ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

MODULE 1: Nature and Characteristics of Quantitative Research MODULE 5: Research Problems and Research Questions
Lesson 1: Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research ........…...2 Lesson 1: Research Problems and Questions ……………….……….33 - 34
Lesson 2: Orientation and Approaches in Quantitative Research ……………….……3-4 Lesson 2: Categories of Research Questions ………………………...34 – 36
Lesson 3: Reliability and Validity ……………………………....................................………….…… 5 – 7 Lesson 3: The Value of Research in your Area of Interest … 36
Activities and Assessment ………………………………………………………………………..………...………8 - 10 Lesson 4: Stating the Significance of the Study …………………... 37
Activities and Assessment ….…………………………………………………….38 - 40

MODULE 2: Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields MODULE 6: Formulation of Research Hypothesis, Conceptual
Lesson 1: Types of Quantitative Research ……………………………………………………………………11 - 13 and Defining Terms Operationally
Lesson 2: Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research ………………...13-15 Lesson 1: Definition of Terms …………………………..………………………...41 – 42
Activities and Assessment ………………………………………………………………………..…...…….16 - 18 Lesson 2: Review of Related Literature (RRL) …………..………….42
Lesson 3: APA Citation Styles …………………………..………………….…....43 - 49
MODULE 3: Different Variables in Quantitative Research Lesson 4: Formulation of Conceptual Framework ……………..50 - 51
Lesson 1: Different Types of Variables in Quantitative Research ……………... 19 - 22 Activities and Assessment ………………………….…………………………….53 -55
Lesson 2: Causal Relationship between Variables ……………………………….…………. 22
Lesson 3: Theories, Hypotheses, and Laws …………………………….………………………….. 23
Activities and Assessment …………………………………………………………….……………...…24 – 27

MODULE 4: Research Topics in an Area of Inquiry

Lesson 1: Selecting a Research Topic………………………………………………………….….27 - 28
Lesson 2: Drafting a Working Research Title …………………………..……………….… 28 - 29
Lesson 3: Describing the Background of the Study …………………….……....…...29 - 30
Activities and Assessment …………………………………………………….…………………........30 - 31
REMINDER:
Read and examine carefully the rubrics for your project (final output) on
pages 76 so that you can prepare or do it in advance. Furthermore, kindly
review modules 1 – 6 for your 1st quarterly examination. Keep posted to get
updates and schedule(s) for the said exam and project submission.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

qualities and attributes that are more difficult to measure. You can typically
FIRST QUARTER
Nature and Characteristics summarize the information numerically in one form or another, but it is less clear.
Moreover, is considered to be particularly suitable for exploratory research (e.g.
MODULE of Quantitative Research during the pilot stage of a research project, for example). It is primarily used to
discover and gain an in-depth understanding of individual experiences, thoughts,

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INCLUSIVE DATE:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• Describe and explain the nature and different characteristics of
quantitative research,
• Differentiate qualitative research from quantitative research,
• Explain the differences between reliability and validity, and
opinions, and trends, and to dig deeper into the problem at hand. The data
collection toolkit of a qualitative researcher is quite versatile, ranging from
completely unstructured to semi-structured techniques. The most commonly
applied qualitative methods include individual interviews, group discussions (focus
• Determine the criteria for choosing one particular type over another groups), and behavioral observations. (Beauthlich, 2020). On the other hand,
Quantitative research is much more numbers-driven. The emphasis is on the
collection of numerical data. It uses measurable attributes and information to
RESEARCH KEY QUESTIONS: create numerical data about the population that was studied. For example, a test
• How do the types of quantitative research differ from one another? about whether individuals had fewer cold symptoms on a new medication versus a
• In what ways research becomes beneficial in our daily life? placebo would be a quantitative study. (Beauthlich, 2020). In a nutshell, qualitative
research generates “textual data” (non-numerical). Quantitative research, on the
contrary, produces “numerical data” or information that can be converted into
numbers. (Farnsworth, 2019) Below are the differences perceived between
Overview qualitative and quantitative research.

Research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and

sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions (Oxford Dictionary,
2020). Research is intended to find answers to questions posed in various fields
(Ardale, 2001). Moreover, Neuman (2007), states that social research is “a process
in which a researcher combines a set of principles, outlooks, and ideas with a
collection of specific practices, techniques, and strategies to produce knowledge.”
Therefore, research is a systematic inquiry conducted to understand a
phenomenon.

Differentiating Qualitative and Quantitative Research

The two main types of research are qualitative research and quantitative
research. Qualitative research is descriptive in nature, because it generally deals
with non-numerical and unquantifiable things. A qualitative study inquires about
Fig 1. Differentiating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. (Fon, 2018)

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Table 1: Describing Quantitative Research Approaches

F. Research Methods (Technique and tools)
ORIENTATION AND APPROACHES • Empirical examination – it is generally referred to as information that is derived
IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH through observation and experiment. This may also be linked with empiricism
A. Paradigm/Worldview (assumptions) which states that knowledge is gained through experience and the senses is
acceptable (Bryman 2008, 693)
• Positivism – an epistemological position that advocates the application of
• Measurement – it is the procedure of assigning symbols, letters, or numbers to
methods of the natural sciences to the study of social reality and beyond (Bryman
quantify variables.
2008, 697)
• Realism – an epistemological position that acknowledges a reality independent of
• Hypothesis testing - sometimes also referred to as significance testing is a
the senses that is accessible to the researcher’s tools and theoretical speculations. method for testing a claim or hypothesis about a parameter in a population,
It implies that the categories created by scientists refer to real objects in the using data measured in a sample.
natural or social world (Bryman 2008, 697) • Randomization – In experimental research designs, randomization methods
B. Research Purpose (rationale) are used to randomly assigned participants to either a treatment group or a
• Numerical descriptions – it refers to frequency distribution, percentage, and control group.
measures of central tendencies (mean, median, mode). • Research Protocols – it is the sequence of manipulations and measurements,
• Causal Explanation – it relates to the meaning of causality concerned with followed by the sequence of manipulations of the independent variables and
establishing causal connections rather than mere relationships (Bryman 2018, the subsequent measurement of changes in the dependent variables
691). (Bryman 2008, 697)
• Prediction – It is a statement about future based on facts • Questionnaires – A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series
(https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/prediction). of questions for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.
C. Ontology (nature of reality) Questionnaires can be thought of as a kind of written interview. They can be
• Nature of social reality – this refers to what and how things can be known. For carried out face to face, by telephone, computer or post (Mcleod, 2018).
instance, is the social world patterned and predictable or is the social world
continually being constructed through human perspectives? (Biber and Leavy
2011, 4) G. Scientific Method (role of theory)
D. Epistemology (theory of knowledge)
• Deductive Approach / Testing of theory – is concerned with “developing a
• Dualist / Objectivist – it refers to the notion or general knowledge that reality is
hypothesis (or hypotheses) based on existing theory, and then designing a
objective, out there, singular, and apart from the researcher, and it can be
research strategy to test the hypothesis” It has been stated that “deductive
measured objectively by using a questionnaire or an instrument (Creswell, 1994).
means reasoning from the particular to the general. In other words, deductive
E. Methodology (aims of scientific investigation) approach is concerned with deducting conclusions from premises or
• Experimental / Manipulative – the researcher manipulates one variable and propositions. Deduction begins with an expected pattern “that is tested
control or randomize the rest of the variables. It has a control group and subjects against observations, whereas induction begins with observations and seeks
have been randomly assigned between the groups. Researcher tests only to find a pattern within them” (esearch-methodology.net/research-
knowledge gained through experience, and the senses is acceptable (Bryman methodology/research-approach/deductive-approach-2)
2008, 263)

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Table 2: Qualitative and Quantitative Research Paradigm Assumptions

ASSUMPTIONS QUESTIONS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. ONTOLOGICAL • Reality is subjective and multiple as seen by the
• Ontology, the participants of the study.
• Reality is objective or apart from the observer
philosophical study of What is the nature • It is constructed by the individuals involved in the research
and can be measured objectively using a
being in general, or of of reality? situation.
questionnaire or an instrument.
what applies neutrally to • Researchers must report faithfully these realities and rely
everything that is real. on voices and interpretations of informants.
2. EPISTEMOLOGICAL • Researcher is independent from the subject of
What is the
• Epistemology, the • Researcher interact with the subject of research. research.
relationship of the
philosophical study of the • Interaction may be in the form of living or observing • In surveys and experiments, for instance,
researcher to the
nature, origin, and limits informants over a prolonged period of time or actual researchers attempt to control for bias, select a
subject of
of human knowledge. collaboration (ethnography). systematic sample, and be objective in assessing
research?
a situation.
3. AXIOLOGICAL • Value-free and unbiased.
• Axiology is the study of • Value-laden and biased. • It is accomplished through entirely omitting
value. Its goal is to answer What is the role of • Research admits the value-laden nature of the study and statements about values from a written report,
questions related to both value? actively reports his or her values and biases, as well as the uses impersonal language and reports facts,
ethics and aesthetics. value nature of information gathered from the field. arguing closely from the evidence gathered in
the study.
4. RHETORICAL
What is the • Informal; evolving decisions; personal voice; uses accepted • Formal; based on sets of definitions; impersonal
• Rhetoric is the art of language of the qualitative words such as understanding, discover, and voice; uses accepted quantitative words such as
speaking or writing research? meaning. relationship, comparison, and within-group.
effectively
5. METHODOLOGICAL • Deductive Process (general to specific)
• Inductive Process (specific to general)
• Research methodology is • Cause and effect; static design – categories
• Mutual simultaneous shaping of factors; Emerging designs
the specific procedures or isolated before study.
What are the – categories identified during research process
techniques used to • Context-free
processes of • Context – bound
identify, select, process, • Generalizations lead to prediction, explanation,
and analyze information research? • Patterns and theories developed for understanding
and understanding (Theory Probing or Testing)
about a topic. (Theory-building)
• Accurate and reliable through validity and
• Accurate and reliable through verification.
reliability.

Adopted from Creswell, J. Research Design. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1994, 5. (Melegrito and Mendoza, 2016)

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Preoccupations of Quantitative Research • On the other hand, validity is the extent to which the scores actually represent
the variable they are intended to. Validity, hence, measures what it purports to
To further deepen our understanding of quantitative research, we should measure. Discussions of validity usually divide it into several distinct types, each
look into its preoccupations such as follows: of should be taken into account when judging the validity of a measure. Here,
we consider the types as follows:
1. MEASUREMENT
a. Face Validity – is the extent to which a measurement method appears “on
• Measurement should be reliable and valid at the same time. Reliability is
its face” to measure the construct of interest. Most people would expect a
consistency across time. And for a measurement to be reliable, it should
self-esteem questionnaire to include items about whether they see
contain the following characteristics:
themselves as a person of worth and whether they think they have good
a. Stability – this means that there is “very little variation over time in the
qualities. Most of the times, people with experience or expertise in a certain
results obtained if it is administered to a group and re-administered
filed are asked to act or judge whether a measure seems to reflect the
again’. This is called test-retest reliability.
concept in question. Face validity is at best a very weak kind of evidence
b. Internal reliability – this means “consistency of the scale or index, that a measurement method is measuring what it is supposed to. One
whether respondents’ scores on any one indicator tend to be related to reason is that it is based on people’s intuitions about human behavior,
their scores on the other indicators.” This is also called internal which are frequently wrong.
consistency.
c. Inter-observer consistency – this means “being cautious of the b. Content Validity – is the extent to which a measure “covers” the construct
possibility of the inconsistency of observers when a great deal of of interest. For example, if a researcher conceptually defines test anxiety as
subjective judgment is involved, such as in recording of observations or involving both sympathetic nervous system activation (leading to nervous
translating of data into categories, and when more than one observer is feelings) and negative thoughts, then his measure of test anxiety should
involved. This can be observed in checking essays of the students as include items about both nervous feelings and negative thoughts. Or
well. This is also called inter-rater reliability. consider that attitudes are usually defined as involving thoughts, feelings,
and actions toward something. By this conceptual definition, a person has a
positive attitude toward exercise to the extent that he or she thinks positive
thoughts about exercising, feels good about exercising, and actually
exercises. So, to have good content validity, a measure of people’s attitudes
toward exercise would have to reflect all three of these aspects. Like face
validity, content validity is not usually assessed quantitatively. Instead, it is
assessed by carefully checking the measurement method against the
conceptual definition of the construct.

c. Criterion Validity – Criterion validity is the extent to which people’s scores

on a measure are correlated with other variables (known as criteria) that
one would expect them to be correlated with. For example, people’s scores
Fig 2. Definition of Reliability and Validity

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

on a new measure of test anxiety should be negatively correlated with their • Criteria can also include other measures of the same construct. This is
performance on an important school exam. In a negative correlation, the known as CONVERGENT VALIDITY.
variables move in inverse, or opposite, directions. In other words, as one • For instance, one would expect new measures of test anxiety or
variable increases, the other variable decreases. And if it were found that physical risk taking to be positively correlated with existing
people’s scores were in fact negatively correlated with their exam measures of the same constructs. When two variables have a
positive correlation, it means the variables move in the same
performance, then this would be a piece of evidence that these scores really
direction. This means that as one variable increases, so does the
represent people’s test anxiety. But if it were found that people scored other one. (https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/reliability-
equally well on the exam regardless of their test anxiety scores, then this and-validity-of-measurement)
would cast doubt on the validity of the measure.
• When the criterion is measured at the same time as the construct, criterion d. Discriminant Validity – It is a measure of the degree to which two
validity is referred to as CONCURRENT VALIDITY. Moreover, concurrent hypothetically unrelated concepts are actually unrelated in real life
validity refers to the degree to which the results of a test correlates well (evidenced by observed data).
with the results obtained from a related test that has already been • For example, if a certain test is designed to prove that happiness
validated. The two tests are taken at the same time, and they provide a and despair are unrelated, and this is proved by the data obtained
correlation between events that are on the same temporal plane (present). by conducting the test, then the test is said to have discriminant
• For instance, people who are satisfied with their job are less likely validity.
to be absent from work. Here, a new criterion measure of job • Another example, self-esteem is a general attitude toward the self that is
satisfaction is absenteeism. fairly stable over time. It is not the same as mood, which is how good or
• For instance, if a batch of students is given an evaluative test, and bad one happens to be feeling right now. So, people’s scores on a new
on the same day, their teachers are asked to rate each one of measure of self-esteem should not be very highly correlated with their
those students and the results of both sets are compared, any moods. If the new measure of self-esteem were highly correlated with a
measure of mood, it could be argued that the new measure is not really
correlation that is observed between the two sets of data will be
measuring self-esteem; it is measuring mood instead.
concurrently valid.
• When the criterion is measured at some point in the future (after the
construct has been measured), it is referred to as PREDICTIVE VALIDITY 2. CAUSALITY
(because scores on the measure have “predicted” a future outcome). • It assumes that the value of an independent variable is the reason for
• For instance, students’ high scores on quizzes suggest that they
the value of a dependent variable. In other words, a person’s value on Y
may also score well in the final examinations.
is caused by that person’s value on X, or X causes Y (Allen, 2017).
• Another example, if an evaluative test that claims to test the
intelligence of students is administered and the students with
Concepts about variables will be discussed on Module 3.
high scores gained academic success later, while the ones with
low scores did not do well academically, the test is said to possess 3. GENERALIZATION
predictive validity. • Generalization, which is an act of reasoning that involves drawing broad
inferences from particular observations, is widely-acknowledged as a
quality standard in quantitative research (Polit & Beck, 2010).

