Senior High School

General Physics 1
Quarter 1 - Module 7
Work, Energy and Energy Conservation
General Physics 1 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 7: Work, Energy and Energy Conservation
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such
work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalty.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials
from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent
nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro

Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Author: Mai A. Dal

Reviewers: Jean S. Macasero, EPS-Science

Noeme S. Lagos
Jerry E. Pallo

Illustrator and Layout Artist: Sheena Marie R. Cascon

Management Team
Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Co-Chairpersons: Rowena H. Para-on, PhD.

Asst. Schools Division Superintendent

Members: Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief

Jean S. Macasero, EPS - Science
Joel D. Potane, LRMS Manager
Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II
Gemma Pajayon, PDO II

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 Senior
Senior High
High School
School

General Physics 1
Quarter 1 - Module 7
Work, Energy and Energy Conservation

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public. We encourage teachers and other education
stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the
Department of Education at action@ deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This SLM (Self Learning Module) is for educational purposes only. Borrowed
materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in these modules are
owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Sincerest appreciation to those who have made significant contributions to these modules.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ....................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module............................................................................................................... ii
Icons of this Module ................................................................................................................................... ii
What I Know ................................................................................................................................................iii

Lesson 1: Work
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 1
What’s New ...................................................................................................................... 1
What Is It ........................................................................................................................... 2
What’s More: Let’s Work It Out .................................................................................. 6
What Have Learned: You Work On This ................................................................. 7
What’ Can I Do: Home-WORK ................................................................................... 7

Lesson 2: Energy and Energy Conservation

What In ............................................................................................................................... 8
What’s I Need to Know ................................................................................................. 8
What’s New: Crossword-Puzzle ................................................................................. 9
What Is It ......................................................................................................................... 10
What’s More: You Need to Be ENERGYtic to Answer This! ........................... 15
What Have I Learned: Time to Recharge-I Need More ENERGY! ............... 16
What’ Can I Do: Pic a PE KE ...................................................................................... 16

Summary ........................................................................................................................... 17
Assessment: Posttest ............................................................................................................................. 18
Key to Answers ....................................................................................................................................... 20
References ................................................................................................................................................. 22
 Module 7
Work, Energy and Energy Conservation
What This Module is About
This module demonstrates your understanding on the concepts of Work, Power,
Energy and Energy Conservation specifically on how Physics define Work and how it is
calculated based on Force and Displacement. It also discusses the different forms of energies
and how this energy able to do Work on an object.

Specifically, this module will discuss two (2) lessons:

● Lesson 1 - Work
● Lesson 2 – Energy and Energy Conservation

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Calculate the dot or scalar product of vectors (STEM_GP12WE-If-40);

2. Determine the work done by a force (not necessarily constant) acting on a system
(STEM_GP12WE-If-41);
3. Define work as a scalar or dot product of force and displacement (STEM_GP12WE-If-
42);
4. Interpret the work done by a force in one-dimension as an area under a Force vs.
Position curve (STEM_GP12WE-If-43);
5. Relate the gravitational potential energy of a system or object to the configuration of
the system (STEM_GP12WE-Ig-48);
6. Relate the elastic potential energy of a system or object to the configuration of the
system (STEM_GP12WE-Ig-49);
7. Explain the properties and the effects of conservative forces (STEM_GP12WE-Ig-50)
8. Use potential energy diagrams to infer force; stable, unstable, and neutral equilibria;
and turning points (STEM_GP12WE-Ig-53);
9. Solve problems involving work, energy, and power in contexts such as, but not limited
to, bungee jumping, design of roller-coasters, number of people required to build
structures such as the Great Pyramids and the rice terraces; power and energy
requirements of human activities such as sleeping vs. sitting vs. standing, running vs.
walking. (Conversion of joules to calories should be emphasized at this point.)
(STEM_GP12WE-Ih-i-55)

i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What Is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I Can Do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and
situations.

ii
 What I Know

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer. Write your answer
on a clean sheet of paper.

1. In which situation is there work done on the system?

A. a basket being lifted B. a man carrying a bag of cement
C. a boy pushing against the wall D. a weightlifter holding a barbell in the air

2. A rock is thrown straight up from the surface of the Earth. Which of the following statements
describes the energy transformation of the rock as it rises? Neglect air resistance.
A. The total energy of the rock increases.
B. The kinetic energy increases and the potential energy decreases.
C. Both the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the rock remain the same.
D. The kinetic energy decreases and the potential energy increases.

