Chapter 1: Graphs, Functions, and Models

1.1 | Introduction to Graphing

To locate points on a plane, we use two perpendicular number lines called _____________ that intersect at
(0, 0). We call this point the _____________________. The horizontal axis is called the __________________
and the vertical axis is called the ___________________. The axes divide the plane into four regions, called
________________________.

Each point (𝑥, 𝑦) in the plane is described by an ____________________________. The first number, 𝑥, is
called the ________________________________, or the ___________________________. We call 𝑦 the
_____________________________, or the __________________________________. This representation is
called the ________________________ coordinate system in honor of the French mathematician and
philosopher Rene Descartes (1596-1650).

Example 1 | Label the parts of the coordinate plane.

Example 2 | Graph and label the points (−3, 5), (4, 3), (3, 4), (−4, −2), (3, −4), (0, 4), (−3, 0), and (0, 0).
Example 3 | Determine whether each ordered pair is a solution of the equation 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 18.

a. (−5, 7) b. (3, 4)

To ______________ an equation is to make a drawing that represents the solution to that equation.

An ______________________ is a point (𝑎, 0). To find 𝑎, let 𝑦 = 0 and solve for 𝑥.

A ______________________ is a point (0, 𝑏). To find 𝑏, let 𝑥 = 0 and solve for 𝑦.

Example 4 | Graph: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 18 using intercepts.

The distance formula is based on the Pythagorean Theorem.

Example 5 | Using this picture and the Pythagorean Theorem,

derive the distance formula.
The distance formula is ___________________________________________ and it is used to find the distance
between two points.

Example 6 | Find the distance between (−2, 2) and (3, −6).

The _________________________ of a segment is the point exactly halfway between two points. If the
endpoints of a segment are (𝑥! , 𝑦! ) and (𝑥" , 𝑦" ), then the coordinates of its ___________________ are
#! $#" %! $%"
5 "
, "
6.

Example 7 | Find the midpoint of the segment whose endpoints are (−4, −2) and (2, 5).

A ___________________ is the set of all points in a plane that are a fixed distance 𝑟 from a _______________
(ℎ, 𝑘). The distance 𝑟 is called the __________________ of the circle.

The equation of a circle comes from the distance formula, since it is the set of all points a certain distance
from another point.

The standard form of the equation of a circle having center (ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟 is
(𝑥 − ℎ)" + (𝑦 − 𝑘)" = 𝑟 "
Example 8 | Graph the circle (𝑥 + 5)" + (𝑦 − 2)" = 16.

1.2 | Functions and Graphs

A ________________________________ is a correspondence between a first set, the ___________________,
and the second set, the _____________________, such that each member of the domain corresponds to
exactly one member of the range.

Example 1 | Determine whether each of the following correspondences is a function.

a. b.
Example 2 | Determine whether each of the following correspondences is a function.

A ___________________________ is a correspondence between the domain and range such that each
member of the domain corresponds to at least one member of the range. If some correspondence is not a
function, it may still be a _______________________-.

Example 3 | Determine whether each of the following relations is a function. Identify the domain and range.

a) {(9, −5), (9, 5), (2, 4)}

Function? Domain? Range?

b) {(−2, 5), (5, 7), (0, 1), (4, −2)}

Function? Domain? Range?

c) {(−5, 3), (0, 3), (6, 3)}

Function? Domain? Range?

We use a notation called “function notation” to express inputs and outputs in terms of an equation. When you
read 𝑓(𝑥) it should be read “______ of ________,” where 𝑥 is an element of the __________________ and
𝑓(𝑥) is an element of the _____________________.

Example 4 | A function 𝑓 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 " − 𝑥 + 3. Find:

a) 𝑓(0) b) 𝑓(−7)

c) 𝑓(5𝑎) d) 𝑓(𝑎 − 4)
One quick way to graph weird looking functions is to use the _________________ method.

Example 5 | Graph 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 & − 𝑥 using the table method.

𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

Example 6 | Use the graph to find the following values:

a) 𝑓(−3) b) 𝑓(1)

We can use the ______________________________ to determine visually if

something is a function. Try to find a vertical line that crosses the graph more
than once. If you can find one, the graph fails the test, and it is not a function!! If you can’t find one, then the
graph is a function.

Example 7 | Which of the following are functions?

