Module 3

Engr. Jefrey Jay S. Claus

1. Describe an electric circuit and Ohm’s Law
2. Use Ohm’s law to calculate the voltages and currents in
electric circuits.
3. Analyze single-loop and single-node-pair circuits to calculate
the voltages and currents in an electric circuit using Kirchhoff's
Law.
4. Apply Kirchhoff’s current law , Kirchhoff’s voltage law and
Maxwell Analysis to determine the voltages and currents in an
electric circuit.
 Since the elements of an electric circuit can be
interconnected in several ways, there are basic terms and
concepts of network topology to be understood. To differentiate
between a circuit and a network, we may regard a
Network as an interconnection of elements or devices
whereas a
Circuit is a network providing one or more closed paths
 The convention, when addressing network topology, is to
use the word network rather than circuit. This is done even though
the words network and circuit mean the same thing when used in
this context. In network topology, we study the properties relating
to the placement of elements in the network and the geometric
configuration of the network. Such elements include branches,
nodes, and loops
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or
a resistor
• In other words, a branch represents any two- terminal
element. The circuit has five branches, namely, the 10-V voltage
source, the 2-A current source, and the three resistors
A node is the point of connection between two or more branches
A node is usually indicated by a
dot in a circuit. If a short circuit (a
connecting wire) connects two nodes, the
two nodes constitute a single node. The
circuit in the figure has three nodes a, b,
and c. The three points that form node b
are connected by perfectly conducting
wires and therefore constitute a single
point. The same is true of the four points
forming node c.
 A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
A loop is a closed path formed by
starting at a node, passing through a set of
nodes, and returning to the starting node
without passing through any node more than
once. A loop is said to be independent if it
contains a branch which is not in any other
loop. Independent loops or paths result in
independent sets of equations. For
example, the closed path bcb contains 3-Ω
resistor and a 2A current source.
 In 1845, German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff
first described two laws that became central to
electrical engineering- the Kirchhoff's Current Law (also
known as Kirchhoff's Junction Law, and Kirchhoff's First
Law) and the Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

These laws are extremely useful in real life

because they describe the relation of values of currents
that flow through a junction point and voltages in an
electrical circuit loop. They describe how electrical
current flows in all of the billions of electric appliances
and devices, as well as throughout homes and
businesses, that are in use continually on Earth
 This first law states that the algebraic sum of the currents entering
any node is zero. In mathematical form the law appears as

where 𝑖𝑗(𝑡) is the 𝑗𝑡ℎ current entering the node through branch 𝑗 and 𝑁 is the
number of branches connected to the node.
 To understand the use of this law, consider node 3 shown in the
figure;
Applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law
(KCL) to this node,

𝒊𝟐 + 𝒊𝟓 − 𝒊𝟒 − 𝒊𝟕 = 𝟎

We have assumed that the

algebraic signs of the currents entering the
node are positive and, therefore, that the
signs of the currents leaving the node are
negative.
Alternately, we can write the equation as

𝒊𝟐 + 𝒊𝟓 = 𝒊𝟒 + 𝒊𝟕

which states that the sum of the currents entering a node is equal to
the sum of the currents leaving the node. Both of these italicized expressions
are alternative forms of Kirchhoff’s current law.
EXAMPLE 1:
Considering the circuit diagram shown, find the unknown current in the network.
Solution:
Assuming that the currents leaving a junction
is positive.
By KCL
at node 1
𝐼1 − 60𝑚𝐴 − 20𝑚𝐴 = 0;80 mA
At node 4
30𝑚𝐴 + 20𝑚𝐴 − 𝐼5 = 0;50mA
at node 3
60𝑚𝐴 + 𝐼5 − 𝐼4 − 40𝑚𝐴 = 0;70mA
at node 2
𝐼4 - 𝐼1 - 𝐼6 = 0;-10 mA
EXAMPLE 1:
Considering the circuit diagram shown, find the unknown current in the network.

The first equation yields 𝐼1 and

the last equation yields 𝐼5. Knowing 𝐼5, we
can immediately obtain 𝐼4 from the third
equation. Then the values of 𝐼1 and 𝐼4 yield
the value of 𝐼6 from the second equation.
The results are 𝐼1 = 80 𝑚𝐴, 𝐼4 = 70 𝑚𝐴,
𝐼5 = 50 𝑚𝐴, and 𝐼6 = −10 𝑚𝐴.
1. Given the networks shown, find (a)I1 in network ; and (b)IT in network

2. Find the current ix in the circuit given.

 1. Given the networks shown, find (a)I1 in network ; and (b)IT in network

SOLUTION
(a) I1 = 50 mA

(b) Thru parallel characteristic:

It = 10 mA + 40 mA + 20mA
It = 70 mA
 2. Find the current ix in the circuit given.
Node A

