasks and skills. Michigan series in
*use and in sentence
English for academic and professional
Information Prominent Information Prominent purposes. The University of Michigan
Press.
Summaries are a “foundation for other, Writing critiques helps articulate
more complex tasks” (Swales & Feak, scholarly expectations (Swales & Feak, *include the name of the series (Michigan
2004, p. 147). 2004). series in English for academic and professional
purposes).
*use & in citation *use & in citation

30
 Author Prominent Author Prominent
Flower, L., Stein, V., Ackerman, J., Kantz, M.J.,
For Flower et al. (1990); Mateos & Solé McCormick, K. & Peck, WC. (1990).
(2009); McGinley (1992) and Spivey Reading to write. University Press.
(1997) academic reading often involves
synthesizing conflicting arguments. Mateos, M & Solé, I. (2009). Synthesizing
*this is a single sentence citing multiple information from various texts: A study
sources of procedures and products at different
educational levels. European Journal of
*use et al. for source with three or more Psychology of Education, 24, pp. 435–
authors (note stop only after ‘al., not 451.
after ‘et’)
Citing multiple
Information Prominent Information Prominent
sources
simultaneously Synthesizing requires making decisions McGinley, W. (1992). The role of reading and
in a sentence about organizing the material from writing while composing from multiple
multiple sources (Flower et al. 1990; sources. Reading Research Quarterly,
Mateos & Solé 2009; McGinley 1992; 27, pp. 227–248.
Spivey, 1997).

*this is a single sentence citing multiple Spivey,N.N. (1997). Reading, writing and the
sources making of meaning: The constructivist
metaphor. Academic Press.

31
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Dufays and Plane (2009, p. 15) outline Dufays and Plane (2009) analyze the
debates regarding “une question introduction of creative writing in the
récurrente” [the ongoing issue (my French education system.
translation)] of differences between
literature, narrative and fiction.

Dufays and Plane (2009) outline debates

regarding “une question récurrente”
[the ongoing issue (my translation)] of
differences between literature, narrative Dufays, J-L. & Plane, S. (2009). L`criture de
and fiction (p. 15). fiction en classe de français [Writing
Book in a According to Dufays and Plane in 2009, fiction in French class]. Recherches en
foreign they outline debates regarding “une didactique du français.Presses
language question récurrente” [the ongoing issue Universitaires de Namur.
(my translation)] of differences between
literature, narrative and fiction (p. 15). *translate the title if relevant
* pinpoint the quote *use and in sentence
*use and in sentence

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Territorial battles, “chacun d'entre eux A discussion of the status of creative

s'estimait le dépositaire d'une partie de writing in the curriculum and in practice
l'héritage légué” [each considered itself unfolds (Dufays & Plane, 2009).
custodian of part of the legacy (my

32
 translation)], ensued (Dufays & Plane,
2009, p. 19).
*use & in citation

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Regarding dietary custom, The Q’uran The Q’uran (2004) is written largely in
(2004, p. 67) stipulates that “you are the form of didactic speeches.
forbidden to eat carrion”.

* pinpoint the quote *use title in italics

Information Prominent Information Prominent The Qur’an (M.A.S. Abdel Haleem, Trans.).
Sacred book
(2004). Oxford University Press.
Psychological insights, “if evil touches The role and status of women in Islam
him he loses all hope and becomes are outlined in The Q’uran (2004, pp. 50-
despondent” (The Q’uran, 2004, p. 310) 66).
occur throughout.

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science Encyclopedias often indicate the history

and technology (1997, p. 594) of a term; for Example, according to McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and
no author technology. (1997). (Vol.9, pp. 56-58).
characterizes the Kondo effect as McGrawHill encyclopedia of science and
“unusual”, an Example of an technology (1997, p. 609) lagomorphs
are no longer considered to be rodents.

33
encyclopedia reporting evaluations from *use title in italics in place of author *include
the discipline. Encyclopedias often indicate the history volume number and page number.
of a term; for Example, according to
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science McGrawHill encyclopedia of science and
and technology (1997) characterizes the technology (1997) lagomorphs are no
Kondo effect as “unusual” (p. 594), an longer considered to be rodents (p.
Example of an encyclopedia reporting 609).
evaluations from the discipline.
Encyclopedias often indicate the history
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science of a term; for Example, according to
and technology has stated in 1997 that McGrawHill encyclopedia of science and
the Kondo effect as “unusual” (p. 594), technology in 1997 statement that
an Example of an encyclopedia reporting lagomorphs are no longer considered to
evaluations from the discipline. be rodents (p. 609).

* pinpoint the specific information

* pinpoint the quote *use title as author

Information Prominent Information Prominent

While encyclopedias aim to provide Extended definitions are a feature of

accurate information; for Example “the encyclopedias as in a description of ion
Z0 particle has an extremely short exchange in terms of materials,
lifetime of about 10-25 s” (McGraw-Hill properties and applications (McGraw-
encyclopedia of science and technology, Hill encyclopedia of science and
1997, p. 337), the currency of the technology, 1997, pp. 393-399).
information needs to be checked.

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

34
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Golden (1998, p. 107) refers to a Golden (1998, pp. 107- 108) outlines but
“cognitive” view of catharsis, now in does not detail conflicting views of
need of review. mimesis.

Golden (1998) refers to a “cognitive” Golden (1998) outlines but does not
view of catharsis, now in need of review detail conflicting views of mimesis (pp. Golden, L. (1998). Reception of Aristotle in
(p. 107). 107- 108). modernity. M Kelly (Ed.). In
Encyclopedia of aesthetics (vol. 1, p.
Encyclopedia, In the statement of Golden in 1998, he According to Golden in 1998, he outlines 43). Oxford University Press.
one or more refers to a “cognitive” view of catharsis, but does not detail conflicting views of
authors, now in need of review (p. 107). mimesis (pp. 107- 108).
include volume number and page number
specific entry
* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information *(vol. 1, ABHI-DEPI).
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Recent scholars “adopt, adapt, or Aristotle`s definition of tragedy is

modify Aristotelian theory” as they see addressed in terms of extant
fit (Golden, 1998, p. 108). interpretations only (Golden, 1998, p.
106).
* pinpoint the quote

* pinpoint the specific information

35
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Soanes and Stevenson (2005, p. 481) Soanes and Stevenson (2005) include
define diarchy as “government by two advice on usage in ambiguous cases.
independent authorities”.

Soanes and Stevenson (2005) define

diarchy as “government by two
independent authorities” (p. 481).

According to Soanes and Stevenson in According to Soanes and Stevenson in

2005 define diarchy as “government by 2005, they include advice on usage in Soanes, C. & Stevenson, A. (Eds.). (2005).
Dictionary, one two independent authorities” (p. 481). ambiguous cases. Oxford dictionary of English. (2nd ed.
or more Rev.) Oxford University Press.
authors * pinpoint the quote *use and in sentence
*use and in sentence *record editors/edition/revised as relevant

Information Prominent Information Prominent

The prefix xeno has its origin in the Presbyterian churches are now often
Greek for “stranger, foreigner” (Soanes called Reformed churches (Soanes &
and Stevenson, 2005, p. 2037). Stevenson, 2005, p. 1391).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

*use & in citation *use & in citation

36
 PERIODICALS/ SERIALS PRINT

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Prentice (2010, p. 40) asserts a need Prentice (2010) analyses the ambivalence
“to examine the complicity between of indigenous peoples in capitalist nation
representation and commodification”. states.

Prentice (2010) asserts a need “to

examine the complicity between
representation and commodification”
(p. 40).