3. _________ happens when a force causes an object to move in the same direction that the
force is applied.
A. Work B. Power C. Energy D. Heat

4. Energy is _______________.
A. the ability to do work
B. the work needed to create potential or kinetic energy
C. the work that can be done by an object with PE or KE
D. all of the above

5. Which of the following happens to a coconut that falls freely?

A. Loses PE and gains KE B. Loses both PE and KE
C. Gains PE and loses KE D. Gains both PE and KE

6. A torchlight fell from a watch tower. The potential energy of the torchlight at the highest
point compared to its kinetic energy at the lowest point is ______________.
A. lesser B. equal C. greater D. not related

7. The wind-up toy that is fully wound and at rest possesses _____________________.
A. kinetic but no potential energy
B. potential but no kinetic energy
C. both potential and kinetic energy in equal amounts
D. neither potential nor kinetic energy

8. Which of the following situations has a decrease in gravitational potential energy?

A. Amada stretches horizontally a rubber band.
B. A car ascends a steep parking ramp.
C. Pamela’s puppy jumps down the chair.
D. Water is forced upward through a pipe.

9. Which one has more kinetic energy and why? A baseball or a soccer ball
A. a soccer ball because it is bigger C. a baseball because it is smaller
B. a soccer ball because it is lighter D. a baseball because it is heavier

iii
10. How can you increase the potential energy of a diver in the Olympics?
A. go to a higher diving board B. go to a lower diving board
C. work out and lose weight D. jump

11. A man carries a load of 500 N to a distance of 100 m. The work done by him is ____.
A. 5 N B. 50,000 Nm C. 0 D. 1/5 N

12. Power is a measure of the _________________________.

iii
A. rate of change of momentum B. force which produces motion
C. change of energy D. rate of change of energy

13. When angle between force and displacement is 90° then work done is _____.
A. 0 J B. 1 J C. 10 J D. 50 J

14. How much power is needed to lift a 49 kg person a vertical distance of 5.0 m in 20.0s ?
A 12.5 W B. 210 W C. 120 W D. 25 W

15. Greg applies a force of 100 N to move a box 5 meters. How much work did he do?
A. 100 J B. 5 J C. 500 J D. 500 N

iv
 Lesson
Work
1
What I Need to Know

In the previous module, you have learned how force affects the motion of an object.
All of the activities that we do daily involves force. Force is simply defined as pulling or pushing
an object that may cause it to move, change direction, move faster or slower or even stop its
motion. Whenever force is applied, energy is exerted. This process would then may result to
work.

But does the presence of force always imply that work is done on an object? As
depicted in the picture below, not all the time the force that acts on an object does work. So,
when is work present? What are conditions that we need to check?

In this module you will understand further how Physics defines work and its relationship
to force and energy. Specifically, you are expected to learn the following:

1. Define work and derive its mathematical equation applying your knowledge in the dot
product of vectors;
2. Identify the force that does work on the system;
3. Learn the conditions needed for work to be done;
4. Calculate work done in an object in various situation

What’s New

Instructions: Answer the questions below as directed. The teacher will design rubrics in
assessing your work.

1. A box is lying still on the table. Construct a Free Body-Diagram showing all the forces
acting on the box.
2. A schematic diagram below shows the Forces acting on an object as it is being pulled
eastward.
 a. Draw the components of the applied force parallel and perpendicular to the object’s
motion and label it with .
b. Place the following quantities, with values
if present, in the diagram appropriately.
θF – angle between the Force applied and
the displacement
θN – angle between the Normal Force and
the displacement
θw – angle between the weight and the
displacement
θf – angle between the friction force and
the displacement

3. Put a check () before the item if work is done to an object or person.
___ a. a girl swimming across the pool
___ b. a boy jumping with joy as he carries his new puppy
___ c. a dog being lifted
___ d. a person inside an elevator going down
___ e. a person inside a cruising airplane

What Is It

In our daily life, work simply refers to any form of activity that may require mental and
physical involvement. However, in Physics, not all these activities can be defined as work.

When a teacher carries a book while walking from her table going in front of the class,
we can simply say that she is doing work. But in Physics, she did not, even if she has exerted
energy in carrying it. When your mother asks you to carry a pail of water from your toilet going
outside to water her plants, there is work the moment you carry the pail, however, no work is
done any more on it while carrying it going outside.

So how does Physics define work? Consider the figures below.

Source: https://dev1.slideserve.com/hesper/work-done-by-a-constant-force
Figure 1. Work done by a force applied at different directions

In figure 1.A you exerted a force by pushing the box but it was not enough to make it
move. Figure 1.B shows the force you exerted on the box causing it to move to a distance, d,
and in Figure 1.C you are carrying the box to a distance d. Which of these illustrations do you
think involve the presence of work?