Node B

(a) @ Node A:
+44 mA –Ix -10x = 0
Ix = 4 mA

(b) @ Node B
+Ix – 10Ix + 120 mA – 12 mA =0
Ix = 12 mA
 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law describes the distribution of
electrical voltage within a loop, or closed conducting path, of an
electrical circuit. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states that: the
algebraic sum of the voltage (potential) differences in any loop
must equal zero. The voltage differences include those
associated with electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and resistive
elements, such as resistors, power sources (batteries, for
example) or devices—lamps, televisions, and blenders—
plugged into the circuit. Picture this as the voltage rising and
falling as you proceed around any of the individual loops in the
circuit.
 Using the Voltage Rule requires some sign conventions,
which aren't necessarily as clear as those in the Current Rule.
Choose a direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) to go along
the loop. When traveling from positive to negative (+ to -) in an
EMF (power source), the voltage drops, so the value is negative.
When going from negative to positive (- to +), the voltage goes
up, so the value is positive.
 Remember that when traveling around the circuit to apply
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, be sure you are always going in the same direction
(clockwise or counterclockwise) to determine whether a given element
represents an increase or decrease in the voltage. If you begin jumping
around, moving in different directions, your equation will be incorrect. When
crossing a resistor, the voltage change is determined by the formula:

𝑽= 𝑰 ∗ 𝑹

where I is the value of the current

R is the resistance of the resistor
EXAMPLE 1:
Consider the circuit shown in the figure. If VR1 and V R2 are known quantities, find VR3.

SOLUTION
By KVL:
VR1-30V+VR3-15V+VR2-5=0
𝑉𝑅1 + 𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝑅3 = 50 + 15 + 30
Now suppose that VR1 and V R2 are known to
be 18V and 12v, respectively.
18V+12V+Vr3=50+15+30
VR3= 65V
EXAMPLE 2:
Consider the network in the figure. Let us apply KVL to determine the voltage between
two points. Specifically, in terms of the double-subscript notation, find Vae and Vec.

SOLUTION
The circuit is redrawn in figure b. Since points a and e as well as e and c are
not physically close, the arrow notation is very useful. Our approach to determining the
unknown voltage is to apply KVL with the unknown voltage in the closed path. Therefore,
to determine Vae we can use the path aefa or abcdea.
EXAMPLE 2:
Consider the network in the figure. Let us apply KVL to determine the voltage between
two points. Specifically, in terms of the double-subscript notation, find Vae and Vec.

SOLUTION
The circuit is redrawn in figure b. Since points a and e as well as e and c are
not physically close, the arrow notation is very useful. Our approach to determining the
unknown voltage is to apply KVL with the unknown voltage in the closed path. Therefore,
to determine Vae we can use the path aefa or abcdea.
SOLUTION
The equations for the two paths in which Vae is the only unknown are
-𝑉𝑎𝑒 - 10 + 24 = 0
and
-16 + 12 - 4 - 6 + 𝑉𝑎𝑒 = 0

Note that both equations yield Vae = 14 V. Even before calculating Vae, we
could calculate Vec using the path cdec or cefabc. However, since Vae is now known, we
can also use the path ceabc. KVL for each of these paths is
- 4 - 6 + 𝑉𝑒𝑐 = 0
-𝑉𝑒𝑐 - 10 + 24 - 16 + 12 = 0
𝑉𝑒𝑐 = 10 V
each of these equations yields
𝑉𝑒𝑐 = 10 𝑉
 As discussed in the previous module (Module 1), the dependent sources
generate a voltage or current that is determined by a voltage or current at a specified
location in the circuit. These sources are very important because they are an integral part
of the mathematical models used to describe the behavior of many electronic circuit
elements.

Problem-Solving Strategy for solving Circuits with dependent sources

1. When writing the KVL and/or KCL equations for the network, treat the
dependent source as though it were an independent source.
2. Write the equation that specifies the relationship of the dependent source
to the controlling parameter.
3. Solve the equations for the unknowns. Be sure that the number of linearly
independent equations matches the number of unknowns.
EXAMPLE 1:
Given the network containing a dependent source, write the KVL equations for the two
closed paths abda and bcdb.
SOLUTION
The two KVL equations are

-𝑉𝑅1 - 𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝑆 = 0

-20𝑉𝑅1 - 𝑉𝑅3 + 𝑉𝑅2 = 0

EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
Determine the voltage Vo in the circuit

and the units of the multiplier, 2000, are

ohms. Solving these equations yields
EXAMPLE 3: SOLUTION
The network shown contains a voltage-
controlled voltage source. Find 𝑉0
 The solution of complex network are
frequently be simplified by using a system of loop or
mesh current instead of branch currents of the
frequently (Kirchhoff’ Law) procedure. First proposed
by James clerk Maxwell, the method involved a set of
independent loop current assigned to as many meshes,
as exist in the circuit and those current assigned are
employed in the connection of appropriate resistance
when the KVL equation are written the arbitrary
assumed loop current may or may not exist in the
various resistors but when determined will readily yield
the desired by simply algebraic conditions. The scheme
as will be shown offers the advantages that fewer of
equations need be written to solve a given problem.
 Mesh Analysis (sometimes called as Loop Analysis, Mesh Current Analysis,
Maxwell Mesh Analysis) is another general procedure for analyzing circuits, with the use of
mesh currents as the circuit variables.
This is applicable to planar
circuits (see Figure 3.11). A circuit is
said to be Planar if it can be drawn
in two-dimensional space without
wires crossing over other wires. We
are interested in finding the mesh
currents in the planar circuit, and from
these mesh currents, we will be able
to find the current on each branches.
And from the branch currents, we will
be able to compute for the voltage
across the branches by applying
Ohm’s Law.
 In the previous topic, we have defined a mesh as a loop that does not contain
any other loop.