According to Prentice in 2010 asserts a According to Prentice in 2010, he

need “to examine the complicity analyses the ambivalence of indigenous
between representation and peoples in capitalist nation states. Prentice, C. (2010). Terms of ambivalence:
One author commodification” (p. 40). Cultural politics and symbolic
exchange. Australian Literary Studies,
* pinpoint the quote
25(4), 33-54.
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Indigenous cultural signification The political dimensions of cultural

struggles in relation to a “consumerist exchange are enacted in fiction by
hegemony” (Prentice, 2010, p. 42). Aboriginal and Maori writers (Prentice,
2010).

* pinpoint the quote

37
 Author Prominent Author Prominent
Two authors Harkness and Evans (2011, p. 690) Harkness and Evans (2011) analyze the
(up to 20 show that current policies mitigate effects of male job losses on a partner’s
authors) slightly the “rising workless among employment.
couples”.

Harkness and Evans (2011) show that

current policies mitigate slightly the
“rising workless among couples” (p.
690).

Based on the statement of Harkness Based on the statement of Harkness and Harkness, S. & Evans, M. (2011). The
and Evans in 2011 show that current Evans in 2011, they analyze the effects of employment effects of recession on
policies mitigate slightly the “rising male job losses on a partner’s couples in the UK: Women’s and
workless among couples” (p. 690). employment. household employment prospects and
partner’s job loss. Journal of Social
* pinpoint the quote *use and in sentence Policy, 40(4), 675-693.
*use and in sentence
* credit all authors name
Information Prominent Information Prominent

The UK suffered polarization between In the UK in 2008, 59% of women with

“work-rich” and “work poor‟ unemployed partners worked (Harkness
households (Harkness & Evans, 2011, p. & Evans, 2011, p. 681).
676).
* pinpoint the specific information
* pinpoint the quote *use & in citation
*use & in citation

38
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Schulhofer et al. (2011, p. 337) claim Schulhofer et al. (2011) argue for a new
that polarization rests on “conspicuous procedural justice model of policing in
racial disparities in [America’s] prison the United States.
populations”. Schulhofer, S.J., Tyler, T.R., Huq, A.Z., Beal, T.,
Holmes, S., Peter, J., Kotler, P., James,
Schulhofer et al. (2011) claim that S. P., Menzies, V., Lyon, D. E., Elswick,
polarization rests on “conspicuous R. K., McCain, N. L., Gray, D. P.,
racial disparities in [America’s] prison McCallie, M. S., Blum, C. M., Hood, C.
populations” (p. 337). J., Utay, J, …. Scherwitz, L. W. (2011).
American policing at the crossroads:
According to Schulhofer et al. in 2011, According to Schulhofer et al. in 2011, Unsustainable policies and the
they claim that polarization rests on they argue for a new procedural justice procedural justice alternative. The
21 or more “conspicuous racial disparities in model of policing in the United States. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology,
authors [America’s] prison populations” (p. 10(2), 335-374.
337).

* pinpoint the quote *use and in sentence

*retain order of authors given in the source
*use and in sentence *use et al. for the next in text citation in
* after the 19th author’s name use ellipsis (…)
*use et al. for the next in text citation sentence
then followed by the author’s last name in the
in sentence *use et al. (note stop only after ‘al., not
list.
*square brackets indicate word added after ‘et’)
or altered for clarity

39
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Conceptual ambiguity and a failure to The role of perceptions of the legitimacy

study empirical data” are features of of police practice in shaping willingness
debates about policing (Schulhofer et to obey the law is analyzed (Schulhofer et
al., 2011, p. 341). al.,2011).

* pinpoint the quote *use & in citation

*use & in citation

Author Prominent Author Prominent

It is wittily asserted (‘TE Cliffe Leslie on The anonymous review of Leslie’s essay
the celibacy of the nation’, 2011, p. (‘TE Cliffe Leslie on the celibacy of the
187) that “the necessity of watching nation’ 2011) canvasses reasons for the
the price of flour for the signal to low incidence of marriage in Britain in the
marry” will dissipate. mid-1800s.
TE Cliffe Leslie on the celibacy of the nation.
(2011). Population and Development
It is wittily asserted (‘TE Cliffe Leslie on
No author Review, 37(1), 185-190.
the celibacy of the nation’, 2011) that
“the necessity of watching the price of
flour for the signal to marry” will *article title in place of author
dissipate (p. 187).

It is wittily asserted ‘TE Cliffe Leslie on The anonymous review of Leslie’s essay
the celibacy of the nation’ stated in ‘TE Cliffe Leslie on the celibacy of the
2011 that “the necessity of watching nation’ in 2011 canvasses reasons for the
the price of flour for the signal to low incidence of marriage in Britain in the
marry” will dissipate (p. 187). mid-1800s.

40
 * pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

The number of marriages was directly Almost 40% of women between 20 and
correlated with “the average earnings 40 years of age in Britain in 1851 were
of the great mass of the people” (‘TE unmarried (‘TE Cliffe Leslie on the
Cliffe Leslie on the celibacy of the celibacy of the nation’, 2011, p. 185).
nation’, 2011, p. 186).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Devlin (2011, p. 32) reports on a While Devlin (2011, p. 32) reports the
recently published study which points highlights of a study of first year students
to a move from “elite, through mass to from low socio-economic backgrounds, it
universal access” in Australian higher is not the role of a newspaper to assess
education. such studies. Devlin, M. (2011, November 16). Keys found
Newspaper
article Devlin (2011) reports on a recently While Devlin (2011) reports the highlights to success by the less privileged. The
published study which points to a move of a study of first year students from low Australian. p. 32.
from “elite, through mass to universal socio-economic backgrounds, it is not the
access” in Australian higher education role of a newspaper to assess such
(p. 32). studies (p. 32).

According to Devlin in 2011 reports on As Devlin in 2011 reports the highlights of

a recently published study which points a study of first year students from low

41
 to a move from “elite, through mass to socio-economic backgrounds, it is not the
universal access” in Australian higher role of a newspaper to assess such
education (p. 32). studies (p. 32).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Students nominated “perseverance” as A recent study by Deacon university

a significant factor contributing to attributes four major factors to first year
success in first year university, success (Devlin 2011, p. 32).
according to a news report (Devlin
2011, p. 32).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

A recent editorial (Wage claims must It has been claimed (Wage claims must
be contained 2011, p. 15) asserts be contained 2011, p. 15) that tax relief
higher tax thresholds to be “a strong rather than pay rises is required.
incentive” to return to work.
Newspaper
article, no Wage claims must be contained. (2011,
A recent editorial (Wage claims must It has been claimed (Wage claims must
author November 17). The Australian. p. 15.
be contained 2011) asserts higher tax be contained 2011) that tax relief rather
thresholds to be “a strong incentive” to than pay rises is required (p. 15).
return to work (p. 15). *use title in place of author

As stated in a recent editorial Wage It has been claimed that Wage claims
claims must be contained in 2011 must be contained in 2011 that tax relief
asserts higher tax thresholds to be “a rather than pay rises is required (p. 15).

42
 strong incentive” to return to work (p.
15).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Information Prominent Information Prominent

The initiative has been labelled in the Social and community workers will gain
media as intervention “under the up to 33% percent pay rise (Wage claims
guise” of promoting gender equality must be contained 2011, p. 15).
(Wage claims must be contained 2011,
p. 15).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Associated Press (2011, p. 11) reports According to a recent report (Associated

that the tape possibly “contains Press 2011, p. 11), the conversation was
embarrassing political statements”. secretly taped.

Newspaper Associated Press (2011) reports that According to a recent report (Associated Associated Press. (2011, November 17). Key
article from a the tape possibly “contains Press 2011), the conversation was tape could change votes. The
news service embarrassing political statements” (p. secretly taped (p. 11). Australian. p.11.
11).

Based on the statement of Associated As stated by Associated Press in 2011, the

Press in 2011 reports that the tape conversation was secretly taped (p. 11).
possibly “contains embarrassing
political statements” (p. 11).