To answer this question, let us derive the Mathematical Equation of Work as to how it
is being defined in Physics.

2
 Work is a scalar quantity and is described only by its magnitude. It is simply defined
as the dot product of the force and the displacement.

In vector form: 𝐹⃗ = 𝐹𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐹𝑦 𝑗̂ and 𝑑⃗ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗̂

To calculate the work done, we get the dot product of the two quantities.

𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗ = (𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 ) ∙ (𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 ) = 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑖̂ ∙ 𝑖̂) + 𝐹𝑦 𝑑𝑦 (𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑗̂)

𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗ = 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: (𝑖̂ ∙̂𝑖) = 1 and (𝑗̂ ∙ 𝑗̂) = 1

Consider the figure below.

A force is applied at an angle θ causing it to move to a distance d.
Calculating the work done:

𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗ = 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 𝑑𝑦
There is no y-component of the displacement giving 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗ = 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 (0) = 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹// = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐹// 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑑 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Thus, in Physics: 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 SI Unit of Work: Joules = Nm

where:
𝐹 is the force applied on the object
𝑑 is the distance the object moved and
𝜃 is the angle between 𝐹 and 𝑑

Using the mathematical definition of work, let us now check the work done in Figure 1.

Notice that the object did not move when you pushed it. The
displacement is this case is equal to zero. (𝑑 = 0).
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (10𝑁)(0)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
Therefore, No work is done in pushing the box that did not
move.

Source: hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
Figure 1.A

3
 The object in this figure moves in the same direction as the
force applied (𝐹// ).
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (5𝑁)(2𝑚)𝑐𝑜𝑠30 = 8.67𝑁

Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/4106469
Figure 1.B

In this case, the force applied is directed upward (along y-axis)

while the object, moving with you, is going to the right (along x-
axis). They are perpendicular with each other giving the angle
between them θ = 90°.
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (2𝑁)(3𝑚) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 90° ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 90° = 0
Source: 𝑊 = 0 Therefore, no work is done in carrying the box to a
https://slideplayer.com/slide/4106
469/ distance d.
Figure 1.C

In summary, work is being done only when all the following conditions are satisfied:
1. There is force applied on an object.
2. The object moves to a distance d as the force is applied.
3. The force applied has a parallel component with the object’s motion.

Sample Problems:

1. What is the work done in pulling a crate 20m horizontally when a Force of 60N is
applied on a rope which makes an angle 30° with the ground?
Solution:
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (60𝑁)(20𝑚)(𝑐𝑜𝑠30°) = 1039.2𝐽

2. How much work is done when a 2.5-kg package is pulled to a distance of 2m along a
level floor? (The coefficient of friction is 0.2).

4
 Solution:
We need to solve first the value of the applied force. From Newton’s 1st Law of
Motion:
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 − 𝑓 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑁 − 𝑤 = 0
𝐹 = 𝑓 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑚𝑔 𝑁 = 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑊 = 𝐹. 𝑑 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑚𝑔. 𝑑 = (0.2)(2.5𝑘𝑔)(9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 )(2𝑚) = 9.8𝐽

3. A factory worker pushes horizontally a 30-kg crate to a distance of 4.5 m along a level
floor at a constant velocity. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the
floor is 0.25.
a. What magnitude of force (𝐹𝑤 ) must the worker apply?
b. How much work is done on the crate by this force?
c. How much work is done on the crate by the friction force?
d. How much work is done by the normal force? By the gravity?
e. What is the net work done on the crate?

Solution:
a. From Newton’s 1st Law:
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑤 − 𝑓 = 0 → 𝐹𝑤 = 𝑓
Where 𝑓 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁 and from the Forces on the y-axis
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑁 − 𝑤 = 0 → 𝑁 = 𝑤Thus 𝐹𝑤 = 𝑓 =
𝜇𝑘 𝑁 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑚𝑔(0.25)(30𝑘𝑔)(9.8𝑚/𝑠 𝑠 ) = 73.5𝑁

b. 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑤 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (73.5𝑁)(4.5𝑚)𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 330.75𝐽

c. 𝑊 = 𝑓𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (73.5𝑁)(4.5𝑚)𝑐𝑜𝑠180° = −330.75𝐽

d. 𝑊𝑁 = 𝑁𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 the angle between N and the displacement is 90° since they are
perpendicular with each other as well as the force exerted by the gravity which is
represented by weight 𝑤. Therefore, 𝑊𝑁 = 0 and 𝑊𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 0

e. 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑊𝐹𝑤 + 𝑊𝑓 + 𝑊𝑁 + 𝑊𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 73.5𝑁 + (−73.5𝑁) + 0 + 0 = 0

5
 What’s More

Let’s Work it Out

Direction: Using the Physics concepts, determine if Work is done in the following cases. Justify
your answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. The teacher will design rubrics
in assessing your work.