The domain of a function consists of all possible values of 𝑥 for which the function is defined. When an input
results in an expression that is not defined, we say that the function value __________________________ and
that that input is ________ in the domain of the function.

Example 8 | Find the domain of each of the following functions.

! &# " '#$(

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = b) ℎ(𝑥) = # " $"#'&
#'(

c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 & + |𝑥| d) 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1

Example 9 | The linear expansion 𝐿 of the steel center span of a suspension bridge that
is 1420 m long is a function of the change in temperature 𝑡, in degrees Celsius, from
winter to summer and is given by
𝐿(𝑡) = 0.000013 ∙ 1420 ∙ 𝑡
Where 0.000013 is the coefficient of linear expansion for steel and 𝐿 is in meters. Find
the linear expansion of the steel center span when the change in temperature from
winter to summer is 30°, 42°, 50° and 56° Celsius.

Calculator time!!
1.3 Linear Functions, Slope, and Applications
A function 𝑓 is a ___________________ function if it can be written as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, where 𝑚 and 𝑏 are
constants.

If 𝑚 = 1 and 𝑏 = 0, then the function is called the _____________________ function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥.

If 𝑚 = 0, then the function is a _______________________ function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏.

______________________________ lines are given by equations of the type 𝑦 = 𝑏 (yay, functions!)

______________________________ lines are given by equations of the type 𝑥 = 𝑎 (not a function L)

We define the steepness, or the ___________________, of the line as a ratio of the _____________________
change (aka ________________) to the ___________________________ change (aka ______________).
Another word for this steepness is the _________________________ of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥.

"
Example 1 | Graph the function 𝑓(𝑥) = − & 𝑥 + 1 and determine its slope.

Example 2 | Graph each linear equation and determine its slope.

a. 𝑥 = −2 )
b. 𝑦 = "
Example 3 | Construction laws regarding access ramps for the disabled state that every vertical rise of 1 ft
requires a horizontal run of at least 12 ft. What is the grade, or
slope, of such a ramp?

Example 4 | The percent of American adolescents ages 12 to 19

who are obese increased from about 6.5% in 1985 to 18% in 2008.
The graph below illustrates this trend. Find the average rate of
change in the percent of adolescents who are obese from 1985 to
2008.

Example 5 | Sales of snowboards decreased from 2005 to 2009. In 2005, 336,966 snowboards were sold in
specialty shops in the United States. This number decreased to 287,524 in 2009. (Source: SIA Retail Audit) Find
the average rate of change in snowboard sales from 2005 to 2009.
The ____________________________ form of a line is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, where the slope is 𝑚 and the
𝑦-intercept is (0, 𝑏).

Example 6 | Find the slope and the 𝑦-intercept of the line with equation 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 7 = 0 and then graph.

1.4 Equations of Lines and Modeling

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Example 1 | A line has slope − * and 𝑦-intercept (0, 16). Find an equation of the line.

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Example 2 | A line has slope − & and a point on the line is (−3, 6). Find an equation of the line. (2 strategies)
The point-slope equation of a line is:

The slope-intercept equation of a line is:

The standard form of a line is:

Example 3 | Find the equation of the line containing the points (2, 3) and (1, −4).

________________________________ lines have the same slopes but different 𝑦 −intercepts.

________________________________ lines have slopes which are “opposite reciprocals,” and multiply to −1.
Example 4 | Determine whether each of the following pairs of lines is parallel, perpendicular, or neither.

a. 𝑦 + 2 = 5𝑥, 5𝑦 + 𝑥 = 15 b. 2𝑦 + 4𝑥 = 8, 5 + 2𝑥 = −𝑦

c. 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑦, 𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 4

When a real-world problem can be described in mathematical language, we have a

_______________________________________. They are abstracted from real world situations and give
results that allow people to predict what will happen in the real-world situation.

Not every situation can be modeled exactly, so we use a process called _____________________________ to
find a model that fits as well as possible.
Example 5 | The gross domestic product (GDP) of a country is the market value of final goods and services
produced. Market value depends on the quantity of goods and services and their price. Model the data in the
table above on the U.S. Gross Domestic Product with a linear function. Then estimate the GDP in 2012.

Step 1. Choose any two of the data points to determine an equation.

Step 2. Use that equation to estimate.