43
 * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Information Prominent Information Prominent

The recording was called a “covert A secret recording of the conversation

operation” by the National Party may be released to the public (Associated
chairman (Associated Press, 2011, p. Press, 2011, p. 11).
11).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Kolbert (2011, p. 112) describes Appropriately for a nonacademic target

outcomes clearly for a generalist reader audience, Kolbert‟s (2011) feature article
“natural processes … operate far too intersperses anecdote with science.
slowly to make a difference on a
human time scale”.
Magazine/

Journal article Kolbert (2011) describes outcomes

clearly for a generalist reader “natural Kolbert, E. (2011). The acid sea. National
processes … operate far too slowly to Geographic, 219(4), 100-121.
make a difference on a human time
scale”(p. 112).

According to the statement of Kolbert Appropriately for a nonacademic target

in 2011 describes outcomes clearly for audience, Kolbert’s in 2011 feature

44
 a generalist reader “natural processes article intersperses anecdote with
… operate far too slowly to make a science.
difference on a human time scale” (p.
112).

* pinpoint the quote

*ellipsis of three dots indicates word/s
omitted
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Language is hedged to avoid alarm “the A range of effects of increasing CO2 in

acidification that has occurred so far is oceans is explained for a non-scientific
probably irreversible” (Kolbert, 2011, p. target audience (Kolbert, 2011).
108).

* pinpoint the quote

*(emphasis added) in citation indicates
you have added italics for emphasis.

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Despite overall prosperity (The 1983 The questionnaire (The 1983 all-America
all-America research team 1983, p. 73), research team 1983, p. 76) was The 1983 all-America research team. (1983).
Magazine/ “some businesses faltered”. distributed to one thousand Institutional Investor, 17(10), 73-174.
Journal article, organizations.
no author
Despite overall prosperity (The 1983 *use title in place of author
all-America research team 1983),
“some businesses faltered” ( p. 73).

45
 Despite overall prosperity as stated in The questionnaire as stated by The 1983
The 1983 all-America research team on all-America research team in 1983 was
1983, “some businesses faltered” (p. distributed to one thousand
73). organizations (p. 76).

* pinpoint the quote

* pinpoint the specific information
Information Prominent Information Prominent

1983 was “one of the most bullish Among the methodological limitations is
periods ever” (The 1983 all-America disparity in market exposure (The 1983
research team, 1983, p. 73). all-America research team, 1983, p. 76).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

State of Victoria (2004, p. 61) identifies State of Victoria (2004, p. 31) listed
“increased recruitment” as a key factor twenty environmental incidents for the
in capacity building. year, of which seven were of level 3
severity.

State of Victoria (2004) identifies State of Victoria (2004) listed twenty

Annual report, “increased recruitment” as a key factor environmental incidents for the year, of
State of Victoria. (2004). Vicroads annual
print in capacity building (p. 61). which seven were of level 3 severity (p.
report 2003-2004. Corporate
31).
Publications.

In the report of State of Victoria in As written in State of Victoria in 2004

2004 identifies “increased recruitment” listed twenty environmental incidents for
as a key factor in capacity building (p. the year, of which seven were of level 3
61). severity (p. 31).

46
 * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Assistance to non-English speaking Vicroads undertook nine major

customers included “4056 interpreter development projects in the year 2003-
assisted tests” (State of Victoria, 2004, 2004 (State of Victoria, 2004).
p. 50).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Part Two: Books, Electronic

Author Prominent Author Prominent Wheeler, J. C. (2007). Cosmic catastrophes:

As Wheeler (2007, p. 228) points out, Wheeler (2007) traces the shaping of Exploding stars, black holes, and
“direct evidence for black holes in concepts in astrophysics. mapping the universe (2nd ed.)
terms of a dark spot yet eludes us”. Cambridge.
http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy.li
As Wheeler (2007) points out, “direct b.edu.au/Open.aspx?id= 7504
evidence for black holes in terms of a 8&loc=&srch=undefined&src =0
E-book dark spot yet eludes us” (p. 228).

As stated by Wheeler in 2007, “direct As stated by Wheeler in 2007 traces the

evidence for black holes in terms of a shaping of concepts in astrophysics.
dark spot yet eludes us” (p. 228).

* pinpoint the quote

47
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

“We are gripped in a tri spatial Stellar death involves simultaneous

centrism we rarely stop to recognize”, contraction of the core and expansion of
limiting our ability to envisage multiple the surrounding material (Wheeler,
dimensions (Wheeler, 2007, p. 299). 2007).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

For Morgan (2011, p. 132), ethics deals Morgan (2011) investigates the
with “everyday concerns”. terminology surrounding family practices.

For Morgan (2011), ethics deals with Morgan, D. (2011). Rethinking family
“everyday concerns” (p. 132). practices, Palgrave Macmillan studies in
E-book, book in family and intimate life. Personal
a series According to Morgan in 2011, ethics According to Morgan in 2011 the Research Series. Palgrave Macmillan.
deals with “everyday concerns” (p. terminology surrounding family practices. http://reader.eblib.com.au.ezproxy.lib.
132). edu.au

* pinpoint the quote

*include name of series
Information Prominent Information Prominent

48
 Family is “continually being constructed Issues of time and space are particularly
and reconstructed through the relevant in blended families (Morgan,
performance of these practices” 2011, p. 75).
(Morgan, 2011, p. 162).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Strunk (2011, p.12) acknowledges in As Strunk (2011) indicates in the

the introductory section that introduction, this now canonical text was
sophisticated writers “sometimes initially published for students.
disregard the rules of rhetoric”.

Strunk (2011) acknowledges in the

introductory section that sophisticated
writers “sometimes disregard the rules Strunk, W. (2011). The elements of style.
E-book
of rhetoric”( p.12). Spectrum Ink Publishing.
accessed via an
As stated by Strunk in 2011, he indicates http://reader.emerald.com
e-book reader As stated by Strunk in 2011
acknowledges in the introductory in the introduction, this now canonical
section that sophisticated writers text was initially published for students.
“sometimes disregard the rules of
rhetoric”.

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

49
 As outlined in the introduction, Study In contrast to conventions followed in
of “the masters of literature” will Australia, American punctuation requires
enhance writing skills (Strunk, 2011). a comma after all terms in a list of three
or more items (Strunk, 2011, n.p.).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

McLaughlin (2011, p. 58) claims that McLaughlin (2011) reports the discovery
“the XMM observations of J1819-1458 of rotating radio transients.
have confirmed the neutron star nature
of J1819- 1458”.
McLaughlin, M. (2011). Rotating radio
McLaughlin (2011) claims that “the transients. In W. Becker (Ed.), Neutron
XMM observations of J1819-1458 have stars and pulsars (pp. 41-66). Springer
confirmed the neutron star nature of Link.http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.
J1819- 1458” (p. 58). lib.edu.au/content/v4u65t/#section=5047
Chapter in an 8&page=3&loc us=58
edited e-book According to McLaughlin in 2011, he According to McLaughlin in 2011 reports
claims that “the XMM observations of the discovery of rotating radio transients.
J1819-1458 have confirmed the
neutron star nature of J1819- 1458” (p. * for editor use ‘in’ + initials first (reverse usual
58) order) *include name and city of electronic
publisher
* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

New discoveries “hint at the rich Results for specific objects are analyzed
variety of transient sources that remain in detail (McLaughlin, 2011).

50
 to be discovered” (McLaughlin, 2011, p.
65).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Geoffrey Blainey (2012) describes Geoffrey Blainey (2012) gives minimal

Blainey’s, style as “lucid and biographical and professional
imaginative”, but gives no Examples. information.