Is there Work
Scenario FBD Done?
Justification
(include the displacement) [Yes/No]

1. You go up a flight of
stairs

2. You tug a stubborn

carabao which
refuses to budge

3. A ripe mango falls

from the tree

4. You pushed against

an immovable
concrete wall for 5
minutes

5. You push your

classmate on a
swing

6
 What I Have Learned

You Work on This!

Direction: Work is being done only when conditions are satisfied. Read and answer the
following questions below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. The teacher will
design rubrics in assessing your work.
1. What conditions must be satisfied if work is to be done?
2. How much work would you do if you climbed 8m up a tree? (Use your own weight)
3. A crate weighing 50 kg requires 100 N of force to slide it along a level floor. How
much work is done when the crate is
a. pulled 10 m?
b. lifted 10 m high?

What I Can Do

Home-WORK
Direction: Now that you understood concepts of WORK (when is work present and what are
the conditions). Your task is to list five (5) situations or chores at home you do that exhibits
Positive, Negative, or Zero Work Done. Then you are asked to justify every situation you have
listed. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. The teacher will design rubrics in
assessing your task.

Situations/Household Chores Justifications

Positive Work Done
1
2
3
4
5
Negative Work Done
1
2
3
4
5
Zero Work Done
1
2
3
4
5

7
 Lesson

2 Energy and Energy Conservation

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned the conditions needed for a force to do work
on an object. This time you are going to investigate the relationship between Work, Power
and Energy and how each type of energy enables you to do work on an object.

When you push or lift a box on a floor, you applied a Force causing it to displace to a
certain distance (d), thus work is done on an object. You were able to climb a tree or a run
up a flight of stairs because of the Force you exerted to compensate the Force due to gravity
acting on you.

But there is one quantity that plays a vital role in all of these activities. What makes
you able to carry things? To run up the stairs? And how were you able to exert those Forces?

It’s Energy! Energy enables you to exert Force to be able to do Work. Thus, the
common definition of Energy as the “ability to do Work” justifies its important role.

Force, Energy and Work are quantities closely related to each other. In this module,
you will learn how these three quantities affects one another.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you are expected to

1. Derive the Work-Energy Theorem to understand the relationship between work
and energy;

2. Define and derive the following quantities in relation to work

a. Kinetic Energy
b. Gravitational Potential Energy
c. Elastic Potential Energy
d. Power

3. Solve problems involving Work, Power and Energy

8
 What’s New

Crossword-Puzzle
Direction: Answer the puzzle below to recall your knowledge on Work, Power and Energy.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. One point in every correct answer.

9
 What Is It

There many types of energy surrounding us that enables us to do work. In this lesson,
we will focus how energy is related to work. You will also learn about the two types of energy,
namely: Kinetic Energy & Potential Energy and under Potential Energy are Gravitational
Potential Energy and Elastic Potential Energy.

Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy

A ball with mass m is thrown to a distance (d) with velocities 𝑣𝑖 and 𝑣𝑓 . When the ball
is thrown, a net Force, 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 , is exerted causing it to move to a distance d. The ball’s velocity
changes from its initial state. This change in velocity results to the ball’s acceleration.

From Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion: ∑ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑚𝑎

𝑣𝑓2 −𝑣𝑖2
If the net Force is constant, then 𝑎= ( 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
2𝑑

Calculating the Work done:

𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2 1 1

𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑⃗ = (𝑚𝑎). 𝑑 = 𝑚 ( ).𝑑 = 𝑚( ) = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
2𝑑 2 2 2

1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
2
𝑚𝑣2 is the Kinetic Energy of the object.
1 1
Thus, in terms of Kinetic Energy: 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 =𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = ∆𝐾
2 2

This equation is called the Work-Energy Theorem which shows the relationship
between Work and Energy.

Potential Energy (𝑈):

Gravitational Potential Energy (𝑈𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 ) and Elastic Potential Energy (𝑈𝑒𝑙 )

Potential energy is the energy

possessed by an object due to its position.

When the massive ball of the

demolition machine is not lifted, it cannot do
Work on another object. But when raised
above the ground, it gains potential energy
which capacitates it do Work.
Same thing happens to the bow
and arrow. The arrow can only be released
if the bow is stretched. Source: opencourses.emu.edu.tr

Hence, the word “potential” means that something is capable of doing Work.

