CLASS: IX SUBJECT: MATHS TOPIC: NUMBER SYSTEM

RATIONAL NUMBER

p
A number, which can be expressed in the form of , where p and q are integers and
q
q  0 is called a Rational Number. A rational number includes all the natural
numbers, whole numbers and integers. The decimal representation of a rational
number is either terminating or non-terminating but repeating.

IRRATIONAL NUMBER
p
A number, which cannot be expressed in the form of ,where p and q are integers
q
and q  0 is called an Irrational Number. The decimal representation of an irrational
number is non- terminating and non-repeating.

REAL NUMBER
Every number which is rational or irrational, is called a real number.
A number, whose square is non-negative number, is called a real number. For
example, if n is a number such that (n) 2 = a non-negative number, then n is a real
number. On the other hand, if (n) 2 = a negative number, then n is not a real number.
Such a number is called an imaginary number.

RATIONALISATION OF IRRATIONAL NUMBER:

The process of converting irrational number to a rational number by multiplying it
with another number is called rationalization. The number with which the given
number is multiplied is known as rationalizing factor (R.F.)
For example: If we want to rationalize √3, then we have to multiply it by √3, i.e. √3 x
√3 = 3 and 3 is a rational number.
Hence √3 is the rationalizing factor.

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 1
If we want to rationalize an irrational number n
a or a n
, then the rationalizing factor
1
1

is a .
n

1 1 2
1
For example: The rationalizing factor of 3
5 or 5 3
is 5 3
or 5 3
.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS
1. Find the rationalizing factor of 3 49 .
2
Sol: 49 can be simplified as
3 3
49  3
7 2
7 3
.
2 1
1

So, the rationalizing factor is 7 or 7 .

3 3

2. Write three irrational numbers between and .

Sol: The decimal representation is as follows: √3 = 1.732…. and √5 =

2.236….
Hence three irrational numbers between √3 and √5 are
1.8010010001…. , 1.9010010001……… and 2.1011001110001….
As these are non-terminating and non-repeating.
3. If both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are rational numbers, then find the values of a and b in the
following:
=a b

Sol: Rationalizing the denominator, we get =

= =

=
=8 3
Comparing with a b , we get
a = 8 and b = 3
3
 3
3 
 81   25  2  5  
4. Find the value of
4
        
 16   9  2 

3
 3
3 
 81   25  2  5  
Sol:
4
        
 16   9  2 

3
 3
3
=  16  4  9  2  2  
        
 81   25  5 

4 3 3 3
 2 4
 3  5
=     
 3 5  2

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 3 3 3
 2 3 5
=       =1
3 5 2
5. To judge the preparation of students of class IX on topic Number System Math
teacher write two numbers on blackboard and asked following
questions:
(i) Write decimal form of
a.
b.
c.
d.

(ii)Write form of
a.
b.
c.
d.

(iii) The decimal expansion of is

a. Terminating
b. Non terminating
c. Non terminating repeating
d. Non terminating non repeating

(iv) If form of is then value of (m+n) is

a. 25
b. 11
c. 29
d. 23
(v)The decimal expansion of is
a. Terminating
b. Non terminating
c. Non terminating repeating
d. Non terminating non repeating

Answer :b, b, c, a, c
ASSIGNMENT
SECTION-A
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VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Find four rational numbers between and .
2. Express each of the following in form:
b.

3. Write two irrational numbers lying between 0.2 and 0.21

4. Simplify:
Ans 13
5. Simplify:

6. If , find n

7. Find the value of x:

8. Rationalize the denominator of

SECTION-B

1. What is the value of ?

2. Find the value of (256)0.16 x (256)0.09
3. Find the value of 4 (81) 2 .
2
4. (i) Express with rational denominator.
5 3
(ii) Find the rationalizing factor of 5 8 .

5. Rationalize the denominator of the following:

3 2
a)
3 2
1
b)
2  3  10
1
6. If a = 7 - 4 3 , find the value of a + .
a
1
7. If x  ,find the value of x 3  2x 2  7x  5
2 3
8. If , then show that = 64

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SECTION–C
10  5
9. Rationalize the numerator in and hence evaluate taking 2 = 1.414
2
and 5 =2.236
7 3 2 5 3 2
10. Simplify 10  3  6  5  15  3 2
11. Simplify
2
 1

 625 2  4 
1
 13
1 2

(i)    (ii) 64 64  64 3 
3
(iii)
  

 
p
12. Express 0.8 + 0.7 + 0.43 in the form q , p and q are integers.
13. Simplify: 24 81  83 216  155 32  225  4 16

SECTION-D

14. If x = 2 + , find the value of x2 + 12 .

x
3 8 3 8
15. Find the value of a and b, if  =a+b 2
3 8 3 8
16. If = = , then show that c =

2 1 2 1
17. If x  and y  find the value of x 2  y 2  xy
2 1 2 1

18. Give an example of two irrational numbers, whose

i. Product is an irrational number.
ii. Product is a rational number
iii. Quotient is a rational number.
iv. Quotient is an irrational number.
19. Find the sum of 0.3 and 0.4
20. If a = 5 + 2 6 and b = 1/a, then what will be the value of a2 + b2.
3 2 3 2
21. If x  and y  , then find the value of x 2  y 2 .
3 2 3 2
1 1 1 1 1
22. Show that     5
3 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 2
Case Study
To know about the charity and orphanages, a survey was conducted it was found
that 9out of 11 households are donating some amount of their income to an
orphanage or old age home or institutions for physically handicapped. Then answer
the following questions:

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 (i) Write the fraction of households which are donating?
a. b. c. d.
(ii)Write the fraction of household which are not donating?
b. c. d.
(iii) Write the decimal form of the fraction of households, which are donating?
b. c. d.
(iv) Write the decimal form of the fraction of households, which are not
donating?
b. c. d.
(v)Write the type of decimal expansion of
a. Terminating b. Non terminating
c. Non terminating repeating d. Non terminating non repeating

ANSWERS
Section A
1 Any four rational numbers 5 3
2 7/9, 32/99 6 5
3 Any two irrational numbers 7 11/7
4 13 8
Section B, C and D
1. 5 11. 
1

(i) 5 (ii) -3 (iii) 3 3

2. 4 12.

3. 13. 1

4. 4
14. 14
(i) (ii) 8 5
5.a) 15. a=34
b-0
5.b) 17. 35
-11
6. 4 19. 7/8
7. 3 20. 98
9. 0.463 21. 98
10. 1

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 CLASS: IX SUBJECT: MATHS TOPIC: POLYNOMIALS

POLYNOMIALS An algebraic expression, which contains one or more terms and

variables having non negative integral power, is called a polynomial.

DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL The highest power of the variable in a polynomial

is known as its degree. On the basis of degree of a polynomial, we have standard
names for the polynomials.

TYPES OF POLYNOMIALS

Linear Polynomial A polynomial with degree one is called a Linear Polynomial.

General form: ax+b where a and b are real numbers and a  0 . e.g. x – 7,
3
3x+5,  x  10 etc.
5
Quadratic Polynomial A polynomial with degree two is called a quadratic
polynomial. General Form: ax2+bx+c, where a, b, c are real numbers and a  0 .
2
e.g. 4x2 – 5x+8, x2   6, 2 x 2  5 x
3
Cubic Polynomial A polynomial with degree three is called a Cubic Polynomial.
The standard form of a cubic polynomial is ax3+bx2+cx+d, where a  0 and a, b, c
and d are real numbers. e.g 8x3- 4x2 – 5x+8, 3x3-5 etc.

Biquadratic Polynomial A polynomial with degree four is called a Biquadratic

Polynomial. The standard form of a biquadratic polynomial is ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e,
where a  0 and a, b, c, d and e are real numbers. e.g 8x4- 4x2 – 5x+8, 3x4-5 etc.

Constant Polynomial A polynomial with degree zero is called a Constant

Polynomial. E.g. -2, .

Zero Polynomial The constant polynomial “0” is called the zero polynomial. The
degree of a zero polynomial is not defined.