As stated by Geoffrey Blainey in 2012 As stated by Geoffrey Blainey in 2012, he

describes Blainey’s, style as “lucid and gives minimal biographical and Geoffrey Blainey. (2012). In Encyclopædia
imaginative”, but gives no Examples. professional information. Britannica online.
Encyclopedia, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked
* pinpoint the quote
(Electronic), no /topic/68731/GeoffreyBlainey
author, specific Information Prominent Information Prominent
entry
Blainey’s “authoritative texts” have Blainey’s work is significant in Australian *use title, as for book with no author
generated controversy, but there is no economic and social history, but is not
supporting evidence in the entry itself detailed (Geoffrey Blainey, 2012).
(Geoffrey Blainey, 2012).

* pinpoint the quote

51
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

“Argument” (2011, p. 2 of 4) highlights Argument (2011) clearly traces the

the logical dimension: “A connected etymology of the term.
series of statements or reasons
intended to establish a position (and,
hence, to refute the opposite); a
process of reasoning; argumentation”.

“Argument” (2011) highlights the

logical dimension: “A connected series
of statements or reasons intended to
Dictionary
establish a position (and, hence, to Argument. (2011). Oxford English dictionary
(Electronic), no
refute the opposite); a process of online.
author, specific
reasoning; argumentation” (p. 2 of 4). http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.lib.edu.a
entry
u/view/Entry/10663
As written by “Argument” in 2011 As written by Argument in 2011 clearly
highlights the logical dimension: “A traces the etymology of the term.
connected series of statements or
reasons intended to establish a position
(and, hence, to refute the opposite); a
process of reasoning; argumentation”
(p. 2 of 4).

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

52
 The mathematical term “argument Various usages and nuances of the term
refers to an independent variable of a argument are demonstrated through
function” (Argument 2011, Draft historical Examples (Argument’, 2011).
additions, 1997, p. 4).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Matsumoto (2009, p. 417) defines Matsumoto (2009) attempts to account

quantitative psychology as “approaches for recent changes meanings of terms in
that use mathematics in order to psychology.
describe the workings of the mind and
control of behavior. ‟
Matsumoto, D. (2009). The Cambridge
Matsumoto (2009) defines quantitative dictionary of psychology. Cambridge
Dictionary psychology as “approaches that use University Press.
(Electronic), mathematics in order to describe the http://www.monash.eblib.com.au.ezpr
one or more workings of the mind and control of oxy.lib.
authors behavior’’ (p. 417). edu.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=461
As written by Matsumoto in 2009 As written by Matsumoto in 2009 152
defines quantitative psychology as attempts to account for recent changes
“approaches that use mathematics in meanings of terms in psychology.
order to describe the workings of the
mind and control of behavior” (p. 417).

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

53
 Psychology spans “the microlevel Major theories in psychology are briefly
neural processes… to macrolevel social described (Matsumoto, 2009).
and cultural processes‟ (Matsumoto,
2009, p. xv).

* pinpoint the quote

*ellipsis of three dots indicates word/s
omitted

Periodical or serial electronic

Author Prominent Author Prominent

As Downing (2010, p. 103) points out, Downing (2010) recorded data from
“acquisition of the external device(s) online forums.
needed to pirate is itself a process that Downing, S. (2010). Social control in a
requires one to possess a certain subculture of piracy. Journal Of
One author knowledge base”. Criminal Justice And Popular Culture,
17(1), 77- 123.
As Downing (2010) points out, http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/jcj
“acquisition of the external device(s) pc_vol17.html
needed to pirate is itself a process that
requires one to possess a certain
knowledge base” (p. 103).

54
 As written by Downing in 2010points As written by Downing in 2010 it is
out, “acquisition of the external recorded data from online forums.
device(s) needed to pirate is itself a
process that requires one to possess a
certain knowledge base” (p. 103).

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Many pirates “present legitimate Internet piracy, rather than being chaotic,
arguments for downloading software” operates within informal constraints
(Downing, 2010, p. 116). (Downing, 2010).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Head, B. and Redmond, G. (2011). Making
Head and Redmond’s (2011, p. 7) Head and Redmond (2011) argue that prevention work in human services for
argument “implicitly takes … the clean prevention significantly improves children and youth. Australian Review
slate approach to child development”. outcomes. of Public Affairs, 10(1), 5-22.
http://www.australianreview.net/journ
Two authors Head and Redmond’s (2011) argument al/v10/n1/head_redmond.pdf
(up to 20 “implicitly takes … the clean slate
authors) approach to child development” (p. 7).
*retain order of authors given in the source
As stated by Head and Redmond’s in As stated by Head and Redmond in 201, * after the 19th author’s name use ellipsis (…)
2011 argument “implicitly takes … the they argue that prevention significantly then followed by the author’s last name in the
clean slate approach to child improves outcomes. list.
development” (p. 7). *use and in sentence

55
 * pinpoint the quote
*use double quotation marks for a
quote within a quote
*ellipsis of three dots indicates word/s
omitted
Information Prominent Information Prominent

It is argued that “the value judgments A history of prevention approaches

and choices… need to be better reveals a wide range of underlying
articulated and understood” (Head & assumptions (Head & Redmond, 2011).
Redmond, 2011, p. 18).
*use & in citation
* pinpoint the quote
*ellipsis of three dots indicates word/s
omitted
Author Prominent Author Prominent Townsend, K., McDonald, P., and Esders, L.,
Beal, T., Holmes, S., Peter, J., Kotler, P.,
A study by Townsend et al. (2008, p. Townsend et al. (2008) found that James, S. P., Menzies, V., Lyon, D. E.,
22) showed that the cartoons “were mainstream media cartoons were cynical Elswick, R. K., McCain, N. L., Gray, D. P.,
moderate in tone”. but not destructive. *use and in McCallie, M. S., Blum, C. M., Hood, C.
sentence. J., Utay, J, …. Scherwitz, L. W. (2011).
21 or more A study by Townsend et al. (2008) American policing at the crossroads:
authors showed that the cartoons “were Unsustainable policies and the
moderate in tone” (p. 22). procedural justice alternative. The
Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology,
According to Townsend et al. in 2008, According to Townsend et al. in 2008, it is 10(2), 335-374.
showed that the cartoons “were found that mainstream media cartoons
moderate in tone” (p. 22). were cynical but not destructive.

*use and in sentence *retain order of authors given in the source

56
 *ellipsis of three dots indicates word/s *use and in sentence * after the 19th author’s name use ellipsis (…)
omitted then followed by the author’s last name in the
Information Prominent Information Prominent list.

As expected, “published cartoons were Cartoons concerning Work Choices were

only part of the wider political classified thematically (Townsend at al.,
discourse at a tumultuous time” 2008).
(Townsend et al., 2008, p. 22).

*pinpoint the quote

*use & in citation *use & in citation

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Freezing fish at sea (1958, p. 817) Freezing fish at sea (1958) reports on a
describes the experiment as “extensive study into quick freezing technology.
and impressive”.
Freezing fish at sea. (1958). Nature, 181(4612),
Freezing fish at sea (1958) describes 817.
the experiment as “extensive and http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.lib.ed
No author
impressive” (p. 817). u.au/nature/journal/v1
81/n4612/pdf/181817b0.pdf
As written in the Freezing fish at sea in As written in the Freezing fish at sea in
1958, it is described the experiment as 1958, it is reports on a study into quick *use title in place of author
“extensive and impressive” (p. 817). freezing technology.

*pinpoint the quote

57
 Information Prominent Information Prominent

Quick freezing technology was trialed The experimental quick freezing process
to improve quality in situations in was successful in all conditions. (Freezing
which “the earlier part of the catch fish at sea, 1958, p. 817).
may be some twelve days old when it is
landed” (Freezing fish at sea, 1958, p.
817).

*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Kim and Johnson (2012, p. 105) Kim and Johnson (2012) examined
conclude that the blogs exist “to find motivations for participation in political
out what other people think about blogs.
important issues or events and to keep
up with the main issues of the day”.