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4. REPLICATION The third scenario shows a case where your hits are spread across the
• Replication is a term referring to the repetition of a research study, target and you are consistently missing the center. Your measure in this
generally with different situations and different subjects, to determine if case is neither reliable nor valid. Finally, we see the “Robin Hood” scenario
the basic findings of the original study can be applied to other – you consistently hit the center of the target. Your measure is both
participants and circumstances. For example, imagine that health reliable and valid (I bet you never thought of Robin Hood in those terms
psychologists perform an experiment showing that hypnosis can be before).
effective in helping middle-aged smokers kick their nicotine habit. Other
researchers might want to replicate the same study with younger
smokers to see if they reach the same result (Cherry, 2020).
References

"What are the two types of approaches in research? Explain." eNotes Editorial, 8 Mar. 2011,
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-two-types-approaches-research-explain-248719.
Accessed 17 July 2020.

Farnsworth, B. PhD. (2019, June 11). Qualitative vs Quantitative Research – What Is What?
Retrieved from https://imotions.com/blog/qualitative-vs-quantitative-research/

Fon, M.I. (2018, August 07). Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Reliable but not valid Valid but not reliable Neither valid nor reliable Both reliable and valid (Photograph). Research Gate. Retrieved from https://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-
guides/apa-format/how-to-cite-a-photo-digital-image-apa/
Fig 3. Dart Representation in comparing reliability and validity
Antwi, S. and Kasim, H. (2015, July 31). Qualitative and Quantitative Research Paradigms in
Business Research: A Philosophical Reflection. European Journal of Business and Management.
Retrieved from
The figure above shows four possible situations. In the first one, you https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295087782_Qualitative_and_Quantitative_Research
are hitting the target consistently, but you are missing the center of the _Paradigms_in_Business_Research_A_Philosophical_Reflection
target. That is, you are consistently and systematically measuring the
wrong value for all respondents. This measure is reliable, but no valid (that McLeod, S. A. (2018). Questionnaire: definition, examples, design and types. Simply Psychology.
Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/questionnaires.html
is, it’s consistent but wrong). The second, shows hits that are randomly
spread across the target. You seldom hit the center of the target but, on Deductive Approach (Deductive Reasoning). (n.d.) Retrieved from https://research-
average, you are getting the right answer for the group (but not very well methodology.net/research-methodology/research-approach/deductive-approach-
for individuals). In this case, you get a valid group estimate, but you are 2/#:~:text=Approach%20(Deductive%20Reasoning)-
,Deductive%20Approach%20(Deductive%20Reasoning),the%20particular%20to%20the%20gener
inconsistent. Here, you can clearly see that reliability is directly related to al.
the variability of your measure.
The Concepts of Reliability and Validity Explained with Examples. (n.d.) Retrieved from
https://psychologenie.com/concepts-of-reliability-validity-explained-with-examples

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

phenomena that one studies.

Important 5. Uses interpretative frameworks.
RemInderS 6. Concerned about findings that can be generalized.
7. Applied the deductive method
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the other 8. Applies the inductive method
activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a separate paper. 9. Concerned about in-depth understanding of the situation
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s), 10. Concerned about numerical data.
pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to my email at
germanvertudez1211gmail.com following this format:
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME e.g.
IC1MA_BINABAN_PRINCESS_SCAVENGERS HUNT), or send a digital copy from your
flash drive together with this activity sheet. Name: _______________________________________________________________
Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________
Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date Submitted (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________
Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________
RATING:

RATING: ACTIVITY 2
ACTIVITY 1 Operationalizing Validity
Knowing the Difference Operationalize the five ways of establishing validity in measurement by giving each two (2)
Each of the statements below describes either quantitative or qualitative research. On the examples. (2 points each)
first column, write QN if you think the item is describing quantitative research and QL if it
describes qualitative research. Then explain your choice or answers on the third column in 1 Ways of Establishing
Examples
– 3 sentences. One to two points will be given if the explanation is clearly stated or correct, Validity
and zero (0) point if it’s wrong or no explanation provided. Write your explanation on a
separate short bond paper.
1. Face Validity
QN or QL Statements
1. Places more emphasis on the study of phenomenon from the
perspectives of those who experience it.
2. Interested not only in examining the phenomenon but also its
causes.
3. Immerses oneself and views meaning as more context and time- 2. Content Validity
specific, and in most cases, not generalizable.
4. Attempts to remain independent or detached from the

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3. This psychometric property of measurement focuses on

expected outcome of a research.
3. Predictive 4. This psychometric property of measurement focuses on the
Validity consistent outcome that the research produces.
5. This research process reaches from general facts to specific
facts that is also known as top-down approach.
6. This research process reaches from general facts to specific
4. Construct Validity facts that is also known as bottom-up approach.
7. It is a term referring to the repetition of a research study.
8. It is an act of reasoning that involves drawing broad inferences
from particular observations, is widely-acknowledged as a
quality standard in quantitative research, but is more
5. Convergent
Validity controversial in qualitative research.
9. This may be thought of as understanding a phenomenon in
terms of conditional statements of the form “If x, then y.”
10. It is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and
sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Name: _______________________________________________________________ IDENTIFICATION (1 point each)

Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________ PART II: Identify or group the term(s) inside the box that the statements below
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________ being referred to. Answers may be used MORE THAN ONCE. Write the letter or
letters of your answer before the number.
RATING:
MODULE 1: Assessment A. Empirical Examination H. Criterion Validity R. Measurement
IDENTIFICATION (1 point each) B. Research I. Discriminant S. Randomization
PART I: Identify the term(s) being described. Write your answer before the number C. Stability J. Realism T. Hypothesis Testing
D. Reliability K. Internal Reliability U. Research Protocols
1. It is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic
E. Positivism L. Qualitative Research V. Questionnaire
approach to its subject matter.
F. Content Validity M. Ontology W. Causality
2. It deals with data that are numerical or that can be converted
G. Construct Validity N. Epistemology X. Ethnography
into numbers done by collecting and analyzing numerical data
H. Inter-rater Reliability O. Rhetoric Y. Prediction
to describe characteristics, find correlations, or test hypotheses.
I. Face Validity P. Axiology Z. Validity
J. Convergent Validity Q. Methodology

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

1. Main Types of Research. 16. It measures what it purports to measure.

2. It is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature and types of value 17. Types of Validity
such as in ethics and religion. 18. This basically aims at building or creating a theory from the subject or
3. This type of educational research analyzes numbers or data collected from phenomenon being studied about.
the participants using Statistics. 19. It states that an object is independent of the knower.
4. It is one approach of criterion validity that predicts individual performance 20. It is the degree to which research method produces stable and consistent
on some measure scores administered at a later date. results.
5. Types of Research Methods 21. It is demonstrated by evidence that measures of constructs that
6. This educational research basically aims at probing or testing existing theoretically should not be highly related to each other are, in fact, not
theories. found to be highly correlated to each other.
7. It assumes that the value of an interdependent variable is the reason for the 22. Types of Reliability
value of a dependent variable. In other words, a person's value on Y is 23. It is an aspect of reliability and many researchers report that a highly
caused by that person's value on X, or X causes Y. reliable test indicates that the test is stable over time.
8. It is the extent to which two or more raters (or observers, coders, 24. It is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for the
examiners) agree. purpose of gathering information from respondents.
9. This educational research describes and analyzes the data mainly gathered 25. It is a statistical test used to determine whether the hypothesis assumed for
from or consisted of words (text) or image (picture). the sample of data stands true for the entire population or not.
10. It is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to certain
phenomena.
11. It is the act of forecasting what will happen in the future.
12. A qualitative method where researchers observe and/or interact with a
study's participants in their real-life environment.
13. It is the study of knowledge.
14. Paradigm Assumptions in Research
15. It is an epistemological position that advocates the application of methods
of the natural sciences to the study of social reality and beyond.

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FIRST QUARTER
Importance of Quantitative Types of Quantitative Research

MODULE Research Across Fields Table 1. Types, Features, and Examples of Quantitative Research Designs

2
INCLUSIVE DATE:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
•
•
•
•
Differentiate the types of quantitative research,
Identify the criteria for choosing one particular type over another,
Determine the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research, and
Explain the importance of quantitative research across fields.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

A. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH – it seeks to describe the current status of an

identified variable. These research projects are designed to provide
systematic information about a phenomenon. The researcher does
RESEARCH KEY QUESTIONS: not usually begin with a hypothesis, but is likely to develop one after
• How do the types of quantitative research differ from one another? collecting data. The analysis and synthesis of the data provide the test
• Why is it important to determine the appropriate type of research in of the hypothesis. Systematic collection of information requires
your study? careful selection of the units studied and careful measurement of

Examples of Descriptive Research:

• A description of how second-grade students spend their time
Overview during summer vacation A description of the tobacco use
In the previous module, we’ve learned that quantitative research generates habits of teenagers
• A description of how parents feel about the twelvemonth
numerical data or information that can be converted into numbers. Measurable data school year
are gathered with the use of tools such as questionnaires, surveys, and hypothesis
• A description of the attitudes of scientists regarding global
testing, to name a few. Quantitative methodology seeks to obtain accurate and
reliable measurements that allow a statistical analysis (Almeida, 2017). warming
• A description of the kinds of physical activities that typically
In this module, we will determine the types and importance of quantitative occur in nursing homes, and how frequently each occurs
research including the strengths and weaknesses that research methodology has. • A description of the extent to which elementary teachers use
The strength of quantitate studies lies on making available descriptive data that can math manipulatives
be communicated in numeric form. However, this may also be its weak points
because of the difficulty in interpreting the data especially if the measures used are
not valid and reliable.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

B. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH – attempts to determine the extent of a thoroughly assessed before firm relationships amongst variables can be
relationship between two or more variables using statistical data. In this made.
type of design, relationships between and among a number of facts are
Examples of Correlational Research:
sought and interpreted. This type of research will recognize trends and
• The effect of preschool attendance on social maturity at the end of the first
patterns in data, but it does not go so far in its analysis to prove causes for
grade.
these observed patterns. Cause-and-effect is not the basis of this type of • The effect of taking multivitamins on a students’ school absenteeism
observational research. The data, relationships, and distributions of • The effect of gender on algebra achievement.
variables are studied only. Variables are not manipulated; they are only • The effect of part-time employment on the achievement of high school
identified and are studied as they occur in a natural setting. Sometimes students
correlational research is considered a type of descriptive research, and not • The effect of magnet school participation on student attitude
as its own type of research, as no variables are manipulated in the study. • The effect of age on lung capacity

Examples of Correlational Research:

D. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH – it is often called true experimentation, uses
• The relationship between intelligence and self-esteem the scientific method to establish the cause-effect relationship among a
• The relationship between diet and anxiety group of variables that make up a study. The true experiment is often
• The relationship between an aptitude test and success in an algebra thought of as a laboratory study, but this is not always the case; a
course laboratory setting has nothing to do with it. A true experiment is any study
• The relationship between ACT scores and the freshman grades where an effort is made to identify and impose control over all other
• The relationships between the types of activities used in math variables except one. An independent variable is manipulated to
classrooms and student achievement. determine the effects on the dependent variables. Subjects are randomly
• The covariance of smoking and lung disease assigned to experimental treatments rather than identified in naturally
occurring groups
C. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE (quasi-experimental research) – it attempts to
establish cause - effect relationships among the variables. These types of Examples of Experimental Research:
design are very similar to true experiments, but with some key differences. • The effect of a new treatment plan on breast cancer
An independent variable is identified but not manipulated by the • The effect of positive reinforcement on attitude toward school
experimenter, and effects of the independent variable on the dependent • The effect of teaching with a cooperative group strategy or a traditional
lecture approach on students’ achievement
variable are measured. The researcher does not randomly assign groups
• The effect of a systematic preparation and support system on children who
and must use ones that are naturally formed or pre-existing groups.
were scheduled for surgery on the amount of psychological upset and
Identified control groups exposed to the treatment variable are studied and cooperation
compared to groups who are not. When analyses and conclusions are • A comparison of the effect of personalized instruction vs. traditional
made, determining causes must be done carefully, as other variables, both instruction on computational skill
known and unknown, could still affect the outcome. A causal comparative
designed study, described in a New York Times article, "The Case for Source: Retrieved from https://www.wssu.edu/about/offices-and-departments/office-of-
$320,00 Kindergarten Teachers," illustrates how causation must be sponsored-programs/pre-award/_Files/documents/develop-quantitative.pdf

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

As underscored by Madrigal and McClain (2012), data deficiency on product B. A type II error is also known as a false negative and occurs when a
development can be a result of weak interpretation that consequently lead to critical researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis which is really false. Here a
errors in product designing. researcher concludes there is not a significant effect, when actually there
really is.
For instance:
“In a survey, it can be reported that majority of users like 3D displays,
which may lead to a product team’s choosing to integrate a 3D display into
their product. However, if most users like only autostereoscopic 3D displays –
that is, 3D displays that don’t require wearing glasses – or 3D displays only
for watching sports or action movies on a television, using a 3D display that
requires glasses for data visualization on a mobile device might not be a
sound design direction.” (Madrigal and McClain, 2012).
Moreover, in the study of Madrigal and McClain as cited by
Melegrito and Mendoza (2016), only those with a firm grasp on how the data
would be used and interpreted should conduct such a study. This is observed
when researchers over rely on the P value or calculated value, and sample size.
The P Value or the probability of finding the observed or more extreme, results
when the null hypothesis (Ho) of a study is true. The definition of extreme
depends on how the hypothesis is being tested. P is also described in terms of
rejecting Ho when it is usually true; however, it is not a direct probability of this
state. The null hypothesis is usually a hypothesis of ‘no difference’ e.g. no
significant difference between blood pressures of controlled group and
experimental group. A statistically significant result cannot prove that a research Fig 1. Types of Statistical Errors
hypothesis is correct (as this implies 100% certainty). Because a p-value is based
on probabilities, there is always a chance of making an incorrect conclusion
regarding accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis (Ho). Anytime we make a Madrigal and McClain (2012) further state that it is also possible to
decision using statistics there are four possible outcomes, with two representing manipulate the P value by the sample size to have enough statistical power to
correct decisions and two representing errors. The chances of committing these determine whether the finding is accurate. Statistical power is the probability of
two types of errors are inversely proportional: that is, decreasing type I error rate rejecting the null hypothesis when, in fact, it is false. It is the probability of making a
increases type II error rate, and vice versa (McLeod, 2019). correct decision (to reject the null hypothesis) when the null hypothesis is false
(Walmsley, 2017). And doing so, considering the effect size is at stake to bring up
A. A type 1 error is also known as a false positive and occurs when a statistical significance. Increasing the sample size in cases where statistical
researcher incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis. This means that
significance is scarce with meaning is then necessary.
your report that your findings are significant when in fact they have
occurred by chance.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

For instance: Table 1.2: Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

“If you were examining whether adding a feature would increase a QUANTITIVE RESEARCH
product’s value, you could have a statistically significant finding, but the STRENGHTS WEAKNESSES
magnitude of the increase in value might be very small – say a few cents. In • Reliability by critical analysis • No human perceptions and beliefs
contrast, a meaning effect size might result in an increase in value of PHP 50 • Short time framed for administered • Lack of resources for large scale
per unit. Typically, if you are able to achieve statistical significance with a survey research
smaller sample size, the effect size is fairly substantial. It is important to take • Facilitated numerical data for groups • No depth experience description
both statistical significance and effect size into account when interpreting and extents of agree and disagree
data.” (statsdirect.com) from respondents