FACTORIZATION Factorization means to find two or more factors (expressions, in

the lowest possible degree), whose product is equal to the given expression. Various
ways to factorize are:
Type 1: Writing out the common factors of given polynomials.
Type 2: Grouping.
Type 3: By splitting the middle term (trinomial).
Type 4: Factorizing using the following identities:
(1) (a+b) =a2+2ab+b2
2 (5) (a+b)3 = a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3
(2) (a-b)2=a2-2ab+b2 (6) (a-b)3 = a3-3a2b+3ab2-b3
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(3) a3–b3 = (a – b) (a2+ab+b2) (7) (a+b+c)2 =a2+b2+c2+2ab+2bc+2ca
(4) a3+b3 = (a +b) (a2-ab+b2)
(8) a3+b3+c3 – 3abc = (a+b+c) (a2+b2+c2 – ab – bc – ca)
If (a+b+c)= 0 then a3+b3+c3= 3abc.
(9) a2 – b2 = (a+b) (a – b)

ZEROS OF A POLYNOMIAL The value of a polynomial f(x) at x = β is obtained by

substituting x = β in the given polynomial and is denoted by f(β). Now, if f(β) = 0,
then β is the zero of the polynomial f(x) i.e., that value of x for which f(x) = 0.
An nth degree polynomial can have at most n real zeros.
A non-zero constant polynomial has no zero.
Every real number is the zero of a zero polynomial.
Note: Finding a zero or root of a polynomial f(x) means solving the polynomial
equation f(x) = 0.

Remainder Theorem If a polynomial in ‘x’ with degree  1 be divided by (x – a); the

remainder is the value of the polynomial obtained by replacing ‘x’ by ‘a’
everywhere, in the polynomial.

In other words,If f(a) is a polynomial with degree  1 and is divided by (x – a); then
the remainder = f(a) where a is a real number.

Factor Theorem When a polynomial f(x), with degree  1, is divided by (x – a); the
remainder is f(a) and if this remainder f(a) is equal to zero i.e., if f(a) = 0; it means
f(x) is completely divisible by (x – a) and so we say (x – a) is a factor of the
polynomial f(x). It means,(x – a) is a factor of f(x), if f(a) = 0 and if f(a) = 0 then (x –
a) is a factor of f(x).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SAMPLE QUESTIONS

1. Factorize 9z3 – 27z2 – 100z + 300, if it is given that 3z + 10 is a factor.

Sol: First of all divide 9z3 – 27z2 – 100z + 300 by 3z+10 to get the quotient 3z2 – 19z
+ 30.
Therefore, 9z3 – 27z2 – 100z + 300 = (3z+10) (3z2 – 19z + 30)
= (3z+10) (3z2 – 10z – 9z + 30)
= (3z+10) (z – 3) (3z -10)
So, the three factors are 3z + 10, z – 3 and 3z – 10.
2. Factorize: 1 – 8x3 + y3 + 6xy.
Sol: 1 – 8x3 + y3 + 6xy
= (1)3 + (-2x)3 + (y)3 – 3(1)(-2)(y)
= (1-2x+y)(1+4x2+y2 +2x+2xy-y)
[Using a3+b3+c3 – 3abc = (a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2 – ab – bc – ca)
3. When 6 x 2  ax  7 is divided by x-2, the remainder is 13. What is the value of a?
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 Sol: Let p(x) = 6 x 2  ax  7 and divisor here is x-2
So by remainder theorem when p(x) divided by x-2 then
p(2) = 6(2)  a2  7 =31+2a
2

Also remainder is 13
So 31+2a = 13
a = -9
ASSIGNMENT

SECTION - A

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

1. Let f(x) be a polynomial such that f (-1/2) =0, then find a factor of f(x).
2. If x140+2x151+k is divisible by x+1, then find the value of k.
3. If 2x + 1 is a factor of the polynomial 2x2 – x – 1, find the other factor.
4. Find the coefficient of x2 in the product: (x2-3x+7) (5x+7).
y2 2 3 2 2
5. Factorize: 2 x 2   3 z 2  2 6 zx  yz  xy .
49 7 7
6. Evaluate A2+2AB+B2 when A = x+a and B = x - a.
7. If f(x) = 2x3-3x2-6, then find f(3), f (-3).
8. Find the remainder if z51+51 is divided by z +1.

SECTION - C

9. If x=0 and x= -1 are zeros of f(x) =2x3 - 3x2 +ax + b, find a and b.
10. What must be subtracted from x3-6x2-15x+80 so that the result is exactly
divisible byx2+x–12.
11. Factorize:
a. 8 x 4  14 x 2  4
b. x 4  x 2 y 2  y 4
c. 5 x  7 y 3  9 y  5 x 3  7 y  9 z 3
d. 125  8a 3  27b 3  90ab
e. a 4  a
12. If a + b + c = 9 and ab + bc + ca = 26, find the value of a2 + b2 + c2.
13. Find the remainders when 3 x 3  4 x 2  7 x  5 is divided by (x-3) and (x+3).
14. If a + b + c = 5 and ab + bc + ca = 10, then prove that a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = -25
15. Show that 2x+1 is a factor of 2 x 3  11x 2  4 x  1 .

SECTION - D

16. If both x-2 and x - are factors of px2+5x+r, show that p=r.
17. Factorize x3+13x2+31x-45 given that x+9 is a factor.

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 (a 2  b 2 ) 3  (b 2  c 2 ) 3  (c 2  a 2 ) 3
18. Simplify :
(a  b) 3  (b  c) 3 (c  a) 3
19. Simplify (2x – 5y)3 – (2x +5y)3
20. If x + y = 12 and xy = 27, find the value of x3 + y3.
21. The polynomials f(x) = az3 + 4z2 + 3z – 4 and g(x) = z3 – 4z + a leaves the same
remainder when divided by z – 3. Find the value of ‘a’.
22. Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of 483 – 303 – 183.

23. Factorise 2x3 – 3x2 – 17x + 30 by factor theorem.

24. The polynomial p(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – ax + 3a - 7 when divided by x+1 leaves the
remainder 19. Find the value of ‘a’. Also, find the remainder when p(x) is
divided by x +2.
25. If x+y = 8 and xy = 15, find the value of x 2  y 2 .

ANSWER KEY

1 x+ 9 a=-5, b=0 20 756

2 k=1 10 4x – 4 21 a=-1
3 x– 1 11 2(2x+1)(2x-1)( x 2  2 ) 22 77760
x 2
 xy  y 2
x 2
 xy  y 2

3(5x-7y)(9z-5x)(7y-9z)
5  2a  3b25  4a 4  9b 2  10a  6ab  15b
a(a-1)( a 2  a  1 )
4 -8 12 29 23 (x– 2)(x + 3)(2x
– 5)
5  y  13 61, -143
2
24 a=5, 62
 2 x   3 z 
 7 
6 4x2 17 (x-1)(x+5)(x+9) 25 34
7 f(3)=21 f(- 18 (a+b)(b+c)(c+a)
3)= -87
8 50 19 120x2y – 250y3

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 CLASS: IX SUBJECT: MATHS TOPIC: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

Co-ordinates
A Cartesian Co-ordinate system consists of two perpendicular number lines X’OX
and Y’OY, called co-ordinate axes, which meet at a common point O, known as the
Origin.
The coordinates of the origin are (0, 0) where both x and y coordinates are both zero.
Horizontal line i.e. X’OX is known as x – axis.
Vertical line i.e. Y’OY is known as y – axis.

Coordinate axes
The position of a point in a plane is determined with reference to two fixed
mutually perpendicular lines, called the coordinate axes.

If P is a point in the plane, the co-ordinates of P are the co-ordinates x and y, written
as P (x, y).
The x co-ordinate is called the abscissa of P and y co-ordinate is called the ordinate
of P.
Abscissa is the distance of the point P from y – axis.
Ordinate is the distance of the point P from x - axis.

Cartesian Plane
The x and y axis divides the plane into four regions called Quadrants (I, II, III and
IV) in anticlockwise direction. The plane here is called Cartesian plane (named after
French mathematician Rene Descartes) or the co-ordinate plane.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

1. The perpendicular distance of a point from the x-axis is 4 units and the
perpendicular distance from the y-axis is 5 units. Write the co-ordinates of such a
point if it lies in the
a) First quadrant
b) Second quadrant
c) Third quadrant
d) Fourth Quadrant

Sol: a) (5, 4) b) (-5, 4) c) (-5, -4) d) (5, -4)

2. Plot the points P (2,0), L(1, 1), A(-1,1), N(-2, 0), E(-1, -1) and T(1, -1) and draw the
hexagon PLANET.

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Sol: The given points are plotted in the
adjoining figure.