Kim and Johnson (2012) conclude that Kim, D. & Johnson, T. (2012). Political blog
Article from a the blogs exist “to find out what other readers: Predictors of motivations for
database people think about important issues or accessing political blogs. Telematics
events and to keep up with the main and Informatics, 29(1), 99- 109. Sage
issues of the day” (p. 105). Journals online.

According to Kim and Johnson in 2012, As stated by Kim and Johnson in 2012,
it is concluded that the blogs exist “to they examined motivations for
find out what other people think about participation in political blogs.
important issues or events and to keep
up with the main issues of the day” (p.
105).

58
 *use and in sentence
* pinpoint the quote
*use and in sentence
Information Prominent Information Prominent

There appears to be “a weak relation Blogs serve as an interactive forum for

between demographics and interpersonal discussion (Kim & Johnson,
motivations for using blogs, consistent 2012, p. 106).
with past studies” (Kim & Johnson,
2012, p. 106).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

*use & in citation *use & in citation

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Novick, M. (2012). Allowable interval
Novick (2012, p. 379) refers to a Novick (2012) uses a recently devised sequences and separating convex sets
previous proof “known as allowable method to address the separation of in the plane. Discrete Computational
sequences of permutation (emphasis in convex sets in the plane. Geometry, 47(2) 378- 392.
original). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00454-011-
9365-5
Novick (2012) refers to a previous proof
Article with DOI “known as allowable sequences of
permutation (emphasis in original)” (p. *copy the full digital object identifier
379). (https://doi.org/xxxx) from the article

As stated by Novick in 2012, refers to a As stated by Novick in 2012, he uses a

previous proof “known as allowable recently devised method to address the
sequences of permutation (emphasis in separation of convex sets in the plane
original)” (p. 379).

59
 * pinpoint the quote”
* (emphasis in original) indicates no
change to original
Information Prominent Information Prominent

The “upper bound from Proposition 6.1 A series of proofs from 1979 onward is
increases by no more than n − 3j + 1”, invoked as partial support for the main
according to Novick (2012, p. 392). argument (Novick, 2012).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

ASoguel (2010 as cited in Shirazi 2012, Esfandiari (1997 as cited in Shirazi 2012,
p. 49) stated that “every print magazine pp. 47-48) reports that Iranian women’s
for women we had was closed, so we movements have a long history.
created a new world for ourselves in Shirazi, F. (2012). Information and
cyberspace” communication technology and
women empowerment in Iran. In M.
*pinpoint the citation in your source
McGoldrick, & J.Giordano. Telematics
*include year of publication for both
Citing a source and Informatics, 29(1), 45-55.
sources
within a source http://www.australianreview.net/jo
Information Prominent Information Prominent urnal/v3/n1/carson.pdf

“Every print magazine for women we Where freedom of expression is

had was closed, so we created a new constrained, subversive modes of dissent *in the Reference list provide an entry for the
world for ourselves in cyberspace” arise (Haider, 2009 as cited in Shirazi, entire work (not only the part that you used).
(Soguel, 2010 as cited in Shirazi, 2012, 2012, p. 46).
p. 49).

*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the citation in your source

60
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Newspaper Devlin (2011, p. 32) points to a move Devlin (2011, p. 32) reports on a recent Devlin, M. (2011, November 16). Keys found to
article from a from “elite, through mass to universal study of first year students from low success by the less privileged. The
database access” in Australian higher education. socioeconomic backgrounds. Australian. Business Insight Global.

Devlin (2011) points to a move from Devlin (2011) reports on a recent study of
*include database name in brackets, no URL
“elite, through mass to universal first year students from low
required
access” (p. 32) in Australian higher socioeconomic backgrounds (p. 32).
education. *include day of publication and page number

According to Devlin in 2011 points to a According to Devlin in 2011 reports on a

move from “elite, through mass to recent study of first year students from
universal access” (p. 32) in Australian low socioeconomic backgrounds (p. 32).
higher education.

*pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Students nominated “perseverance” as A recent study by Deakin university

a significant factor contributing to attributes four major factors to first year
success in first year university (Devlin, success (Devlin, 2011, p. 32).
2011, p. 32).

*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

61
 Flitton (2012) claims that “Australia is Flitton (2012) reports a substantial cut in
about to confront the biting reality of funding for the US military.
Flitton, D. (2012, February 5). Economic woes
US military decline”.
hit US defence ambitions. The
As written by Flitton in 2012, he claims As written by Flitton in 2012, he reports a Canberra Times.
that “Australia is about to confront the substantial cut in funding for the US http://www.canberratimes.com.au
biting reality of US military decline”. military. /news/world/world/general/econo
mic-woes-hit-us-
* pinpoint the quote defenceambitions/2409318.aspx
Newspaper
article
Information Prominent Information Prominent *include both day of publication and viewed
Australian foreign policy must respond New forms of warfare have influenced US
to the “US's formal strategy to fight government funding of its defense forces
two large adversaries at once” (Flitton, (Flitton, 2012).
2012, para. 3).

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Stabbed man found lying in street. (2012,
“Stabbed man found lying in street” Recent articles such as stabbed man
January 5). The Townsville Bulletin.
(2012) reports “that the victim refused found lying in street (2012) demonstrate
Newspaper http://www.townsvillebulletin.com.
to hand over his property”. a continuing focus on sensationalist
Article, no au/article/2012/01/05/295451_ne
reporting.
author ws.html

As written by “Stabbed man found lying As stated in the recent articles such as
in street” in 2012, it is reported “that stabbed man found lying in street in *use title in place of author
the victim refused to hand over his 2012, it is demonstrate a continuing
property”. focus on sensationalist reporting.

62
 * pinpoint the quote
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Use of statements from hospital staff is Robbery and mugging feature in local
common for Example a man is reported newspapers, as in a recent news story
as in “a critical condition” (Stabbed (Stabbed man found lying in street,
man found lying in street, 2012) after 2012).
being mugged.

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Stellman (2011, p. 2), as is typical for a Stellman (2011) is an Example of

general audience, asserts, but does not informing the general public of recent
provide evidence that local populations programs.
“have been burning country since time
immemorial as it was critical to their
existence”. Stellman, J. (2011, September). Fighting fire
Article in an with fire: Recent burning programs in
online Stellman (2011), as is typical for a the APY lands. Caring for Country.
newsletter general audience, asserts, but does not http://www.awnrm.sa.gov.au/Portals/
provide evidence that local populations 3/AW%20News%20Edition3.pdf
“have been burning country since time
immemorial as it was critical to their
existence” (p. 2).

According to the article written by According to the article written by

Stellman in 2011, as is typical for a Stellman in 2011, it is an Example of
general audience, asserts, but does not

63
 provide evidence that local populations informing the general public of recent
“have been burning country since time programs.
immemorial as it was critical to their
existence” (p. 2).

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Explanations are basic; for Example, Explaining procedures to a general

“the proliferation of Buffel Grass in the audience is one common purpose of
arid zone is altering the fire regime” newsletters (Stellman, 2011).
(Stellman, 2011, p. 2).

* pinpoint the quote

Part Three: Website

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Fein (2011) claims, without supporting Fein (2011) is an Example of an opinion Fein, B. (2011). The American view: God,
statistics, that “the vast majority of piece providing no supporting evidence. family, republic.
One author
victims of illegal or unconstitutional http://archive.theamericanview.co
surveillance under FISA are never m/index.php?id=1770
informed of the spying”.

64
 According to Fein in 2011 he claims, According to Fein in 2011, it is an *this is an Example of a nonacademic website
without supporting statistics, that “the Example of an opinion piece providing no which may be analyzed for research purposes.
vast majority of victims of illegal or supporting evidence. Do not rely on the information in the website-
unconstitutional surveillance under find an academic source instead.
FISA are never informed of the spying”.