This model only used two of the data points to come up with a prediction, which may not necessarily be the
most accurate. Models that consider all the data points, not just two, are generally better. We use a
procedure called _______________________________ to find a linear model that best fits all the data points.
Example 6 | Fit a regression line to the data from Example 5 then use that function to predict the GDP in 2012.

Step 1. Input the data in “Lists” on your calculator.

Step 2. Perform the linear regression.

The constant 𝑟 shown in Figure 4 represents the ___________________________________________. It

describes how well the regression fits the data. A 𝑟 value close to 1 or −1 means that the line fits the data
very well (“high correlation”). A 𝑟 value closer to 0 means that the data is too scattered to find a line with a
high correlation.
1.5 | Linear Equations, Functions, Zeros, and Applications
Equations that have the same solution set are _________________________ equations. To solve an equation,
we use the Properties of _____________________ to solve.

The _______________________ Property of Equality says that if 𝑎 = 𝑏 is true, then 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 𝑏 + 𝑐.

The _______________________ Property of Equality says that if 𝑎 = 𝑏 is true, then 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐.

The _______________________ Property says that if 𝑎 = 𝑏(𝑐 + 𝑑) is true, then 𝑎 = 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑.

Example 1 | Solve 2(5 − 3𝑥) = 8 − 3(𝑥 + 2).

Some equations will have no solution or infinite solutions.

Example 2 | In 2008, there were about 1543 million world Internet users. This was 65% more than the number
of Internet users in 2004. (Source: International Telecommunication Union, ICT Indicators Database) How
many world Internet users were there in 2004?

Example 3 | In 2008, the total number of supermarkets in California and Texas was 5898. There were 1608
more supermarkets in California than in Texas. (Source: The Nielsen Company) Find the number of
supermarkets in California and in Texas.
The motion formula says that the distance 𝑑 traveled by an object moving at rate 𝑟 in time 𝑡 is given by
𝑑 = 𝑟𝑡

Example 4 | America West Airlines’ fleet includes Boeing 737-200’s, each with a cruising speed of 500 mph,
and Bombardier deHavilland Dash 8-200’s, each with a cruising speed of 302 mph (Source: America West
Airlines). Suppose that a Dash 8-200 takes off and travels at its cruising speed. One hour later, a 737-200 takes
off and follows the same route, traveling at its cruising speed. How long will it take the 737-200 to overtake
the Dash 8-200?

The simple interest formula says that the simple interest 𝐼 on a principle of 𝑃 dollars at interest rate 𝑟 for 𝑡
years is given by
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡

Example 5 | Jared’s two student loans total $12,000. One loan is at 5% simple interest and the other is at 8%
simple interest. After 1 year, Jared owes $750 in interest. What is the amount of each loan?
Example 6 | The length of the largest regulation soccer field is 30 yd greater than the width, and the perimeter
is 460 yd. Find the length and the width.

Example 7 | Metro Taxi charges a $1.25 pickup fee and $2 per mile traveled. Cecilia’s cab fare from the airport
to her hotel is $31.25. How many miles did she travel in the cab?

An input for which a function’s output is 0 is called a __________ of the function.

Example 7 | Find the zero of 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 9.

1.6 | Solving Linear Inequalities
An _____________________________ is a number sentence with <, >, ≤, or ≥.

The addition and multiplication principles are still true for inequalities.

Whenever you multiply or divide by a negative number on both sides of the inequality, you must FLIP THE
INEQUALITY SIGN!

To write an inequality in interval notation, use parentheses for “open” endpoints and brackets for “closed”
endpoints. Infinities are always “open.”

Example 1 | Solve and graph the solution set on the number line. Then give your answer in interval notation.

a. 3𝑥 − 5 < 6 − 2𝑥 b. 13 − 7𝑥 ≥ 10𝑥 − 4

Example 2 | Find the domain of the function.

#
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 6 b. ℎ(𝑥) =
√&'#
When two inequalities are joined by the word and or the word or, a ___________________ inequality is
formed.

Example 3 | Solve each compound inequality.

a. −3 < 2𝑥 + 5 ≤ 7 b. 2𝑥 − 5 ≤ −7 or 2𝑥 − 5 > 1

Example 4 | For her house-painting job, Erica can be paid in one of two ways:
• Plan A: $250 plus $10 per hour.
• Plan B: $20 per hour.
Suppose that a job takes n hours. For what values of n is plan B better for Erica?