3. Find the coordinates of the point

a) Which lies on x and y axes both.
b) Whose ordinate is – 4 and which lies on y-axis.
c) Whose abscissa is 5 and which lies on x-axis.
Sol: a) (0, 0) (ii) (0, -4) (iii) (5, 0)

4. In which quadrant or on which axis do each of the points (-3, 5), (4, -1), (2, 0), (-3,
-6) lie?
Sol: 2nd quadrant, 4th quadrant, x-axis, 3rd quadrant respectively.
5. What is the distance of the point (-1, 4) from the y-axis?
Sol: 1 unit

6. In the given figure, ABCD is a rectangle.

The coordinates of points A, B and C are
given. Find the coordinates of point D
and the area of the rectangle.
Sol: D (-3, -1) and Area of the
rectangle = 20 sq units.

CASE STUDY QUESTION

Class IX students of a secondary school in Krishnagar have been allotted a
rectangular plot of a land for gardening activity. Saplings of Gulmohar are planted
on the boundary at a distance of 1m from each other. There is a triangular grassy
lawn in the plot as shown in the fig. The students are to sow seeds of flowering
plants on the remaining area of the plot.

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Considering A as origin, answer question (i) to (v)

i) Considering A as the origin, what are the coordinates of A?

a) (0,1) b) (1,0) c) (0,0) d)(-1,-1)

Ans: c

ii) What are the coordinates of P?

a) (4,6) b)( 6,4) c) (4,5) d) (5,4)

Ans: a

iii) What are the coordinates of R?

a) (6,5) b) (5,6) c) ( 6,0) d) (7,4)

Ans: a

iv) What are the coordinates of D?

a) (16,0) b) (0,0) c) (0,16) d) (16,1)

Ans: a

v) What are the coordinate of P if D is taken as the origin?

a) ( 12,2) b) (-12,6) c) (12,3) d) (6,10)

Ans: b

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ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A (1 MARK)

1. What are the coordinates of a point lying on

the y-axis at negative 3 units?
2. If the y- coordinate of a point is zero, then
where does this point lie?
3. What are the coordinates of a point whose
ordinate is 5 and lying on the y-axis?
4. If the two points are A (-3,7) and B(-7,5), then
what is (abscissa A)- (abscissa B)?
5. What is the sign of x-coordinate in quadrant
II?

From the given figure, Answer the

following questions (6-10):
6. Write the abscissa and the ordinate of the
point B in the figure.
7. Find the x-coordinate and y-coordinate of
the point L.
8. What is the abscissa of the origin?
9. What is the ordinate of the point (-5, 3)?
10.Write the coordinates of the origin.
11.In the given equation, verify whether the
given value of the variable is the solution
of the equation (x-2) + (x+3) = (x+8); x=0
12.Write the axis on which (0,-5) lies.
13.In the given figure write the coordinates of each of the points P, Q, R and S from
the figure.
14.Where will the two points lie having same abscissa but different ordinates.
15.What will be the perpendicular distance of point P (4, 3) from x-axis.

SECTION B (2 MARKS)
1. On which axes do the following points lie?
a) (-7, 0) (b) (0, -5) (c) (0, 1) (d) (5, 0)
2. In which quadrant do the given points lie?
(a) (-6, 5) (b) (-3, -2) (c) (2, -9) (d) (3, 8)
3. Find midpoint of the line segment joining the points (5, 0) & (-5, 0).
4. A point lies on the x-axis at a distance of 9 units from y-axis. What are its
coordinates? What will be its coordinates if it lies on y-axis at a distance of -9
units from x-axis?
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5. Plot the points A(-5,3), B(3,3), C(3,0) and D(-5,0) in the Cartesian plane. Name the
figure ABCD. Find the ratio of areas of two parts of ABCD in the Ist quadrant
and IInd quadrant.
6. Plot the points A(3,0), B(3,3) and C(0,3) in a Cartesian plane. Join OA, AB, BC,
and CO. Name the figure so obtained and write its one property.
7. Plot the points A (-5, 3), B (3, 3), C(3, 0), D (-5 ,0) in the Cartesian plane. Name
the figure. Also, find the ratio of areas of two parts of ABCD in the I and II
quadrant.

SECTION C (3 MARKS)
1. Mark the points on the graph paper: A (2, 0), B (2, 2), C (0, 2). Join OA, AB, BC and
CO where O is the origin. Name the figure formed and calculate its area.

2. Plot the points A, B, C, D, E, F and G from the table:

POINT A B C D E F G
ABSCISSA -5 1 0 -12 7 -5 -8
ORDINATE 2 -6 14 3 0 -9 0
Answer the following:
(i) Write the coordinates of A, B, C, D, E, F and G.
(ii) Find the distance of A, D and F from the X and Y axis respectively.

3. Answer the questions based on the

given graph.
i. Locate the coordinates of various
points mentioned in the given
graph.
ii. Are points H, E and D collinear?
iii. What kind of figure is formed
when points A, D and H are joined?
Also find the area of the figure so
obtained.
iv. Which points in the given graph are collinear with the Origin?
v. Write the abscissa of the points D, J and C.
vi. Write the ordinate of points B, I, F, G.
vii. Which points in the given graph are collinear?

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 15 of 50

4. Plot the points P(2,0), L (1,1), A(-1,1), N(-2,0), E(-1,-1) and T(1, -1) and join all

points. Name the figure obtained.

SECTION D

1. If the coordinates of a point M are (-2, 9) which can also be expressed as (1+x, y2)
and y>0, then find in which quadrant do the following points lie: P(y, x); Q (2, x);
R (x2, y-1); S (2x, -3y); T (y3-12,-4x).
2. Write the coordinates of the vertices of a rectangle which is 6 units long and 4
units wide. The rectangle is in first quadrant, its longer side lies on the x-axis and
one vertex is at the origin. Also find its area and perimeter.
3. Mark the reflection of point P (7,-3) on the Cartesian plane assuming the x and y
axis as the mirrors. Name the figure and find the distance between the two
reflected points QR.
4. The adjoining figure shows an isosceles triangle
OAB with sides OA = AB = 13 units and OB = 10
units. Find the coordinates of the vertices.
5. In the adjoining figure, BAC is an equilateral
triangle with coordinates of A and C as (-2, 0) and
(2, 0) respectively. Find the coordinates of the vertex
P.
6. Plot the points S(3,0) , T(0,4), A(-3,0) and R(0,-4) and draw the rhombus STAR.

CASE STUDY QUESTION

7. Students of class IX are on a visit of Lok Sabha. Teacher assign them the activity
to observe and take some pictures to analyse the seating arrangement between
various MP’s and speaker based on coordinate geometry. The staff tour
explained various facts related to the seating arrangement of Sansad Bhawan to
SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 16 of 50
 the students. The students observed the seating arrangement of the MP’s and
related it to their topic of coordinate geometry.

Answer the following by referring to the above image and graph.

(i) What are the coordinates of the position ‘a’?
a) (4, -6) b) (-6, 4) c) (5, 6) d) (-3, 0)
(ii)What are the coordinates of the position ‘b’?
a) (4, 6) b) (6, 4) c) (7, 6) d) (3, 0)
(iii) What are the coordinates of the position ‘d’?
a) (4, -7) b) (-6, 4) c) (7, 6) d) (-3, 0)

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 17 of 50

 (iv) In which quadrant the point ‘c’ lie ?
a) I b) II c) III d) IV
(v)Find the perpendicular distance ( in units) of the point e from the y axis?
a) 5 b) 6 c) 1 d) 3

ANSWERS
SECTION A

1. (0, -3) 6. (4, 3) 12.Y-axis

2. on x -axis 7.(-5,-4) 13.P(1,1), Q(-3,0), R(-2,-3),S(2,1)
3. (0, 5) 8. 0 14.Y-axis
4. -3-5=-8 9. 3 15. 3
5 .Negative sign 10. (0, 0)
11. No

SECTION B
Q1. X axis: a, d & Y axis: b, c
Q2. Quadrant 2, Quadrant 3, Quadrant 4 & Quadrant 1
Q3. (0, 0)
Q4. (9,0) (0, -9)
Q5. ABCD is a rectangle Required Ratio is 3:5
Q6. OABC is a Square. All sides are equal in a square.
Q7. ABCD is a rectangle. Required ratio is 3:5