To further understand quantitative research, David Hulme (2007) and Choy Importance of Quantitative Research
(2014) identified the areas of strengths and weaknesses of this research type.
Since quantitative research is about numeric data and statistics, it is very
beneficial in various aspects of life cited by Lobetos (2018).
Table 1.1: Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
QUANTITIVE RESEARCH 1. Quantitative Research and Anthropology
STRENGHTS WEAKNESSES • Many discoveries in this field like human behavior in the society, racial
• Results from sample surveys can be • Sacrifices potentially useful information conflicts and human evolution have given enormous contributions to
generalized for entire populations through process of aggregation the improvement of human life.
• Results can be aggregated and are • Sacrifices potentially useful data by
comparable across population groups placing households or events in discrete 2. Quantitative Research and Communication
• Results can be broken down by socio- categories • Researchers are often interested in how an understanding of a
economic group for comparisons • Neglects intra-household processes and particular communication phenomena might be generalized to a larger
• Reliability of data and findings outcomes population. Example: What communicative behaviors are used to
provides powerful indicators to guide • Commonly under-reports on difficult respond to co-workers displaying emotional stress?
policy issues, e.g. domestic violence
3. Quantitative Research and Medicine
• Replicability – publication of • Commonly under-reports on
questionnaires and dataset permits marginal/difficult to access individuals • This tends to be predominantly observational research based on surveys
scrutiny of findings and households or correlational studies. Experimental research designs may enhance
• Transferability of dataset to other • Often wasteful in that large amounts of the quality of medical education.
analysts means that analysis is not the dataset are never used
4. Quantitative Research and Behavioral Science
dependent on availability of an • Relatively expensive in terms of money.
individual • Poorly trained enumerators can make
• The output of this research focuses on how human behavior relates
• Precise professional or disciplinary mistakes and inadvertently influence with another people and also the individual differences that may affect
minimum standards exist for much responses. human relations.
survey work • Enumerators may falsify/ invent data

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

5. Quantitative Research in Educational and Psychology References

• Many educational principles in understanding human behavior are the
offshoot of this research. McLeod, Saul. (2019, July 4). Retrieved from
https://www.simplypsychology.org/type_I_and_type_II_errors.html
6. Quantitative Research and Social Science
• The method employed in this type of quantitative social research are Walmsley, Angela L.E., Brown, Michael C. (2017, September 15) Retrieved from
mostly typically the survey and the experiment. Example: the study of https://www.statisticsteacher.org/2017/09/15/what-is-power/
DSWD regarding 4P’s
Hulme, David. (January 2007). Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253197405_Integrating_Quantitative_and_
Qualitative_Research_for_Country_Case_Studies_of_Development

Choy, L.T. (April 2014). Retrieved from

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48198072/RESEARCH_METHODS.pdf?147170066
9=&response-content-
disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Strengths_and_Weaknesses_of_Research.pdf&
Expires=1595555403&Signature=GDAmHjWHZALSwZHj~6q4vIzZVrn4YKxksGAShxKej92g
1XFgNaRQNfzdgEiC2WM~4wPHsVRGF6M9uDCt8kN1Q6lPyVx748Oa02bomyOChogrKwa
rY~by~Xa7Kb6yWd8Kn8U0pUIH-owkT8GgAeqc-2yJFq7-
2U4fAmTtjJML3cosm4RHIAi1UayXNt2zWBHJFUS1UlgwzMPsncskvxeIi1D9DNaATJwLLmu
Nb5jCFeUZK4d93oCPv19vCAiGEjGnOJ8ttVKPR5vWImV5E2RWkWnbY4FLRs9~8g~~ihIUUc
UQOkjDxo4txVCpXSgT-Wy2LQgNovOJsqV14D8WERRV0Q__&Key-Pair-
Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

Lobetos, M.J. (2018, October 8). Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/mjlobetos/lesson-2-importance-of-quant-r-118752468

Key Elements of a Research Proposal Quantitative Design. (n.d.) Retrieved from

https://www.wssu.edu/about/offices-and-departments/office-of-sponsored-
programs/pre-award/_Files/documents/develop-quantitative.pdf

Melegrito, M.L. PhD Cand., Mendoza, D.J. PhD., (2016). Applied Research: An Introduction
to Quantitative Research Methods and Report Writing. Types, Strengths and Weaknesses
and Importance of Quantitative Research. pp 20 – 36. Quezon City. Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

.
Important
RemInderS

• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the other
activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a separate paper.
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s),
pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to my email at
germanvertudez1211gmail.com following this format:
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME e.g.
IC1MA_BINABAN_PRINCESS_SCAVENGERS HUNT), or send a digital copy from your
flash drive together with this activity sheet.

Name: _______________________________________________________
Grade Level & Section: __________________________________________
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): _______________

ACTIVITY 1 RATING:

Concept Mapping
On a separate short bond paper, construct a concept map about this module. Concept maps
are visual representations of information. They can take the form of charts, graphic Name: _______________________________________________________________
organizers, tables, flowcharts, Venn Diagrams, or timelines. Concept maps typically have Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________
text, or linking words, written on each line to make sense of the relationship between a Date Submitted (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________
general concept (usually written at the center) and more specific ones (branching parts). See
the picture for reference. Your output will be graded based on this rubric:
5 – Excellent 4 – Good 3 – Adequate 2 – Marginal 1 – No credit / Unacceptable RATING:
CRITERIA 5 4 3 2 1 0
1. Structure - non-linear structure that provides a very ACTIVITY 2
2.
complete picture of your ideas
Relationships - relative importance of ideas is indicated More Examples Please!
and both simple and complex relationships are very Provide five examples for each type of quantitative research. Write your answers on the
effectively mapped.
space provided. (5 points each)
3. Exploratory - map shows complex thinking about the
meaningful relationship between ideas, themes, and the
framework. Types of Quantitative
Examples
4. Communication - information is presented clearly and Research
allows for a high level of understanding

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

Name: _______________________________________________________________
Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________
1. DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH

RATING:

MODULE 1: Assessment
PART I: IDENTIFICATION
Identify the term(s) being described. Write your answer before the number. (2 points each)
2. CORRELATIONAL 1. It is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and
RESEARCH sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
2. is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical
data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics.
3. It is also termed as true experimentation.
4. It ascertains cause – effect relationships among variables.
5. It aims to define existing condition to a classified variable.
6. It tries to define the degree of relationship between two or more
3. CAUSAL – variables using statistical data.
COMPARATIVE 7. It is calculated probability is the estimated probability of
RESEARCH rejecting the null hypothesis (Ho) of a study question when that
hypothesis is true.
8. ___________ power means a study has the probability that it
will detect an effect of a certain size.
9. It is also known as a false positive and occurs when a researcher
incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis.
10. Determine the type of quantitative research exemplified in this
4. EXPERIMENTAL study: “The Effects of Social Media Validation on the Student’s
RESEARCH Emotional Condition.”

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

PART II: MULTIPLE CHOICE IDENTIFICATION 8. A test accurately indicates an employee’s scores on a future criterion (e.g.,
Circle the letter that corresponds to your answer. (1 point each) conscientiousness). What kind of validity is this?
NOTE: Review Module 1 a. Predictive c. Face
b. Content d. Concurrent
1. Which of the following should not be a criterion for a good research project?
a. Demonstrates the abilities of the researcher 9. One advantage of using a questionnaire is that:
b. Is dependent on the completion of other projects a. Probe questions can be asked c. Respondents can be put at ease
c. Demonstrates the integration of different fields of knowledge b. Interview bias can be avoided d. Response rates are always high
d. Develops the skills of the researcher
10. Which of the following is true of observations?
2. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of a. It takes less time than interviews
premises? b. It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they do
a. Objective reasoning c. Positivistic reasoning c. Covert observation raises fewer ethical concerns than overt
b. Inductive reasoning d. Deductive reasoning d. All of the above

3. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence job- 11. Secondary data can include which of the following?
seeking behaviors. The main purpose of the study was: a. Government statistics c. Personal diaries
a. Description c. Prediction b. Organizational records d. All of the above
b. Exploration d. Explanation 12. Which term measures the extent to which scores from a test can be used to infer or
predict performance in some activity?
4. Which research method is a bottom-up approach to research? a. Face validity c. Content reliability
a. Deductive method c. Explanatory method b. Criterion-related validity d. Construct validity
b. Inductive method d. Exploratory method
13. The ‘reliability’ of a measure refers to the researcher asking:
5. Which research paradigm is most concerned about generalizing its findings? a. Does it give consistent results?
a. Quantitative research c. Qualitative research b. Does it measure what it is supposed to measure?
b. Mixed-methods research d. All of the above c. Can the results be generalized?
d. Does it have face reliability?
6. The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that:
a. The independent variable is manipulated 14. A Type 1 error occurs in a situation where:
b. Hypotheses are proved a. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact true
c. A positive correlation exists b. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact false
d. Samples are large c. The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true
7. What do we call data that are used for a new study but which were collected by an d. The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact false
earlier researcher for a different set of research questions?
a. Secondary data c. Field notes 15. All of the following are sources of secondary data EXCEPT:
b. Qualitative data d. Primary data a. Official statistics c. A television documentary
b. The researcher’s research diary d. A company’s annual report

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

c. involve manipulating existing variables (e.g.,

FIRST QUARTER Different Variables in modifying existing methods of instruction) or
introducing new variables (e.g., adopting a totally
MODULE Quantitative Research new method for some sections of a class) in the

3
research setting. Whatever the case may be, the
At the end of this module, you are expected to: researcher expects that the independent
• Differentiate the kinds of variables and their uses, variable(s) will have some effect on (or relationship
• Distinguish between quantitative and categorical variables in with) the dependent variables.
context. and
INCLUSIVE DATE: • Apply certain variables in your research objectives appropriately. EXAMPLES:
Amounts of studying (IV) affects test scores (DV)

RESEARCH KEY QUESTIONS:

• How hypotheses, theories, and laws differ from each other? • Effect or Outcome Variable
• How do variables influence the research process? • Show the effect of manipulating or introducing the
independent variables. The independent variable is
the use or non-use of a new language teaching
procedure, then the dependent variable might be
2. DEPENDENT students' scores on a test of the content taught
Overview VARIABLE using that procedure. In other words, the variation
in the dependent variable depends on the variation
The very starting point of conducting an experimental research is to identify in the independent variable.

what variables are. A variable is defined as anything that has a quantity or quality EXAMPLES:
that varies (study.com, 2013). Variables play a critical role in the psychological Amounts of studying (IV) affects test scores (DV)
research process. By systematically varying some variables and measuring the effects
on other variables, researchers can determine if changes to one thing result in
changes in something else (Kendra, 2020). Variables may change from group to • These refer to abstract processes that are not
group, person to person, or even within one person over time. directly observable but that link the independent
3. MEDIATING OR and dependent variables. In language learning and
Table 1: Different Types of Research Variables INTERVERNING teaching, they are usually inside the subjects'
TYPES DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES VARIABLE heads, including various language learning
ROLES OF VARIABLES processes which the researcher cannot observe.
1. INDEPENDENT • Causal variable • It helps to delineate the process to which variables
VARIABLE • The researcher has control over. This "control" may affect one another.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

so they will not have a biasing effect on the other

EXAMPLE: variables. Variables that have been controlled in
Amounts of studying (IV) affects test scores (DV) then the this way are called control variables
organization of knowledge in one’s long term memory is
the medicating variable (MV) EXAMPLES:
Amounts of studying (IV) affects test scores (DV). Then
Inquiry-based teaching technique (IV) affects the the subject contents or areas, the number of test items
Mastery of the Subject (DV), then the language learning and its types, the length of time the test was
processes used by the students is the mediating variable administered etc. are held constant (CV)
(MedV).

Poverty (IV) leads to shorter longevity (DV) perhaps it’s

due to lack of access to healthcare (MedV)
• are those factors in the research environment
which may have an effect on the dependent
variable(s) but which are not controlled.
• It affects the relationship between the Extraneous variables are dangerous. They may
independent and dependent variables by modifying damage a study's validity, making it impossible to
the effect of the intervening variable(s). Typical know whether the effects were caused by the
moderator variables in TESL and language independent and moderator variables or some
acquisition research (when they are not the major extraneous factor. If they cannot be controlled,
focus of the study) include the sex, age, culture, or extraneous variables must at least be taken into
4. MODERATOR language proficiency of the subjects. consideration when interpreting results.
6. EXTRANEOUS
VARIABLE
• Unlike extraneous variables, moderator variables • When we conduct experiments there are other
OR
are measured and taken into consideration. CONFOUNDING
variables that can affect our results, if we do not
VARIABLE control them.
EXAMPLES:
Amounts of studying (IV) affects test scores (DV). The TYPES:
relationship between these variables change if one is 1. Situational Variables – These are aspects of the
using a drug such as Ritalin at various doses (ModV). environment that might affect the participant’s
behavior, e.g. noise, temperature, lighting
conditions, etc. Situational variables should be
controlled so they are the same for all participants.
• Language learning and teaching are very complex
Standardized procedures are used to ensure that
5. CONTROL processes. It is not possible to consider every conditions are the same for all participants. This
VARIABLES variable in a single study. Therefore, the variables includes the use of standardized instructions.
that are not measured in a particular study must be
held constant, neutralized/balanced, or eliminated,

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

2. Participant / Person Variable – This refers to the affected by: (i) their surroundings; (ii) the
ways in which each participant varies from the researcher’s characteristics; (iii) the researcher’s
other, and how this could affect the results e.g. behavior (e.g. non-verbal communication), and (iv)
mood, intelligence, anxiety, nerves, concentration their interpretation of what is going on in the
etc. For example, if a participant that has performed situation. Experimenters should attempt to minimize
a memory test was tired, dyslexic or had poor these factors by keeping the environment as natural
eyesight, this could affect their performance and the as possible, carefully following standardized
results of the experiment. The experimental design procedures. Finally, perhaps different experimenters
chosen can have an effect on participant variables. should be used to see if they obtain similar results.
Situational variables also include order effects that
can be controlled using counterbalancing, such as • Suppose we wanted to measure the effects of
giving half the participants condition 'A' first, while Alcohol (IV) on driving ability (DV) we would have
the other half get condition 'B' first. This prevents to try to ensure that extraneous variables did not
improvement due to practice, or poorer
affect the results. These variables could include:
performance due to boredom. Participant variables
o Familiarity with the car: Some people may drive
can be controlled using random allocation to the
better because they have driven this make of car
conditions of the independent variable.
before.
o Familiarity with the test: Some people may do
3. Experimenter / Investigator Effects – The
better than others because they know what to
experimenter unconsciously conveys to participants
expect on the test.
how they should behave - this is called experimenter
o Used to drinking. The effects of alcohol on some
bias. The experiment might do this by giving
people may be less than on others because they
unintentional clues to the participants about what
are used to drinking.
the experiment is about and how they expect them
o Full stomach. The effect of alcohol on some
to behave. This affects the participants’ behavior.
subjects may be less than on others because they
The experimenter is often totally unaware of the
have just had a big meal.
influence which s/he is exerting and the cues may be
very subtle but they may have an influence
nevertheless. Also, the personal attributes (e.g. age,
• If these extraneous variables are not controlled,
gender, accent, manner etc.) of the experiment can they may become confounding variables, because
affect the behavior of the participants. they could go on to affect the results of the
experiment.
4. Demand Characteristics – Demand characteristics
are all the clues in an experiment which convey to IN TERMS OF LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
the participant the purpose of the research. Demand • are any variables where the data represent groups.
characteristics can change the results of an
1. CATEGORICAL This includes rankings (e.g. finishing places in a
experiment if participants change their behavior to
VARIABLE race), classifications (e.g. brands of cereal), and
conform to expectations. Participants will be
binary outcomes (e.g. coin flips).

