PE 3 the events that gradually developed into

LESSON 1 modern track and field over the

HISTORY OF ATHLETICS centuries.
 Foot racing, both sprinting and distance
running, were widely popular in England
As mandated in the 1987 Philippine
in the latter half of the 18th century and
Constitution, P.E. subjects in all educational
the first half of 19th century.
levels contributes to the optimum development
 Traditionally, athletics have been an
of the students.
amateur sport but the opportunity to
4 BASIC SUBJECTS IN PE earn money has increased the level of
competition.
1. Physical Fitness and Self Testing
Activities  Improved training methods help today’s
2. Rhythmic Activities athletes perform well. New equipments
3. Individual and Dual Sports has raised performance levels. The use
4. Team Sports of Fosbury Flop adds about 15
centimeters to most jumps. The style
The 4 subjects given to the freshmen and was named after American high-jumper
sophomores in the first four semesters of their Dick Fosbury, who introduced it in the
college work as stipulated in the DECS Order late 1960’s.
No. 58, series of 1990.
BIGGEST NAMES IN MEN’S ATHLETICS
THE STUDY OF PE 3 HAS TWO ASPECTS: IN THE 1980’s
- Knowledge of the basic skills; and  Edwin Moses (US) – hurdler
- Knowledge of the rules of the different  Carl Lewis (US) – sprinter
sports.  Said Aouita (Morocco) - distance runner
HISTORY OF ATHLETICS  Sebastian Coe (Great Britain) - distance
runner
 The ancient Greeks, Persians, and  Sergey Bubka (Soviet Union) – pole
Romans used running as part of their vaulter
military training.
 Daley Thompson (Great Britain) -
 The only event of the first recorded decathlon athlete
Olympic Games (776 BC) was a foot
race of approximately 205 yards (185 BIGGEST NAMES IN WOMEN’S
meters). ATHLETICS IN THE 1980’s
 Long jumping and javelin throwing were  Marita Koch (Germany) – sprinter
added soon. These events developed
 Heike Drechsler (Germany) - long
naturally from hunting and war.
jumper
 There are few records of sports in the
 Florence Griffith Joyner (US) – sprinter
Dark Ages, but in England as early as
 Jackie Joyner-Kersee (US) – long
the 12th century, accounts can be found
jumper and heptathlon competitor
where variety of sports being practice by
the general population including most of
The Asia’s fastest woman for almost a to athletics terminology, with distances
decade is the pride of the Philippines typically ranging from 5km to 42.195km
having Lydia de Vega as one of the finest in the marathon. They may involve large
athletes after sensational events of Mona numbers of runners or wheelchairs
Sulaiman who had laid laurels for the entrants.
country in the Olympics. 3. Cross Country Running – it is a sport in
which teams and individuals run a race
LYDIA DE VEGA
on open-air courses over natural terrain.
 Won her 1st two golds medal in the 200 The course, typically 4-12km (2.5-7.5m)
meter and 400-meter events of the 1981 long, may include surfaces of grass and
SEA Games held in Manila. earth, pass through woodlands and
 Is the current SEA Games record holder open country, and include hills, flat
for the women’s 100-meter event at ground and sometimes gravel road. It is
1128 seconds. both an individual and a team sport;
 Has won a total of 9 gold medals, 9 runners are judged on individual times
silver medals, and 2 bronze medals in and points-scoring method for teams.
her SEA Games career. Both men and women of all ages
compete in cross country, which usually
MONA SULAIMAN is the first woman win takes place during autumn and winter
sprint double Asian Games. and can include weather conditions of
HIDILYN FRANSISCO DIAZ – the first rain, sleet, snow or hail, and wide range
Filipino to win Silver Medal in the Olympic of temperatures.
Games (2016 Summer Olympics). 4. Racewalking/Race Walking – it is a
long-distance athletic event. Although it
LESSON 2 is a foot race, it is different from running
TRACK AND FIELD in that one foot must appear to be in
contact with the ground at all times.
THE COMMON TYPES OF ATHLETICS Stride length reduced, so to achieve
COMPETITIONS competitive speeds, racewalkers must
1. Track and Field – a sport comprising attain cadence rates comparable to
various competitive athletic contests those achieved by Olympic 800-meter
based on running, jumping, and runners and they must do so for hours
throwing. The name of the sports at a time since the Olympic events are
derives from the competition venue: a the 20km (12.4m) race walk (men and
stadium with an oval running track women) and 50 km.
around a grass field. The throwing and
jumping events generally take place in
the central enclosed area.