10
 To understand further, let us define Potential Energy mathematically. Consider the
figure below.

Gravitational Potential Energy

In moving the box to a height, h, it gains Gravitational

Potential Energy equal to: 𝑈𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

where: 𝐹 = −𝑚𝑔 is the force acting due to gravity

The work done on the box by this force can be calculated as:
Source: hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑑⃗ = −𝑚𝑔(𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖 ) = 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓 = 𝑈𝑖 − 𝑈𝑓 = −∆𝑈𝑓

𝑊𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 𝐹

Elastic Potential Energy

Stretching or compressing a spring or any elastic

materials enables it to do Work, thus potential energy is gained.

In the figure shown, as the spring is stretched is

1
possesses potential energy equal to: 𝑈𝑒𝑙 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2

where: 𝐹𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = −𝑘𝑥 and 𝑘 is the spring’s constant

Source: hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

The work done in stretching the spring is calculated as follows:

1 1
𝑊𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑘𝑥𝑖2 − 𝑘𝑥𝑓2 = 𝑈𝑖 − 𝑈𝑓 = ∆𝑈
2 2

Summary of the Different Types of Energy

Energy Type Formula When to use

1
Kinetic Energy 𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 Presence of Moving object
2

Gravitational Potential Object is elevated with respect to a

𝑈𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦
Energy reference point

1
Elastic Potential Energy 𝑈𝑒𝑙 = 𝑘𝑥 2 Presence of Elastic materials
2

11
Energy Conservation

As simply defined, Energy is the capacity to do Work and it comes in many forms. In
process of doing Work, Energy can be changed from one form to another but the total energy
in the system stays the same.

Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/7803780

Consider the figure on the right. The swinging

pendulum possesses both Potential and Kinetic Energy. At
points C and B, it gains its maximum Potential Energy and
Minimum Kinetic Energy. As it descends, the PE is
converted into Kinetic energy. When it reaches the lowest
point, A, it gains its maximum Kinetic energy and minimum
Potential energy.

As it swings back and forth, the energy constantly

changes from Potential to Kinetic and vice versa. The
total energy of the system does not change. Source: topperlearning.com

This is called the Principle of Conservation of Energy which states that energy cannot
be created nor destroyed; it is just converted from one form to another.

Mathematically, 𝐸𝑖 = 𝐸𝑓 where 𝐸𝑖 = 𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑖 and 𝐸𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 + 𝑈𝑓

The quantity 𝐸 is called Mechanical Energy and is equal to 𝐾 + 𝑈.

𝐸𝑖 = 𝐸𝑓 ↔ 𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑖 = 𝐾𝑓 + 𝑈𝑓 Principle of Conservation of Energy

Where: 𝐾 → 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 and

𝑈 → 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 which can be 𝑈𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦 or
1
𝑈𝑒𝑙 = 𝑘𝑥 2 or both
2

Power

Another quantity that is closely related to work and energy is power. To understand
this, consider the given figure. When you go up the stairs, Work is done. But is the work done

12
the same when you are running up the stairs? This question can
be answered by understanding the quantity Power.
Power is defined as the rate of doing work.
∆𝑊
Mathematically, 𝑃= . When you go up the stairs fast, you
∆𝑡
expend more energy in a shorter time than when you go slowly.

𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
The SI Unit of Power is = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

Source: courses.lumenlearning.com
Sample Problems:

1. Determine the kinetic energy of a 625-kg roller coaster car that is moving with a speed
of 18.3 m/s.
Solution:
1 1
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = (625𝑘𝑔)(18.3𝑚/𝑠)2 = 1.05𝑥105 𝐽
2 2

2. Use this principle to determine the blanks in the following diagram. Knowing that the
potential energy at the top of the tall platform is 50 J, what is the potential energy at the
other positions shown on the stair steps and the incline?

Solution:
A: PE = 40 J (since the same mass is elevated to 4/5-ths height of the top stair)
B: PE = 30 J (since the same mass is elevated to 3/5-ths height of the top stair)
C: PE = 20 J (since the same mass is elevated to 2/5-ths height of the top stair)
D: PE = 10 J (since the same mass is elevated to 1/5-ths height of the top stair)
E and F: PE = 0 J (since the same mass is at the same zero height position as shown
for the bottom stair).

3. What is the elastic potential energy of a car spring that has been stretched 0.5m? The
spring constant for the car is 90N/m.
1 1 90𝑁
Solution: 𝑈𝑒𝑙 = 𝑘𝑥 2 = ( )(0.5𝑚)2 = 11.25𝐽
2 2 𝑚

4. A pitcher hurls a 0.25-kg softball. The ball starts from rest and leaves the pitcher’s
hand at a speed of 25m/s. How much work is done on the softball by the hurler’s arm?