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

• A variable that is made up of different types or People often confuse the terms theory and hypothesis or are not quite sure
categories of a phenomenon such as a variable of the distinctions between the two concepts. If you're a psychology student, it's
gender (male and female). essential to understand what each term means, how they differ, and how they're
used in psychology research. A theory is a well-established principle that has been
1. Are any variables where the data represent degree developed to explain some aspect of the natural world. A theory arises from
2. QUANTITATIVE repeated observation and testing and incorporates facts, laws, predictions, and
or amounts (e.g. height, weight, or age).
VARIABLE
tested hypotheses that are widely accepted. In other words, a theory is a widely
accepted explanation of natural phenomena, and has stood up to thorough and
continual testing or verification.
Causal Relationship between Variables
Bhattacherjee (2012) cited the work of Whetten (1989) regarding the four
A causal relationship is when one variable causes a change in another building blocks of theory, namely:
variable. These types of relationships are investigated by experimental research in 1. CONSTRUCT - captures the ‘what’ of theories (i.e., what concepts are important
order to determine if changes in one variable actually result in changes in another for explaining a phenomenon). These are abstract concepts specified at a high
variable. A correlation is the measurement of the relationship between two variables. level of abstraction that are chosen specifically to operationally explain the
These variables already occur in the group or population and are not controlled by phenomenon of interest. For instance, intelligence quotient (IQ score) is a
the experimenter. variable that is purported to measure an abstract construct called intelligence.
1. A POSITIVE CORRELATION is a direct relationship where, as the amount of 2. PROPOSITIONS - captures the ‘how’ (i.e., how are these concepts related to
one variable increases, the amount of a second variable also increases. each other). These are associations postulated between constructs based on
2. In a NEGATIVE CORRELATION, as the amount of one variable goes up, the deductive logic. Propositions are stated in declarative form and should ideally
levels of another variable go down. indicate a cause-effect relationship (e.g., if X occurs, then Y will follow).
Propositions is formulated at the theoretical level while hypotheses are tested
In both types of correlation, there is no evidence or proof that changes in at the empirical level.
one variable cause changes in the other variable. A correlation simply indicates that
there is a relationship between the two variables. 3. LOGIC - represents the ‘why’ (i.e., why are these concepts related). It provides
the basis for justifying the postulated propositions.

Variables and Theories, Hypothesis and Laws 4. CONDITIONS OR ASSUMPTIONS - examines the ‘who, when, and where’ (i.e.,
under what circumstances will these concepts and relationship work). All
Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena theories are constrained by assumptions about values, time, and space, and
and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of boundary conditions that govern where the theory can be applied and where it
critical bounding assumptions (USCLibrary, 2020). According to Black (1999) as cited cannot be applied.
Melegrito and Mendoza (2016), theories refer to models and explanations that
elaborate on why events have occurred, and are devised to described causal
relationships between actions and events.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to References

happen in your study. For example, an experiment designed to look at the
relationship between study habits and test anxiety might have a hypothesis that Research Variables: Dependent, Independent, Control, Extraneous &
states, "We predict that students with better study habits will suffer less test Moderator. (2013, September 14). Retrieved from
anxiety." Unless your study is exploratory in nature, your hypothesis should always https://study.com/academy/lesson/research-variables-dependent-
explain what you expect to happen during the course of your experiment or independent-control-extraneous-moderator.html.
research. It is commonly called as an educated guess hence; it only poses a tentative
explanation of phenomena. Kendra, Cherry. (2020, April 17). Retrieved from
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-variable-2795789
Some other important distinctions to note include:
3. A theory predicts events in general terms, while a hypothesis makes a McLeod, S. A. (2019, July 30). Extraneous variable. Simply Psychology.
specific prediction about a specified set of circumstances. https://www.simplypsychology.org/extraneous-variable.html
4. A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted, while a
hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested. (Kendra, 2020) Variables. (n.d.) Retrieved from
https://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/ResearchMethods/RM_2_14.h
On the other hand, law is a describing statement of what always or constant
tml
occurrences observed under certain conditions. It summarizes a set of observations
about natural phenomena.
Kendra, Cherry. (2020, April 16). Retrieved from
https://www.verywellmind.com/introduction-to-research-methods-2795793

Bhattacherjee, Anol. (2019, October 23). Retrieved from

https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Social_Work/Book%3A_Social_Sci
ence_Research_Principles%2C_Methods%2C_and_Practices_(Bhattacherjee)/
04%3A_Theories_in_Scientific_Research/4.02%3A_Building_Blocks_of_a_The
ory

Melegrito, M.L. PhD Cand., Mendoza, D.J. PhD., (2016). Applied Research: An
Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods and Report Writing. Different
Variables in Quantitative Research and their Uses. pp 37 - 45. Quezon City.
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

Important Name: _______________________________________________________________

RemInderS Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the other Date Submitted (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________
activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a separate paper.
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s),
pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to my email at RATING:
germanvertudez1211gmail.com following this format:
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME e.g.
IC1MA_BINABAN_PRINCESS_SCAVENGERS HUNT), or send a digital copy from your
flash drive together with this activity sheet.
ACTIVITY 2
Name: _______________________________________________________________
A. Data Analysis
Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________ Examine the table and answer the guide questions as indicated. This dataset is from a medical
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________ study. In this study, researchers wanted to identify variables connected to low birth weights.
WEIGHT BIRTH
AGE DOCTOR VISITS
PATIENT (prior to pregnancy, SMOKER RACE WEIGHT
(at delivery) (during 1st trimester)
in lbs.) (in grams)
RATING:
1 29 140 YES 2 Caucasian 2977

ACTIVITY 1 2 21 136 YES 4 Asian 3080

Essay (restricted response) 3 19 174 NO 1 American 3600

In 3-5 sentences, answer the essay questions below. You may use a separate short bond
paper or the back of this activity sheet in writing your answers. Your output will be graded
based on this rubric: 4 36 95 NO 0 American 3147
5 – Excellent 2 – Poor or Needs Improvement (s)
4 – Good 1 – Very Poor
3 – Fair or Average 0 – Not Observed 5 41 138 YES 1 African 2991
.
CRITERIA 5 4 3 2 1 0 African –
1. Following activity direction(s) 175 18 101 NO 4 3511
American
2. Correctness and clarity of explanation
3. Grammar and spelling
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
ESSAY QUESTIONS:
1. Who do you think is the respondent in this research? (3 points)
1. In your own words, discuss how hypotheses, theories, and laws differ from each
2. Give the variables in this dataset. (6 points)
other?
3. Give the three categorical variables in this dataset. (3 points)
2. When is the variable become a quantitative or categorical?
4. Give the three quantitative variables in this dataset. (3 points)
3. How do variables influence the research process?

24
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

Name: _______________________________________________________________ PART II: MULTIPLE CHOICE IDENTIFICATION

Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________ Circle the letter that corresponds to your answer. (1 point each)
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________
1. A theory:
a. Is an accumulated body of knowledge
b. Includes inconsequential ideas
RATING: c. Is independent of research methodology
d. Should be viewed uncritically

MODULE 1: Assessment 2. Research hypotheses are:

a. Formulated prior to a review of the literature c. B but not A
PART I: IDENTIFICATION b. Statements of predicted relationships between variables d. Both A and B
Identify the term(s) being described. Write your answer before the number. (2 points each)
3. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called:
1. It takes category or label values and place an individual into one of a. An intervening variable c. A dependent variable
several groups. b. An independent variable d. A numerical variable
2. It takes numerical values and represent some kind of measurement.
4. Researchers posit that performance-related pay increases employee motivation
3. It is a variable that presumes to cause changes in another variable. which in turn leads to an increase in job satisfaction. What kind of variable is
4. It is a variable that changes because of another variable. ‘motivation”’ in this study?
5. This variable explains the how or why of an (observed) relationship a. Extraneous b. Confounding c. Intervening d. Manipulated
between two variables.
5. When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two
6. This variable changes the strength or direction of an effect between variables, it is important not to:
two variables x and y. a. Assume causality
7. These variables that you are not intentionally studying in your b. Measure the values for X and Y independently
experiment or test that if not accounted for, could negatively affect the c. Choose X and Y values that are normally distributed
data subsequently collected. d. Check the direction of the relationship
8. These variables are used for comparing scientific experimentation or
6. A positive correlation occurs when:
research which are used as a constant and unchanging standard.
a. Two variables remain constant
9. It is an educated prediction that can be tested. b. Two variables move in the same direction
10. Effects of Cyber-bullying on Social Media Involvement among Senior c. One variable goes up and the other goes down
High School Students” Determine the independent and dependent d. Two variables move in opposite directions
variable in this study.
7. Which of the following types of quantitative research requires there to be a control
group and an experimental group?
a. Experimental design b. Surveys c. Pilot study d. Pre-Existing data

8. Which of the following BEST defines quantitative research?

25
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

a. It is an exploration associated with libraries, books and journals 15. If you were running an experiment to determine the temperature at which beans
b. It is an activity concerned with finding new truth in education sprout the fastest, what would be the variable?
c. It is a systematic process obtaining numerical information about the world a. The number of beans you plant
d. It is an activity of producing or proving a theorem b. The height of the sprouts you grow
c. The amount of water you give the beans
9. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research? d. The temperature at which each bean is kept
a. Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem
b. Method can be repeated to verify findings in another setting, thus, strengthen 16. To help explain and make predictions about a condition such as schizophrenia or
and reinforcing validity of findings eliminating the possibility of spurious childhood autism, ideas would be formed into a(n)
conclusions a. Assumption b. inference c. theory d. hypothesis
c. Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collection in order to show
trends, relationship or differences among variables 17. A theory generates ________, which are specific assumptions or predictions that can
d. It seeks to gather a more comprehensive understanding of activities related to be tested to determine their accuracy.
human behavior and the attributes that rule such behavior a. Validity c. informed consent
b. ethnic gloss d. hypotheses
10. It is conducted by researchers whose aim would be to find out the directions,
associations and/or relationship between different variables or groups of 18. The strength of the relationship between two or more events can be determined by:
respondents under study. a. experimental research c. case study.
a. Survey b. Correlational c. Ex-Post Facto d. Normative b. physiological research d. correlational research
11. When experimenting with the growth of a plant, a scientist uses three (of the same 19. In an experiment, the _________ variable is the "cause" and the ________ variable
type of) plants, two different fertilizers, equal light, and equal water. What type of is the "effect."
variable is the water? a. dependent; independent c. independent; dependent
a. Dependent b. Independent c. Control d. Intervening b. control; dependent d. dependent; experimental
12. What would the INDEPENDENT variable be in an experiment testing the
effectiveness different types of paper airplane? 20. Manipulated factor is to ________ as measured factor is to ________.
a. the paper used c. the type of folds made a. experimental group; independent variable
b. the distance of each plane's flight d. none of these b. control group; independent variable
c. dependent variable; experimental group
13. Students were involved in an experiment to investigate whether playing music while d. independent variable; dependent variable
they took a test affected their scores. What would their test scores be?
a. Independent variable c. Dependent variable
b. Controlled variable d. Hypothesis

14. The factor being tested in an experiment is the ...

a. Variable b. hypothesis c. control d. research

26
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

three topics you are considering. Reading a broad summary enables you to get an
Research Topics in an Area
FIRST QUARTER overview of the topic and see how your idea relates to broader, narrower, and related
issues.
M O D U L E of Inquiry

4
3. Ensure that the topic is manageable and that material is available – Focus on
At the end of this module, you are expected to: your topic and keep it manageable. A topic will be very difficult to research if it is too
• Determine the different steps in designing a quantitative research broad or narrow. One way to narrow a broad topic such as "the environment" is to
used in daily life, limit your topic. In other words, make it specific!
• Construct a working research title, and
INCLUSIVE DATE:
• Describe background of research.
4. Make a list of key words – Keep track of the words that are used to describe your
topic.
• Look for words that best describe your topic
• Look for them in when reading encyclopedia articles and background and general
RESEARCH KEY QUESTIONS: information
• How do you identify the range of research topics in an area of inquiry? • Find broader and narrower terms, synonyms, key concepts for key words to widen your
• How do you identify a research title? search capabilities
• How do you describe a research background? • Make note of these words and use them later when searching databases and catalogs

5. Be flexible – It is common to modify your topic during the research process. You can
never be sure of what you may find. You may find too much and need to narrow your
Overview focus, or too little and need to broaden your focus. This is a normal part of the
research process. When researching, you may not wish to change your topic, but you

Getting started with a research pursuit is intrinsically difficult at first. It must may decide that some other aspect of the topic is more interesting or manageable.

be new, so you need to find things ideas that haven't been tried out, and solutions 6. Define your topic as a focused research question – You will often begin with a
that no one else saw yet. You need to keep this is mind: research is actually difficult, word, develop a more focused interest in an aspect of something relating to that
word, then begin to have questions about the topic. Make sure to make the focus of
so it is normal that you feel that way. It is normal that things progress slowly, in fits
the study specific! For instance:
and starts, that you sometimes get discouraged, and often procrastinate • Ideas = Frank Lloyd Wright or modern architecture
(https://a3nm.net/blog, 2014). Hence, a step-by-step undertaking should be one’s utmost • Research Question = How has Frank Lloyd Wright influenced modern architecture?
considerations. The ability to develop a good research topic is an important skill. An instructor • Focused Research Question = What design principles used by Frank Lloyd Wright are
may assign you a specific topic, but most often instructors require you to select your own common in contemporary homes?
topic of interest. The University of Michigan – Flint (2020) frames steps when deciding on a
topic, namely: 7. Research and read more about your topic – Use the key words you have gathered
1. Brainstorm for ideas – Choose a topic that interests you or your group by writing to research in the catalog, article databases, and Internet search engines. Find more
down any key words or concepts that may be related to it. Ask the research instructor information to help you answer your research question. You will need to do some
for ideas if you feel you are stuck or need additional guidance. research and reading before you select your final topic.
2. Choose a topic that will enable you to read and understand the literature – 8. Formulate a thesis statement – Write your topic as a thesis statement. This may
Read a general encyclopedia article or background information on the top two or be the answer to your research question and/or a way to clearly state the purpose of

27
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

your research. Your thesis statement will usually be one or two sentences that states anything associated with politics in Africa. A good title should provide
precisely what is to be answered, proven, or what you will inform your audience information about the focus and/or scope of your research study.
about your topic. The title of your paper may not be exactly the same as your • In academic writing, catchy phrases or non-specific language may be
research question or your thesis statement, but the title should clearly convey the used, but only if it's within the context of the study [e.g., "Fair and
focus, purpose and meaning of your research. A sample research title can be “Frank Impartial Jury--Catch as Catch Can"]. However, in most cases, you
Lloyd Wright: Key Principles of Design for the Modern Home.” Remember to follow
should avoid including words or phrases that do not help the reader
any specific instructions from your instructor.
understand the purpose of your paper.