*pinpoint the quote * Include retrieval date if the contents of the

Information Prominent Information Prominent page are designed to change over time, and the
page itself is not archived.
Websites promoting particular beliefs In an American website with explicit
and values are common; for Example religious aims, the Patriot Act is depicted * U.S Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world
the belief that “Liberty for its own sake as unconstitutional (Fein, 2011). population clock. U.S. Department of
is the definition of America” (Fein, Commerce. Retrieved July 3, 2019, from
2011). https://www.census.gov/popclock/
*pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
Organization as
The Royal Society for the Prevention of The Royal Society for the Prevention of to Animals Victoria. (2011). Jumps
author
Cruelty to Animals Victoria (RSPCA, Cruelty to Animals, Victoria (RSPCA, racing.
2011) claims, again with no evidence, 2011) argues against jumps racing, as http://www.rspcavic.org/issuestake-
that jumps racing is “a small and appropriate to its mission. action/jumps-racing/

65
 Websites for a unprofitable part of the racing
non-academic industry”. * include initials in round brackets only if the
target audience source is cited more than once in-text *this is
are NOT According to RSPCA in 2011, they As reported by RSPCA in 2011, they an Example of a nonacademic website. Do not
acceptable claims, again with no evidence, that argues against jumps racing, as rely on the information in the website (it may
academic jumps racing is “a small and appropriate to its mission. be too basic or unreliable) - find an academic
sources unless unprofitable part of the racing source instead
as objects of industry”.
research
* pinpoint the quote *if you have only one in text citation to a
*At the subsequent citations then can source in your work, you must use the
use abbreviation of the organization full author name (no initials or
name abbreviations)

Information Prominent Information Prominent

The basis on which claims rest is not It is asserted without evidence that the
given; for Example, “in a jumps race campaign against jumps racing in Victoria
there is a one in 14 chance of injury attracted strong support (The Royal
and a one in 116 chance of death for Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
the racehorse” (RSPCA Victoria, 2011, Animals [RSPCA] Victoria, 2011).
para. 9).

* pinpoint the quote *first of two or more citations include full

*initials for second and subsequent name and initials in square brackets
citations ONLY

66
 Author Prominent Author Prominent Reese, A. (2013). Sectarian and regional conflict
in the Middle East. Middle East Security
Report from an Reese (2013) concludes that “Syria and Reese (2013) examines how the Syrian Report 13, Institute for the study of
institution Iraq have become the battlefronts for a and Iraqi conflicts have spilled into war.
website regional conflict that is marked by neighboring countries. http://www.understandingwar.org/
increase in sectarian rhetoric and sites/default/files/SectarianandRe
violence” with no obvious stabilizing gionalConflictintheMiddleEast_3J
influence (p. 19-20). UL.pdf

According to Reese in 2013, it is According to Reese in 2013 examines

concluded that Syria and Iraq have how the Syrian and Iraqi conflicts have
become the battlefronts for a regional spilled into neighboring countries.
conflict that is marked by increase in
sectarian rhetoric and violence” with
no obvious stabilizing influence (p. 19-
20).

*pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

According to the report, the U.S. “must The report examines the escalation of
pursue a regional strategy, not just a conflict in Syria during 2012 and early
Syria-centric or Irancentric strategy” 2013 (Reese, 2013).
(Reese, 2013, p. 20).

*pinpoint the quote

67
 Part Four: Social Media

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Patterson (2011, p.12) reports that Patterson (2011, p. 8) argues that the
PLoS ONE “will publish as much as 1.5% peer review process does not evaluate
of all articles indexed in PubMed in the significance of a work.
2011”.

Patterson (2011) reports that PLoS ONE

“will publish as much as 1.5% of all
articles indexed in PubMed in 2011”
Patterson, M. (2011, January 5). Open access
(p.12).
mega journals find out more in Estonia
[Web log post].
Based on the statement of Patterson in
http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2011/0
2011 reports that PLoS ONE “will
Blog post 6/open-access-megajournals-
publish as much as 1.5% of all articles
%e2%80%93-find-out-more-inestonia/
indexed in PubMed in 2011” (p.12).

*pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

* include both the date the blog entry was

Information Prominent Information Prominent posted and the date viewed

Open-access journals are challenging Publication rates in open-access journals

the “primacy of the [traditional] journal have increased over the last four years
as the mechanism for the organization (Patterson, 2011, p.12).
of published research” (Patterson,
2011, p.20 ).

*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the specific information

68
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

avoid author prominent as wiki articles * avoid author prominent as wiki articles
cannot be reliably attributed to any one cannot be reliably attributed to any one
(or more) persons (or more) persons

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Cretaceous. (2011, November 12). In Wikipedia
Language style is basic for Example, the Information is framed for a general http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceos
use of parallel construction in the audience (Cretaceous, 2011).
Wiki entry
repeated modal verb “modern
crocodilians can live as scavengers and * use the date of the last revision to the wiki
can survive for months without food” article as the publication year
(Cretaceous, 2011).

*pinpoint the quote * cite the title of the wiki and the date of
* cite the title and the date of last last revision
revision
Author Prominent Author Prominent

Gillard (2011) further broadcast the Gillard`s (2011) strategy included using Gillard, J. (2011, September 30). Strategy.
message online that proposed wage Facebook to announce the plan to deliver http://www.strategy in Australia. In
increases would benefit “150,000 of a pay rise to employees in the social Facebook [Facebook update].
Australia’s lowest paid workers”. services sector. Facebook.
Update on https://www.facebook.com/juliagill
social network ard/posts/263639040354656
As stated by Gillard in 2011 further As stated by Gillard`s in 2011 strategy
broadcast the message online that included using Facebook to announce the
proposed wage increases would benefit plan to deliver a pay rise to employees in
* social media “150,000 of Australia’s lowest paid the social services sector.
are NOT workers”.

69
 acceptable
academic *pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the specific information
sources unless Information Prominent Information Prominent
as objects of
research The government used online forums to The government used online forums to
declare that it was “prepared to declare that it was “prepared to provide
provide over $2 billion” (Gillard, 2011). over $2 billion” (Gillard, 2011, para. 1).

*pinpoint the quote *pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Gsmokeyjoe (2007) During his musings Gsmokeyjoe`s (2007) the purpose of

Stephen Fry provocatively declared entertainment, Stephen Fry has argued
“the people I know that swear the most for the value of swearing.
tend to have the widest vocabularies”
Gsmokeyjoe. (2007, November 4). Stephen Fry
YouTube
on the joys of swearing [Video file].
According to Gsmokeyjoe in 2007 In 2007 a statement has been released by Youtube.
* YouTube or
During his musings Stephen Fry Gsmokeyjoe`s, he stated that the http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
similar are NOT
provocatively declared “the people I purpose of entertainment, Stephen Fry =s_osQvkeNRM&feature=youtu.be
acceptable
know that swear the most tend to have has argued for the value of swearing.
academic
the widest vocabularies”
sources unless
as objects of
Information Prominent Information Prominent
research
During his musings Stephen Fry For the purpose of entertainment,
provocatively declared “the people I Stephen Fry has argued for the value of
know that swear the most tend to have swearing (Gsmokeyjoe, 2007).