SECTION C
Q1. Square, area=4 sq. units
Q2. (i) A(-5, 2), B (1, -6), C(0, 14), D(-12, 3) E(7,0), F(-5, -9), G(-8, 0).
(iii) [The distance of A, D and F From X axis: 2, 3 & 9 units;
From Y axis: 5, 12 & 5 units]
Q3. 2) Yes
3) Triangle, Area=7.5cm2
4) F, G
5) Abscissa of the points D, J and C are -4, 4, and 5 respectively.
6) Ordinate of points B, I, F, G are 4, -2, -2, -4 respectively.
7) A, B, H; E, D, H; F, G, Origin
Q4. Hexagon

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SECTION D
Q1. Quadrants: IV, IV, I, III, and I respectively.
Q2. Area of rectangle = 24 sq units, Perimeter = 20 cm
Q3. Q (7, 3) and R (-7, -3). Right angled ∆QPR and QR = 2√58 units
Q4. A (5, 13), B (10, 0) & O 0, 0)
Q5. P (0, 2 3 )
Q 7.
(i) b
(ii) c
(iii) a
(iv) c
(v)a

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 19 of 50

 CLASS: IX SUBJECT: MATHS TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S
GEOMETRY

Euclid, a Mathematics teacher in Egypt collected all the known work on geometry
and arranged it in a systematic manner and formed a collection named ‘Element’.
He divided elements into thirteen chapters, each called a book. Euclid assumed
certain properties, which were not to be proved. These assumptions are actually
‘obvious universal truths’ i.e., Axioms and Postulates.
Some definitions out of the Euclid’s listed 23 definitions are given below:
 A point is that which has no part.
 A line is breathless length.
 The ends of a line are points.
 A straight line is a line that lies evenly with the points on itself.
 A surface is that which has length and breadth only.
 The edges of surface are lines.
 A plane surface is a surface that lies evenly with the straight lines on itself.

SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS

 Undefined terms are can represented intuitively or can be explained using a

physical model. For example a point, a line and a plane are undefined terms.
 Axioms are assumptions used throughout mathematics and not specifically
linked to geometry.
 Postulate are the assumptions that were specific to geometry.
 Statements are a sentence which is either true or false. A Statement cannot be
both true and false at the same time.
 A conjecture is an educated guess based on certain observations.
 Theorems /Propositions- Statements which are proved using definitions and
deductive reasoning.
 Consistent system of Axioms: when it is impossible to deduce from these
system of axioms a statement that contradicts any axiom or previously proven
statement.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS
1. “A square is a polygon made up of four line segments, out of which length of
three line segments are equal to the length of fourth one and all its angles are
right angles.” Using Euclid axiom/postulates, justify that all angles and sides of a
square are equal.

Sol. Let ABCD be a square.

Then AB = CD; AD = CD and BC = CD.

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 By axiom 1, AB = BC = AD = CD (Things which are equal to the same thing are
equal to one another)
Also, A = 90 , B = 90 C = 90 D = 90 .
By postulate 4, A = B = C = D (All right angles are equal to one another.)
Hence all angles and sides of a square are equal.

2. Consider the following axioms.

i) Things which are equal to the same things are equal to one another.
ii) If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
iii) Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another.

Sol. The above three axioms are Euclid’s axiom. The given system of axioms is
consistent as we cannot deduce any statement from these axioms which would
contradict each other.

3. ‘An equilateral triangle is a polygon made up of three line segments out of

which two line segments are equal to the third one and all itsangles are 60 each.’
Define the terms used in this definition which you feel necessary. Are there any
undefined terms in this?

Sol. The terms need to be defined are:

Polygon: A closed figure made up of three or more line segments.
Line Segment: It is a part of a line with two end points.
Angle: A figure formed by two rays with a common initial point.
The terms which are undefined are i) Line and ii) Point.
4. If x + y = 10 and x = z, then show that z + y = 10.

Sol. Given, x + y = 10 …(i) and x = z …(ii)

Subtracting y from both sides of Eq. (i), we get
x + y – y = 10 – y (If equals are subtracted from equals the remainders are equal.)
z = 10 – y …(iii) (from eq. ii)
Adding y to both sides of Eq. (iii), we get
z + y = 10 – y + y (If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal)
z + y = 10.
ASSIGNMENT

SECTION – A

MCQs
1. How many straight lines can be drawn through two given lines?
a) None b) Only one c) Two d) Three

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 21 of 50

2. What is the minimum number of lines required to make a closed figure?
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
3. Which of the following is an axiom?
a) Theorem
b) Definitions
c) The universal truth in all branches of Mathematics
d) Universal truth specific to geometry
4. How many dimension does a surface has?
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
5. A solid has how many dimensions?
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
6. What do you call a figure formed by two straight lines having a common point?
a) Angle b) Triangle c) Rhombus d) Kite
7. How many lines can pass through one point?
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
8. Which of the following are boundaries of a surface?
a) Lines b) Curves c) Surfaces d) Points

TRUE OR FALSE
a) In geometry, we take point, line and plane as undefined term
b) Two lines drawn in a plane always intersect at a point
c) Only one line can pass through points X and Y
d) If two circle are equal, there radii is also equal
e) Three points are concurrent if they have only one common point
f) The statements that are proved are called postulates
g) The whole is greater than the part is a postulate
h) If the area of square X equals to the area of rectangle Y and the area of rectangle Y
is equal to area of circle Z, then area of square X equals to area of circle Z

SECTION – B

1. X is of the same age as Y. Z is also of the same age as Y. State the Euclid’s
axiom that illustrates the relative ages of X and Z and their relation.
2. If B lies between A and C and AC=10, BC=6, what is AB2? Justify.
3. If there are three distinct points in a plane, then how many lines can be drawn
by joining them?
4. Solve the equations u– 5 = 15 & x +1 8 = 24. State the axioms used
here.
5. In a triangle ABC, X and Y are the points on AB and BC respectively. If
BX= AB, BY= BC and AB=BC then show that BX=BY.
6. In the figure, if PS = RQ then prove that PR = SQ.

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7. If P, Q and R are three points on a line and Q lies between P and R the show
that PQ + QR= PR.
8. Prove that every line segment has one and only one mid-point.
9. What is the difference between Concurrent lines and
Intersecting lines?
10. If lines PQ, PR, PS and PT are parallel to a line m, then
what can be said about the points
P, Q, R, S and T ?
11. In the adjoining figure, AC = DC, CB = CE. Show that
AB=DE.

SECTION C

12. In the fig, if 1= 3, 2= 4 and 3= 4.Write the relation

between and ,using Euclid’s axiom. Also give two
more axioms other than the axiom used in the above
situation.

13. Using the same figure of Q12, If we have 1 = 2 and 2 = 3. Show that 1 =
3.
X
14. Prove that an equilateral triangle can be constructed on any given
line segment. In the given figure, OX = ½ XY, PX = ½ XZ and OX O P
= PX. Show that XY = XZ.
Y Z

15. If l and m are intersecting lines, l║p and m ║q, show that
p and q also intersect.
16. In the adjoining figure, ABC = and 3 = 4.
Show that 1 = 2 using Euclid’s Axioms.

ANSWERS

1. II 2. III 3. III 4. II 5. III 6. I 7. I 8. II

9. a. True b. False, as parallel lines never intersect c. True d. True e. True

f. False g. False h. True

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 23 of 50

 CLASS: IX SUBJECT: MATHS TOPIC: LINES AND ANGLES

Line: A geometrical line is a set of points and extends endlessly in both the
direction.
Plane: A plane is also a set of points. A surface such that a straight line joining any
two of its points lies wholly in the surface is called a plane surface or a plane.
Some Important Axioms:
 If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two adjacent angles so formed is 1800.
 If the sum of two adjacent angles is 1800, then the non-common arms of the
angles form a straight line.
 If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of corresponding
angles are equal.
 If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of corresponding angles is
equal, then the two lines are parallel.

Properties of a Pair of Lines and Its Transversal:

When a pair of lines is intersected by a transversal such that
 Any one pair of Alternate Interior angles are equal or
 Any one pair of Corresponding angles are equal or
 Any one pair of Co-interior angles is supplementary
When the pair of lines are parallel and are intersected by a transversal then
 the pair of Alternate Interior angles is equal.
 each pair of Corresponding angles is equal.
 each pair of Co-interior angles is supplementary.

Angle Sum Property of a Triangle: The sum of the three interior angles of a triangle
is 1800.