Drafting a Working Research Title • Academic writing is a serious and deliberate endeavor. Avoid using
humorous or clever journalistic styles of phrasing when creating the title
The initial aim of a title is to capture the reader’s attention and to highlight to your paper. Journalistic headlines often use emotional adjectives
the research problem under investigation. Typically, the final title you submit to your [e.g., incredible, amazing, effortless] to highlight a problem experienced
by the reader or use "trigger words" or interrogative words like how,
professor is created after the research is complete so that the title accurately
what, when, or why to persuade people to read the article or click on a
captures what has been done and transpired in the entire research pursuits. The title
link. These approaches are viewed as counter-productive in academic
summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. A good title contains the fewest writing. A reader does not need clever or humorous titles to catch their
possible words (ideally no longer 12 words) needed to adequately describe the attention because the act of reading is assumed to be deliberate based
content and/or purpose of your research paper. (USCLibraries, 2020). on a desire to learn and improve understanding of the research
problem. In addition, a humorous title can merely detract from the
Hartley (2005) states the following important reminders in choosing a good seriousness and authority of your research.
research title. The title is the part of a paper that is read the most, and it is usually
read first. It is, therefore, the most important element that defines the research
study. With this in mind, avoid the following when creating a title: • Unlike everywhere else in a college-level social sciences research paper
[except when using direct quotes in the text], titles do not have to
adhere to rigid grammatical or stylistic standards. For example, it could
• If the title is too long, this usually indicates there are too many be appropriate to begin a title with a coordinating conjunction [i.e., and,
unnecessary words. Avoid language, such as, "A Study to Investigate but, or, nor, for, so, yet] if it makes sense to do so and does not detract
the...," or "An Examination of the...." These phrases are obvious and from the purpose of the study [e.g., "Yet Another Look at Mutual Fund
generally superfluous unless they are necessary to covey the scope, Tournaments"] or beginning the title with an inflected form of a verb
intent, or type of a study. such as those ending in -ing [e.g., "Assessing the Political Landscape:
Structure, Cognition, and Power in Organizations"].
• On the other hand, a title which is too short often uses words which are
too broad and, thus, does not tell the reader what is being studied. For
example, a paper with the title, "African Politics" is so non-specific the
title could be the title of a book and so ambiguous that it could refer to

28
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

According to Wilkinson (1991, cited in Creswell 1994,3), research title should each topic page collects news articles, reference and archival
be: information, photos, graphics, audio and video files. Content is available
New York Times without charge on articles going back to 1981.
• brief and free of wasting words such as: “An Approach to ….” and “A Study of….” Topics
• using a single or double title. For instance: “An Ethnography: Understanding a Child’s (https://www.nytimes.com/topic/organization/the-new-york-times)
Perception of War.”
• considering a title no longer 12 words, an online resource covering a wide range of social issues from a variety
• eliminating most articles and prepositions, and of perspectives. The database contains a media-rich collection of
• inclusive of the research focus or the topic of the study.
Opposing materials, including pro/con viewpoint essays, topic overviews, primary
Viewpoints in source materials, biographies of social activists and reformers, journal
Context articles, statistical tables, charts and graphs, images, videos, and
podcasts. (https://www.gale.com/c/in-context-opposing-viewpoints)
Identifying the Area of Inquiry
provides access to U.S. foreign and domestic research reports, position
Choosing a research topic is a challenging task. And doing so, the following papers, and other documents from think tanks, research institutes, and
questions should be answered: PolicyFile agencies. Contents are updated weekly.
(https://search.proquest.com/legacyredirect/policyfile/index)
1. Which among the several interesting things around you will you focus on?
2. Will you choose a topic that is easy and about which a lot of information is available?
provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. From
3. Will you choose a difficult topic not much available data but is something that you are more
one place, you can search across many disciplines and sources: articles,
into?
4. Will you choose something that your teacher told you to pick?
Google Scholar theses, books, abstracts and court opinions, from academic publishers,
professional societies, online repositories, universities and other web
sites. (https://scholar.google.com/)
After choosing a topic you’re more interested and motivated to explore
about, construct it into a research problem. And if you may find deciding for a
research topic difficult, read related literature and studies about it, or discuss it with Describing the Background of the Study
your friends and classmates. Describe the topic briefly as to why you find it
interesting, or what aspects of the topic you wish to ponder on more. After taking all The background of the study is one of the key aspects you need to get right
of these into consideration, try to construct a tentative research title and make some when you are writing a research paper. It is the key to introducing your readers to
modifications and revisions as your study progresses. Make sure that your working the topic of your research, and it is different from the introduction. The background
title reflects and summarizes that which you want to explain or explore in the said of the study is a part of a research provided in the introduction section of the paper.
pursuit. In summary, a good background of the study is the work done to determine that your
research question or thesis topic is a problem and that the method used is the one
Table 1: Resources for Identifying a Research Problem required to solve the issue or answer the question (Olawale, 2020).
RESOURCES DESCRIPTION
a collection of single-themed public policy reports that provide an
According to Olawale (2020), the background of the study is a part of a
overview of an issue. Each report includes background information, an
assessment of the current policy situation, statistical tables and maps, research provided in the introduction section of the paper. The background of the
CQ Researcher study is a compilation of adequate information that is based on the analysis of the
pro/con statements from representatives of opposing positions, and a
bibliography of key sources. (https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/) problem or proposed argument, the steps and methods needed to arrive at the

29
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

design and the implementation of the results achieved and feasible solutions. It is How to write background of the study in a research paper?
different from the introduction. The introduction only contains the preliminary
information about your research question, or thesis topic and readers will be learning • Stage 1. At the beginning stages of formulating your thesis, many of the issues are still very
unclear, and you need to solidify your thoughts, you should conduct preliminary research. You
in your paper. It is simply and overviews the research question or thesis topic. But conduct this preliminary research on the specific topic, and the area of study will help you to
the background of your study is more in-depth and explains why your research topic put forward a research question or thesis statement that will finally lead to more relevant and
or thesis is worth the time of your readers. Your paper background of study will specific research. You can visit a library, check the Internet and other electronic databases to
provide your readers with context to the information talked about throughout your find preliminary sources such as scholarly journals and books about your background of the
study.
research paper. It can include both relevant and essential studies.
• Stage 2. Read and gather the information you need to develop a thesis statement or research
question that will guide your thesis. You should take notes and also keep an accurate track of
the sources of information you have used up to this point. A lot of people use note cards, but
it’s easier and better to use electronic note-taking programs in this electronic age. Just make
sure to use a form or recording that is comfortable and easier for you. Also, make sure you cite
the source of every information you are using on each note so that you won’t forget where you
got the information from, just in case you want to use it in your thesis.

• Stage 3. Develop and pen down research question or thesis statement. Think about the things
you’ve read and searched for issues or solutions that have been found by other people and
then formulate your stance or opinion on the issue. Write out your position or opinion as an
authoritative statement. You can decide to do more detailed research at this point and look for
more sources that are more relevant to your research question or thesis.

• Stage 4. Complete your research using question and thesis statement as your guide. You should
be able to find sources that are relevant to your specific thesis and provide more insight into
your research question. It is critical that your sources provide information on the history and
past researches related to your thesis or research question.

• Stage 5. As you create your background study, create relevant sections. When you start
writing, create five different sections that have the key issues, major findings, and the
controversies that are surrounding your research question or thesis and also a section that
provides evaluation and a conclusion.

• Stage 6. Identify the further studies that need to be done in the in the conclusion section. And
also mention possible solutions to the issue that have not been put into consideration in the
past.

• Stage 7. Do a revision and editing of your background of the study. You can write out several
drafts of your work, revising, editing, and adding more information as you do so before coming
up with the final one. Make sure each draft is better than the previous. You can also ask
Fig 1. Steps in Developing a Research Background (Olawale, 2020) someone else to help you go through it (Olawale, 2020).

30
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

References Important
RemInderS
Why research feels really hard at first. (2014, October 28). Retrieved from • Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the other
activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a separate paper.
https://a3nm.net/blog/research_hard.html
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s),
pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to my email at
Hartley, James. (2005, January 01). “To Attract or to Inform: What are Titles for?” germanvertudez1211gmail.com following this format:
Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 35 (2005): 203-213; Jaakkola, (SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME e.g.
Maarit. “Journalistic Writing and Style.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of IC1MA_BINABAN_PRINCESS_SCAVENGERS HUNT), or send a digital copy from your
flash drive together with this activity sheet.
Communication. Jon F. Nussbaum, editor. (New York: Oxford University Press,
2018): Retrieved from Name: _______________________________________________________________
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250146976_To_attract_or_to_inform Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________
_What_are_titles_for Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________

Olawale, Johnson. (2020) Retrieved from https://www.legit.ng/1174941-

background-study-research-write- RATING:
2020.html#:~:text=The%20background%20of%20the%20study%20is%20a%20par
t%20of%20a,introduction%20section%20of%20the%20paper.&text=In%20summ
ary%2C%20a%20good%20background,issue%20or%20answer%20the%20questio ACTIVITY 1
Constructing a Working Research Title
n.

Melegrito, M.L. PhD Cand., Mendoza, D.J. PhD., (2016). Applied Research: An In 1 – 3 sentences, complete the questions below as indicated. Numbers 1 - 3 will be graded
Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods and Report Writing. Identifying based on this rubric:
Topics in an Area of Inquiry. pp 45 - 54. Quezon City. Phoenix Publishing House, 5 – Excellent 2 – Poor or Needs Improvement (s)
Inc. 4 – Good 1 – Very Poor
3 – Fair or Average 0 – Not Observed
. CRITERIA 5 4 3 2 1 0
1. Following activity direction(s)
2. Clarity of explanation of the research topic
description
3. Feasibility and specificity of the study
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. My study is about (state the topic of interest and provide a brief but succinct
description of it)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

31
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

______________________________________________________________________ For Academic Track:

______________________________________________________________________ a. “Impacts of Mobile Educational Apps on the Academic Performance in Oral
______________________________________________________________________ Communication Skills among Grade 12 GAS Students” (Luneta, K., Martija, M.,
______________________________________________________________________ and Salvador, J., 2019)
______________________________________________________________________ b. “Effectiveness of Social Media Platform (Facebook Page) on a Buy and Sell
______________________________________________________________________ Enterprise among Student Entrepreneurs” (De Guia, L., Doctolero, J., and
______________________________________________________________________ Bautista, A., 2019)
______________________________________________________________________ c. “Antibacterial Activity of Ixora coccinea Leaf Extract towards Pseudomonas
______________________________________________________________________ aeruginosa” (Boquiren, S., Lasquite, A.J., Quirante, S., Domingo, I., 2020)
d. “Efficiency of the Brine Solution in Generating Electricity through Magnetism.”
2. In the study, I would like to (what aspect of the study would you like to study and why?) (Guan, J.J., Teofilo, R.N., Rampola, M., et.al, 2020)
________________________________________________________________ e. “The Influence of Access to Informal STEM Learning Experiences on Middle
________________________________________________________________ School Students’ Self-efficacy and Interest in STEM.” (Yao, S., 2019)
________________________________________________________________
For Technical – Vocational Livelihood (TVL) and Arts and Design Tracks:
________________________________________________________________
a. “C++ Scheduler: A Proposed Student Daily Schedule Monitoring System for
________________________________________________________________ Senior High School Students at Asian Institute of Computer Studies –
________________________________________________________________ Montalban” (Bawar, M.L., Caoile, M.A., et.al, 2020)
________________________________________________________________ b. “TCEER (Turbo C++ College Entrance Exam Reviewer): A Proposed System for
________________________________________________________________ Test-Taking Drills for State Universities and Colleges (SUCs)” (Hipolito, J.M.,
________________________________________________________________ Torres, K., Pablo, M.J. et.al, 2020)
________________________________________________________________ c. “I PROG: Effectiveness of Individualized Online Computer Software Learning
among G11 ICT Students at Asian Institute of Computer Studies – Montalban”
3. How do you describe a research background? (Crame, J.M., Cielos, R.A., Loresco, R., et.al, 2020)
______________________________________________________________________ d. “A study comparing table-based and list-based smartphone interface usability.”
______________________________________________________________________ (Finley, Patrick., 2013)
______________________________________________________________________ e. “A Light Bulb Powered by Magnetic Forces of Direct Current Motor” (Almazar,
______________________________________________________________________ A., Muleta, J., Tarcilo, J., et.al.)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ My Research’s Tentative Title:
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Draft a working research title. Underline and label the important components __________________________________________________________________
(independent variable, dependent variable, research respondents, locale of the study, __________________________________________________________________
and the research objectives, if observed) of your constructed title. See the sample
researches of AICS – Montalban students, San Jose Litex Senior High School students,
and others for reference. (10 points)

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

Bryman (2008), on the other hand, cited three important aims of a problem
FIRST QUARTER
Research Problems statement. These are as follows:

MODULE and Questions a. introduce the reader to the importance of the topic being studied so that the

5
reader is oriented to the significance of the study and the research questions
At the end of this module, you are expected to: or hypotheses to follow;
• Formulate and describe a research problem,
b. place the problem in a particular context by defining the parameters of what
• Explain the role of research question in the research process,
• Write a research question that corresponds with the purpose of your is to be investigated; and
INCLUSIVE DATE: research, and c. provide the framework for reporting the results by indicating what is probably
• Cite the values or benefits of your study. necessary to conduct the study and explain how the findings will present the
information.
RESEARCH KEY QUESTIONS:
• How do you formulate a research problem and questions? Bwisa (2018) said that A statement of the problem is used in research work
• How do you cite the benefits of and beneficiaries of your study? as a claim that outlines the problem addressed by a study. The ultimate goal of a
statement of the problem is to transform a generalized problem (something that
bothers you; a perceived lack) into a targeted, well-defined problem; one that can
be resolved through focused research and careful decision-making. Writing a
statement of the problem should help you clearly identify the purpose of the
research project you will propose. Often, the statement of the problem will also
Overview serve as the basis for the introductory section of your final proposal, directing your
reader’s attention quickly to the issues that your proposed project will address and
providing the reader with a concise statement of the proposed project itself.

Research Problems and Questions A statement of problem need not be long and elaborate: one page is more
than enough for a good statement of problem. A good research problem should
have the following key characteristics:
According to Alvesson and Sandberg (2013) as cited by Melegrito and a. It should address a gap in knowledge.
Mendoza (2016), “a research is the main organizing principle guiding the analysis of b. It should be significant enough to contribute to the existing body of research
your paper.” It provides you a venue for expressing what you want to convey and c. It should lead to further research
signifies three things: d. The problem should render itself to investigation through collection of data
a. the core subject matter of scholarly communication; e. It should be of interest to the researcher and suit his/her skills, time, and
b. the means by which you arrive at other topics of conversations; and resources
c. the discovery of new knowledge and understanding. f. The approach towards solving the problem should be ethical.

33
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

A research problem is a broad issue that you would like to address through
your research. It identifies a difficulty, doubt, or an area of concern, in theory or in EXAMPLES:
practice, that requires thought and investigation. It is an anomaly, a limitation, or a - What is the frequency of the use of different training methods in
troubling question in the real world that needs to be addressed. You can break your industry?
research problem into smaller questions that will help you move towards solving the - How prevalent is the use of drugs among prison inmates?
problem. Now let us understand what a research question is. A research question is - What are the reasons given for absences from work among information
the specific concern that you will answer through your research. It is derived from technology workers?
your research problem but is based on your study design. When you narrow down - What is the distribution of members of each social class in a
your research problem to a specific idea that points towards a feasible way to geographical area?
investigate or address your research problem, you get your research question. - How prevalent are sleep disorders among middle management
Specifying your research question is the first step in the direction of actually solving personnel?
your research problem. You can then formulate the aim of your study based on your - What do customers use as criteria for choosing which supermarket to
research question and accordingly decide the objectives of your research (Bwisa, patronize?
2018). - What is the range of support available to unemployed young people in
the community?
Moreover, a research question should be testable, and it should be: - What is the nature of counselling support provided for overseas
a. of sufficient scope as to be resolvable with resources available; students?
b. not involved in proving right or wrong; and
c. stated in such a way as to define clearly the problem to be investigated. EXPLORATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative research questions inquire about the relationships among QUESTIONS:

variables that the investigator seeks to know. They are used frequently in social - Which characteristics or details relate to observed events, phenomena,
science research and especially in survey studies. Quantitative hypotheses, on the or reasoning?
other hand, are predictions the researcher makes about the expected relationships
among variables (Creswell, 2018). Research can be classified based on the nature and EXAMPLES:
purpose of the study (Black, 2008). - Do assembly-line workers suffer from sleep disorders more or less than
the general population of employed persons?
Table 1: Categories of Research Questions - How do voting patterns a given community compare to the results of
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH the most recent elections?
- Is there any relationship between age and perception on quality of
QUESTIONS: music?
- What events or outcomes are occurring? - Do employers have the same perception of aims for schools as does the
- What are the characteristics of a category or persons or organizations? general population?
- How prevalent or wide spread are the events or phenomena? - What is the nature of preference for specific religions among members
of social classes?