2. Road Running – is the sport of running
on a measured course over an
established road. These events would
be classified as long distance according
5 CATEGORIES OF TRACK AND FIELD Composition of Combined Events
1. Running Events

5. Walks

TYPES OF RACES
1. Short Distance Races/Sprints
2. Jumping Events 2. Middle Distance Races
3. Long Distance Races
4. Hurdle Races
5. Relay Races
6. Steeple Races
7. Cross Country Race
8. Marathon Race
MARATHON
3. Throwing Events
 is a long-distance race with an official
distance of 42.195km (26 miles, 385
yards), usually run as a road race. The
event was instituted in commemoration
of the fabled run of the Greek soldier
Pheidippides, a messenger from the
Battle of Marathon to Athens, who
4. Combined Events reported the victory. The marathon can
be completed by running or with a
run/walk strategy. There are also
wheelchair divisions.
 one of the original modern Olympic
events in 1896, though the distance did
not become standardized until 1921.
More than 800 marathons are held
throughout the world each year, with the
vast majority of competitors being
 recreational athletes, as larger  Starting Blocks
marathons can have tens of thousands The use of starting blocks is optional.
of participants. Starting blocks should be anchored behind the
 The name Marathon comes from the starting line so that when in the start position,
legend of Philippides (or Pheidippides), the athlete’s hands are set just behind the
the Greek messenger. The legend starting line. The blocks must be adjustable to
states that he was sent from the allow the athlete to attain the most beneficial
battlefield of Marathon to Athens to starting position.
announce that the Persians had been  Hurdles
defeated in the Battle of Marathon (in Hurdles that suit the ability of the
which he had just fought), which took athletes should be used. Competitive hurdles
place in August or September, 490 BC. shouldn’t be used until athletes have learned
It is said that he ran the entire distance the basis of hurdling technique over practice
without stopping and burst into the hurdles. Practice hurdles can be collapsible or
assembly, exclaiming “νενικήκαμεν” designed to fail over easily.
(nenikḗkamen, “we have won”), before  Relay Baton
collapsing and dying. One relay baton is needed for each
participating relay team. Batons measuring
LESSON 3 10cm in circumference are made of anodized
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USED IN aluminum or lightweight unbreakable plastic.
ATHLETICS For practice, the following materials cut into
30cm lengths and having smooth edges can be
 Timing Devices utilized: dowels, old broom handles or PVC
A fully automatic timing system or pipe.
electric or digital stopwatches are  Shots
recommended. When Fully Automatic Timing Outdoor shots, made of iron, and indoor
(FAT) is used, times will be recorded in one- shots, covered with hard plastic, are
hundredth (1/100) of a second. Most manual acceptable for use and either type may be
timing devices are equipped with a button for used in competition as long as the minimum
start, a button for stop and a reset button. All weight requirements are followed.
manual times will be recorded in one-tenth  Discus
(1/10) of a second. The discus event features the use of a
 Starting Pistol rounded disc, challenging competitors to see
A starting pistol should be used during who can throw the object the farthest. Like
training sessions. Special Olympics athletes other events, equipment regulations specify the
should be exposed to the gun prior to size and weight and makeup of discus. Rules
participating in a competitive event. Suitable specify the discus made of wood or other
replacements for the gun are a bell (mandatory similar material with a metal rim, and may be
in an indoor track), whistle, clapping 2 pieces either solid material or hollow. The weight
of wood together or verbal start. specifications range anywhere between .75
and 2kg, depending on the competitor’s
preference, but shall have an outside diameter  Stand/Upright
ranging between 166 and 221 millimeters.  Crossbar
 Javelin  Pole Vault Mat
It might seem just like a long stick with a  Pole
pointy end, but track-and-field regulations  Spiked Shoes
specify that the javelin weigh between 400-800  Race Bib
grams, with a maximum length of 1060
millimeters. Rules stipulate that the javelin LESSON 4
must be made of metal or other similar material, TRACK AND FIELD FACILITIES
with three main parts: the head, shaft and cord
grip to aid the player in throwing.
 Hammer
The hammer throwers of old used to
throw blacksmiths hammers. The hammer
used in modern competition does not really
resemble a hammer and consists of a heavy
metal ball and long wire handle. The hammer
is thrown from a 7-foot diameter concrete circle
after the thrower has spun around 3 or 4 times.
The hammer used in men’s competition weighs 1. football pitch
16lbs. And the hammer used in women’s 2. Standard track
competition weighs 8.82lbs. The men’s world 3. Long and triple jump facility
record is held by Yuriy Sedykh and measures 4. Water pump
86.76 meters, as of 2010. the women’s world 5. Javelin throw facility
record is 78.30 and is held by Anita 6. Discus and hammer throw facility
Wlodarczyk of Poland. 7. Discus throw facility
 Cages 8. Pole vault facility
a cage is required to capture an errant 9. Shot put facility
throwing implement from harming other 10. High jump facility
competitors or onlookers. The cage should be 11. Finish line
U-shaped. Netting material should wrap around
the cage; likewise, the cage should provide Throwing Events
netting that is a minimum of 4 meters from the 1. Discus Throw
ground. Netting can consists of natural or  LAYOUT
synthetic fiber material or steel wire. The discus throw includes a throwing
 Steeplechase Hurdles circle, protective cage and landing sector. They
a. Portable adjustable steeplechase are located near the end of the back straight
hurdle and the landing sector is located in the grass
b. Portable adjustable water jump hurdle area inside the track.