Exterior angle Property of a triangle: If a side of a triangle is produced, then the

exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the interior opposite angles.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS
1. In the figure,  AOB =900 and CD is a straight
line. Find x and y.
Solution: Since  COE and  EOD form a
Linear pair, we have,
 COE +  EOD = 1800
105 + 3x = 1800
So, x=25
Further, y + 900 + 2x = 1800
y + 900 + 500 = 1800
y = 400
SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 24 of 50
2. The bisectors of angles Q and R of a∆ PQR meet at
1
point O in its interior. Prove that :  QOR = 900 +  P
2
Solution: In ∆ PQR,
we have  P +  Q +R = 1800
1
( P +  Q +R) = 900--------- (1)
2
Since OQ and OR are the bisectors of Q and R resp.,
1 1
So, OQR =  Q and  ORQ = R
2 2
So, equation 1 becomes,
1
 P + OQR +  ORQ = 900 ------(2)
2
In ∆ OQR, OQR +  ORQ +  QOR = 1800
So, using equation (2) in this relation,
1
 QOR = 900 +  P
2

3. In the figure, an equilateral ∆ EDC surmounts the

square ABCD. Find the measure of x.
Solution: Let  MBC= α, Since EC= BC,
 MEC=  MBC = α
Now in ∆ EBC, α + α + (900+600) = 1800
2 α = 300
α = 150
x = 600- t = 600 – 150 = 450 so, x = 450

4. In the adjoining figure, PQ is an incident

ray, QR is the reflected ray. If PQR =
124o, then find RQB.
Solution: PQ is an incident ray and QR is the
reflected ray.
Draw QM  AB.
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection (By
law of reflection)
 PQM = MQR
Now, PQM + MQR = PQR = 124o
 MQR + MQR = 124o
 2MQR = 124o
 MQR = 62o
 MQB - RQB = 62o
 90o - RQB = 62o

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 25 of 50

  RQB = 90o – 62o = 28o.

5. In the given figure, AP and BP are angle bisectors of the A and the B which
meet at P of the quadrilateral ABCD. Prove that: 2APB = C + D.
Solution.
In the quadrilateral ABCD,
1 = 2 and 3 = 4
Also, A + B + C + D = 360o
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + C + D = 360o
21 +22 + C + D = 360o ……..(i)

In ∆ABP, 1 + 3 + P = 180o (By angle sum property of triangles)

 21 +23 + 2P = 360o ……..(ii)
Comparing eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
21 +23 + 2P = 21 +22 + C + D
 2P = C + D.

CASE STUDY QUESTION

6. Once 4 students of class IX were selected for plantation of flower plants in the
school garden. The selected students were Pankaj, Raju, Deepak and Renu.

They planted the plants as shown in the figure. As shown PQ and MN are the
parallel lines of the plants. Pankaj planted a sunflower plant at P, then Raju planted
another sunflower plant at Q. Further, Deepak was called to plant any flowering
plant at point M. He planted a marigold there. Now, it was the turn of Renu who
SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 26 of 50
was told to plant a rose plant at N. There was a water pipeline XY which intersects
PQ and MN at A and B and the angle XbN = 600

Answer the following questions:

(i) What is the value of

(a) 600 (b) 1200 (c) 700 (d) 1000
Ans: (b)

(ii) What is the value of

(a) 600 (b) 1200 (c) 700 (d) 1000
Ans: (a)

(iii) What type of angles are y and z?

(a) Vertically opposite angles (b) Alternate Interior angles
(c) Co-interior angles (d) Corresponding angles
Ans: (b)

(iv) What is the value of (p+q+a+z)/6?

(a) 600 (b) 1200 (c) 700 (d) 1000
Ans: (a)

(v) What is the corresponding angle to a?

(a) x (b) q (c) z (d) y
Ans: (b)

ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A (1 MARK)
1. If the supplement of an angle is 4 times of its compliment, then find the angle.
2. If two interior angles on the same side of a transversal intersecting two parallel
lines are in ratio 2:3 then, what is the smaller angle?
3. In a right angled triangle where  A= 90°and AB=AC. What is the measure of
angle B?
4. An exterior angle of a triangle is equals to 1000 and two interior opposite angles
are equal. Find each of these angles.
5. If the sides of a triangle are produced in order, then what is the sum of the three
angles so formed?

6. In the adjoining figure, lines AB, CD and EF intersect at O.

What is the measure of ∠AOC ∠COF?

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 27 of 50

7. The exterior angles obtained on producing the base of a triangle both ways are
100° and 120°. Find the three angles of the triangle.

8. In the given figure, if x°, y° and z° are exterior angles of ∆ABC, then find the
value of x° + y° + z°.

9. In the fig., AD and CE are the angle bisectors of ∠A and

∠C respectively. If ∠ABC = 90°, then find ∠AOC.

SECTION B ( 2 MARKS)

10.In the given figure, two straight lines PQ and RS

intersect each other at O. If ∠POT = 75°, find the values
of a, b, c.

11.In given figure, AB || CD and EF || DG, find

∠GDH, ∠AED and ∠DEF.

12.If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then prove that the bisectors
of any two corresponding angles are parallel.

13.In figure, PS is bisector of ∠QPR ; PT ⊥RQ and

∠Q > ∠R. Show that ∠TPS = ½ (∠Q – ∠R).

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 28 of 50

14.The angles of a triangle are arranged in ascending order of
magnitude. If the difference between two consecutive angles
is 10°, find all the three angles.

15.Determine y, when x = 60°.

16.In the given figure find PON.

SECTION C (3 MARKS)
17.In fig., ray OE bisects AOB and OF is a ray
opposite to OE. Show that FOB = FOA.

18.In fig., PQ//RS, PAB = 70o and ACS =

100o. DetermineABC, BAC and CAQ.

19.In fig. QS bisects PQR. T is a point in the interior of

PQS. Prove thatTQS = ½ (TQR - PQT) P T

20. In ∆ABC, BDAC and CEAB. If BD and CE intersect at

O, prove that BOC=1800 A. Q R

21.The side BC of a triangle ABC is produced, such that D

is on ray BC outside the triangle. The bisector of A
meets BC in L, prove that ABC + ACD = 2ALC.

22. Prove that the bisectors of the base angles of a triangle

cannot enclose a right angle.

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 29 of 50

23.In the fig., ABC = 65o, BCE = 30o, DCE
= 35o and CEF = 145o. Prove that AB//EF.

24.In the fig., l ║ m, determine the value of x.

25.In the fig., AB // CD, PEB = 800, QHD = 1200 and

PQR = x0, find x.

26.In the fig., AB //CD, A = 700, P = 600, find

QCD.

27.In the given figure, AB is parallel to CD. Find the value of x in degrees.

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 30 of 50

28.In the figure given, PS divides QPR in the ratio 1 :
3 and Q is twice QPS. Find all the angles of ∆
PQS.

29.In the figure, CAB = 620 , CBA=

760 ,
ADE = 580, DFG = 660,
find the measure of FGE.

30.In the figure, ∆ BEC is an equilateral triangle in a square

ABCD. Find the value of x.

31.In the given fig., lines AB and CD are parallel and P is any point as shown. Show
that ABP + CDP = DPB.

CASE STUDY QUESTION

32.In a HPE period, the teacher of Meerut Public school decided to play the puzzle
game. For this game, firstly the teacher draws a geometrical figure on the ground,
which is shown as below:
SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 31 of 50
Here, line l is parallel to m and q is a transversal. While drawing this figure, the
teacher has no scale for measuring this
length, but they know the side which is
opposite to the smallest angle, is smaller and
the side which is opposite to the largest
angle, is larger. In this game, the teacher
invite the two students Vicky and Vishal
and said to them that specially Vicky stands
on point A and Vishal stands on point B,
respectively (assuming that they have the
same speed of walking). Then, answer the
following questions based which are based
on the above data.
(i) Measure of ABD is
(a) 700 (b) 800 (c) 900 (d) 1000
(ii) Measure of 1 is
(a) 700 (b) 800 (c) 900 (d) 1000
(iii) Measure of   2 is
(a) 600 (b) 700 (c) 800 (d) 900
(iv) Measure of  3 is
(a) 600 (b) 700 (c) 800 (d) 900
(v) Measure of GAD is
(a) 1000 (b) 900 (c) 1100 (d) 1200
ANSWER KEY
1. 2. 6 3. 7
00 20 50
4. 5. 5 6. 1
00 800 50, 1050
7. 8. 4 9. 3
0 , 60 and 80
0 0 0 60 0 35 0

10. 11. 8 ∠
4 , 21 , 48
0 0 0 GDH = 95°, ∠AED = 40°
and ∠DEF = 95°
14. 15. 5 16. 6
0 , 60 and 70
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

18 ABC=70o; 24. 1400 25. x = 200

BAC = 30o,CAQ = 800
26. 1300 27. 1050
28. QPS = 170, 29. FGE = 340 30. 750
PQS = 340; QSP = 1290
32.
a, b, b, c, a

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 CLASS: IX SUBJECT: MATHS TOPIC: TRIANGLES

POINTS TO REMEMBER:
 The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 1800.
 If a side of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the
sum of the two interior opposite angles.
 A line segment which joins the midpoint of a side of a triangle to the opposite
vertex is the Median of the triangle.
 The point of intersection of medians of a triangle is its Centroid.
 Congruent Triangles: Two triangles are congruent if and only if one of them
can be made to superpose on the other, so as to cover it exactly.