34
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

EVALUATIVE RESEARCH - Is there any relationship between household income and do-it-
QUESTIONS: yourself (DIY) activities, and is there a link to decline in usage of
- How will/did a process or procedure work? (Such a question tends to be professionals?
more applied than basic, but it still ought to be founded on an
established model of theory, or form the basis for a new one) EXPLANATORY RESEARCH

EXAMPLES: QUESTIONS:
- Which of several possible programmers had the greatest impact on - What are the causes of an observed outcome? (Here, we are
reducing long-term unemployment? interested in testing proposed causal relationships and identifying one
- Do the subjects young people study at school differentially increase the or more potential independent variables and their effect on the
probability of subsequent employment? dependent variable).
- Which of several counselling approaches has the greatest success on
reducing the return to drinking among alcoholics? EXAMPLES:
- Which teaching approach had the greatest appeal to the learners? - Which side of the brain is predominantly responsible for computer
mouse manipulation?
PREDICTIVE RESEARCH - During periods or high unemployment, does the perceived threat of
unemployment reduce spending among those employed?
QUESTIONS: - Do genetic traits or environmental conditions have the greatest
- What will happen if one variable changes? (We do not always have impact on the tendency of male children of alcoholics to become
the control over variables. Things happen and we are just observers. alcoholics themselves?
There is not necessarily the intent to determine causality, but to
identify the existence and strength of relationships between CONTROL RESEARCH
variables)
EXAMPLES: QUESTIONS:
- If family size (number of children) increases, is there necessarily an - What will happen to the second proposed dependent variable if the
increase or decrease in family income? suspected independent variable is changed?
- Are there any relationships between social class, educational - Are there any side effects to the independent variable of interest?
achievement, and drug use among 18 to 24 – year olds? (We could test the application of a relationship described in a theory
- What relationships exist across marriage, stability, family income, to a new situation, or replicate another study that has tested a causal
job stability, and educational level of partners? relationship).
- At which times of the year do people of different age groups prefer
to take overseas holidays? EXAMPLES:
- Do people who are good at Mathematics, Science, or Technical - Can stress in patients about to undergo surgery be reduced by specific
subjects tend to be poor at English? types of nurse intervention?

35
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

- If the organization changes to flextime (flexible starting and finishing b. Training skilled people - This is a critical means for the transfer of
times for employees), will productivity increase as compared to knowledge from research to companies and other organizations that
present levels? apply it. The benefits of developing human capital go well beyond formal
- Would an increase in tax allowances for low-income families or education – those who perform research acquire substantial tacit
separate payment for the day care children or retired parents have the knowledge of how to make innovations work in reality. Tacit knowledge
greatest impact on reducing unemployment? by its nature can only be transferred through direct contact or mobility of
- What night-time medication regime (where prescriptions allow) would people (Zellner, 2003).
enhance the quality of sleep of hospital patients?
- Will tranquilizers enhance examination performance or highly stressed c. Creating new scientific instrumentation and methodologies and
students? collaborating with users in the use of such facilities or processes. Many
key technologies used widely in the economy have their foundations in
Source: Black, 2008 as cited by Melegrito and Mendoza (2016) research instruments and the relationship continues over time as the
demands of leading-edge research stretch requirements and lead to
solutions. Celebrated examples include the origins of the World Wide
The Value of Research in your Area of Interest Web at CERN and the spread of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance extended it
from being a tool for analytical chemistry to form the basis of non-
There are two things that we need to consider concerning the value of invasive medical diagnostic instruments.
research in a particular area of interest, namely: 1) contribution in the field of
knowledge and literature, and 2) benefits to the users of the knowledge generated d. Collaborating in research projects and networks with users. This leads to
(Melegrito and Mendoza, 2016). coproduction of knowledge and may address directly problems or
challenges posed by users from both economic and social domains. An
Luke Georghiou (2015), a member of Research, Innovation, and Science extensive review of academic engagement concluded that the increasing
Policy Experts (RISE), highlighted the key pathways to generate the value of importance accorded to achieving societal impact when allocating or
research as cited in the work of Salter and Martine (2001), namely: evaluating research funding meant that a much better understanding of
a. Increasing the stock of useful knowledge. This is primarily achieved by the relationship between excellence and impact is needed (Perkmann et
publication but also operates through the creation of secured intellectual al, 2013). Other approaches highlight processes which lead to changes in
property. The codified knowledge secured in this way forms the basis for behaviors or organizational structures, development and delivery of
one channel of realizing value, the commercialization of research through services and supporting regulatory, standards or ethical frameworks.
licensing and creation of spin-out companies. However, formal
commercialization remains a relatively small part of the value created. As e. Knowledge spillovers - Knowledge created by one agent can be used by
one indicator, while the number of patents produced by HEIs grew by a another without financial compensation, or with compensation less than
factor of five in the decade to 2006, they still accounted for less than the value of the knowledge. This can take place against the will of the
2.0% of EPO applications. The use of codified knowledge is widely thought originator, for example through reverse engineering or imitation, but it
to require substantial capacity in R&D to understand and apply it. may also result from deliberate disclosure through publication or

36
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

patenting. Open access and open data help to accelerate this process for References
publicly funded research.

f. Market spillovers - Market forces cause buyers of new product or Bwisa, Henry. (2018, May 15). The basics of writing a statement of the problem for
products made with new processes to get some of the benefit because your research proposal. Retrieved from https://www.editage.com/insights/the-
not all of the product’s superiority or price reduction is captured in price basics-of-writing-a-statement-of-the-problem-for-your-research-
(also described as the consumer surplus). proposal#:~:text=What%20are%20the%20key%20characteristics,address%20a%20
gap%20in%20knowledge.&text=The%20problem%20should%20render%20itself%2
g. Network spillovers – These arise when the commercial or economic value 0to%20investigation%20through%20collection%20of%20data
of a new technology is dependent upon developments in related areas,
for example communication systems. Firms may fail to coordinate their Venkatesh. (2008). Topic, Purpose, and Research Questions (PDF File). Sage
activities without intervention. This is particularly important when trying Publication Inc. Retrieved from https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm
to establish a new standard or ecosystem, for example the Future binaries/22782_Chapter_7.pdf
Internet.
Georghiou, Luke. (June 2015). Value of Research (PDF File). European Commission.
Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/expert-
Stating the Significance of the Study and its Beneficiaries groups/rise/georghiou-value_research.pdf

Melegrito and Mendoza (2016) cited the following tips outlined by Johnson Melegrito, M.L. PhD Cand., Mendoza, D.J. PhD., (2016). Applied Research: An
(2011) in citing benefits and beneficiaries: Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods and Report Writing. Identifying
Topics in an Area of Inquiry. pp 55 – 72. Quezon City. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
1. List any academic beneficiaries from the research and give details on how
they will benefit and how the results of the proposed research will be
disseminated;
2. Specific beneficiaries might be: a) researchers in the investigator’s immediate
professional circle carrying out similar or related research; b) researchers in
other disciplines; c) and researchers in other academic institutions;
3. Describe the relevance of the research to its beneficiaries: a) identify the
potential academic impact of the proposed work; b) show how the research
will benefit other researchers; c) identify whether the research will produce
data or materials of benefit to other researchers by explaining how these will
be stored, maintained, and made available; d) explain any collaboration with
other researchers and their role in the project.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

3. If the number of children in a family increases, is

Important there necessarily an increase or decrease in
RemInderS family income?
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the other 4. Which of several counselling approaches had the
activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a separate paper. greatest success on reducing the incidence of
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s), bullying among middle school students?
pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to my email at 5. Is there significant relationship between age and
germanvertudez1211gmail.com following this format: appreciation of quality of art works?
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME e.g.
6. What is the nature of preferences for specific
IC1MA_BINABAN_PRINCESS_SCAVENGERS HUNT), or send a digital copy from your
flash drive together with this activity sheet.
religions among members of social classes?
7. How prevalent is the use of illegal drugs among
prison female inmates?
Name: _______________________________________________________________ 8. What do customers use as criteria for choosing
which online shops to patronize?
Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________
9. What is the nature of counselling support
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________
provided for overseas students?
10. Can stress in students about to take an entrance
examination be reduced by specific types of
RATING: teaching intervention?

ACTIVITY 1 Name: _______________________________________________________________

Constructing a Working Research Title Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________
Determine the type of questions outlined in the table below. Write your answer on the space
provided (2 points each)
RATING:
TYPES
(descriptive, explanatory,
QUESTIONS
predictive, evaluative,
control, explorative)
ACTIVITY 2
1. Will Gingko Biloba supplementation enhance the
examination performance of underachieving
Research Benefits and Beneficiaries
students? In 1-3 sentences, answer the following questions as indicated. Your answer will be graded
2. Are there significant relationship between socio- using the 3-point scoring rubric below. (NOTE: Total Score + 2)
economic status and early drug use among
teenagers?

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

3 – Excellent 2 – Pass 1 – Low Pass 0 – Fail (not observed) ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
CRITERIA 3 2 1 0 ___________________________________________________________
1. Following all activity instructions ___________________________________________________________
2. Clarity of explanation - the writing is clear, and the
reasoning is absent of all but minor or considerable b. Who are the beneficiaries? Why do you think so?
flaws
___________________________________________________________
3. fully addresses the stated topic and provides a
___________________________________________________________
meaningful connection to some matter of importance
beyond that topic. ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
1. A survey on the presidential preference of the basic sectors (farmers, ___________________________________________________________
fisherfolk, indigenous people, laborers, and urban poor) in the 2016 ___________________________________________________________
elections. ___________________________________________________________
a. What is the value of the research? Explain. ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ 3. A study on the impact of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) of
___________________________________________________________ DSWD on urban and rural poor households.
___________________________________________________________ a. What is the value of the research? Explain.
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
b. Who are the beneficiaries? Why do you think so? ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ b. Who are the beneficiaries? Why do you think so?
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. A study on the perception of the urban poor on the housing program of ___________________________________________________________
the government. ___________________________________________________________
a. What is the value of the research? Explain. ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

Name: _______________________________________________________________ SAMPLE:

Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________ “Relationship between Monetary Incentives and Morale of Employees in
the Small Local Enterprises”
RATING:
Statement of the Problem:
The researchers aim to determine the relationship between monetary incentives and
the morale of employees in the small local enterprises in Montalban.
ACTIVITY 3 The researchers would like to answer the following questions:
Writing a Research Problem and Question 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
Using your constructed and approved research title, write or state your research problem a. age;
(Statement of the Research Problem and research questions. See the sample for reference. b. gender;
Your output will be graded based on this rubric (Bryman, 2008): c. socio-economic status; and
d. educational achievements?
10 – Excellent 4-5- – Poor or Needs Improvement (s) 2. What effects do monetary incentives have on the morale predisposition of the
8-9– Good 1-3 – Very Poor employees?
6-7 – Fair or Average 0 – Not Observed
3. Is there significant relationship between monetary incentives and morale
among the employees in small local employees in Montalban?
CRITERIA SCORE
1. Clarity and precision DO IT HERE
2. Demonstrate a researchable or feasible topic or issue
3. Identification of an overarching question or a small
set of questions accompanied by key factors and
variables
4. Conveyance of the study’s importance, benefits, and
justification.
5. Articulation of the study’s boundaries or parameters
or limitations.
TOTAL POINTS

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

Table 1: Examples Constitutive and Operational Definition of Terms.

FIRST QUARTER Operational Definition of Terms and CONSTITUTIVE (CONCEPTUAL) OPERATIONAL
Formulation of Conceptual and Theoretical
MODULE Framework, Research Citation and Hypothesis
1. Problem-based learning (PBL) is a “term 1. In this study, PBL refers to the

6
used within education for a range of instructional approach that
At the end of this module, you are expected to: pedagogic approaches that encourage allowed nursing students to
• Operationally define the relevant terminologies used in research, students to learn through the structured explore real clinical problems
• Illustrate and explain the conceptual framework, they would encounter later in a
• Identify and explain the different styles of citing related literature and studies,
exploration of a research problem” and is
a “term describing techniques that make small group (6 to 8 students
INCLUSIVE DATE: • Cite related literature and studies using the standard style (APA citation styles),
• Write a coherent review of related literature and studies, and
per group) either via face-to-
students take an active, task-oriented,
• Follow ethical standards in writing related literature and studies. face or online learning
and self-directed approach to their own
sessions. These instructional
learning” (Mills, 2006, p. 1) as cited by approaches thus
RESEARCH KEY QUESTIONS: Moo (2019). operationalized in two delivery
• What are the criteria in selecting, citing, and synthesizing related literature and studies?
• What are the ethical standards in writing related literature and studies? modes, face-to-face and online
• How do you formulate conceptual and theoretical frameworks, and research hypothesis? PBL delivery modes.
• How should the terminologies used in research be defined?
2. Learning achievement refers to students’ 2. Learning achievement was
performance in leaning a specific content defined as scores obtained by
area or a course of study. the Diploma Nursing Students
in a True or False Question Test
on a cardiovascular nursing
Overview subject. The test was made up
of three levels of questions
based on the Bloom’s
taxonomy of objectives, that is
Recall, Comprehension, and
Definition of Terms
Application.
3. Intelligence is the product of the 3. “Intelligence relates positively
Operational definition is stated in terms of operations or procedures that interaction of a person’s heredity and to achievement” implies that
must be carried out in observing or measuring that which is being defined. In other environment) or by ascribing their key the higher the intelligence level
words, terms should be defined on how the researcher used them in their research. characteristics (i.e. intelligence is the of a person, the better he
On the other hand, a constitutive or conceptual definition is the dictionary type of ability to deal with tasks involving achieves OR intelligence level
definition. This type of definition helps to convey the general meaning of a variable, abstractions). Rogayan (n.d.) maybe defined operationally by
but it is not precise enough for research purposes (Moo, 2019). its measurement i.e. the result
of an IQ test, while the

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

achievement level can be The review of related literature can be stated using the following forms: 1)
measured by an achievement Integrative Literature – it is simply a summary of past research largely found in
test whether standardized or dissertation proposals and dissertations; 2) Theoretical Literature – this is where the
teacher-made. researcher focuses on extant theory that relates to the problem being studied. It is
4. Intrinsic motivation arises from the 4. In empirical study, researchers best demonstrated in journal articles; and 3) Methodological Literature – it provides
organismic needs for competence and infer intrinsic motivation from not only a summary of the studies but also an actual critique of the strengths and
self-determination and energizes a participant's extent of weaknesses of the methods sections. It is found in dissertations and review of related
behavior for which the rewards are the engagement with a target literature in journal articles.
experiences of effectance and autonomy activity during a free choice
period in which there exists no Melegrito and Mendoza (2016) cited the guidelines, uses and creation of
(Deci & Ryan, 1985) as cited by Reeve
extrinsic reward, pressure, or literature review for quantitative research that Creswell (1994) provided.
(1997). Intrinsic motivation is an inner
contingent to do so.
drive that propels a person to pursue an Table 2: Guidelines and Uses of Literature Review
activity, not for external rewards, but GUIDELINES USES
because the action itself is enjoyable 1. Include a substantial To provide directions for the research
amount of literature questions or hypotheses.
(at least 10)
2. In planning a The literature is used to introduce a problem
Review of Related Literature (RRL)
quantitative study and is advanced as a basis for comparison
with the results to be found in the study.
A literature review is defined as an examination of relevant books, scholarly 3. Review of Related It is used deductively as a framework for the
articles, and any other resources pertinent to an area of research. It provides an Literature (RRL) research questions or hypotheses.
overview of the sources (printed or online) you have explored while researching a 4. If a separate review It considers whether the literature will be
particular topic and demonstrates to your readers how your research fits within a of the literature is described as integrative summaries,
larger field of study. Melegrito and Mendoza (2016) cited the work of Creswell (1994,
used. theoretical reviews, or methodological
20-21) regarding the functions of literature review such as:
a. It shares with the reader the results of other studies that are closely related to
reviews.
the study being reported.
b. It relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the literature about a
topic, filling in gaps and extending prior studies.
c. It provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study, as well
as a benchmark for comparing the results of a study with other findings.