For example, in Fig. 3.12, paths abefa and bcdeb. The current flowing through
the mesh is known as the mesh current. In mesh analysis, we are concerned in applying the
KVL to find the mesh currents of a given circuit
 In this section, we will be dealing with planar circuits having voltage sources
only. And the next section will be planar circuits with current sources.
If we are given a circuit with n meshes, the following steps are to be
considered to solve for the unknown values
EXAMPLE 1 : SOLUTION
Find the current through each branch. Select the close loop current direction
I1 and I2.Apply Kirchoff's voltage law to each
I2 closed loop
I1
For first loop it will be defined:

For the second loop:

EXAMPLE 1: SOLUTION
Find the current through each branch. Changing second loop in terms of I1
I1 = 3I2 – 0.2
Substitution on loop 1; and solving for I2
60(3I2 – 0.2) – 50I2 = 10
180I2 – 12 -50I2 = 10
130I2 = 22
I2 = 22/130
= 0.1692 A
Substituting the value of I2 to get I1
-50I1 + 150I2 = 10
-50I1 + 150(22/130) = 10
-50 I1 = 10 - (3300/130)
I1 = 0.3078 A
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
Find the voltage across the R6.

I3

I1 I2
EXAMPLE 3: SOLUTION
Find the voltage across the 10 ohm
resistor

I3

I1 I2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r
1m4NJ2WniA&t=9s
EXAMPLE 4: SOLUTION
Obtain the mesh currents of the In this example, we can see that we
network and solve for 𝑣𝑜 as shown have 3 loops, therefore there will be 3 mesh
in the figure below. currents. We will assign the mesh currents 𝑖𝑎, 𝑖𝑏
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑐 in each of the loop in the circuit. The
direction of the current may be clockwise or
counterclockwise.
Considering the given problem, we
will assign clockwise direction for the mesh
currents as shown in Figure 3.14.
SOLUTION
Now, we will apply KVL to each of the loop. To do this we will consider the
following:
1. The mesh currents will take a negative sign.
2. The neighboring mesh currents will take a positive sign; and
3. The sign of the voltage source will depend on the terminal it leaves.

To come up with the equations, that will be the mesh currents multiplied by the
sum of the resistances around the loop minus the neighboring mesh current multiplied by
the common resistance of the two mesh currents plus or minus the voltage source.
SOLUTION Solving simultaneous linear equation, we will arrive
at the following values.

To solve for 𝑣𝑜, the branch current in the 8𝛺

resistor in the direction of the voltage drop is 𝑖𝑎 −
𝑖𝑏. Therefore using Ohms law:
Applying mesh analysis to circuits containing current sources (dependent or independent)
may appear complicated. But it is actually much easier than what we encountered in the
previous section, because the presence of the current sources reduces the number of
equations. Consider the following two possible cases.

Case 1 : When a current sources exists Case 2: When a current sources exists
only in one mesh between two meshes.
 EXAMPLE 5: SOLUTION
Solve for 𝐼𝑜 in the given circuit using
mesh analysis.

To solve this, we have already

assigned mesh currents 𝐼1,𝐼2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼3 on
each of the loop of the given circuit.
We have to find 4 equations, 3
for the mesh currents and another equation
for 𝐼𝑜.
SOLUTION Solving the system of linear equation using equations 1, 2
Considering Node A, we can derive and 5, we will arrive at the following values of mesh
an equation using KCL. currents:

Using equation 4 to solve for 𝐼0;

Substituting equation 4 to equation
3, we have:
 If the circuit contains current sources, the mesh analysis requires some
additional manipulations. Figure 3.16 shows this scenario.

In the figure above, we have

already assigned mesh currents 𝑖𝑎, 𝑖𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑖𝑐 to the loops of the given circuit. The next
step is to derive mesh-current equations by
applying KVL. If we are going to look
closely in the figure, KVL will not be possible
because of the 5A current source. Hence, we
have to do something and find another way
to derive our working equations. And since
there are 3 loops, we have to derive 3
equations.
This is where we introduce the concept of
supermesh. By definition, a supermesh
results when two meshes have a (dependent
or independent) current source in common.
Considering Figure 3.16, we can see that
mesh a and c have a common independent
current source.
 EXAMPLE 6:
Solve for the mesh currents

5A Now, we will establish an equation by

considering the relationship between the mesh
currents and the current source. Considering the
node b, applying KCL we have:
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Solving simultaneous linear equations,
we will arrive at the following values: