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Mobile Phone
Communication.
How it works?
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A mobile phone is an electronic device used for mobile telecommunications over a Password
cellular network of specialized base stations known as cell sites. A cell phone o ers full
Duplex Communication and transfer the link when the user moves from one cell to
another. As the phone user moves from one cell area to another, the system
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automatically commands the mobile phone and a cell site with a stronger signal, to
switch on to a new frequency in order to keep the link.
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Codes in the Mobile Phone

Mobile phones have special codes associated with them. These include:

Electronic Serial Number (ESN) -Unique 32-bit number programmed in the phone Popular Tags
Mobile Identi cation Number (MIN) – 10 digit number derived from the phone’s number. IC datasheet LED audio ampli er

System Identi cation Code (SID) – unique 5 digit number that is assigned to each carrier by the battery chargers Arduino 741
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ESN is a permanent part of the phone while MIN and SID codes are programmed in the
phone when a service plan is selected and activated.

Mobile phone is a Duplex device. When we use one frequency for talking, a second
separate frequency is used for listening. So that both the people on the call can talk at
once. The Mobile phone can communicate on 1,664 channels or more. The Mobile
phones operate within the cells, so that it is easy to switch on to di erent cells as they
move around. A person using a cell phone can drive hundreds of kilometers and can
maintain a conversation during the entire time because of the cellular approach.

Activation of SIM Card

SIM card (Subscriber Identi cation Module (SIM)) is a type of Smart card used in
mobile phone. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user’s subscription
information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information even
after switching o the handset. Alternatively, the user can also change service
providers while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. SIM card Securely
stores the service subscriber key having 15 digits.
The digits of the key are :

First 3 digits – Mobile country code

Second 2 digits – Mobile network code
Third 10 digits – Mobile station identi cation number

Related Products: ATM UNI | Audio CODEC

Subscriber Identi cation Module SIM

When the Mobile phone is used for the rst time, it sends a
number called International Mobile Subscriber Identity –
IMSI present in the SIM card to the network, which looks it
up in a database to ensure the card is registered. If the IMSI
is recognized, the network creates another number called a
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI), which is
encrypted and sent back to the phone. In all subsequent
calls, the phone identi es itself by broadcasting the TMSI.

What happens when we make a call?

1. When we switch on the mobile phone, it tries for an SID on the Control channel. The Control
channel is a special frequency that the phone and base station use to talk to one another. If the
Mobile phone nds dif culty to get link with the control channel, it displays a “no service”
message.
2. If the Mobile phone gets the SID, it compares the SID with the SID programmed in the phone. If
both SID match, the phone identi es that the cell it is communicating is the part of its home
system.
3. The phone also transmits a registration request along with the SID and the MTSO keeps track
of your phone’s location in a database. MTSO knows in which cell you are when it wants to ring
the phone.
4. The MTSO then gets the signal, it tries to nd the phone. The MTSO looks in its database to nd
the cell in which the phone is present. The MTSO then picks a frequency pair to take the call.
5. The MTSO communicates with the Mobile phone over the control channel to tell it what
frequencies to use. Once the Mobile phone and the tower switch on those frequencies, the call
is connected.
6. When the Mobile phone move toward the edge of the cell, the cell’s base station will note that
the signal strength is diminishing. At the same time, the base station in the cell in which the
phone is moving will be able to see the phone’s signal strength increasing.
7. The two base stations coordinate themselves through the MTSO. At some point, the Mobile
phone gets a signal on a control channel and directs it to change frequencies. This will switch
the phone to the new cell.

Mobile Network

The GSM System

Global System for Mobile Communications is the standard for mobile telephone
systems in the world. In GSM, the signaling and speech channels are digital, therefore
GSM is considered a 2G (Second Generation) system. This helps wide-spread
implementation of data communication applications. There are ve di erent cell sizes
in a GSM network These are macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells.

Macro cells are cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast above average
roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level.
Pico cells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen metres. These are
mainly used in indoors applications. Femto cells are cells designed for use in residential
or small business environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a
broadband internet connection.

Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and ll in gaps in
coverage between those cells.Horizontal radius of the cell varies depending on the
antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions. Maximum distance the GSM
supports is 35 kilometers. Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz
bands while 3G GSM in the 2100 MHz frequency band.

Time Sharing
Time Division Multiplexing technique is used to share eight full-rate or sixteen half-
rate speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio time slots
grouped into a TDMA frame.

Mobile Network
Mobile phone converts voice, text, multi-media messages or data calls into Radio
Frequencies (RF). Mobile phone base stations transmit and receive these RF signals and
connect callers to other phones and other networks. Mobile phone network is divided
into thousands of overlapping, individual geographic areas or ‘cells’, each with a base
station. The size of a cell depends on the area of coverage and the number of calls that
are made in that area. The smallest cells are in crowded urban areas with large buildings
and heavy population density, while the biggest cells are in rural areas, where people
are dispersed.

There are two types of channels used in GSM . These are Control channels and Tra c
channels.