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

Writing review of related literature (RRL) is such a tedious task. Below are The rules differ depending on the type of source you are using and the
suggestions to help you undertake the task: citation style so make sure you look up the rules for the citation style you are using. A
citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual works
1. Decide on what reference styles to use.
that you utilized to support your research. It can also be used to locate particular
sources and combat plagiarism, or the act of presenting someone else’s work or
ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work
without full acknowledgement. All published and unpublished material, whether in
manuscript, printed or electronic form, is covered under this definition. Plagiarism
may be intentional or reckless, or unintentional (University of Oxford, n.d.).

Table 3. APA Citation Examples

Material Type
In-text Citation (paraphrase / quotation)
Bibliography / References (format and list or examples)

PRINT ARTICLES

BOOK (with one author)

(Cottrell, 2013) / (Cottrell, 2013, p. 156)
Author surname, Initial. (Year). Title of book (edition, if mentioned). Place of
publication: Publisher.
Fig 1. The type of citation style you will use depends on the class you are • Cottrell, S. (2013). The study skills handbook (5th ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave
writing for because different disciplines use different styles. Macmillan.

Citation is the way you tell your readers that certain materials in your work BOOK (with two authors)
came from another source. No matter the citation style, there are a few basics you (Burley & Harris, 2002, p. 153)
need to know about each source, including: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial.
a) Title of the work, Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
b) Author(s), • Burley, J., & Harris, J. (Eds.). (2002). A companion to genethics. Malden, MA:
c) Publisher/Source, Blackwell.
d) Year of publication,
e) Type (book, journal, tweet, interview, film, etc...)

43
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

BOOK (with multiple authors) Subtitle (pp. #-#). Publication details OR url OR doi
(Johnson, Roberts, & Worell, 1999, p. 72) OR
(Johnson et al., 1999, p. 72) EDITED BOOKS (no chapter authors)
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Author Surname, First Initial. Second ..... (Leonard & Crawford, 2002). OR Leonard and Crawford (2002) suggest that
Initial., & Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title. Subtitle. ....OR " ..... " (Leonard & Crawford, 2002, p. 52). OR Leonard and Crawford (2002)
Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial state that " ...... " (p. 52).
et.al. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
• Johnson, N. G., Roberts, M. C., & Worell, J. (Eds.). (1999). Beyond appearance: A Print Books - Leonard W. R. & Crawford M. H. (Eds.). (2002). Human biology of
new look at adolescent girls. Washington, DC: American Psychological pastoral populations. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Association. eBooks with URL - Editor Surname, A. (Ed.). (YEAR). Book title: Subtitle (# ed.).
• Johnson, N. G. et.al. (1999). Beyond appearance: A new look at adolescent girls. Retrieved from http://url_of_ebook_database
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. eBooks with DOI - Editor Surname, A. (Ed.). (YEAR). Book title: Subtitle (# ed.).
https://doi.org/##########
BOOK (with no author) Translated Books (no author) - Translator Surname, A. (Trans.). (YEAR). Book title:
(Merriam-Webster's, 2005, p. 3) Subtitle (# ed.). Place of publication: Publisher.
Book title: Subtitle. (Year). Place of Publication: Publisher.
• Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA: BOOKS (Editions & Republished works)
Merriam-Webster. TRANSLATED:
(Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation, p.#). (Smith, 1918/2010,
EDITED BOOKS (with chapter authors) p. 23). OR (Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of Translation). (Smith,
The classification of PTSD has historically been contentious (Brett, 1996) OR Brett 1918/2010).
(1996) states that "the classification of PTSD was controversial" (p. 117). OR ...
"the classification of PTSD was controversial" (Brett, 1996, p. 117). REPUBLISHED WORKS:
(Surname, Year Published/Year of Original Publication, p.#). (Freud, 2001/1896, p.
Print Books: Brett, E. A. (1996). The classification of posttraumatic stress disorder. 142). OR (Surname, Year Published/Year of Original Publication). (Freud,
In B. van der Kolk, A. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects 2001/1896).
of overwhelming stress on mind, body and society (pp. 17–128). New York, NY:
Guilford Press.
eBooks with URL - Chapter Author, A. (YEAR). Chapter title: Subtitle. In A. B. Editor TRANSLATED:
(Ed.). Book title: Subtitle (pp. #-#). Retrieved from http://url_of_ebook_database Print Books - Author, A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (B. Translator’s Surname,
eBooks with DOI - Chapter Author, A. (YEAR). Chapter title: Subtitle. In A. B. Editor Trans.). Place of Publication: Publisher. (Original work published YEAR).
(Ed.). Book title: Subtitle (pp. #-#). https://doi.org/########## eBooks - Author, A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (B. Translator’s Surname, Trans.).
Sections from Translated Books - Chapter Author, A. (YEAR). Chapter title: Subtitle. Retrieved from http://url (Original work published YEAR).
In A.B. Editor Surname (Ed.). & A. B. Translator Surname (Trans.). Book title: Edited Book - Durufle, P. (2010). What's wrong with the Rhine? (H. Weaver,
Trans.). In M. Flaubert (Ed.), Pollution in the rivers of Europe (pp. 204-207). New

44
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

York, NY: Bantam. of the three virtues of love, faith and hope.

REPUBLISHED WORKS: The Qur’an prohibits Muslims from eating pork (Qur’an 5:3).
Books - Author, A. (YEAR). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher. • You don’t have to provide a reference list entry for classical religious texts.
(Original work published YEAR). OR Author, A. (YEAR). Book title: Subtitle. However, when writing the first in-text citation you need to include the version
Retrieved from http://url (Original work published YEAR). of the work you used, i.e. In developing their course on comparative religion,
NOTE: For an edited anthology of original works, use the same format as chapters the instructors consulted the Bible (King James Version).
in edited books. In this example the editor is also the translator. • For citations, provide the relevant names and/or numbers of
• Freud, S. (2001). Heredity and the aetiology of the neuroses. In J. Strachey (Ed. chapters/verses/lines.
& Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund
Freud, Volume III (1893-1899) (pp. 141-156). London, UK: Vintage. (Original GALE VIRTUAL REFERENCE LIBRARY
work published 1896). “In the workplace and in other organizational settings, the concept of emotional
intelligence has spawned an entire industry of EI consultants, testing materials,
BOOKS (authors and publisher are the same) and workshops” ("Emotional intelligence", 2001, p. 217).
When the author and publisher are the same, use Author as publisher. When you "The therapeutic relationship is central to counselors' work with clients" (Peterson,
list the pages of the chapter in parentheses, use pp. before the numbers. If a book 2008, p. 832).
or book chapter has a DOI, provide the DOI information at the end. OR
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Cautionary statement for forensic Early researchers identified four areas of emotional intelligence ("Emotional
use of DSM-5. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th intelligence", 2001).
ed.). doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053 Building a therapeutic relationship with clients is a core skill in the counselling
profession (Peterson, 2008).
IMAGES IN BOOKS
Figure 1: Lymph node (Walker, Wood & Nicol, 2013, p. 92). Entry: No Author - Title of entry. (YEAR). In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference work
• Walker, S., Wood, M., & Nicol, J. (2013). Mastering medical terminology: (Vol. #, pp. #-#). Retrieved from http://www.gale.cengage.com
Australia and New Zealand. Chatswood, Australia: Elsevier Health Sciences. • Emotional intelligence. (2001). In B. Strickland (Ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of
Psychology (pp. 217–218). Retrieved from http://www.gale.cengage.com
• John Bowlby. (2016). In J. L. Longe (Ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology
SACRED WORKS (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 141-143). Retrieved from http://www.gale.cengage.com
The Bible describes love in relation to other virtues: “And now these three remain:
faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love” (1 Cor. 13:1 New Entry: With Author - Author. A. B. (YEAR). Title of entry. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of
International Version). reference work (Vol. #, pp. #-#). Retrieved from http://www.gale.cengage.com
The Qur’an 5:3 prohibits Muslims from eating “the flesh of swine”. • Peterson, C.M. (2008). Relationships with clients. In F. T. L. Leong, E. M.
OR Altmaier, & B. D. Johnson (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Counseling (Vol. 2, pp. 832-
n 1 Cor. 13:1 (New International Version), the Bible identifies love as the greatest 837). Retrieved from http://www.gale.cengage.com

45
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

Article title. (Date of publication, showing year, month and date). Name of
IN-PRINT JOURNAL ARTICLE newspaper, Page numbers preceded by p. or pp. for a page range.
(Mellers, 2001) • New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July
(Bernardon, Babb, Hakim-Larson, & Gragg, 2011) [first usage] OR (Bernardon et 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
al., 2011) [following uses]
(Saywitz et al., 2000) [all uses in text]
ONLINE ARTICLES
One Author - Author's name. (Year of publication). Article title. Journal title, JOURNAL ARTICLE (with DOI or digital object identifier)
volume number(issue), pages. (Herbst-Damm & Kulik, 2005)
• Mellers, B.A. (2001). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. • Author name. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Journal title, volume
Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 919-924. number (issue number), pages. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx (when available)

Three – five Authors - Three authors names. (Year of publication). Article title. JOURNAL ARTICLE (without DOI)
Journal Title, volume(issue), pages. (Borman, 1993); (Sillick & Schutte, 2006)
• Bernardon, S., Babb, K.A., Hakim-Larson, J. & Gragg, M. (2011). Loneliness, Author name. (Year of Publication). Article title. Journal title, volume number,
attachment, and the perception and use of social support in university students. pages. Retrieved from from URL.
Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 43(1), 40-51. • Borman, W.C. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor
performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved from
Six or More Authors - First six authors names, et al. (Year of publication). Article https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-39550-001
title. Journal title, volume number, pages. • Sillick, T.J., & Schutte, N.S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem
• Saywitz, K. J., Mannarino, A.P., Berliner, L., Cohen, J.A., Harris, M., Karper, E., mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal
et.al. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from
Psychologist, 55, 1040-49. http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap

MAGAZINE ARTICLE ERIC DOCUMENT

(Kandel & Squire, 2002) (Brewster & Railsback, 2002)
Author or authors name. (Date of publication, showing the year, month and date). Author. (Year). Title of document. Retrieved from ERIC database. (Eric Document
Article title. Magazine title, volume number, page numbers. #)
• Kandle, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2002, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking • Brewster, C., & Railsback, J. (2002). Full-day kindergarten: Exploring an option
down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113- for extended learning. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED472733)
1120.
ONLINE NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
DAILY NEWSPAPER (no author) (Moss, 2011)
("New drug," 1993) Author. (Date, full). Article title. Newspaper title. Retrieved from URL.

46
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

• Moss, M. (2011, March 27). Philadelphia school battles students’ bad eating
habits, on campus and off. The New York Times. Retrieved from WEB DOCUMENT ON UNIVERSITY PROGRAM OR DEPARTMENT WEB SITE
http://www.nytimes.com (Degelman & Harris, 2000)
Author name. (Date of publication). Title. Retrieved Month date, year from
ARTICLE FROM ONLINE NEWS SITE (no author) university name, department name website: URL
("All 33 Chile miners," 2010) • Degelman, D., & Harris, M.L. (2000). APA style essentials. Retrieved May
Article title in author position. (Date of publication, showing year, month date). 18, 2000, from Vanguard University, Department of Psychology website:
Retrieved from URL. http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.cfm?doc_id=796
• All 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue. (2010, October 13). Retrieved from
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39625809/ns/world_news-americas/ NON-PERIODICAL WEB DOCUMENT
(Jones, 2003, chap. 3)
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS/PRESENTATION Author name. (Publication date). Article title. In document title (chapter number if
(Shaw, 1997) provided). Retrieved Month date, year, from website address.
Presenter. (Year, month day). Title of paper or poster. Paper or poster presented • Jones, T.C. (2003). Pollution and banana cream pie. In Great chefs cook
at the meeting of Organization Name, Location. Retrieval information. with chlorofluorocarbons and carbon monoxide (chap.3). Retrieved July 13,
• Shaw, C. L. M. (1997, November). Customer satisfaction: Communication 2001, from http://www.bamm.com/cream/pollution/bananas.htm
training and the help-desk hot-line. Paper presented at the annual meeting of
the National Communication Association, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from ERIC PRESS RELEASE
database. (ED416553) (King Fish Media, 2010)
Author/Organization name. (Publication date). Title [Press release]. Retrieved
from URL.
WEB SOURCES • King Fish Media. (2010). The perfect marriage of content and technology:
WEBPAGE Is social media the new CRM? [Press release]. Retrieved from
(The Center for Public Integrity, n.d.) http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-perfect-marriage-of-
(Dunbar, 2009) content-and-technology--is-social-media-the-new-crm-100760344.html
Author, A. (Date of publication). Title of webpage [Format description]. Retrieved
Month day, year, from URL (corporate author) CASE STUDY
• The Center for Public Integrity. (n.d.). The subprime 25. Retrieved May 3, 2010 (Cespedes et al., 2004)
from https://www.publicintegrity.org/business/finance/whos-behind-financial- • Cespedes, F., Galford, R., Bonsignore, F.N., Buck, M.L., Younger, J., &
meltdown/subprime-25 Leppert, T. (2004). Succession and failure [Case study]. Boston, MA:
• Dunbar, J. & Donald, D. (2009, May 6). The roots of the financial crisis: Who is Harvard Business Publishing.
to blame? Retrieved May 3, 2010, from
https://www.publicintegrity.org/2009/05/06/5449/roots-financial-crisis-who- Note: APA does not have specific guidelines for citing a case study, so citing it
blame depends on whether it is a separate publication or appeared in a journal or book. If

47
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

it is a separate publication, cite it as a book. If the case study appears in a journal respectively. Preamble is abbreviated pmbl. (as in my opening quotation). Article
or in a book, cite it as you would a journal article or chapter in a book. If the case and amendment numbers are given in Roman numerals (I, II, III); section and
study can only be found online, and it appears as a separate document on the clause numbers are given in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3).
website, cite it as you would a web document. • U.S. Const. art. I, § 3.
• U.S. Const. amend. XIX
PODCAST FROM ITUNES UNIVERSITY
Instructor’s/Author’s Name. (Year). Title of podcast [Podcast]. Title of course,
University Name. Podcast retrieved from iTunes University. Other retrieval AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA
information if available. IMAGE OR ARTWORK
• Dreyfus, H. (2006, Spring). Introduction: what is existentialism? [Podcast]. In Person: Artist, A. (Year). Title of work [Format]. Location.
Phil 7, U.C. Berkeley. Retrieved from iTunes University. Also available at: • Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting]. New York, NY: Museum of
http://webcast.berkeley.edu/course_details.php?seriesid=1906978306 Modern Art.

From a website: Artist, A. (Year). Title of work [Format]. Retrieved from URL
LEGAL SOURCES • Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina's world [Painting]. Retrieved from
COURT DECISIONS http://www.moma.org/explore/collection/index
Brown v. Board of Education (1972) • Note: Use this same format to cite pictures you find online.
(Ragas v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co., 1998)
Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date). MOTION PICTURE OR VIDEO RECORDING
• Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). (Scorcese, 2000)
• Ragas v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co., 136 F.3d 455 (5th Cir. 1998) Name, I. (His or her role: Producer, Director, Writer). (Year of production). Title
followed by [Motion picture]. Country of production: Name of movie studio.
STATUTES • Scorcese, J. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can
Mental Health Systems Act (1988) count on me [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.
Popular or official name of the act, source and section number of the statute
(publication date of the statute). TELEVISION SHOW FROM A SERIES
• Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9401 (1988). (Whedon, 1999)
Name, I. (His or her role: Producer, Director, Writer). (Year, air date). Title of
U.S. CONSTITUTION episode [Television series episode]. In names of executive producers, Title of
(U.S. Const. art. I, § 3.) series. Place of production: Name of network.
(U.S. Const. amend. XIX) • Whedon, J. (Director/Writer). (1999, December 14). Hush [Television
All citations of the U.S. Constitution begin with U.S. Const., followed by the article, series episode]. In Whedon, J., Berman, G., Gallin, S., Kuzui, F., & Kuzui, K.
amendment, section, and/or clause numbers as relevant. The terms article, (Executive Producers), Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Burbank, CA: Warner
amendment, section, and clause are always abbreviated art., amend., §, and cl., Bros.

48
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

TELEVISION BROADCAST 2. RESEARCHER – FOCUSED

(Crystal, 1993) - Place only the date in parentheses.
Name, I. (His or her role: Executive Producer, Producer, Director, Writer). (Date of - EXAMPLE: Alibaba, Phillips, and Fischer (2009) asked, “Did the
production showing Year, Month date). Title of show followed by [Television participants adopt the taught strategies?” (p.96)
broadcast]. City or Cities of production: Network name.
• Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer 3. CHRONOLOGY – FOCUSED
news hour [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public - Integrate both the author and date in your sentence.
Broadcasting Service. - EXAMPLE: In 2009, Alibaba, Phillips, and Fischer reported that third-
and-forth grade students improved their problem representation
MUSIC RECORDING when they were taught the equalize strategy but did not improve
(Goodenough, 1982, track 5); (Schocked, 1992, track 5) their problem representation when they were taught the add-
Name of writer. (Year of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different subtract.
from writer]. On Title of Album [Medium of recording: CD, Record, Cassette, etc.].
Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date). NOTE: For other types of citation, please refer to other books or
• Goodenough, J. B. (1982). Tails and trotters [Recorded by G. Box, A. references your research instructor provided.
Mayo, & E. Trickett]. On And so will we yet [CD]. Sharon, CT: Folk-Legacy
Records. (1990) Schocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On Arkansas 2. Establish your priority.
traveler [CD]. New York: Polygram Music. a. Begin with journal articles in respected national journals, especially those
that report research studies. By research, we mean that the author(s)
YOUTUBE VIDEO pose a question or hypothesis, collect data, and try to answer the
Author or compiler name. (Date showing year, month date). Title of video. question or support the hypothesis. Begin with single studies about topic
Retrieved Month date, year, from URL. and then work backward in time.
• Ted. (2020, January 10). Why books are here to stay. Retrieved March 15, b. Next, review books related to the topic. Begin with research monographs
2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Gw5dK48MtI that are summaries of scholarly literature. Then consider entire books
that are on a single topic or that contain chapters written by different
Here are the three options in placing citations: authors.
1. IDEA – FOCUSED c. Follow this search by reading recent conferences on your topic. Often
- Place the author(s) and date(s) in parentheses at an appropriate conference papers report the latest research development. Look for
place in or at the end of the sentence. major national conferences and the papers delivered at them. Most
- EXAMPLE: Researchers have studied how children represent major conferences either require or request that authors submit their
mathematical problems (Alibaba, Phillips, and Fischer, 2009; Sigler, papers for inclusion in computerized indices. (Creswell, 1194, 27 as cited
1976). by Mendoza and Melegrito, 2016).

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

3. Limit the scope of your literature. Conceptual framework is a set of coherent ideas to make it easy to
Include only those materials and information which are salient and relevant to communicate to others; it is an organized way of thinking about how and why a
your research problem. You may organize your paper in this way as proposed project takes place and about how we understand its activities; it is also a basis for
by Creswell, 1994 as cited by Mendoza and Melegrito (2016): thinking about what we do ad about what influenced by ideas mean; it is an overview
a. Literature related to the independent variable (topic 1). of ideas and practices or a set of assumptions, values and definitions; lastly, it
b. Literature related to the dependent variable (topic 2). encapsulates why we use certain methods and how we would analyze the data. A
c. Literature related to literature that relate the independent and hypothesis is an informed speculation which is setup to be tested (particularly in
dependent variable (topic 3) experimental research) the possible relationship between or among variables.
d. Summary (or synthesis of the related literature) According to Prasad, Rao and Rehani as cited by Mendoza and Melegrito (2016), the
nature of hypotheses can be described as follows:
4. Organize a visual research map of the literature that highlights key works and 1. It can be tested.
findings relevant to your study. 2. It is not an ethical issue.
A map of the research literature is a useful tool for writing the literature 3. It is not too specific and not too general.
review. This map is described by Creswell (1994, 29) in the following manner: 4. It is a prediction of consequences.
“Maps are visual rendering of the literature, and they can be organized in 5. It is considered valuable even if proven false.
different ways. The central idea is that the researcher begins to build a visual
picture of existing research about a topic. Although maps can be created Devin Kowalczyk (n.d.) has recommended tips on how to do hypothesis
differently, one approach is to draw a map first stating the topic to be formulation. These are the following:
researched – what would capture in a word or two the key idea presented in the
working title developed in chapter I? For quantitative studies, this idea will be 1. If you can’t measure it, then you can’t form a hypothesis about it.
they key dependent variable in the study; for qualitative studies, it will be the 2. A hypothesis takes the form of an if-then statement. For instance, “if we increase
central focus or phenomenon being explored.” the amount of light during studying, then the participants’ performance on test
scores will decrease.”
3. Assess the hypothesis.
The hypothesis can be proven correct or incorrect based on what happens to the
Formulation of Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks,
test scores. If the test scores don’t change, then the hypothesis is incorrect and
and Research Hypothesis should be rejected.
- Hypotheses:
Conceptual framework is a bit like a recipe or a blueprint. It provides an a. There is a negative correlation between the amount of light during
outline on how you plan to conduct the research for your thesis, but it goes further studying and the participants’ performance on test scores (when one
than that by also positioning your work with the larger field of research. Writing a variable increases, the other one decreases).
conceptual framework can not only help to guide your thesis to ensure that your b. There is a positive correlation between the amount of light during
research stays on track, but it also helps to guide fellow researchers or advisers who studying and the participants’ performance on test scores (both
are analyzing your thesis (Magher, n.d.). variables do in the same direction).

50
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

c. There is a significant relationship between the amount of light during improvement of cooperative learning approach. These variables are all boxed, and
studying and the participants’ performance on test scores arrows are used to indicate relationship among variables.

4. Operationalization Thus, given the conceptual framework, the research questions of this study
- What was done in tip #3 is an example of operationalization. “We changed are:
studying to test scores and the bright light to amount of light. We find a way 1. Is there a significant difference on chemistry achievement test scores before
to measure or quantify a variable. Studying can’t be researched but test and after prolonged exposure to a cooperative learning environment
scores can. “Light” is too vague to be researched on, so it was turned into compared to a chemistry class in a conventional classroom?
amount of light.” 2. To what extent have students developed small group process skills after a
prolonged exposure to a cooperative environment in the study of chemistry?
Transforming the problem statement into a graphical form in terms of boxes
and arrows is one of the most effective ways of visualizing the different variables of Keep in mind that the conceptual framework is based on the literature
the study and the presumed relationship among these variables. This visual or review. It defines the scope and limitations of the study, identifies what will and will
graphical form is called a conceptual framework. not be investigated, and implies the presumed relationship among the variables.

Let’s say your problem statement on the study involving cooperative Teaching and Learning of Chemistry Constructivism
learning: “Prolonged engagement in a cooperative learning environment in a
chemistry class will result in higher academic achievement and development of small
group process skills.”
Conventional Cooperative Learning Approach
Given that problem statement, the conceptual framework for the study is Approach • Think-Pair-Share
shown in figure 1. • Jigsaw Strategy

At one glance, one can see the variables being investigated and their presumed Academic
relationship (academic achievement and small group process skills), the rationale Achievement Academic
(comparing conventional with a cooperative learning strategy), and the context Achievement
(constructive principle) of the study. The method and procedure that the researcher
intends to adopt to carry out the investigation can be implied in the conceptual
framework. This conceptual framework suggests that the teaching and learning of Small Group
Recommendation for
chemistry is anchored on constructivist theory of learning. The main goal or objective Process Skills
Program Improvement
of the study is to compare the traditional or conventional teaching and learning of
chemistry with that of cooperative learning using strategies such as think-pair-share
and jigsaw. The dependent variables are academic achievement and small group Concerns and
process skills. Concerns and issues of students as they engage in cooperative learning Issues of
will also be determined. Another variable of interest is the recommendations for the Students
Fig 1. The Conceptual Framework of the study about cooperative learning
51
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

References

Moo, Lily. (2019, July 17). Retrieved from Social Work Resources: APA Style for Print Journal Articles. (2020, January 17).
https://www.scribd.com/document/418026200/Constitutive-vs-Operational- Retrieved from https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/c.php?g=45794&p=291303
Definitions
Melegrito, M.L. PhD Cand., Mendoza, D.J. PhD., (2016). Applied Research: An
What is Intrinsic Motivation & How Does it Work? (2020, June 22). Retrieved from Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods and Report Writing. Learning
https://www.parentingforbrain.com/intrinsic-motivation/ from Others: Review of the Related Literature pp 73- 100. Quezon City. Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.
Reeve, J., and Nix, G., (Expressing Intrinsic Motivation Through Acts
of Exploration and Facial Displays of Interest (PDF File). Retrieved from Pulmones, Richard, PhD., and Religioso, Teresita F., (2016). Quantitative
http://www.johnmarshallreeve.org/uploads/2/7/4/4/27446011/reeve_nix1997.1 Research. Learning from Others: Review of the Related Literature. pp 43- 59.
08220934.pdf Quezon City. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

University of Oxford. (2020). Plagiarism. Retrieved from

https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism#:~:text=Pla
giarism%20is%20presenting%20someone%20else's,is%20covered%20under%20t
his%20definition.

University of Pittsburg. (2020, July 31). Citation Styles: APA, MLA, Chicago,
Turabian, IEEE: APA 7th Edition. Retrieved from
https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp/apa7

UTICA College. (2020, April 10). APA 6th Edition: Two Authors or Editors.
Retrieved from
https://utica.libguides.com/c.php?g=291672&p=1943042#:~:text=The%20genera
l%20format%20below%20refers,marks%20(see%20the%20Example).

Australian College of Applied Psychology. (n.d.) Reference in APA 6th. Retrieved

from https://libguides.navitas.com/apa/edited

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

Important
RemInderS
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the other
activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a separate paper.
2. Success in an
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation (s),
pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to my email at examination
germanvertudez1211gmail.com following this format:
(SECTION_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME_ACTIVITYNAME e.g.
IC1MA_BINABAN_PRINCESS_SCAVENGERS HUNT), or send a digital copy from your
flash drive together with this activity sheet.

Name: _______________________________________________________________
Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________ 3. Intrinsic
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________ Motivation

RATING:

ACTIVITY 1
Defining the Research Terms 4. Attitude
In one (1) sentence, give the constitutive (conceptual) and operational definitions of the
following variables. Define and limit the research context of how the variables will be
investigated in a would-be research (2 points each)

VARIABLES CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

5. Intelligence
1. Learning

53
 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

Name: _______________________________________________________________ 3.
Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________
Attendance in a Performance in
RATING: daycare center kindergarten

ACTIVITY 2
Formulating Hypothesis 4.

Write a hypothesis for each of the following sets of independent and dependent variables (5
points each)
Amount of guano
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT Plant growth
HYPOTHESIS fertilizers
VARIABLE VARIABLE
1.

5.
Success on an
Number of cups of
entrance
green tea drank
examination
Herbal diet Fasting blood sugar

2.

Ability to learn new

Interest
musical instrument

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

Name: _______________________________________________________________
Grade Level & Section: _________________________________________________
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): ______________________

RATING:

ACTIVITY 3
Formulating Conceptual Framework
On the space provided or on a separate short bond paper, construct the most feasible or
applicable conceptual framework from the words inside the box below. In 5 – 7 sentences,
state the following:
a. problem statement (2 points)
b. presumed relationship (2 points)
c. the research rationale or objective(s) (2 points)
d. context of the study (2 points)
e. independent variable(s) (2 points)
f. dependent variable(s) (2 points)
g. one (1) research question (5 points)
h. constructed conceptual framework (10 points)
i. possible research title (3 points)

Obesity in Children, Interventions, Healthy Eating Attitudes before

Intervention, Physical Well-being before Intervention, Groups, Diet Only,
Exercise Only, Diet and Exercise Only, Healthy Eating Attitudes after
Intervention, Physical Well-being after Intervention

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 ASIAN INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES (AICS)

Practical Research 2 Project for the 1st Semester

INSTRUCTIONS:
1. RESEARCH FORMATTING: Margining of 1.5” left, and 1’ for the rest; 4. SCORING RUBRICS:
Times New Roman, 12 for Chapters, Titles, and subtitles; Times New Your research output for the initial pages and chapter one will be graded
Roman, 11 for the research contents; Page Numbering on the lower left based on this rubric:
corner starting Chapter One (Hindu Arabic Numeral) and page 10 Points Excellent
numbering at the bottom of page (Roman Numeral); Portrait orientation; 8 – 9 Points Very Good
Letter 8” x 11”; double spacing (2.0); Line Spacing Options (keep it to add 6 – 7 Points Good or Average
space before/after paragraph) 4 – 5 Points Poor or Needs Improvement(S)
1 – 3 Points Very Poor
2. PARTS OF THE THESIS: 0 Point Not Observed

a. INITIAL PAGES (in Roman Numerals, in this order): Title Page, CRITERIA SCORE
Approval Sheet, Abstract (leave this blank for you haven’t done with 1. Following the instructions in this activity/project
your research yet), Acknowledgement, Dedication, Table of (particularly the research formatting and project
Contents, List of Tables (if there’s any), and List of Figures (if there’s submission)
any). 2. Correct Referencing preferably using the APA citations)
3. Neatly finished (no errors) for the initial pages.
b. CHAPTER ONE (Introduction and Background of the Study): 4. Concisely and clearly stated statement of the problem
Introduction, Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem (SOP), research questions, and hypothesis (es).
(include the research questions and research hypothesis (es) below
5. Engaging introduction and background of the study that
the SOP), Theoretical Framework (at least 10), Conceptual
zeroes in and expound the research topic.
Framework, Significance of the Study, Scope and Limitations,
6. Coherent supporting and related theories are used in the
Definitions of Terms
research theoretical framework (at least 10).
7. Feasible constructed conceptual framework.
3. SUBMISSION: (as instructed by your research instructor)
8. Clearly stated the significance of the study.
9. Concisely determine the scope and limitations of the
study.
10. Research terms are defined operationally.
TOTAL POINTS

56