Inequalities in triangles:

( i ) If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the longer side has greater angle opposite
to it.
( ii ) In a triangle, the greater angle gas the longer side opposite to it.
( iii ) The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side. e.g.- in
∆ABC,
AB+BC >AC, BC + AC > AB, AB +AC > BC
( iv ) The difference of any two sides of a triangle is less than the third side.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

1. In ∆ABC, if AB=BC andB= 800 then findC.

Solution: AB=BC A =C ( base angles of an isosceles triangle)
A + B +C= 1800 C= 500
2. In ∆PQR, P=500 and R= 1000. Arrange the sides of ∆PQR in descending order.
Solution:P + Q +R = 1800Q = 300
1000 > 500 > 300 PQ>QR>PR
3. In an isosceles triangle PQR, with PQ=PR. S and T are points on QR such that
QS=RT. Prove that PS=PT.
Solution: In ∆PQR, PQ=PR
Q =R ( angles opposite to equal sides )
In ∆PQS and ∆PRT,
PQ=PR ( given )
Q =R (proved above), QS=RT ( given )
 ∆PQS  ∆PRT ( by SAS )
PS=PT ( by CPCT)
4. In an isosceles Δ ABC, AB = AC. The bisectors of B and C meet at
O. BO is produced at M. Prove that MOC = ABC.

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 33 of 50

 Solution: Δ ABC, AB = AC
ACB = ABC (angles opposite to equal sides )
1 1
So, ACB = ABC
2 2
OCB = OBC (Since OB and OC are bisectors of
B and C )
Now, MOC = OCB + OBC
MOC = 2OBC ( because OCB = OBC )
So, MOC = ABC
4. In the given figure, PQR is a triangle and S is any point in its interior. Show that
SQ + SR < PQ + PR.
Solution:
Given: S is any point in the interior of ∆PQR.
To Prove: SQ + SR < PQ + PR
Construction: Produce QS to meet PR in T.
Proof: In ∆PQT, PQ + PT > QT
[ sum of the two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side]
 PQ + PT > SQ + ST [ QT = SQ + ST] (i)
Also, in ∆RST, ST + TR > SR (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
PQ + PT + ST + TR > SQ + ST + SR
 PQ + (PT + TR) > SQ + SR
PQ + PR > SQ + SR.
ASSIGNMENT

SECTION A
1. In the given figure, AB=AC and DB=DC. What is
the ratio ofABD andACD ?
2. In fig, if AC is bisector of  BAD such that AB=3 cm,
AC= 5 cm, what is the length of CD?
3. In ∆PQR,P=900, Q=600, arrange the sides of ∆PQR in
ascending order of magnitude.
4. If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle bisects the base, prove that the
triangle is Isosceles.
5. Prove that the sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than twice the median
drawn to the third side.
6. Prove that the perimeter of a triangle is greater than the sum of its three medians.

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 34 of 50

7. In a ∆ ABC, O is any point in its interior ,prove that OA + OB +
1
OC> (AB+BC+CA)
2

8. In a right angled triangle, one acute angle is double the other.

Prove that the
hypotenuse is double the smallest side.
SECTION B
9. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB = AC and AD = CD. Show that BD bisects
both angles ABC and ADC.
10. The base BC of an isosceles triangle ABC is produced
to D and a straight line PQ is drawn cutting AC
internally at P and meeting AB in Q. Prove that AP is
greater than AQ.
11. In ∆ABC, if AD is the bisector of  A, show that (i) AB > BD (ii) AC > CD.
12. Show that the sum of the three altitudes of a triangle is less than the sum of the
three sides of the triangle.
13. In the given figure, PQRS is a quadrilateral in which diagonals PR and QS
intersect at O. Show that
(i) PQ + QR + RS + SP > PR + QS
(ii)PQ + QR + RS + SP < 2(PR + QS).
SECTION-C
14. PQRS is a quadrilateral and T and U are points on PS and RS respectively such
that PQ= RQ,  PQT =  RQU and  TQS =  UQS. Prove that QT = QU.
15. In ∆ABC, AC > AB and D is the point on AC s.t AB = AD. Prove that CD< BC.
16. In ∆ABC, D is mid-point of BC. AD is produced to E so that DE = AD. Prove that
(a) ∆ABD  ∆ECD. (b) AB = EC.
17. PQRS is a parallelogram. L and M are points on PQ and SR respectively such
that PL=MR. Show that LM and QS bisect each other.
18. Diagonals PR and QS of a quadrilateral PQRS intersect at O. Prove that : PQ +
QR+ RS + SP > PR + QS.
ANSWERS
SECTION A 1. 1 : 1 2. 4 cm 3. PQ < PR < RQ.

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 35 of 50

 CLASS: IX SUBJECT: MATHS TOPIC: HERON’S FORMULA

Area of a Plane Figure

The measure of the region enclosed by a closed or plane figure is known as its Area.
The units of measuring area are – square cm (cm2), square metre (m2), square
kilometre (km2) or hectometer.
A

Area and Perimeter of an Equilateral Triangle:

Let AB = BC = CA = a, AD = h (Height)
3 2 1 a a
(i) Area of ∆ = a  ah h
4 2
3
(ii) Height = a
2
(iii) Perimeter = 3a B a D C
a
2 2
Area of a Scalene Triangle: [HERON’S FORMULA]
Area of Triangle = s ( s  a )( s  b )( s  c )
where a, b & c are the three sides of a triangle and s is the semi-perimeter of the
triangle.
i.e. s = (a+b+c )/ 2

Application of Heron’s Formula in finding the area of Quadrilateral:

Area of Quadrilateral:

Let ABCD be the quadrilateral and let AL and CM be perpendiculars to the diagonal
BD from A and C. D
Area of quadrilateral ABCD = Area of ∆ABD + Area of ∆BCD
1 1 L C
= (BD x AL) + (BD x CM) h1
2 2 h2
1 1
= (BD){AL + CM} = (BD)( h1  h2 ) M
2 2
In other words we can say that, A B
1
Area of quadrilateral ABCD = (Length of diagonal)x(sum of lengths of
2
perpendiculars from the remaining two vertices of the diagonal)

[ This formula can be used to find the area of Rectangle, Square, Parallelogram and
Trapezium]

When diagonals of quadrilateral are perpendicular:

Area of quadrilateral ABCD = Area of ∆ ABC + Area of ∆ ACD

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 36 of 50
 D
1 1
= (AC x OB) + (AC x OD)
2 2
1
= AC x (OB + OD) O
2 A C
1
= AC x BD
2
1
= x Product of diagonals. B
2
SAMPLE QUESTIONS

1. The perimeter of a rhombus is 260 m and one of its diagonals is 66 m. Find the
area of the rhombus and its other diagonal.
Solution:
D C

Perimeter of Rhombus ABCD = 260cm O

Each side= 260/4 = 65 cm
In  ABC , AB=BC=65 cm and AC, diagonal = 66 cm
AB  BC  AC 65  65  66
s=   98cm
2 2 A B
Area of ABC = s ( s  a )( s  b )( s  c )
= 98 (98  65 )(98  65 )(98  66 )
= 98x33x33x32 = 1848 cm2
Area of rhombus, = 2 x ABC= 2 x 1848 = 3696 cm2……..(1)

Also, Area of rhombus = ½ x AC x BD =

½ x 66 x BD = 3696 From (1)
Other diagonal, BD=112 cm

2. Calculate the area of the triangle whose sides are 18cm, 24cm and 30cm in length.
Also find the length of the altitude corresponding to the smallest side of the
triangle.
Solution: C
Let a = 18cm, b = 24cm and c = 30cm
a  b  c 18  24  30
s  = 36cm 24
2 2
s – a = 36 – 18 = 18cm 18
h
s – b = 36 – 24 = 12cm
s – c = 36 – 30 = 6cm
By Heron’s formula,
Area of ∆ = s ( s  a )( s  b )( s  c ) B A
30
= 36 18 12  6
= 6  6  6  3 6  2  3 2
= 6 x 6 x 3 x 2 = 216cm2
Let h be the altitude on the smallest side 18cm.
SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 37 of 50
 1
Area of ∆ = 18  h
2
1
 216 = 18  h
2
216  2
 h
18
 h = 24cm.