Control channels
These are responsible for housekeeping tasks such as telling the mobile when a call is
coming in and which frequency to use. To ensure this handover works, the phone
constantly monitors the broadcast control channel of up to 16 neighboring cells. In
normal operation, phones continually adjust the power of the radio waves they send out
to be the minimum needed for the base station to receive a clear signal. If a phone
moves far away from its base station and if the signal is weak, the network consults the
list and triggers a handover to a neighboring cell with best signal.

Tra c channels
It is used to carry calls or other data from the mobile phone to the base station and vice
versa. In the Tra c channel, voice or text data is carried in bursts. Each burst comprises
two consecutive strings of bits (a series of signals representing 1s and 0s), each 57 bits
long.

Range
The range within which mobile devices can connect is not a xed gure. It depends on a
number of factors like the frequency of signal in use, the transmitter’s rated power, the
transmitter’s size etc.

Inside the Mobile phone

Mobile phone is a sophisticated device using SMD components, Microprocessor, Flash
memory etc. In addition to the Circuit board, Mobile phone also has Antenna, Liquid
Crystal Display(LCD) , Keyboard, Microphone, Speaker and Battery. Below is the Block
diagram of Mobile phone

The circuit board is the heart of the Mobile phone. It has chips like Analog-to-Digital
and Digital-to-Analog conversion chips that translate the outgoing audio signal from
analog to digital and the incoming signal from digital back to analog.Following are the
Chips present in Mobile phone.
1. Digital signal processor

It is generally rated as having 40 MIPS (millions of instructions per second) to conduct

calculations of signal manipulation at high speed. This chip deals with both
compression and decompression of the signals.

2. Microprocessor
It handles all the housekeeping tasks for the keyboard and display. It also deals with
command and control signaling with the base station, and coordinates the rest of the
functions on the board.

Mobile Microprocessor and Flash Memory

3.The Flash memory and ROM Chips of the Mobile phone act as a storage location for
the phone. These chips store the customizable options of the cell phone, as well as the
entire operating system. The power and radio frequency sections of the phone, phone
recharging and power management etc are controlled by this chip. It also controls
several hundred FM channels. The RF ampli ers focus on signals that go in and out of
the phone’s antennae.

Mobile Phone Maintenance

Mobile phone is a delicate device and needs care for its proper functioning. Here are the
common measures to keep the mobile phone in good condition.

Do not keep Mobile phone in wet area or use it with wet hands. Moisture can cause non-
repairable internal corrosion of parts.
Do not drop the phone or damage the connection points.
Do not over stress the phone. It may damage the display.
Do not keep the phone near heat generating devices. High temperature in a car can damage its
electronics.
Do not over charge the battery. Charge the battery only its charge status goes below 50
percent.
Prevent Cloning.

A phone is “Cloned” when someone steals its ID number and is able to make fraudulent
calls on the owner’s account. When the phone makes a call, it transmits the ESN and
MIN- a unique tag- for your phone to the network at the beginning of the call. When the
phone transmits its MIN/ESN pair, it is possible to capture the ESN-MIN pair. Using a
Scanner device it is easy to modify another phone so that it contains your MIN-ESN
tags. This allows the person to make calls on your account. Cloning may also occurs
when the phone is repaired in an unauthorized service centre. It is possible to copy the
data including images and video present in the phone.

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R.M.NAGARAJAN
how to operates one cell phone used in more than 20 sim card at a time running process cell
phone displayed 20 sim card towers and signals
any buddy get idea please help meee

Posted on January 22nd 2016 | 2:22 pm  Log in to Reply

Deepak G N
Helo, I have a doubt regarding this if I lost my cell phone in future then what can i do for tracking
that mobile instead of IMEI is there to track the mobile but now a days it also be changing the
IMEI number by the Robber. So what kind of chances is to track that mobile in a short period……
Is there is any device that insert in the mobile and when it lost it is tracking easily.
if der s any more infornation please send me a mail on this mail id:
[email protected]

nd this is the best article….

Posted on January 18th 2016 | 11:29 am  Log in to Reply

manizo dogod
best of best thanks a lot

Posted on December 17th 2015 | 5:23 pm  Log in to Reply

Sagar Ganatra
I can say It’s Awesome Till day i have found this link in Quora it’s really nice.
Thanks
Sagar Ganatra

Posted on December 03rd 2015 | 2:49 pm  Log in to Reply

D.Ganesan
This is an amazing article. It will help people understand the Basic operation of Mobile phones
easily. Thanks to Electroschematics and the Author.

Posted on December 30th 2014 | 12:17 pm  Log in to Reply

sharp
I think it is a 45% knowledge of the mobile phones.

Posted on December 08th 2014 | 5:50 pm  Log in to Reply

divi
thank u sweety it is very help to nd information about mobile

Posted on September 22nd 2014 | 8:33 pm  Log in to Reply

NITHIN
SUPREB,I LIKE IT…………..Thank you bro……………..

Posted on July 11th 2014 | 12:30 pm  Log in to Reply

Anju George
it is very use full data for communication engineering students.
from this article we got an overview about mobile phone.

Posted on June 27th 2014 | 3:33 pm  Log in to Reply

sugan
this site is very useful to us thanks

Posted on July 26th 2013 | 12:04 pm  Log in to Reply

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