Given: 𝑚 = 0.25𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑓 = 25𝑚/𝑠
𝑣𝑖 = 0𝑚/𝑠

13
 1 1
Solution: 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
2 2

1 25𝑚 2 1
= (0.25𝑘𝑔)( ) − (0.25𝑘𝑔)(0)
2 𝑠 2

5. Jean climbs a flight of stairs in 1.5min. If she weighs 450N and the stairs is 10m from
the ground, how much power will she develop?

𝑊 ⃗𝐹⃗.𝑑⃗⃗. (450𝑁)(10𝑚) 50𝑁𝑚

Solution: 𝑃= = = = = 50𝑊
𝑡 𝑡 90 𝑠 𝑠

Note: Do not to forget to convert the time into seconds

6. A cyclist is trying to leap across two hills by cycling horizontally off the taller hill. The
cyclist leaves the taller hill with a height of 50m at a speed of 40m/s. Ignoring air
resistance, find the final speed with which the cyclist strikes the ground on the other hill
at 20m.
Given:
𝑣𝑖 = 40𝑚/𝑠
𝑦𝑖 = 50𝑚 → ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙
𝑦𝑓 = 20𝑚 → ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙
Unknown: final velocity, 𝑣𝑓

Solution:
Using the principle of Conservation of Energy:
𝐸𝑓 = 𝐸𝑖 → 𝐾𝑓 + 𝑈𝑓 = 𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑖
1
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈 = 𝑈𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦
2
1 1
𝑚𝑣𝑓2 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓 = 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖
2 2

𝑣𝑓 = √𝑣2𝑖 + 2𝑔(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑓 )

2 9.8𝑚
𝑣𝑓 = √(40𝑚/𝑠) + [2 ( ) (50𝑚 − 20𝑚)]
𝑠2
𝑣𝑓 = 46.78𝑚/𝑠
7. The speed of the hockey puck decreases from 45m/s to 44.67m/s in coasting 16m
across the ice. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction, 𝜇𝑘 between the puck and the ice.
Given:
𝑣𝑖 = 45𝑚/𝑠
𝑣𝑓 = 44.67𝑚/𝑠
𝑑 = 16𝑚

Solution:
We can solve the kinetic friction, 𝜇𝑘 from the formula of friction: 𝑓 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁
Looking at the FBD of the system, we see that
𝑁 = 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔 → 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔
and 𝐹=𝑓
Using the Work-Energy Theorem: 𝑊 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖
where: 𝑊=

14
 1 1
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗ = 𝑚𝑣2 2
𝑓 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖
2 2

Note that: 𝐹 = 𝑓 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑚𝑔 → 𝐹 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑚𝑔
1 1
(𝜇𝑘 𝑚𝑔)𝑑 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖2
2 2

We can cancel out 𝑚 from both sides. We get:

1 2 1
(𝑣 −𝑣𝑖2 )
2 𝑓
(44.67𝑚/𝑠)2 −(45𝑚/𝑠)2 )
𝜇𝑘 = =2 = 0.1
𝑔𝑑 (9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 )(16𝑚)

What’s More

You Need to be More ENERGYtic to Answer This!

Direction: Do as instructed. Write your answers in a clean sheet of paper. Your teacher will
design rubrics to assess your work.

1. Consider the diagram at the right in answering the

next three questions. Five locations along a roller
coaster track are shown. Assume that there are
negligible friction and air resistance forces acting
upon the coaster car.
a. Rank the five locations in order of increasing
potential energy (smallest to largest). Use < and
or = signs
b. Rank the five locations in order of increasing kinetic energy (smallest to largest). Use
< and or = signs.
c. Complete the relationship of the potential energy between the pair of points given: Use
<, > and or = signs.
i. A ____ C ii. E ____ A iii. D ____ C
iv. D ____ E v. C ____ B vi. B ____ A

2. Read each of the following statements and identify them as kinetic energy (K), potential
energy (P) or both (B).
K, P or
Statements:
B?
1. If an object is at rest, it certainly does NOT possess this form of energy.
2. Depends upon object’s mass and height.
3. The energy an object possesses due to its motion.
4. The amount is expressed using the unit joule (abbreviated J).
5. The energy stored in an object due to its position (or height).
6. The amount depends upon the arbitrarily assigned zero level.
7. Depends upon object mass and object speed.
8. If an object is at rest on the ground (zero height), it certainly does NOT possess
this form of energy.
Excerpted from The Physics Classroom, 2009

15
 What I Have Learned

Time to Recharge – I Need More ENERGY!