3. If each side of a triangle is doubled, then find the ratio of the new triangle thus
formed and the given triangle.
Solution:
Let a, b, c are the sides of a triangle.
abc
s=
2
2s = a + b + c

Area of A = s ( s  a )( s  b )( s  c )
2 a  2b  2 c
When each side of the triangle is doubled, then s’=
2
s’=a+b+c

Area of A ’ = s ' ( s '2 a )( s '2b )( s '2c ) = 2 s ( 2 s  2 a )( 2 s  2b )( 2 s  2c )

= 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 xs ( s  a )( s  b )( s  c ) =4 x s ( s  a )( s  b )( s  c )
=4 x A
Ratio of both the areas = 4: 1

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

4. Green cleaning refers to using cleaning
methods and products with
environmentally friendly ingredients and
procedures which are designed to preserve
human health and environmental quality.
To preserve the environment and do it in
this manner, Ramesh made a slide in a
Park which is situated in his locality. One
of its side walls has been painted in some
colour with a message ‘KEEP THE PARK
GREEN AND CLEAN’.

If the sides of the wall are 15 m, 11 m and 6 m., then answer the following questions
by looking at the figure:

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 38 of 50

(i) Find the semi-perimeter of the triangle.
(a) 14 m (b) 16 m (c) 18 m (d) 20 m
Ans: (b)

(ii) Write the type of triangle given in this question

(a) Equilateral (b) Scalene
(c) Isosceles (d) Right angled triangle
Ans: (b)

(iii) Find the area(in m2) of the wall

(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 40
Ans: (b)

(iv) Find the cost of painting, if the price is Rs 8 per m2.

(a) Rs 220 (b) Rs 221 (c) Rs 226 (d) Rs 228
Ans: (c)

(v) Write the area of equilateral triangle (in m2) if each side is 15 m.
(b) (c) (d) None of these
Ans: (a)

ASSIGNMENT
SECTION A (1 MARK)

1. Find the area of an isosceles triangle having the base x cm and one side y cm.

2. If each side of an equilateral triangle is doubled, then find percentage increase in

its area.

3. Find the area of a triangle whose sides are 3cm, 4cm and 5cm respectively.

4. Find the area of quadrilateral ABCD in which diagonal AC = 15cm, length of the
perpendiculars from B and D on AC are 3 cm and 5 cm.

5. Find the area of the regular hexagon whose side is 18cm.

6. Find the area of a Quadrilateral ABCD whose diagonals are perpendicular and
of
measure 12 cm and 8 cm.

7. If the adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 20cm and 15cm in length, then find the
ratio between the corresponding altitude.

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 39 of 50

8. If the base and hypotenuse of a right triangle are respectively 5 cm and 13 cm
long, then find its area.
9. A square and an equilateral triangle have equal perimeters. If the diagonal of the
square is 12 2 cm, then what will be the area of the triangle.
10. Find the area of an equilateral triangle having each side 4 cm.
11. If the semi-perimeter of an equilateral triangle is 28 3 cm, then find the area of
equilateral triangle.
12. Find he area of an isosceles right angled triangle of equal side 30cm.
13. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio of 25: 14: 12 and its perimeter is 510 m.
Find the greatest side of the triangle.
14. What is the area of rhombus if its diagonals are d1 and d2.
15. Find the length of each side of an equilateral triangle having an area of 9 3 cm2.

SECTION B(2 MARKS)

16. Find the area of an isosceles right triangle, whose base is 30 cm.

17. If the sides of a triangle are 20cm, 24cm, 28cm, Find the length of longest
altitude.

18. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 51 cm and 37 cm. One of its diagonals
is 20 cm. find the area of the parallelogram.

19. A corn field is bounded by three straight roads has side lengths a = 120m, b =
160m and c = 200m. Find the area of the cornfield.

20. A square and an equilateral triangle have equal perimeters. If the diagonal of the
square is 12 2 cm, then find area of the triangle.

SECTION C (3 MARKS)

21. Find the area of a triangle whose sides are 8cm, 11cm, 13 cm. Hence find the
altitude to the longest side of the triangle.

22. The perimeter of a triangular park is 144m and the

ratio of the sides is 3 : 4 : 5. Find the area of the field.

23. If the sides of a rhombus are 10cm each and one

diagonal is 16cm, Find the area of the rhombus.

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 40 of 50

24. Find the area of a parallelogram having adjacent sides 60 m and 40 m and one of
its diagonal is 80 m long.
25. The sides of a triangle are x, x+1, 2x-1 and its area is x 10 .Find the value of x.
26. In the adjoining figure, calculate the area of the
shaded region.
27. If each side of an equilateral triangle is
increased by 2 cm, then its area increases by
3√3 cm2. Find the length of its each side and the
area.

SECTION D( 5 MARKS)
28. One side of a right triangle measures 126m and the difference in length of its
hypotenuse and other side is 42m. Find the measure of its two unknown sides
and calculate its area. Verify the result by using Heron’s Formula.

29. OABC is a rhombus, whose three vertices A, B and C lie on a circle with centre
O. If the radius of the circle is 10 cm, Find the area of the rhombus.

30. The parallel sides of a trapezium are 20cm and 42 cm, while its non-parallel sides
are 21cm and 23 cm. Find the area of the trapezium.

31. A park, in the shape of a quadrilateral ABCD, has C = 90o, AB = 9 m, BC = 12

m, CD = 5 m and AD = 8 m. How much area does it occupy?

32. The lengths of two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 17 cm and 12 cm. One of
its diagonals is 25 cm long. Find the area of the parallelogram. Also, find the
length of altitude from vertex on the side of length 12 cm.

33. CASE STUDY QUESTION

Triangles are used to make bridges
because a triangle is an undeformable
shape, as considered in the civil
engineering field. It can hold the most
force when applied to it, compared to
quadrilaterals and arches. Isosceles
triangles were used to construct a bridge
in which the base (unequal side) of an
isosceles triangle is 4m and its perimeter
is 20 m.
a) What is the length of equal sides?
(i) 2m (ii) 3m (iii) 8m (iv) 10 m

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 41 of 50

b) What is the Heron’s formula for an equilateral triangle of side ‘2a’?
(ii) (iii) (iv) None of these
c) What is the area of the above triangle mentioned in the question?
(i) (ii) (iii) 4 m2 (iv) 20 m2
d) If the sides of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 7 and its perimeter is 300 m, find
its area.
(i) (ii) (iii) 1 (iv)
e) If every side of a triangle is doubled, then find the percent increase in area of
triangle so formed.
(i) 100% (ii) 200% (iii) 300% (iv) 400%
ANSWER KEY
x x2
1. y2  2. 300% 3. 6cm2 4. 60cm2 5. 486 3 cm2 6. 48cm2 7. 3:4
2 4
784 3
8.30 cm2 9. 64 3 cm2 10.4 3 cm2 11. cm2 12. 450 cm2 13. 250m
3
14. ½ x d1 x d2 15. 6 cm 16. 450 cm2
48 6
17. cm 18. 612cm2 19. 9600m2 20. 64 3 cm2 21. Area = 43.82cm2, Altitude
5
=6.74cm 21. 864cm2 23. 96 cm2
24. Area = 600 15 m2 25. x=6 26. 384 cm2 27. Side = 2 cm, Area = 3 cm2
28. Hypotenuse=210m, 29. 50 3 sq. cm 30. 186 10 cm2
31. 65.5 m2 approx. 32. 180cm2, 15 cm 33. a (iii), b (ii), c (i), d (ii), e (iii)