 Take Off Board  THROWING CIRCLE
 Tape Measure The throwing circle is made of band iron,
 High Jump Landing Pad/Mat steel or other suitable material, the top of which
is flush with the ground outside or the synthetic 3. Javelin Throw
surface or concrete surround. The interior of  LAYOUT
the circle is constructed of concrete and must The javelin throw facility includes a
not be slippery. runway, a throwing arc and a landing sector.
 SAFETY CAGE Since the length of the runway exceeds the
Frequently discus and hammer are space available in the segment, it is usually
thrown from combined facility. In those extended across the track and track border.
instances the higher standards required for  RUNWAY
hammer throwing apply to the protective cage The runway is 30m minimum long and
design. To provide greater safety it is desirable measured from the beginning of the runway to
to extend the netting on the side of the cage rear edge of the side markings outside the
nearer to the track further than 7m from the runway at the same level as the throwing arc. It
center of the circle and/or increase the height is marked by two parallel white lines 0.05m
of the netting for the last 2m. wide and 4m apart. The runway is covered with
 LANDING SECTOR the same surface as the track.
The landing sector consists of cinders or  THROWING ARC
grass or other suitable material with an even The throwing arc is situated at the end
surface soft enough to ensure that the place of of the runway. It is painted or made of wood (3
the initial fall of the implement can be clearly to 5 weatherproof, bonded layers) or a suitable
established by the judges. The landing surface non-corrodible material like plastic. If not
must not allow the implement to bounce marked with paint, it must be installed flush
backwards, thus creating a risk that the with the surface of the runway.
measuring point is obliterated.  LANDING SECTOR
2. Hammer Throw The sector lines are laid from the center
 LAYOUT point on the runway through the cross-points of
The hammer throw facility includes the throwing arc and the lines of the runway.
throwing circle, a protective cage and a landing The length of the sector is 100m. at this
sector. It is usually combined with the facility distance the inner edges of the sector lines are
for discus throw. 50m apart. The marking of the sector lines
 THROWING CIRCLE extends to a distance appropriate to the
The circle for the hammer throw is competition.
slightly smaller than the discus throw. The 4. Shot Put
surface finish to the concrete circle is slightly  LAYOUT
smoother for hammer throwing than for discus The shot put facility includes a throwing
throwing. When a circle is used for both discus circle, a stop board and a landing sector. The
and hammer throwing a compromise finish is landing sector is usually located in the grass
required. area inside the track.
 SAFETY CAGE  THROWING CIRCLE
Hammer and discuss must only be The inside diameter of the throwing
thrown from an enclose or cage to ensure the circle is 2.135m.
safety of spectators, officials and athletes.
 STOP BOARD makes its possible to combine the long and
The stop board is painted white and triple jump with two or three take-off boards
made of wood or other suitable material in the (which can be used on both sides) on a triple
shape of an arc so that the inner edge jump runway.
coincides with the inner edge of the circle. It is  LANDING AREA
placed midway between the sector lines and The landing area is 7-9m long
firmly fixed to the ground. depending on the distance between its nearest
 LANDING SECTOR end and the take-off line. It is 2.75m wide.
The length of the sector is 25m.the Generally, a landing area is 8m long placed 2m
angle of 34.92 degrees is attained if the two from the take-off line is recommended. The
sector lines, at a distance of 25m, are speed landing area is placed so that the middle of the
15m apart. runway coincides with the middle of the landing
area.
Jumping Events If two landing areas are situated parallel
1. Long Jump side by side or staggered, the distance
 The long jump facility includes a runway,a between them is at least 0.30m.
take-off board and a landing area. Usually, The landing area has a border not less
it is placed outside the track along one of than 0.05m wide and 0.30 high, rounded off
the straights with two adjacent runways towards the inside (eg. wooden plank or
with a landing area at each end. This concrete border with soft covering) and level
allows competition in either direction by two with the ground.
groups of athletes simultaneously. The landing area has a water permeable
 RUNWAY substructure or a suitable drainage system
The runway is 40m minimum long. It is (draining well or canal connection) and filled
marked by white lines 0.05m wide or broken with sand to a depth of not less than 0.30m at
lines 0.05m wide, 0.10m long and 0.50m apart. the edges and slightly deeper at the center.