Direction: Solve the following problems systematically. Show all your solutions clearly. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Your teacher will design rubrics in assessing
your work.

1. Complete the paragraph by supplying the correct value needed. Show your solutions.
An object starts from rest with a potential energy of 600 J and free-falls towards the ground.
After it has fallen to a height of one-fourth of its original height, its total mechanical energy
is ______ J, its potential energy is ____ J, and its kinetic energy is _____ J.

2. A glider is gliding through the air at a height of 416 meters with a speed of 45.2 m/s. The
glider dives to a height of 278 meters. Determine the glider's new speed.

3. Bart runs up a 2.91-meter high flight of stairs at a constant speed in 2.15 seconds. If Bart's
mass is 65.9 kg, determine the work which he did and his power rating.

4. The figure shows a spring before and after being compressed.

a. Calculate the force constant of the spring.
b. What is the elastic potential energy stored in the compressed spring?

What I Can Do

Pic a PE KE
Collect at least 5 pictures each depicting the presence of Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
that can be observed in your home or in the locality. Place your cut-out pictures with captions
or brief discussion in a long-size bond paper creatively. Your teacher will design rubrics in
assessing your task. Happy Learning!

16
Summary
• Exerting Force on an object does not always imply that Work is done. In Physics, three
conditions must be satisfied for Work to be done. In summary, Work is being done only when
all the following conditions are satisfied:
1. There is Force applied on an object.
2. The object moves to a distance d as the Force is applied.
3. The Force applied has a parallel component with the object’s motion.

Mathematically: 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 SI Unit of Work: Joules: Nm

where:
𝐹 is the force applied on the object
𝑑 is the distance the object moved
𝜃 is the angle between 𝐹 and 𝑑

• An object or a person can exert force of energy. When a body possesses energy, it can
do work. Thus energy is simply defined as the capacity to do work.
The unit of Energy and Work are the same – Joules.

• There are many forms of energy and one of those is mechanical energy. Mechanical Energy
is the sum of Kinetic and Potential Energy. 𝐸 = 𝐾 + 𝑈
1
• Kinetic Energy, 𝐾, is the energy possess by moving objects. 𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

• Potential Energy, 𝑈 is simply defined as stored energy. There are two types of potential
energy discussed in this module namely: gravitational 𝑈𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 and elastic 𝑈𝑒𝑙 .

• Gravitational Potential Energy, 𝑈𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 , is the energy possessed by an object by virtue of its
position. Mathematically: 𝑈𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 𝑚𝑔𝑦

• Elastic Potential Energy, 𝑈𝑒𝑙 is the energy acquired by elastic objects when work is done by
1
it so that it is compressed or stretched from its equilibrium position. 𝑈𝑒𝑙 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2

• The change in kinetic energy of the object is equal to the work done on it. This is called the
Work-Energy Theorem and is mathematically expressed as 𝑊 = ∆𝐾

• Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to
another. This is the law of conservation of energy. In the conservation of mechanical energy,
the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy in an isolated system is constant.

• 𝐸𝑖 = 𝐸𝑖𝑓 ↔ 𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑖 = 𝐾𝑓 + 𝑈𝑓

17
 Assessment: (Posttest)

Multiple Choice
Direction: Read each item carefully. Choose the best answer from the given choices. Use a
clean paper as your answer sheet.

1. Refer to the figure at the right. At what point in its motion is the
kinetic energy of the pendulum bob maximum?
A. A B. B C.C D. D

2. In a marathon, the winner and the runner-up have the same mass.
Compared with the runner-up, the winner has more ________.
A. energy B. force C. power D. work

3. Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?

A. A basketball player catches a flying ball.
B. A Kalesa moves from rest.
C. Kathy’s arrow is released from its bow.
D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it locked.

4. A runner jumps over a hurdle. Neglecting friction, the potential energy of the runner at the
highest point compared to his kinetic energy at the lowest point is __________.
A. lesser B. equal C. greater D. not related

5. The potential energy of a 4-kg object on top of a hill is 72 J. What is its velocity in m/s just
before it hits the ground?
A. 36 B. 18 C. 6 D. 3

6. If you push on a 300 kg rock with a force of 1,000 N for 10 s, and it doesn't move, how
much work have you done on the rock?
A. 0 J B. 10,000 J C. 300,000 J D. 3,000,000 J

7. As a baseball flies through the air after being hit, which of the following types of energy
does it have?
A. potential energy C. mechanical energy
B. kinetic energy D. chemical energy