70
 the widest vocabularies” (Gsmokeyjoe,
2007)

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Adams, D. (2011, January 20). Re: PCA with
Adams (2011) notes that, in this case, Adams (2011) noted the usefulness of very large number of landmarks?
“the issues related to Rao's curse of Principal Coordinates Analysis in this [Online forum comment].
dimensionality are less applicable”. situation. http://www.mailarchive.com/morphm
et%40morp
According to Adams in 2011, he notes In 2011 a statement by Adams noted that hometrics.org/msg02412.html
that, in this case, “the issues related to the usefulness of Principal Coordinates
Bulletin boards, Rao's curse of dimensionality are less Analysis in this situation.
Forums, applicable”.
Usenet, Email
lists * pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information
Adams, D. (2011, January 20). Re: PCA with
Information Prominent Information Prominent very large number of landmarks?
[electronic mailing list message].
Principal Coordinates Analysis produces Computation time is a major issue with
http://www.mailarchive.com/morphm
the “matrix of pairwise distances very large covariance matrices (Adams,
et%40morp
between objects” (Adams, 2011). 2011, para. 3).
hometrics.org/msg02412.html

* pinpoint the quote * pinpoint the specific information

Part five: Theses/ dissertations

Author Prominent Author Prominent Howie, L. (2008). Terror: Witnesses and the
Thesis, print
Howie (2008, p. 68) suggests “fiction Howie (2008) argues that major cities are reanimation of 9/11 as image event,
(unpublished) and reality are not easily crucial targets for displays of terrorism. commodity (Doctoral thesis). Monash
University Press.

71
 distinguishable when they are both
images”.

Howie (2008) suggests “fiction and *insert master’s thesis, honors’ thesis,
reality are not easily distinguishable doctoral thesis as necessary
when they are both images” (p. 68).
In 2008, a statement by Howie argues
As stated by Howie in 2008, he that major cities are crucial targets for
suggests “fiction and reality are not displays of terrorism.
easily distinguishable when they are
both images” (p. 68).

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Televisual images are “substitutes or The commodification of terrorism is

simulations, for being first-hand analyzed (Howie, 2008).
witnesses of terrorism” (Howie, 2008,
p. 155).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent Clark, P. (2011). Synthesis of interlocked

Clark (2011, p. 183) amusingly The thesis (Clark 2011) extends research molecules by olefin metathesis
Thesis, online
characterizes this polymer as a into interlocked architectures. (doctoral thesis, California Institute of
(Published)
molecular “charm bracelet”. Technology).
http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/59

72
 Clark (2011) amusingly characterizes 81/1/Paul_Clark_PhD_Thesis__8- 10-
this polymer as a molecular “charm 2010.pdf
bracelet” (p. 183).

According to Clark in 2011amusingly In 2011, the thesis Clark extends research

characterizes this polymer as a into interlocked architectures.
molecular “charm bracelet” (p. 183).

* pinpoint the quote

Information Prominent Information Prominent

Interlocked molecules have are defined A number of methods were tested and
as “discrete molecules that contain no rejected (Clark, 2011).
covalent bonds between them, but that
cannot be separated without cleavage
of at least one covalent bond (Clark,
2011, p. 2).

* pinpoint the quote

Author Prominent Author Prominent Kato, S. (2011). The popular music canon and
Clark (2011, p. 183) amusingly Kato (2011) interrogates the dominant the neglect of mainstream rock (UMI
characterizes this polymer as a values which have excluded mainstream 3259752) [Master thesis]. Proquest
Thesis from a molecular “charm bracelet” rock from the literature. Dissertations and Theses.
database .
Clark (2011) amusingly characterizes
this polymer as a molecular “charm
bracelet” (p. 183).

73
 As stated by Clark in 2011, he As stated by Kato in 2011, interrogates
amusingly characterizes this polymer as the dominant values which have
a molecular “charm bracelet” (p. 183). excluded mainstream rock from the
literature.
* pinpoint the quote
Information Prominent Information Prominent

Interlocked molecules have are defined The introduction of mainstream rock to

as “discrete molecules that contain no music research literature is justified
covalent bonds between them” (Clark, (Kato, 2011).
2011, p. 2).

Part Six: Data, Figures and Images

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Tenopir et al. (2005, Table Tenopir et al. (2005, Table 4) Scientists

4)“Astronomers tend to have fewer more prefer to subscribed journals rather
personal journal subscriptions than than Astronomers Tenopir, C., King, D.W., Boyce, P., Grayson, M.,
other scientists” & Paulson, K. (2005). Relying on
Figure, print Information Prominent Information Prominent electronic journals: Reading patterns of
astronomers [Figure]. Journal of the
“Astronomers tend to have fewer According to figure, scientists more
American Society for Information
personal journal subscriptions than prefer to subscribed journals rather than
Science and Technology, 56(8), 786-
other scientists” (Tenopir et al., 2005, astronomers (Tenopir et al., 2005, Table
802.
Table 4). 4)

74
 Author Prominent Author Prominent

Rittmeyer et al. (2012, Figure 2) Rittmeyer et al. (2012, Figure 2) describe

“species of Paedophryne from the a new species of Paedophryne from the
Rittmeyer, E., Allison, A., Gründler, M.,
south-east of Papua New Guinea” south-east of Papua New Guinea.
Thompson, D., & Austin, C. (2012).
Ecological guild evolution and the
*use et al. for source with four or more
discovery of the world's smallest
authors
vertebrate [Figure]. PLoS ONE, 7(1),
Figure, online Information Prominent Information Prominent
797.
“species of Paedophryne from the The first finger and toe of Paedophryne https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0
south-east of Papua New Guinea” are reduced to vestigial nubs (Rittmeyer 02979
(Rittmeyer et al., 2012, Figure 2) et al., 2012, Figure 1).

*use et al. *Mention Figure in square bracket

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Tenopir et al. (2005, Table Tenopir et al. (2005, Table 7) found that
Tenopir, C., King, D.W., Boyce, P., Grayson, M.,
7)“Astronomers tend to have fewer astronomers primarily read articles
& Paulson, K. (2005). Relying on
personal journal subscriptions than published in the last year.
electronic journals: Reading patterns of
Table, print other scientists”
astronomers [Table]. Journal of the
American Society for Information
*use et al. for source with four or more
Science and Technology, 56(8), 786-
authors (note stop [.] only after ‘al., not
802.
after ‘et’)
Information Prominent Information Prominent

75
 “Astronomers tend to have fewer Astronomers tend to have fewer personal
personal journal subscriptions than journal subscriptions than other scientists
other scientists” (Tenopir et al., 2005, (Tenopir et al., 2005, Table 4).
Table 4).
*use et al.
Author Prominent Author Prominent

Brazzeal (2011, Table 1) “citation in Brazzeal (2011, Table 1) found that most
chemistry journals” citations to Wikipedia in Chemistry
Table, online Brazzeal, B. (2011). Citations to Wikipedia in
journals were for general scientific
information. chemistry journals: A preliminary study
[Table]. Issues in Science and
Information Prominent Information Prominent Technology Librarianship, Fall 2011.
http://www.istl.org/11-
“Citation in chemistry journals” Relatively few citations to Wikipedia are fall/refereed2.html
(Brazzeal, 2011, Table 1). for specific mathematical formulas or
chemical properties (Brazzeal, 2011,
Table 1).

Author Prominent Author Prominent Department of transport and communications.

(1984). Sound and television
Data from the Department of Transport Data from the Department of Transport broadcasting stations: field strength
and Communications (1985) and Communications (1985) indicates contour maps [Demographic Map].
“Restricted broadcast signal around that broadcast signal strength was 1:2,500, 000.Department of Transport
Broken Hill” restricted around Broken Hill. and Communications.31°56‟S
Map, print
141°29’E.
Information Prominent Information Prominent

“Restricted broadcast signal around In the early 1980s, SBS broadcasting from
*give the author, year, title of the map
Broken Hill”(Data from the Department Broken Hill reached as far south as the
collection, map, scale, publisher, map sheet
name, and latitude and longitude if possible

76
 of Transport and Communications, town of Morgan Vale (Department of
1985) Transport and Communications, 1985).