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 42 of 50

 CLASS: IX SUBJECT: MATHS TOPIC: QUADRILATERALS

POINTS TO NOTE:
 Sum of all the angles of a quadrilateral is 360º.
 Diagonals of a parallelogram divide it into two congruent triangles.
 The bisectors of any two consecutive angles of a parallelogram intersect at
right angles.
 In a Kite two specific pairs of adjacent sides are equal and one pair of opposite
angles is equal.
 In a Parallelogram opposite sides are equal and parallel, opposite angles are
equal and diagonals bisect each other.
 In a trapezium at least one pair of opposite sides are parallel. When the non-
parallel sides are equal, then it is called an isosceles trapezium.
 In a Rhombus all 4 sides are equal and diagonals bisect each other at right
angles
 In a Rectangle opposite sides are equal and parallel, each angle = 90º and
diagonals bisect each other and are equal
 In a Square all 4 sides are equal, each angle = 90º,diagonals bisect each other at
right angles and are equal

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 43 of 50

IMPORTANT THEOREMS
1. Mid-Point Theorem -In a triangle, the line segment joining the midpoints of
any two sides is parallel to the third side and is half of it.
2. Converse of Mid-Point Theorem-The line drawn through the midpoint of one
side of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the third side.
3. Intercept Theorem -If three parallel lines when intersected by two
transversals make equal intercepts on one transversal, then they will also make
equal intercepts on the other transversal

SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR A QUADRILATERAL TO BE A

PARALLELOGRAM

A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if
1. a pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel
2. its opposite angles are equal
3. its diagonals bisect each other
SAMPLE QUESTIONS

1. Two opposite angles of a parallelogram are (2x+6) and (96 x) . Find x.

Sol: Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal
(2x+6) = (96 x)
2x+6=96 x
3x=90
x=30
2. Two consecutive angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 1:3. Find the smaller
angle.
Sol: Sum of consecutive angles of a parallelogram=180
Let the angles are x and 3x
x 3x=180
4x=180

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 44 of 50

 x=45
So the smaller angle is 45 .
3. ABCD is a parallelogram, bisectors of D and C
meet at E on AB. If A=60 , then prove that
AB=2AD.
Given: ABCD is a parallelogram, A=60 , bisectors
DE and CE of D and C intersect at E on BC.
To prove: AB=2AD
Proof: CDE=60 = ADE
AED= CDE=60
ADE is an equilateral triangle
AE=AD…. (1)
B=120
BCE= ECD=30
BEC= ECD=30 (alternate angles)
BE=BC…. (2)
Now adding (1) and (2) AB=AD+BC
So, AB=AD+AD=2AD
4. E and F are respectively the mid points of non-
parallel sides AD and BC of a trapezium ABCD.

Prove that EF AB and EF = (AB + CD).

Given: ABCD is a trapezium in which AB CD.E and

F are the midpoints of non-parallel sides AD and BC
respectively.

To prove: EF AB CD and EF= (AB+CD)

Construction: Through F draw GH AD intersecting AB at H and DC produced

at G

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 45 of 50

 Proof: CF=BF (given), CFG= BFH (V.O.A) and GCF= HBF (alternate angles)
So, GFC HFB (ASA)
DA=GH and BH=CG (Opposite sides of a parallelogram)

DE= DA and GF= GH

DE=GF and DE GH
So DGFE is a parallelogram
EF CD AB
Also EF=DG
EF=AB BH…. (1)
EF=CD+CG…. (2)
Adding (1) and (2) we get
2EF=AB+CD (as BH=CG)

EF= (AB+CD)

5. The class teacher of IX class gave students coloured papers made of recycling of
waste products in shape of a quadrilateral. She asked them to make
parallelogram from it using paper folding. Then teacher asked following
questions:
(i) How can a parallelogram be formed by paper folding?
a. Joining the sides of quadrilateral
b. Joining the midpoints of sides of
quadrilateral
c. Joining the vertices of quadrilateral
d. None of above
(ii)Which of the following is correct
condition?
a. PQ=BD
b. 2PQ=BD
c. 3PQ=BD
SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 46 of 50
 d. PQ=2BD
(iii) Which of the following is correct condition?
a. 2RS=BD

g. 3RS=BD
h. RS=BD
i. RS=2BD
(iv) Which of the following is correct condition?
a. 2PQ=SR
b. PQ=SR
c. 3PQ=SR
d. 4PQ=SR
(v)Write the formula to find the perimeter of PQRS?
a. PQ+QR+RS+PS
b. PQ-QR-RS+PS

c.

d.

Answer: b, b, a, b, a
SECTION A
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
1. The diagonals of a rectangle ABCD meet at O. If BOC = 44 , find OAD.
2. ABCD is a rhombus such that ACB=40 , find ADC.
3. In triangle ABC, D and E are mid points of sides AB and AC respectively. If BC =
8cm, find the length of DE.
4. If AB and CD are two parallel lines and a transversal intersects AB and CD at P
and Q respectively, which type of quadrilateral will the bisectors of APQ,
BPQ, CQP and PQD form?
5. ABCD is a quadrilateral and P, Q, R, S are the mid points of the sides AB, BC, CD,
DA respectively. If QR = 5 cm, then what is the length of BD and PS?
SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 47 of 50
6. ABCD is a parallelogram. If ∠B=100° then find ∠A+∠C.
SECTION B

7. In Δ ABC median AD is produced to X such that AD = DX. Prove that ABXC is a

parallelogram.
8. P and Q are the points of trisection of the diagonal BD of a parallelogram ABCD.
Prove that:
a) CQ is parallel to AP
b) AQ is parallel to CP
9. The diagonals of a parallelogram ABCD intersect at O. A line through O
intersects AB at X and DC at Y. Prove that OX = OY.
10. ABCD is a rectangle in which diagonal BD bisects B. Show that ABCD is a

square.
11. PQRS is a parallelogram. PX and QY respectively are the perpendicular from P
and Q to SR and RS produced. Prove that PX = QY.
12. ABCD is a parallelogram. AB is produced to E so that BE = AB. Prove that ED
bisects BC.
13. Prove that opposite angles of an isosceles trapezium are supplementary
SECTION C

14. ABCD is a parallelogram. X and Y are the midpoints of the sides AB and CD
respectively. AY and DX intersect at P, BY and CX intersect at Q. Prove that
PXQY is a parallelogram.
15. ABCD is a rhombus, EABF is a straight line such
that EA=AB=BF. When ED and FC produced, meet
at G. Prove that DGC = 90 .
16. In ∆ABC, AD is a median through A and E is the midpoint of AD. BE produced

meets AC in F. Prove that AF = AC.

SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 48 of 50

17. In a triangle ABC, AD is the median and E is a point on AC such that DE AB.
Prove that BE is the median.
18. D, E and F are respectively, are the mid points of sides BC, CA and AB of an
equilateral triangle ABC. Prove that triangle DEF is also an equilateral triangle.
19. Prove that the line segment joining the mid points of the diagonals of a
trapezium is parallel to the parallel sides of the trapezium and is equal to half the
difference of these sides.
20. The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD are perpendicular. Show that the
quadrilateral formed by joining the midpoints of its sides is a rectangle.
21. P is the midpoint of the side CD of a parallelogram ABCD.A line through C
parallel to PA intersects AB at Q and DA produced at R.Prove that DA=AR and
CQ=QR.
Case Study

Pavan is studying in IX standard. His father purchased a plot which is in a square

shape. After visiting the land, few questions came in his mind. Give answers to his
questions by looking at the figure.

(i) Measure of ∠AOB

a. 70°
b. 80°
c. 90°
d. 100°
(ii)If OA=3cm, then value of OC is
a. 6cm
b. 3cm
SCM_IX_MATHS_2021-22_TERM 1 & 2 Page 49 of 50
 c. 9cm
a. 6cm
b. 8cm
c. 12cm
(iii) Which is the correct congruence rule applicable to prove ΔABC ΔBAD?
a. SSS
b. SAS
c. ASA
d. AAS
d. 7cm
(iv) Which is the correct congruence rule applicable to prove ΔABO ΔADO?
a. SSS
b. SAS
c. ASA
d. AAS
(v)If OB=5cm, then value of BD is
d. 10cm

ANSWERS
Question No. Answers
1 68

2 100

3 4 cm
4 Rectangle
5 PS=5 cm and BD=10 cm
6 160°

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