8. Which would ALWAYS be true of an object possessing a potential energy of 0 J?

A. It is on the ground. B. It is at rest.
C. It is moving on the ground D. It is moving.

9. The amount of work that can be done by an 8000-W machine in 12 seconds is ____.
A. 667 J B. 96,000 J C. 800 J D. 960 J
10. If an engine does 783 J of work in 9 seconds, its average power is ____.
A. 87 W B. 774 W C. 7047 W D. 792 W

11. What is the kinetic energy of a 4 kg rock falling through the air at 5 m/s?
A. 10 J B. 50 J C. 20 J D. 200 J

12. How much power does it take to lift a 1,000 N load 10 m in 20 s?

A. 5 W B. 50 W C. 2,000 W D. 200,000 W

13. If you increase _________ and __________ then you will increase the objects amount of
potential energy.
A. mass, height B. mass, acceleration
C. mass, velocity D. mass, speed

14. If you push identical boxes from the bottom of each ramp to the same height at the top,
which ramp would require you to do the most work on the box? Ignore friction.

A. B. C. D. all the same

15. All of the identical balls start at the same height. Which will have the highest velocity
when it reaches the bottom of its ramp? Ignore friction.

D. all the same

2
.

19
References
A Plus Topper. 2020. What Is Elastic Potential Energy? - A Plus Topper.
<https://www.aplustopper.com/elastic-potential-energy/> [Accessed 10 July 2020].

Bernido, Christopher, and M. Victoria Bernido. 2008. Physics Essentials Portfolio. 2nd ed. Makati
City, Philippines: Fund for Assistance to Private Education.

Caintic, Helen. 2017. General Physics 1 For Senior High School. 1st ed. C&E Publishing Inc.

Courses.lumenlearning.com. 2020. Power | Physics. [online]

<https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/7-7-power/> [Accessed 10 July 2020].

Despina, H., 2020. Work Done By A Constant Force. [online] SlideServe.

<https://www.slideserve.com/hesper/work-done-by-a-constant-force> [Accessed 10 July
2020].

Encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com. 2020. [online] Available at: <https://encrypted-

tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcSF-
_8NX1V5kUBsUgK2DUqKmjbFFpVHtc3ggg&usqp=CAU> [Accessed 10 July 2020].

Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. Potential Energy | Definition, Examples, & Facts.

[<https://www.britannica.com/science/potential-energy> [Accessed 10 July 2020].

Evan's Space. 2020. Work Done = Force X Distance Moved In The Direction Of The Force.
<https://evantoh23.wordpress.com/2011/04/25/work-done-force-x-distance-moved-in-the-
direc/> [Accessed 10 July 2020].

Ferrer, Arsenia, and Julieta dela Peña. 1998. The Basics Of Physics. 2nd ed. Quezon CIty,
Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

HSSLive. 2020. Kerala Syllabus 9Th Standard Physics Solutions Chapter 5 Work, Energy And
Power. <https://www.hsslive.guru/kerala-syllabus-9th-standard-physics-solutions-chapter-
5/> [Accessed 10 July 2020].

Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. 2020. Potential Energy. <http://hyperphysics.phy-

astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pegrav.html> [Accessed 10 July 2020].

Padua, Alicia, and Ricardo Crisostomo. 2003. Practical And Explorational Physics - Modular
Approach. 1st ed. Quezon City, Philippines: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

Pediaa.Com. 2020. Difference Between Gravitational Potential Energy And Elastic Potential
Energy. <https://pediaa.com/difference-between-gravitational-potential-energy-and-elastic-
potential-energy-2/> [Accessed 10 July 2020].

Physicsclassroom.com. 2020. Potential Energy.

<https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Potential-Energy> [Accessed
10 July 2020].

Slideplayer.com. 2020. Potential And Kinetic Energy - Ppt Video Online Download
<https://slideplayer.com/slide/4063630/> [Accessed 10 July 2020].
Slideplayer.com. 2020. Unit 07 “Work, Power, Energy And Energy Conservation” The
Conservation Of Mechanical Energy Kinetic And Potential Energy. - Ppt Download.
<https://slideplayer.com/slide/7803780/> [Accessed 10 July 2020].

Solidum, Ruelson, Virginia Suarez, et. al 2011. General Physics 1 Workbook. 5th ed. Cagayan
de Oro City.
Wordmint.com. 2020. Work, Energy, And Power Crossword - Wordmint
<https://wordmint.com/public_puzzles/549374> [Accessed 10 July 2020].

W., 2020. WHAT IS WORK ? | PHYSICS | – General Studies 4U. [online] General studies 4u.
<https://generalstudies4u.com/what-is-work-physics/> [Accessed 10 July 2020].

20
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]