Author Prominent Author Prominent Bowen, T. (1777). A new & accurate map of
Asia: Drawn from the most approved
Bowen (1777) “early map of Australia” An early map (Bowen, 1777) contributes modern maps & charts. Middleton’s
to the depiction of Australia, as terra complete system of geography. C
nullius. Middleton (Ed.), map, ca. 1:33,000,000
[Demographic map].
Information Prominent Information Prominent
Map, online http://nla.gov.au/nla.maprm185
“Early map of Australia”(Bowen, 1777) A 1777 map of Australia employs the
older name of New Holland (Bowen,
1777).

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Computer Not applicable for quotation style. Holland (2009) provides a simple tool for
software, rarefaction. Holland, S. (2009). Analytic rarefaction (Version
online 2.0) [Computer software]. Hunt
Information Prominent Information Prominent mountain software.
http://www.huntmountainsoftware
Diversity curves were constructed using
.com/html/rarefaction.html
Analytic rarefaction (Holland, 2009).

Author Prominent Author Prominent EndNote X5. (2011). (Version 15) [Computer

77
 Computer Not applicable for quotation style. Reference management software, such software]. Thompson Reuters.
software, no as EndNote X5 (2011) has become http://www.endnote.com/enhome.asp
programmer, common place.
online
Information Prominent Information Prominent * Give the version where available, even if the
version number is part of the software title
Not applicable for quotation style. Downloaded journal articles can be
attached to individual records (EndNote
X5, 2011).

Author Prominent Author Prominent

CD-ROM / DVD- Not applicable for quotation style. Financial data given in International International Financial Statistics [CD-
ROM Financial Statistics (2008) has been ROM]. (2008).
extensively analyzed. International Monetary Fund.
Information Prominent Information Prominent
* substitute DVD-ROM for CDROM where
Not applicable for quotation style. Analysis was facilitated by the availability appropriate
of large financial statistics datasets
(International Financial Statistics, 2008).

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Cattani, D. (2011). CTL-005 John, Christian and
Not applicable for quotation style. Catani’s (2011) photograph of Christian Ace in the showroom of Sophisto-Cat
Images, online the lion in his owners` showroom is part [online image].
of a series. http://www.christianthelionprints.com
/ctlshop
Information Prominent Information Prominent

78
 Not applicable for quotation style. A lion photographed in a London *cite details and URL of location (e.g. web
showroom by Cattani (2011) has been page) on which the image is was viewed
used to generate income.

Author Prominent Author Prominent

Images from a Not applicable for quotation style. Kandinsky (1914) explored the use of
database, brilliant color to express emotional
known creator states. Kandinsky, V. (1914). Panel for Edwin R.
Campbell no. 2 [digital image of
Information Prominent Information Prominent painting].
http://www.moma.org/collection/obje
Not applicable for quotation style. The painting utilizes abstract forms and ct.php?object_id=79450
lush color to demonstrate the similarity
between painting and music (Kandinsky,
1914).

Author Prominent Author Prominent Bird: An artwork [online image]. (1993). John
Images from a Oxley Library. State Library of
Not applicable for quotation style. Bird: an artwork (1993) was created as
database, Queensland digital image collection.
part of a larger project involving child
unknown http://hdl.handle.net/10462/deriv/
artists.
creator 151889
Information Prominent Information Prominent

79
Not applicable for quotation style. The artwork demonstrates technical
competence in a young child (Bird: an
artwork, 1993).

80
Appendix A: quick guide to referencing articles

Sources type Referencing format

Print article Kolbert, E. (2017). The acid sea. Journal of Geographic, 53(7), 219.

Article from a database Carroll, M. (2008). Identities in dialogue: Patterns in the chaos. The
Writing Centre Journal, 28(1), 72–79. Sage Online database.
Article from the WWW Carroll, M. (2008). Identities in dialogue: Patterns in the chaos. The
Writing Centre Journal, 28(1), 72–79.
http://www.cas.udel.edu/writingcenter/journal/Pages/default.asp
Article with a DOI Novick, M. (2012). Allowable interval sequences and separating convex
sets in the plane. Discrete Computational Geometry, 47(2), 378-
392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00454-011-9365-5

81
 Appendix B: Quick guide to in-text citing Short quote less than 30 words
page number single quotation
marks = part of your sentence
In-text referencing is a short form. year
Cite only Surname/s (no initials) and
year

This paper will not attempt to delve at length into the energy component of the ecological footprint. This
has been covered elsewhere (Ferguson 1999; Wiley et al. 2001). However, the contention of Rees, Weston
and Waters (2006, p. 45) to base the energy footprint on the “area of land needed to absorb the carbon
emitted by burning fossil fuels” is regarded by most commentators as being hard to defend. We argue
that a more reliable basis for the energy footprint is the area of land required to produce the specified
energy renewable. Investigations (Pimentel et al. 1999 as cited in Smith 2009, p. 34-36) demonstrate that
the figure will not alter significantly. As Smil reports, sugar cane is the best renewable option:

Relying on corn in temperate regions would bring much lower returns. Even during Citing a source
For 4 or more authors the transition period, when distillation would be subsidized by coal power, densities for within a source In-
of a single source use text= cite both
ethanol as standalone fuel would be no more than 0.2W/m 2. Power densities of a fully sources page
‘et al.’ in all in-text
citations But List all solar operation would drop to about 0.04W/m 2. (1993, p. 190) number But
names in full in the reference list= cite
reference list only the source
you actually read

Long quote minimum 40 words

introduce with colon indented one size
smaller font single line spacing brackets
outside full stop page number

82
Appendix C: Sample APA style reference list

References

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2004). 5362.0.55.001. A guide to Australian balance of payments
and international investment position statistics.
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/5362.0.55.001

Brick, J. (2006). Academic culture: A student’s guide to study at university. National Centre for
English Language Teaching and Research.

Cashmore, J., Parkinson, P., Weston R., Patulny, R., Redmond, G. Qu L., Baxter, J., … Rajkovic, M. (2010).
Shared care parenting arrangements since the 2006 Family Law Reforms: Report to the Australian
Government Attorney-General’s Department.
http://www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/media/File/AG_Shared_Care.PDF

Department of Transport and Communications. (1984). Sound and television broadcasting stations: Field
strength contour maps. 1:2,500,000. Department of Transport and Communications. 2NB Broken
Hill. 31°56‟S 141°29’E.

González Sánchez, C. (2011). New world literacy: Writing and culture across the Atlantic. 1500-1700,
(trans. T Platt, rev. B Aram). Bucknell University Press.

Goodrum, D., Hackling, M., & Rennie, L. (2000). The status and quality of teaching and learning of
science in Australian schools. Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs.

Gregory, J. (2008). Journeying across colonial landscapes: Portable housing in nineteenth century
Australia. in A Mayne (Ed.). Beyond the Black Stump: Histories of outback Australia.Wakefield
Press.

Kim, D. & Johnson, T. (2012). Political blog readers: Predictors of motivations for accessing political
blogs. Telematics and Informatics. 29(1), 99-109. Retrieved from Ebscohost database.

Larkin, E. (Ed.). (2004). Common sense: Thomas Paine.Broadview Editions.

Novick, M. (2012). Allowable interval sequences and separating convex sets in the plane. Discrete
Computational Geometry, 47(2), 378-392. https://doi/org/10.1007/s00454-011-9365-50

Prentice, C. (2010). Terms of ambivalence: Cultural politics and symbolic exchange. Australian Literary
Studies, 25(4), 33-54.

Strangio, P. & Costar, B. (Eds.). 2006. The Victorian premiers 1856-2006.The Federation Press.

83
 References

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-
000

American Psychological American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). American Psychological Association.

CSUDH University Library. (2020, August 7). About APA 7th ed. https://libguides.csudh.edu/citation/apa-
7

Purdue Writing Lab. (n.d.). Reference list: Basic rules. Purdue Online Writing Lab.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide
/reference_list_basic_rules.html

84