The runway is usually covered with the same The top edge of the border of the
surface as the track. landing area, generally also dictates the level
 TAKE-OFF BOARD of the sand, which must be level with the take-
The take-off board is a while rectangle off board.
and measures 1.22m ±0.002m wide and 0.20m 2. Triple Jump
±0.02m wide and not more than 0.10m deep.  With the exception of the placement of the
The surface of the take-off board must be flush take-off board, the same facilities are used
with the surface of the runway. for triple jump as for long jump. For
In the case of a runway with a international competition, it is
permanent surface, this required a built-in recommended that the take-off board is not
installation tray made of corrosion protected less than 13m for men and 11m for women
metal in which the take-off board is correctly from the nearer end of the landing area.
positioned. During sport free periods, the take- For other competitions, this distance is
off board can be removed. If it has a track appropriate for the level of competition.
surface on its reverse side, it can be turned
over and used as part of the runway. This
 3. High Jump of 0.1m and a distance of 0.5m. At the end of
 LAYOUT the runway, the box is mounted flush with the
The high jump facility includes a runway and installed such that the top inside
semicircular runway, a take-off area, two edge of its end board lies on the 0-line and the
uprights with cross bar and a landing area. By same height. The 0-line is marked by a white
temporarily removing sections of the kerb, it is line, 0.01m wide which extends beyond the
possible to use the oval track as part of the outside edges of the uprights.
runway. For major championships, the high  LANDING MATS
jump facility must be large enough so that two The landing mats are the same as for
high jumps can be conducted simultaneously. the high jump, except for the dimensions. For
 RUNWAY major international competitions, the landing
The semicircular runway, with a radius area is a minimum of 6m long (excluding the
of at least 20m, will permit approaches from front pieces), 6m wide and 0.80m high. The
every direction. If it is necessary to remove the front pieces must be at least 2m long. The
kerb temporarily in order to be able to use the sides of the landing area nearest to the box are
oval track as a runway, care must be taken to 0.10m-0.15m from the box and slope away
ensure that the heights of the surfaces of the from the box at an angle of approximately 45°.
oval track and the segment are the same along For other competitions, the landing area is not
the track border. less than 5m long (excluding the front pieces) x
 LANDING AREA 5m wide.
The landing mats measure not less than
6mx4m and are covered by a spike proof Track Events
protective mat. The overall height is a minimum  Track events includes sprint, middle
0.70m. distance, hurdle and steeplechase events.
4. Pole Vault The 400m oval track forms the basis of a
 LAYOUT multi-sports arena and its dimensions are
The pole vault facility includes a runway, dependent on the requirements of other
a box for inserting the pole, two uprights with sports.
crossbar and a landing area. It can be located
either outside the track, parallel to one of the The competitions are for track events includes
straights or within one of the segments. the following:
When located outside the track, it is  Oval track with at least four lanes and
usually constructed as a symmetrical facility safety zones measuring no less than 1m
with one landing area in the middle of two on the inside and outside.
runways. When located within the segment, it  Straight with minimum of six lanes for
is usually constructed with two parallel runways sprints and hurdles.
with positions for landing areas at each end.  Steeplechase tracks as for oval track with a
 RUNWAY FOR POLE VAULT WITH BOX permanent water jump.
The runway is a minimum of 40m long  There are three basic types of track
and is measured from beginning of the runway surface - synthetic, unbound mineral
to the 0-line. It is marked by white lines 0.05m (cinder) and grass.
wide or broken lines 0.05m wide with a length
 1. 400m standard track The hurdle are placed so that the
- comprises 2 semi-circles which edge of the bar nearest the approaching
are joined by two straights athlete coincides with the edge of the
track marking nearest the athlete.
MARKING FOR THE 400M STANDARD There are 10 flights of hurdles in
TRACK each lane, set out in accordance with
 in accordance with the IAAF 400m the following tables:
standard track marking plan
 All lanes are marked by white lines
 before the finish line, the lanes are marked
with numbers
 All marking are 0.05 wide
 Measured in a clockwise direction

START LINES
 800m or less, each athlete has a separate
lane at the start
 races up to and including 400m, run
entirely in lanes
 800m, start and continue in lanes until the
end of the first bend
 over 800m, run without lanes using curved Notes:
start line  Red - DQ , White - clear
 All jumping & throwing 3 trials or attempts
2. 4x400m relay races  Furthest yung nirerecord hindi average
- first take over zone, same as  2 gunfire, false start
the start line of 800m  1500m, pwede agad pumasok sa inner
- second and last take over, lane
marked 10m on either side of the start/  3000m steeplechase, 3 hurdles? Water
finish line jump
 800m, after ng curve pwede na pumasok
3. Hurdles sa inner lane
The standard 400m track and the  Triple jump, hop step jump
sprint track with 100m and 110m are
used for hurdle races. The hurdle
positions are marked on the track by
lines 100mm x 50mm so that the
distances measured from the start to the
edge of the line nearest the approaching
athlete are in accordance with the table
below.